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Open Questions in Jet Quenching Theory. Ivan Vitev. QCD Workshop, Brookhaven National Laboratory July 17-21, 2006 , Upton, NY. Outline of the Talk. Based on :. I.V., Phys.Lett.B 639 (2006), I.V. in preparation. I.V., T.Goldman, M.B.Johnson, J.W.Qiu , hep-ph/0605200. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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1
Open Questions in Jet Quenching Theory
Ivan Vitev
QCD Workshop, Brookhaven National Laboratory July 17-21, 2006 , Upton, NY
2
Outline of the Talk
Final state interactions in the QGP: Radiative energy loss Recursive solutions for multiple parton scattering Energy, system size dependence and QGP properties
Heavy versus light quarks in p+p and p+A: Heavy quark correlations Cold nuclear matter effects for heavy versus light quarks
Initial state energy loss: Evidence for energy loss in cold nuclei in p+A Differential distributions for medium-induced initial state gluon bremsstrahlung Phenomenological implications
I.V., Phys.Lett.B 639 (2006), I.V. in preparationBased on:I.V., T.Goldman, M.B.Johnson, J.W.Qiu, hep-ph/0605200
Conclusions:
3
In-Medium Modification of the PQCD Cross Sections
• The way to understand medium effects on hadron cross sections in the framework of PQCD is to follow the history of a parton from the IS nucleon wave function (PDF) to the FS hadron wave function (FF)
Range of the interaction in matter
QGP: 2
22 2
2 / 94
1/ 2
9 / 8
s
q
Cold nuclear matter:
21( )
2 el q 21( )
2 el q 2eld
d q
Calculated in the Born approximation
2 2 2 16
fD
ng T
1~D
D
0 ~ 1.2r fm
Scattering in the medium
4
Understanding the LPM Effect• Bremsstrahlung is the most efficient way to lose energy since it carries a fraction of the energy
p
k xp k
2
2
1 1 ( )ln ln
2 2g k xp
yk k
• Acceleration: radiation
1q1q 2q 3q 4q 4q
5q 5q 6q 6q 7q
f
1
1
1
1 1
1 1
1 1
...2 2
( ... )( ... ) 2 2
...,
( ... )
... ...
( ... ) ( ... )
n
m
m
m n
m n
m n
i ii i
i i
i i j ji i j j
i i j j
k q qkH C
k k q q
k q q k q qB
k q q k q q
• Formation time: coherence effects
1
1
2 21 1
0
21
...
( ),
( ... )m
m
f i f
i ii i f
k k q
k k
k q q
k
• Onset of coherence • Full coherence1
f gD
1
gfD
L
LPM = Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal
5
Building up Multiple ScatteringApproximations that allow to treat many scatterings:
1 1( ... ) ( ... )
n ni i i ik q q k q qp k
k p
Single Born scattering Double Born scattering
1 1 1
1 1
1
0
1
0
... ..
(
.
...
...
) [ , ]
ˆ ( , ; ) ( , ; )
(
[
, ; )
1 ( )
2, ]
n n
n
n
n
v
n
n
nn i i i
i z
i z
n n
n
i
i i
N
n el i i
D A x k a
q
c A x k c
A x k
B T Aae
c a
c
e
1
0
1
0
1 1
1 1
1
... ...
.(
..
..
)
.
ˆ ( , ; ) ( , ; )
- ( , ; )
1 - ( )
2
2
[ , ]
2
n
n
n
n
n
v
n
n
n i i i i
i i
N
n el i
R A
n n
i
i z
i z
n
A
V A x k c A x k c
A x k
B
C C
a
cT
q c a
C
e
e A
6
Medium-Induced Radiation in the Final State
• Includes interference with the radiation from hard scattering
Coherence phases(LPM effect)
Color current propagators
1
... ...2 1
2 222 2 2
1 1
1... 1... ...
10
1
- cos c
( )( )
2 s
1
o
njj i el
n ng g R s
n n
L zi
g ii i
e
n m n
i
m
m m
k kk n
n
n
l
mn
i
kk k
d z
z
d dd q q
N dN Ck k
dk d k dk d k d q
B z zC
Number of scatterings Momentum transfers
nz
,n nq a
,n nq a
nznz
,n nq a
,n nq a
nz
,n nq a
,n nq a ++ˆ = R
1
1...1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
......2
... ...... ...
