IMPACT PRESSURES GENERATED BY SPHERICAL PARTICLE
HYPERVELOCITY IMPACT ON YORKSHIRE SANDSTONE
K. Miljković1, E. A. Taylor1, K. Tsembelis1, 2*, W. G. Proud2,
C. S. Cockell3 and J. C. Zarnecki3
1Department of Physics and Astronomy, CEPSAR, Open University,
Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, U. K.
2Physics and Chemistry of Solids, Cavendish Laboratory,
Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K. 3Planetary and Space
Science Research Institute, CEPSAR, Open University, Milton Keynes,
MK7 6AA, U. K.
*: Now at Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd, Chalk River Labs, ON,
Canada.
Abstract. Hypervelocity impact tests were carried out at 4.8
km/s using the Open University's All Axis Light Gas Gun (AALGG) in
the Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute (PSSRI)’s
Hypervelocity Impact Laboratory. A first estimate of the peak
loading pressures was made using preliminary hydrocode simulations,
supported by calculations. Following a review of existing published
quartz and sandstone data, our previously published plate impact
data were combined with high pressure quartz data to produce a
synthetic Hugoniot. This will form the basis of future hydrocode
modelling, as a linear Us-Up relationship does not adequately
represent the behaviour of sandstone over the pressure range of
interest, as indicated by experimental data on Coconino sandstone.
This work is a precursor to investigating the biological effects of
shock on microorganisms in sandstone targets. This paper also
contains the first presentation of results of ultra high speed
imaging of hypervelocity impact at the Open University.
Keywords: Sandstone, Hugoniot, Particle Impact, Microbial Life,
Hydrocode. PACS: 62.50.+p, 61.43.Gt, 07.35.+k.
INTRODUCTION
Recent research has evaluated the conditions for the development
of microorganisms in impact structures. Our understanding of
present-day microbiology of these impact structures is limited.
There is also little understanding of about how impact heating and
shock alter the suitability of rocks as sites for microbial
colonization, nor of the effects of non-lethal impact on the
microbial life. For example, shock processing of rocks at the
Haughton impact structure (impact shocked gneiss) in the Canadian
High Arctic has made them more colonisable by cyanobacteria [1].
Following a review of existing published quartz and sandstone data,
our plate impact data were combined with high pressure quartz data
to produce a synthetic
Hugoniot. This will form the basis of future hydrocode
modelling. A first estimate of the peak loading pressures was made
using preliminary hydrocode simulations, supported by impedance
matching and analytical calculations. Experimental particle impact
data was also produced using the All Axis Light Gas Gun (AALGG) in
the Planetary and Space Sciences Research Institute (PSSRI)’s
Hypervelocity Impact Laboratory This work is a precursor to
investigating the effects of shock on microorganisms in sandstone
targets.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
The Open University’s All Axis Light Gas
Gun (AALGG) (Fig. 1) was used to accelerate a 1
1049
CP955, Shock Compression of Condensed Matter - 2007, edited by
M. Elert, M. D. Furnish, R. Chau, N. Holmes, and J. Nguyen © 2007
American Institute of Physics 978-0-7354-0469-4/07/$23.00
mm diameter spherical stainless steel projectile at a velocity
of 4.8 km/s, which was measured using laser velocimetry. The
target, consisting of Yorkshire sandstone plate assemblies, was
mounted 30° (from the horizontal) to the line of flight (Fig. 2). A
DRS Ultra High Speed Camera (Ultra 8), with velocity calculation
and camera triggering by MS Instruments equipment, was used for
high speed imaging. One 500 J flash head was used for illumation,
triggered from the laser velocimetry equipment. An overview of the
Open University’s Hypervelocity Impact Laboratory including the
AALGG, is reported elsewhere [2].
Figure 1. OU’s AALGG. The Ultra 8 camera was mounted to image
inside the chamber, via a small mirror.
Figure 2. Target configuration, showing FOV of ultra high speed
camera and the target measurements made
(grid cell is 1x1 cm). The darker area indicates location of B.
subtilis bacteria doping.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
A total of 13 shots were carried out. As other
work was ongoing in parallel (e.g. varying stop plate diameter
of hole; testing a burst disk (or petal valve) design), only 1 test
produced a clean single impact on target (Fig. 3a). Some other
targets
showed two impacts (e.g. Fig. 3b). A profilometer was used to
measure the depth of the crater. Examination of the craters on the
stop plate craters suggests that the second impact may be due to a
part of whole of the burst disk (largest dimension 0.5 mm thick,
4.5 mm diameter flat disk) impacting the target. A further four
impacts were captured using ultra high speed imaging. These clearly
show two impacting projectiles and the ejecta plume (Fig. 6, Fig. 7
shown on the last page). Further work on burst disk design is
planned. Exploratory research on the cyanobacterium
Chroococcidiopsis sp. has identified that the organisms near the
crater rim on ejected fragments have survived the impact.
(a) (b) Figure 3. (a) Single impact (b) Two impacts.
HYDROCODE SIMULATIONS
The AUTODYN hydrocode was used for the simulations of spherical
particle impact to calculation the pressure generated. Previously
determined C0 and S values were used [3]. A simple Drucker-Prager
formulation was used for strength calculations. Data from lateral
stress gauges provided the parameters for the strength model
[4].
Previously published Coconino sandstone data, including upper
and lower bands indicated by measurement errors are plotted in P-V
space (Fig. 5 shown on the last page). A high pressure quartz
Hugoniot, derived from the high pressure quartz data in Ref. 6, is
also plotted in Fig. 5 (P de Carli, personal communication). The C0
and S values for this high pressure quartz Hugoniot are reported in
Table 1.
The peak pressures calculated for normal incidence were compared
with impedance
1050
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45V, g/cc
P, G
Pa
Ahrens and Johnson Coconino (Elastic phase)Ahrens and Johnson
Coconino (Low P phase)Ahrens and Johnson Coconino (Mixed
region)Ahrens and Johnson Coconino (High P phase)Mixed region -
upper errorMixed region - lower errorHigh P phase - upper errorHigh
P phase - lower errorTaylor et al.Yorkshire sandstonede Carli
quartz with high pressure releaseAhrens and Johnson
QuartzInterpolation (this paper)
direct measurements
Figure 5. P-V data for quartz and sandstone [3, 4, 5, 6].
Figure 6. High speed imaging sequence for impact #12. The frame
exposure was 2 µs and the interframe rate 20 µs.
Figure 7. High speed imaging sequence for impact #13. The frame
exposure was 2 µs and the interframe rate 20 µs.
REFERENCES
1. Cockell, C.S.et al., Impact-induced microbial endolithic
habitats, MAPS, 37, 1287-1298, 2002.
2. Taylor, E. A. et al., The OU HVI Laboratory, Proc. 57th ARA
Meeting, Italy, Sept. 2006.
3. Taylor, E. A. et al., Hugoniot Properties of Dry Yorkshire
Sandstone up to 8 GPa, Proc. SCCM 2005, 1488-1491, 2005.
4. Taylor, E. A. et al., Dynamic Response of Dry Sandstone under
1-D Shock Wave Loading: Experiments & Simulations, 1st Conf.
Impact Cratering Solar System, Netherlands, May 2006.
5. Ahrens, T. J., and Johnson, M. L., Shock Wave Data for Rocks,
AGU Ref. Shelf 3, 1995.
6. Ahrens, T. J., and Johnson, M. L., Shock Wave Data for
Minerals, AGU Ref. Shelf 2, 1995.
7. Mizutani, H. et al., New Scaling Laws on Impact
Fragmentation, Icarus, 87, 307-326, 1990.
8. Tsembelis, K., CAV_SHOCK and CAV_KO software,
http://www.shockphysics.com
9. Matuska, D. A., HULL users manual, AFATL-TR-84-59, June
1984.
10. Sharp, T. G. and deCarli, P. S., Shock Effects in
Meteorites, p.653-677 in Meteorites Early Solar System II, Univ.
Arizona Press, 2006.
11. McDonnell, J. A. M., Int. J. Impact Engng., 33, 410-418,
2006.
1052
Welcome ScreenTitle
PageProceedingsCopyrightPrefaceForewordTopical Group on Shock
Compression of Condensed Matter: 2006-2007 APS FellowsPhotograph:
Recipient of the APS Shock Compression Science Award,
2007Conferences of the APS Topical Group on Shock Compression of
Condensed MatterContentsPART ONECHAPTER I - PLENARYThe Shock Wave
ProfileTown Hall Meeting: Future Directions in Dynamic High
Pressure Research
CHAPTER II - EQUATION OF STATE: NONENERGETIC
MATERIALSMeasurements of the Release of Alpha Quartz: A New
Standard for Impedance-Matching ExperimentsThe Dissociation and
Thermodynamics of Dense Fluid Oxygen by Self-Consistent Fluid
Variational TheoryStatic High Pressure X-Ray Diffraction of
Ti-6Al-4VModeling Dynamic Ductility: An Equation of State for
Porous MetalsOn the Applicability of Analytical Models to Predict
Hugoniot of Nano-Sized Powder CompactsBrillouin-Scattering
Determination of the Acoustic Properties of Polymers at High
PressureLiquid Metal Free Energies from Ab Initio Potential
SurfacesWave Propagation in Materials with Non-Convex Equations of
StateDynamic Properties of a PB-SB AlloyEquation of State for
Ti-Beta-21STabular Multiphase Equations of State for Metals and
Their ApplicationsMulti-Phase Equation of State for
AluminumAnalytical Equations of State for Use in
Hydro-CodesEquation-of-State Measurements in Ta2O5 AerogelShock