† † ˆ
n
ni in
n n
n n
ng i i
i i
i i i ii i i i
dNk Tr A A
dk d k
A A AD D V V R A
M.Gyulassy,P.Levai,I.V., Nucl.Phys.B 594 (2001)
7
Analytic Approximations and Numerical Results
(1) R s
3(1)
2
2g
g
2R s
2CE Log ... ,
4
Static medium
9 C 1E Log ... ,
4 A
(L)
dNdy (L
1+1D
)
L 2E
Bjo
L
2EL
L
rken
J.D.Bjorken, Phys.Rev.D 27 (1983)
0( ) ( )
2 2
f
L L LE
l
mean numberof scatterings
Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal (LPM) effect
0-10%, 20-30% and 60-80% Au+Au, Cu+Cu and central Pb+Pb
8
Jets and Hadrons from PQCD
P’xbP’
P
xaP
0
0
Pc
Pd
Pc / zc
Pd / zd
1
2
2
1
1
2 21 2 1
11/
1 2/1min
2
222
2
1
( ) (( )
) ( )( ) h c
h d
a sb
abcd aT T b
ab cdN
T T z
hhN
D zdz D z
x x
p p x
d
dydyd p d p SM
z x
ffd j p as®
D -= å ò
d
d
pd
z {
X
X
11
2
1/1
1 1
12
2
2min min 1
( )(
()
))(
a b
sa ab b
ab
h
cd a bx x
ab c
T
dc
hNN
ddx d
D z
zx x x
x xSd pM
ydas
ff ®= å ò ò
Can also incorporate Cronin effect:
2 ( )T med Td k f k
Kinematic modifications
Nuclear medium
9
System Size Dependence of Jet Quenching
I.V., Phys.Lett.B 639 (2006)
• Absolute scale comparisons can and should be done at large pT
• Similar pT dependence (flat) in Au+Au and Cu+Cu
• In classes with the same we find numerically the same suppression
partNAAR
(For example central Cu+Cu and mid central Au+Au)
1' 2 2
/ /
0
12
/
0
(1 ),(1 )
1( , ) ,
1 1
1
( )
) + ,(
cc c c
vach q h q
vacg
h g
zp p z
zD z Q d D Q
zd D Q
P
dN
d
Reduction of the hard scattering cross section
1
i
i
E
E E
( )P Probability density -
0A A X
10
Tomographic Summary
SPS 2-3.5 0.8 210-240 1.5-2.5 1.4-2 200-350
RHIC 7-10 0.6 380-400 14-20 6-7 800-1200
LHC 17-28 0.2 710-850 190-400 18-23 2000-3500
SPS RHIC LHC
F.Karsch, Nucl.Phys.A698 (2002)
0[ ]fm [ ]T MeV [ ]tot fm3[ / ]GeV fm /gdN dy
36.8 , 175 , 1 /Au c cR fm T MeV GeV fm
*dE GeV
dz fm
D. d’Enterria, Eur.Phys.J C (2005)
11
Transport Coefficients in Thermalized QGP
3e
2exp
0
xp 0
1200
1( ) , 120
0
6
( ) 1
.
7
g
g
dN
dydN
A fmA dy
f
m
m
f
• Experimental: Bjorken expansion• Theoretical: Gluon dominated plasma2
/ 30
32
#( ) [
1 4#
1 (2 )
where # 2( ) 8( ), [3] 1.2
3]the Tory p
p dpDoF
e
DoF polarizati
D
on
oFT
colo
T
r
400T MeV• Energy density
4
( )30 [3]
( )theory theory T TT
3exp 0
318 . 1( ) 00 0.14 .GeV fm GeV fm
• Transport coefficients (not a good measure for expanding medium)2
, 2 2.5 ( 0.3 0.5)4sD
gggT
0.8 1D GeV 2
2
9 1
2,gg s
Dg gg
2 29ˆ
2D
g
sq
2 1ˆ 1 2.5 .GeVq fm
0.75 0.42g fm
• Define the average for Bjorken0
20
2ˆ( )ˆ
( )
L
zq z zdzq
L z
2 10.35 0.8 .ˆ 5 GeVq fm
12
• Initial state energy loss + HTS
• High twist shadowing only
2 2( , ) ,1
xx Q Q
1/3
min bias/ , 0.0175E E kA k
Implementation of initial state E-loss
S.S.Adler et al., nucl-ex/0603017
New Directions for Energy Loss Calculations • One possible discussion
• A new direction: energy loss in cold nuclear matter, initial state
Provide simulations including the geometry, combination of elastic and radiative E-loss, jet topologies …
0d Au X • It is a challenging theoretical problem that has not been solved (you will see the solution)
• Of immediate relevance to pQCD effects in cold nuclear matter p+A
13
High Twist Shadowing in DIS
222 ( ) 2 ( ) 2
2
1/
2
3( 1)( , ) , = 1 ,dynLT LTA
T T T
mxF x Q F
Ax Q F x Q
QA
QA
J.W.Qiu, I.V., Phys.Rev.Lett. 93 (2004)
x = energy = mass
• Dynamical parton mass (QED analogy): 1/32 2dynm A
Final state coherent scattering
14
• Shadowing parameterizations: (not)
2( , )LT LTS S x Q
• Dynamical calculations of high twist shadowing: (not)
1 2ˆ( ( ); ( , ( )))HT HTS S q g t z z
• Energy loss: in combination with HTS (yes)
T.Alber et al., E.Phys.J.C 2 (1998)
Cold Nuclear Matter Energy Loss
• Circular arguments should be avoided
• Nigh statistics 200 GeV p+A measurements will certainly reduce error bars, however …
• Most useful measurement – low energy p+A run (only at RHIC II)
15
Medium-Induced Radiation in the Initial State
• Bertsch-Gunion case with interference
1
...22... 1... 2... 1... 2... 1..