Compression and Equation of State Of C60 FulleriteImproved EOS for
Describing High-Temperature Off-Hugoniot States in EpoxyGruneisen
Equation of State for Condensed Media and Shock
ThermodynamicsSystematics of Compression of Hard
MaterialsConstitutive Modelling of Shock Compression of a Porous
CopperMultiphase Equation of State and Strength Properties of
Beryllium from Ab Initio and Quantum Molecular Dynamics
CalculationsA New Tabular EOS for Hydrogen IsotopesStudy of Phase
Transitions in Cerium by PVDF GaugeDynamic Loading of Teflon at
200°CHugoniot Measurement of Gold in Pressure Range to 580
GPaMeasurement of Sound Velocities and Shear Strength of Cerium
under Shock Compression
CHAPTER III - EQUATION OF STATE: ENERGETIC MATERIALSShock
Hugoniot Behavior of Particle Reinforced Polymer CompositesPhase
Stability of Epsilon and Gamma HNIW (CL-20) at High-Pressure and
TemperatureEquation of State and Failure Criteria of Dual
Functional Structural Energetic MaterialsA Finite Strain,
Non-Reacted EOS for PBX9502
CHAPTER IV - PHASE TRANSITIONSTEM Observation of
Disproportionation of Mullite and Sillimanite under Shock
CompressionEffect of Pulse Duration on Polytetrafluoroethylene
Shocked above the Crystalline Phase II-III TransitionA Multi-Phase
Equation of State for BismuthEffect of Nano-Void on the Phase
Transformation of Single Crystal Iron under Shock
CompressionMeasurement of the Dynamic Beta-gamma Phase Boundary in
TinPhase Transformation and Spall Fracture in Laser Shock-Loaded
IronCurrent Output from Sandwich-Structured Ferroelectric Power
SupplyHigh Pressure X-Ray Diffraction Studies On Bi2-xSbxTe3
(x=0,1,2)Shock Compression Properties of Hard MaterialsHigh
Pressure Electronic Conduction from a Phenomenological Equation of
State Application to TinOn the Maximal Deviation from the Mirror
Image Approximation due to Solid Liquid Phase TransitionShock
Compression of Magnesium Silicon NitrideInitial Temperature Effects
on the Dielectric Properties of PZT 95Õ5 during Shock
CompressionPhase Transitions of C70 Fullerite under Step-Like Shock
CompressionSurface Specularity as an Indicator of Shock-Induced
Solid-Liquid Phase Transitions in TinHugoniot and Phase Transition
in Silicon Nitride Porous SamplesDynamic Response of Pure Titanium
up to 1000°CDischarge of PZT95/5 Ferroelectric Ceramics under
Tilted Shock Wave CompressionShock-Wave Loading of Graphite in
Steel Targets with Conic Cavities
CHAPTER V - MODELING, THEORY, AND SIMULATIONS (NON-MD):
NONENERGETIC MATERIALSMore on the Response of Ceramics to Shock
WavesMesoscale Calculations of Shock Loaded Granular
CeramicsSolitary and Shock Waves in Strongly Nonlinear
MetamaterialsA Two-Scale FEM Formulation for Hetereogeneous
MaterialsModeling of the Slip-Twinning Transition in
Nanocrystalline Nickel and Nickel-Tungsten under Shock
CompressionNumerical Simulation of Interaction of Hypervelocity
Particle Stream with a TargetA Steinberg-Guinan Model for
High-Pressure Carbon: Diamond PhasePhase Transitions, High-Rate
Straining, and Fracture of Iron under Spherical Explosive
LoadingKinetic Behaviour of Failure Waves in a Filled GlassAn
Extended Finite Element Method Formulation for Modeling the
Response of Polycrystalline Materials to Dynamic LoadingPrecursor
Decay in Single Crystal Lithium FluorideUnsteady State
Rankine-Hugoniot Jump ConditionsJump across an Outgoing Spherical
Shock Wave FrontEvaluation of the Precursor Decay Anomaly in Single
Crystal Lithium FluorideDynamic Yielding behind Near-Steady
PrecursorsCAV_KO: A Simple 1-D Langrangian Hydrocode for MS ExcelŽ
with Automatic Generation of X-T DiagramsModelling Shock Waves in
Composite MaterialsMesoscale and Continuum Calculations of Wave
Profiles for Shock-Loaded Granular CeramicsPerturbations Caused by
Lateral Stress Gauges
CHAPTER VI - MOLECULAR DYNAMICS (MD) MODELING: NONREACTIVE
MATERIALSSimulation of Fluid Instabilities Using Atomistic
MethodsMolecular Dynamics Simulation of Thermodynamic and
Mechanical Properties of Be and MgFrictional Interactions at
Compressed Al InterfacesAtomistic Simulations of Shock-Induced
Phase Transformations in Polycrystalline IronModeling of Al Crystal
Fracture under High-Rate Strain Based on Atomistic
SimulationsMolecular Dynamics Simulations of an Anomalous Response
of Diamond to Shock CompressionTemperature Measurements of Shocked
Crystals by Use of Nanosecond X-Ray DiffractionAtomistic Simulation
of Plasticity and Fracture of Crystalline and Polycrystalline
Metals under High Strain RateThe Relation between Solitons and
Interactions in BCC MaterialsAtomistic Study of Nanoprecipitates
Influence on Plasticity and Fracture of Crystalline MetalsVoid
Growth in Single and Bicrystalline Metals: Atomistic
CalculationsAtomistic Simulations of Fracture in Nanocrystalline
Copper under High Strain Rates
CHAPTER VII - MODELING, THEORY AND SIMULATIONS (NON-MD):
ENERGETIC MATERIALSEstimate of Shock-Hugoniot Adiabat of Liquids
from HydrodynamicsEigenvalue Detonation of Combined Effects
Aluminized ExplosivesAnisotropic Constitutive Relationships in
Energetic Materials: PETN and HMXCylindrical Explosive Dispersal of
Metal ParticlesMulti-Scale Statistical Design of High Energy
Density MaterialsThe Crest Reactive Burn ModelDetonation Failure in
Ideal and Non-Ideal ExplosivePredicting Noncovalent Interactions
with Nonlocal Density Functional TheoryCritical Diameter Prediction
for Steady Detonation in Gasless Metal-Sulfur CompositionsAn Effect
of Charged and Excited States on Decomposition of
1,1-Diamino-2,2-DinitroethyleneModelling of Detonation in PBX 9502
Using a Stiffened-Gas EOS Mixture ModelPhysics-Based Reactive Burn
Model: Grain Size EffectsAnisotropic Constitutive Relationships in
Energetic Materials: Nitromethane and RDXReactive Flow Calculation
near a Free BoundaryAcceleration and Heating of Metal Particles in
Condensed Explosive DetonationMonte Carlo Simulations of the Effect
of Cross-Potential Variations on the Equation of State of N2/CO2
Mixtures and of Detonation ProductsCalculation of RDX Molecular
Crystal Geometry and Vibrational Frequencies under Hydrostatic
PressureCritical Ignition Transients in Condensed ExplosivesJaguar
Procedures for Detonation Behavior of Silicon Containing
ExplosivesIgnition and Growth Modeling of Detonating TATB Cones and
ArcsGeneralized Pseudo-Reaction Zone Model for Non-Ideal
ExplosivesAb Initio Equation of State For BETA-HMX
CHAPTER VIII - MOLECULAR DYNAMICS (MD) MODELING: ENERGETIC
MATERIALSAb Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Water under
Static and Shock Compressed ConditionsFirst-Principles Reactive
Molecular Dynamics of Chemistry in Detonating Energetic
MaterialsMolecular Dynamics Studies of Thermal Induced Chemistry in
TATBNonmetal-to-Metal Transition in Warm Dense Hydrogen and HeliumA
Transient Semi-Metallic Layer in Detonating NitromethaneMolecular
Dynamics Simulation of TATB-Like Explosive
CHAPTER IX - INELASTIC DEFORMATION, SPALL, FRACTURE, AND
FRAGMENTATIONThe Response of Concrete to Shock-LoadingOn the Spall
Strenghts and Hugoniot Elastic Limits of Some Strong
CeramicsEmbedded Cohesive Elements (ECE) Approach to the Simulation
of Spall Fracture ExperimentDynamic Response of 5083-H131 Aluminum
AlloyThe Shear Strength and HEL of Various Geological
MaterialsExamination of the Spallation Behavior of Cerium
MetalPhase Transition Behavior and Abnormal Spall in FeMnNi Alloy
with Low �- � Transition StressFront Face Spall of
ConcreteLaser-Induced Spall of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys at High
Strain RatesShear Strength of Aluminum OxynitrideTransition from
Solid to Liquid Spall in Tin under Laser Shocks of Increasing
IntensityHopkinson Bar Studies of a PBX SimulantHigh Strain-Rate
Properties of Tantalum Processed by Equal Channel Angular
PressingStatistics of the Hugoniot Elastic Limit from Line VisarThe
Strength of Polyethylene and Polyoxymethylene under Shock
LoadingPressure-Shear Plate Impact of Aluminum at Elevated
TemperaturesTwo Critical Damage Parameters for the Dynamic Tensile
Fracture of Ductile MetalSpall Fracture of Metallic Circular
Plates, Vessel Endplates and Conical Frustums Driven by Direct
Explosive LoadsLongitudinal Propagation of Fracture Surface in
Cylindrical Metal Shells under Explosive LoadingExperimental Series
on Behavior of Post-Damage Recollected MaterialThe Dynamic Behavior