2 2 21
. 1... ..
1 1
2 22
.
0
1
(( )
cos2
)
njj i el
i iel i
m
kkn n n n n nn m n m n
n ng g R
k
s
n n i
L zi
g i
dd q q
d q
dN dN Ck
B B B B
kdk d k dk
d
zk
z
d
z
2
n
m
1
...22... 1... 2... 1... 2... 1..
2 2 21
. 1... ..
1 1
2 22
.
0
1
(( )
cos2
)
njj i el
i iel i
m
kkn n n n n nn m n m n
n ng g R
k
s
n n i
L zi
g i
dd q q
d q
dN dN Ck
B B B B
kdk d k dk
d
zk
z
d
z
2... 1...
1
...2
2
cos2 n n
n
m
n
kk nkH B z
• Realistic initial state medium induced radiation
Asymptotic
,t t
Asymptotic t
Large Q2
Lt z L
I.V. in preparation
16
Energy Loss to First Order in Opacity
• Bertsch-Gunion Energy Loss
• Initial-State Energy Loss
• Final-State Energy Loss
2/ 4 2
2 2 2 2 2 20
2
2(
( ))g
g s effR sCdNd q
q
k k q
L
d d k q
2/ 4 2
2 2 20 2 2
2
2
2 2( )
2
( )
k -q sin
k -q
gs effR s
g
g
k q
k k q
k
k
CdNd
q
Lq
d d k
L
2/ 4 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
0
( )
2 2 n
(
)
si
(
)
g s
g
effR s
g
q
k k q
q k q kk
k
CdNd q
d d
L
L
k q k
k q
k
Qualitatively
0ln (1)g
QE Lconst
E
2 20ln /
g
E EE Lconst
E E
0ln (2)
(2) (1)
g
QE Lconst
E
const const
New
Old
17
Numerical Results For Quark Energy Loss
Fractional energy loss
At any order in opacity we require( )
21
0g in
i
dN
dyd k
• Energetic quark jets can easily lose 20-30% of their energy, gluon jets x / 9 / 4A FC C • Coherence effects lead to cancellation of the medium-induced radiation
Radiation intensity
• Initial state E-loss is much smaller than the incoherent Bertsch-Gunion limit
• Initial state E-loss is much larger than final state energy loss in cold nuclei
1 contribution to gdN
x xdx
2 2 2 2 2
0 qk k Q x M M.Djordgevic, M.Gyulassy, Nucl.Phys.A (2004)
18
Path Length Dependence of E-Loss
• Bertsch-Gunion – linear dependence on L by definition
• Final state E-loss – approaches quadratic dependence on L, important for the centrality dependence and elliptic flow
• Initial state E-loss – approaches linear dependence on L, important for the centrality dependence in p+A reactions
19
pQCD Calculations of Heavy Quarks
• The contribution of logarithms is small in measurable pT ranges
Schematic NLO and NNLLO, NLO, NNLO expansion
LL, NLL, NNLL expansion
m/pT, (m/pT)2 power corrections
1, 0T
m
p
Will return to power corrections
• The quarks are treated as “heavy” – in the fixed order calculation. Implies that NLO generates the PDF for charm and bottom (mostly)
( ), ( ) coefficient functionsA m B m
• The new scale, mass, implies large logarithms, but …
M.Cacciari, P.Nason, JHEP 9805 (1998)
20
Phenomenological Results
• Description of open charm at the Tevatron is within uncertainties but not perfect
M.Cacciari, P.Nason, JHEP 0309 (2003)
Scales:/ 2, , 2T TTmm m
Comparison to the Tevatron data Comparison to the RHIC data
R.Vogt et al., Phys.Rev.Lett.95 (2005)
• At RHIC perturbative calculations under predict the data by factor of 2 – 4. Whether it is experimental systematic, incomplete theory or both – open question
• Residual large scale uncertainties – should be careful with consistent choices
( ) ( ) 0 ln ( ) ln ( )s sH H
21
Numerical Results and Partonic Sub-Processes
• Meaningful K-factors (otherwise K>4)• Anti-correlation between K and the hardness of fragmentation r• If (LO,c-PDF) ~(NLO,no c-PDF) what are the corrections from (NLO,c-PDF)?