of Mortar under Impact-LoadingShockwave Profile and Bauschinger
Effect in Depleted UraniumDynamics of the Onset of Damage in Metals
under Shock LoadingDynamic Compression of a Zirconium-Based Bulk
Metallic Glass Confined by a 316 Stainless Steel SleeveA
Viscoelastic Fracture Model for Simulation of Solid Propellant
ImpactsA Study of the Critical Fracture Behavior of High Purity
Aluminum in the Dynamic LoadingA Study of the Effect of Potting
Voids on the Fragmentation of an Explosively Driven Nitinol
ShellHydrocode Modeling and an Experimental Study of Explosively
Driven Water JetsInfluence of Nano-Size Inclusions on Spall
Fracture of Copper Single CrystalsNickel Based Superalloy
Containment Case Design: Constitutive Modeling and Computational
AnalysisStudy of the Projectile Impact on Aluminum Targets Divided
by WaterFragment-Size Prediction during Dynamic Fragmentation of
Shock-Melted Tin: Recovery Experiments and Modeling IssuesTemporal
Softening and Its Effect upon StrengthStudies on the Fracture of
HR-2 Steel and LY12 Aluminum Cylinders under Explosive
ImplodingSpallation Damage in Copper with Columnar GrainsSimulation
of a Shock Recovery ExperimentPressure Effects on the Ejection of
Material from Shocked Tin Surfaces
CHAPTER X - CONSTITUTIVE AND MICROSTRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF
METALSTwinning and Dynamic Strength of Copper during High-Rate
StrainDislocation Mechanics under Extreme PressuresConstitutive
Model Constants for Low Carbon Steels from Tension and Torsion
DataA Numerical Investigation of Sleeved Taylor Anvil SpecimensThe
Influence of Peak Shock Stress on the Quasi-Static Reload Response
of HCP MetalsStrength of Materials under Static Loading in the
Diamond Anvil CellAn Integrated Experimental-Numerical Method for
Characterization of Materials at High Strain RatesA
Phenomenological Viscoplastic Constitutive Model for M1 Cu
Accounting for Grain MorphologyInfluence of Microstructure on the
Bauschinger Effect and the Shock Hardening in 1080 High-Carbon
SteelStrength of the Aluminium Alloy 6082-T6 under High Strain-Rate
ConditionsHydrocode Analysis of Lateral Stress Gauges in Shocked
TantalumEffects of Processing Techniques on the Shock Response of
BeShock Loading and Taylor Impact of Ti-6Al-4VLongitudinal and
Lateral Stress Measurements in Stainless Steel 304L under 1D Shock
LoadingAn X-Ray Study of Shock-Recovered Ta Single Crystals
CHAPTER XI - MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS AND
COMPOSITESInitial Temperature Effects on the Shock Compression and
Release Properties of Different Alumina-Filled Epoxy
CompositionsStrength of Polyethylene, Polypropylene and Polystyrene
behind a Shock FrontInfluence of Polyethylene Molecular
Conformation on Taylor Impact Measurements: A Comparison of HDPE,
UHMWPE, and PEXShock Induced Equation of State of
PolyvinylchlorideIncremental Stress-Strain Response of Polymers
Using Instrumented Reverse Taylor Anvil ImpactsUsing Laser Induced
Shock Waves to Investigate the Nanoparticle Transition from Bulk
Behavior to Discrete Atom/Finite Size BehaviorPressure-Sensitivity
and Tensile Strength of an Elastomer at High Strain RatesThe Effect
of Mechanical Deformation on the Glass Transition Temperature of
PolyureaThe Effect of Fibre Orientation on the Shock Response of a
Glass-Fibre Epoxy CompositeShear Strength and its Variation
According to Structure in Shock Loaded PolyethyleneMechanical and
Microstructural Properties of PTFE/Al/W SystemAn Investigation of
the Sub-Microsecond Features of Dynamic Crack Propagation in PMMA
and the RDX-Based Explosive PBX 9205
PART TWOCHAPTER XII - MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS,
GLASSES, IONIC SOLIDS, AND LIQUIDSThe Hugoniot Elastic Limit of
Soda-Lime GlassFailure above and below the Elastic Limit in
AD995Experimental Study on Shear Response of 92.93 Wt% Alumina
under Combined Pressure-Shear LoadingDynamic Mechanical Behavior of
Boron Carbide Based CompositesPhenomenological Description of the
Failure Waves in GlassesDamage-Failure Transition: Dynamic Crack
Branching, Fragmentation, Failure WaveFailure Kinetics in
Borosilicate Glass during Rod ImpactOn the Shock Response of Soda
Lime Glass: The Failure of Embedded Stress GaugesA Study of
Pre-Stress Effect on the Failure Waves in Glasses
CHAPTER XIII - MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF REACTIVE MATERIALSHigh
Strain and Strain-Rate Behaviour of PTFE/Aluminuim/Tungsten
MixturesComparison of Porter-Gould Constitutive Model with
Compression Test Data for HTPB/SugarReaction of Titanium and
Zirconium Particles in Cylindrical Explosive ChargesSimulation of
Particle Size Effect on Dynamic Properties and Fracture of
PTFE-W-Al CompositesThe Effect of Cracks and Voids on the Dynamic
Yield of RDX Single CrystalsEffect of Aluminum Particle Size on the
High Strain Rate Properties of Pressed Aluminized ExplosivesDamage
Formation during High Strain Rate Deformation of PBS9501Brazilian
Disc Testing of a UK PBX above and below the Glass Transition
Temperature
CHAPTER XIV - DETONATION AND BURN PHENOMENAApplication of
Detonation Shock Dynamics (DSD) to Youngs-Type Discontinuous
Interface GeometryDetonation Shock Dynamics Calibration of PBX
9501Interaction between a Steady Detonation Wave in Nitromethane
and Geometrical Complex Confinement DefectsEffect of Phase
Transitions of Inert Additives on Detonation Properties of Porous
ExplosivesBurn Propagation in a PBX 9501 Thermal ExplosionCritical
Temperature Correlation for a Near-Unity Aspect Ratio Charge of
Arbitrary Size and ShapeDetonation Failure Thickness Measurement in
an Annular GeometryNumerical Modeling of Munroe JetsShock
Reactivity Study on Standard and Reduced Sensitivity RDX of
Different Particle Size DistributionsIgnition of TNT Using a CO2
LaserThermal Properties of a UK PBX and Binder SystemNon-Random
Crack Opening in Partially Confined, Thermally Damaged PBX 9501 and
Observations on Its Effects on CombusitonHigh-Speed Photography of
Detonation Propagation in Dynamically Precompressed Liquid
ExplosivesModeling the Asymmetric Burning of Agglomerate
ParticlesThe Incidental Effects of Gaps in Detonating PBX 9501An
Experimental Study of Corner Turning in a Granular Ammonium Nitrate
Based ExplosiveAnalysis of Wave Curvature Experiments for Monomodal
Explosives with Different Crystal Quality and Particle Size
CharacteristicsThe Energy Diameter EffectApplication of the Crest
Reactive Burn Model to Two-Dimensional PBX 9502 Explosive
ExperimentsPost-Detonation Energy Release from TNT-Aluminum
Explosives
CHAPTER XV - EXPLOSIVE AND INITIATION STUDIESFOX-7 Specific Heat
Prediction from a Proposed Nominal O Generic Specific Heat for CHNO
Energetic CompoundsPBX-9502 Shock Sensitivity Correlation with
Specific Heat and Reactive Temperature MagnitudesA Study of SDT in
an Ammonium Nitrate (NH4 NO3) Based Granular ExplosiveShock
Initiation Experiments on PBX 9501 Explosive at Pressures below 3
GPa with Associated Ignition and Growth ModelingShock Initiation
Experiments on the LLM-105 Explosive RX-55-AA at 25 (degrees) C and
150 (degrees) C with Ignition and Growth ModelingFactors Affecting
Internal BlastExtended Run Distance Measurements of Shock
Initiation in PBX 9502Low Velocity Detonation of Nitromethane
Affected by Precursor Shock Waves Propagating in Various Container
MaterialsA Computational Study of Microstructure Effects on Shock
Ignition Sensitivity of Pressed RDXPredicting Runaway Reaction in a
Solid Explosive Containing a Single CrackThe Puzzle of Explosive
Response to Shock: Complexity to Simplicity by Changing the
Observational ScaleShock Initiation Thresholds for Insensitive High
ExplosivesInitiation of Polymer Bonded Explosive (PBXN-110) by
Combined Shock and Shear LoadingRecent Developments in Shear
Ignition of Explosives Using Hybrid Drop Weight-Hopkinson Bar
ApparatusA Comparison of the Blast and Fragment Mitigation
Performance of Several Structurally Weak MaterialsObservations of
Shock-Induced Partial Reactions in High ExplosiveNon-Shock
Initiation of the Plastic Bonded Explosive PBXN-5: Experimental
ResultsEffect of Electric Fields on Sensitivity of an HMX Based
ExplosiveMicro-Gap Experiments and Insensitive ExplosivesEffect of
Aluminum Particle Size on the Impact Initiation of Pressed PTFE/Al
Composite RodsPressing Induced Polymorphic Phase Transition in
Submicron-Sized Gamma-HMXCharacterization and Modification of
Thermally Stable High Explosives for Laser Flyer
ApplicationsIndividual Contributions of Friction and Impact on
Non-Shock Initiation of High ExplosivesThe Evolution of Sensitivity
in HMX-Based Explosives during the Reversion from Delta to Beta
PhaseViolent Reactions from Non-Shock StimuliMicroenergetics:
Combustion and Detonation at Sub-Millimeter ScalesA Study of the
Shock Sensitivity of PBX 9501 Damaged by Compressive
LoadingNon-Shock Initiation Model for Plastic Bonded Explosive
PBXN-5: Theoretical ResultsShock Initiation Experiments on the HMX
Based Explosive LX-10 with Associated Ignition and Growth
ModelingLarge Area and Short-Pulse Shock Initiation of a TATB/HMX
Mixed ExplosiveInvestigation of Formulations Containing
Perfluoro-Coated Oxide-Free Nano-Aluminum
CHAPTER XVI - SHOCK-INDUCED MODIFICATIONS AND MATERIALS
SYNTHESISMechanistic Aspects of Shock-Induced Reactions in Ni+Al
Powder MixturesShock Consolidation of Nanocrystalline Aluminum for
Bulk Component FormationShock Reactivity of Non-Porous Mixtures of
Manganese and SulfurTime-Resolved Temperature Measurements of Shock
Initiation in a Manganese-Sulfur MixtureMulti-Megabar Pressure and
Super-Dense Materials Created by Laser-Induced Micro-Explosion
inside of Transparent SolidShock-Induced Reactions in Cylindrical
Charges of Titanium-Silicon Powder MixturesImpact Pressures
Generated by Spherical Particle Hypervelocity Impact on Yorkshire
SandstoneAnalysis of Particle Penetration into Aluminum Plate Using
Underwater Shock WaveEffect of Shock Compression on Aluminum
Particles in Condensed Media
CHAPTER XVII - INSTRUMENTATIONMeasuring Densities of
High-Velocity Metallic Sprays Using Piezoelectric
SensorsExperimental and Theoretical Assessment of a Device Used For
Evaluation of Blast and Fragmentation EffectsNew Optical
Diagnostics for Equation of State Experiments on the Janus
Laser
CHAPTER XVIII - EXPERIMENTAL DEVELOPMENTS (INCLUDING NOVEL
VELOCIMETRY TECHNIQUES)Measurement of Shock Propagation and Metal
Plasma Expansion in Underwater Wire Explosion by Utilizing CW
LaserNew High Pressure Encapsulation Material for Manganin
GaugesImproved Temperature Control System for Gas Gun TargetsUsing
Schlieren Visualization to Track Detonator PerformanceTransient
Imaging Displacement Interferometry Applied to Shock
LoadingDevelopment of Third Harmonic Generation as a Short Pulse
Probe of Shock Heated MaterialStudy of Underwater Shock Compaction
Device for Compaction of Titanium DiborideShock Compaction of
MnAs1-xSbx Powder Using Underwater Shock WaveConfocal Microscopy of
Water under Static PressureThe Dynamic Response of Piezoelectric
Probes to Low Density Foam ImpactAnisotropic Decomposition of
Energetic MaterialsCoherent THz Frequency Radiation from Shock
Waves: A New Ultrafast Strain Wave Detection MechanismDirect
Shock-Density Measurements Using Plate Impact and Proton
RadiographyAn Investigation of Surface Velocimetry of Shocked
Polyethylene Using HetVNew Capabilities of 800 MeV Proton
Radiography at Los AlamosProton Radiography of a Thermal Explosion
in PBX9501Using the Heterodyne Method to Measure Velocities on
Shock Physics ExperimentsDevelopment of a Single-Stage
Implosion-Driven Hypervelocity LauncherStudy of Small Dimension
Specimens on SHPB Test
CHAPTER XIX - ISENTROPIC AND OFF-HUGONIOT
EXPERIMENTSHigh-Pressure Quasi-Isentropic Loading and Unloading of
Interferometer Windows on the Veloce Pulsed Power GeneratorVeloce:
A Compact Pulser for Dynamic Material Characterization and
Hypervelocity Impact of Flyer PlatesIsentropic Compression Studies
of Energetic Composite ConstituentsRamp Compression Experiments—A
Sensitivity StudyTwo-Step Loading in a Split Hopkinson Pressure
BarRamp Wave Stress-Density Measurements of Ta and WAnalyzing Ramp
Compression Wave ExperimentsNew Experimental Capabilities and
Theoretical Insights of High Pressure Compression WavesA New
Experimental Design for Laser-Driven Shocks on Precompressed and
Preheated Water SamplesMagnetically Driven Isentropic Compression
and Flyer Plate Experiments Using a Capacitor BankIsentropic
Compression Studies with High Explosive Pulsed PowerDynamic
Response of Kovar to Shock and Ramp-Wave Compression
CHAPTER XX - SPECTROSCOPY; OPTICAL AND ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS;
AND SHOCK CHEMISTRYSingle Shot Dynamic Ellipsometry Measurements of
Laser-Driven Shock WavesStudy of the Laser-Induced Decomposition of
HNO3/2-Nitropropane Mixture at Static High PressureUltrafast Shock
Wave Coherent Dissociation and Spectroscopy of
MaterialsTime-Resolved Optical Measurements of Detonation and
Combustion ProductsAnalysis of Temperature Measurement at Lead /
LiF Interface under Shock Wave CompressionOptical Response of
Molecular Crystals to Non-Hydrostatic Compression in a Diamond
Anvil Cell ExperimentsRaman Spectroscopy of RDX Single Crystals
under Static CompressionSimulating EXAFS Patterns of Shocked
CrystalsLaser Ablation Analysis of Novel Perfluoroalkyl-Coated
Aluminum NanocompositesSimulating Picosecond X-Ray Diffraction from
Crystals Using FFT Methods on MD OutputTime-Resolved Spectroscopic
Measurements of Aluminum Oxidation in a Laser Ablation EventRaman
Spectroscopy of RDX Crystals Shocked along Different
OrientationsT-Jump/FTIR Studies of Poly-Glycidyl Nitrate (PGN)
PyrolysisTemporal Change of Raman Spectra of Carbon Tetrachloride
under Laser-Driven Shock CompressionEmission Spectroscopy of
Aluminum in Post-Detonation Combustion
CHAPTER XXI - IMPACT PHENOMENA, BALLISTICS, HYPERVELOCITY
STUDIES, STRUCTURES, AND EXOTIC SHOCK CONFIGURATIONSFailure and
Penetration Response of Borosilicate Glass during Short-Rod
ImpactModeling of Non-Eroding Penetration Using ALE3D and
ZapotecNumerical Simulation of Impact Effects on Multilayer
FabricsReduction of Explosion Damage Using Sand or Water
LayerDetermination of Simple Constitutive Models for Borosilicate
Glass Using Penetration-Velocity Data from Ballistic
ExperimentsPhase Velocity Generator for a Two-Stage Implosion
Driven Hypervelocity LauncherNumerical Studies on the Explosive
Welding by Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH)Detailed Comparison
of Blast Effects in Air and VacuumNumerical Simulation of High
Velocity Impact Phenomenon by the Distinct Element Method
(DEM)Microstructures Produced by Dynamic FrictionNumerical
Simulations of Fragmentation Onset Velocity of Projectile Impact on
Thin Bumper
CHAPTER XXII - LASER-DRIVEN SHOCKS AND INTERACTIONS OF LIGHT
WITH MATERIALSDamaging of Materials by Bi-Dimensional Dynamic
EffectsIn-Situ Probing of Lattice Response in Shock Compressed
Materials Using X-Ray DiffractionProspects for Using X-Ray
Free-Electron Lasers to Investigate Shock-Compressed
MatterExperimental Method for Laser-Driven Flyer Plates for 1-D
ShocksPhase Transitions and Metastable States in Ultrashort
Laser-Metal InteractionA Geometry for Sub-Nanosecond X-Ray
Diffraction from Laser-Shocked Polycrystalline FoilsA Study of
Phase Explosion of Metal Using High Power Nd:YAG Laser Ablation
CHAPTER XXIII - GEOPHYSICS AND PLANETARY PHYSICSNumerical Study
of Underwater Explosions and Following Bubble PulsesShock
Metamorphism of Hornblende and Plagioclase in Conditions of
Step-Like Compression of Polymineral RocksDynamic Compaction of
SandShock-Loading of Statically Compacted SoilEjection Mechanisms
for Martian MeteoritesInvestigations into the Spall Strengths of
Geological MaterialsThe Shock Hugoniot Properties of Geological
Materials and Relationship to Static PropertiesDynamic Response of
Submerged Solids to Extreme Fluid LoadingThe Response of Dry
Limestone to Shock-LoadingSimulation of Comet Impact and
Survivability of Organic CompoundsImplications of Shock Wave
Experiments with Precompressed Materials for Giant Planet
InteriorsVerification Test ProblemsThe Dynamic Compaction of Sand
and Related Porous SystemsStrength Measurements on Dry Indiana
Limestone Using Ramp Loading TechniquesNumerical Modelling of Deep
Impact Experiment
CHAPTER XXIV - SHOCK COMPRESSION STUDIESPropagation of Highly
Nonlinear Signals in a Two Dimensional Network of Granular
ChainsSelf-Similar Compression Flows in Spherical GeometryShear
Induced Reaction Localization and Mechanisms of Energy Dissipation
in PBXs Subjected to Strong Shock
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