PDFs: CTEQ 6.1 LO, J.Pumplin et al., JHEP 207 (2002) FFs: Braaten et al., Phys.Rev.D51 (1995)Partonic sub-processes
22
Hadron Composition of C (B) Triggered Jets
• Can constrain the hardness of D and B meson fragmentation
Possibility for new measurements of heavy flavor production at RHIC
D (B) meson
“Few” hadrons
“Many” soft hadrons
D (B) meson
• Can clarify the underlying hard scattering processes and open charm production mechanisms
2 2/ / ,~ ( , ) / ( , )D c h q gD z Q D z Q
Robust
23
HTS for Light Hadrons and Open Charm
• Very similar dynamical shadowing for light hadrons and heavy quarks
• Insufficient to explain the forward rapidity data
• Single and double inclusive cross sections are similarly suppressed
Single inclusive particles Away-side correlations
J.W.Qiu, I.V., Phys.Lett.B632 (2006)
2( )( ) b
b ab cdb
xF x M
xf
®=
21/3
2( ) ( 1)b b b d
d
F x F x x C At m
1 2ˆ( ( ); ( , ( )))HT HTS S q g t z z
I.V., T.Goldman, M.B.Johnson, J.W.Qiu, hep-ph/0605200
24
Energy Loss and High Twist Shadowing
• Main difference is much more pT independent suppression as compared to high twist shadowing
Single inclusive particles Double inclusive yields (away-side)
Same• Very similar e-loss effects for light hadron and heavy quark spectra• Single and double inclusive cross sections are similarly suppressed
I.V., T.Goldman, M.B.Johnson, J.W.Qiu, hep-ph/0605200
25
• Cancellation of collinear radiation – large angle soft gluons and correspondingly soft hadrons
• Beyond the cancellation region - well defined power dependence
• The importance – hard scattering has the same power dependence
I.V., Phys.Lett.B630 (2005)
Effects of Medium-Induced Radiation
2 4
1~
gdN
dyd k k
4
1~
d
dt p
26
Phenomenological Implications
• Suppression at forward rapidity – from energy loss of the incoming partons
• Enhancement at backward rapidity – comes from the redistribution of the lost energy
• Consistent pQCD code is still to be developed
Correlated!
PHENIX Collaboration, Phys.Rev.Lett. (2005)
27
Conclusions
In-medim interactions can be understood following the history of a jet in a hard scatter:
Coherent final state interactions:
Shadowing is dynamically generated and arises from the final state Shadowing for D mesons and light pions is similar Initial state interactions:
Transverse momentum diffusion and Cronin effect Energy loss and rapidity asymmetry in p+A – new theoretical results
Radiative energy loss in the QGP:
Predicted supession for Cu+Cu versus centrality and pT QGP suppression is consistent with perturbative interaction of jets in the medium
Modification of di-jets: Gluon feedback is important for di-hadrons at large angle Flow leads to deflection of the jet+gluons, so be exp. determined
28
Initial State Elastic Scatterings
Reaction Operator = all possible on-shell cuts through a new Double Born interaction with the propagating system
t = ¥
nz
,n nq a
nznznz
,n nq a ++ ,n nq a
,n nq a
,n nq a
,n nq a
† †n n n n nR̂ ˆ ˆD D ˆ ˆV V
The approximate solution is that of a 2D diffusion(Neglect and )p3( ( ) )kO k
Unitarization of multiple scattering
2
22 2
2 / 94
1/ 2
9 / 8
s
q
=
0
21
-2
1
1- - ..( ) ( ).
!-
niel
n
in e ii
nf
l
dd qdN e d
nq
d qNp qpc s
sc¥
= =
= å Õò
=
2( ) ( )i k kdN d^ ^
=
2
2
2
1,( )
2
k
f edN k
cmx
mp xc
^-
^= /Lc l=
Initial condition Solution
22 2 1For 2 , 2
2k k
kcm cmx x
^= - =D D
PP
Mean number of scatterings
Elastic scattering cross section
Implemented in the PQCD approach as broadening of the initial state partonsk
a) Initial state elastic scattering
29
Cronin Effect
p W X
p Be X Default0d Au X
Good description at mid rapidity
Wrong sign at forward rapidity
Data
I.V., Phys.Lett.B526 (2003)
Cronin effect: enhancement of cross sectionsat intermediate transverse momenta relativeto the binary scaled p+p
A.Accardi, CERN yellow report, references therein
30
Heavy Quarks in p+p and p+A
• Anti-correlation between K and the hardness of fragmentation r• Non-trivial hadron composition of c and b triggered jets
PDFs: CTEQ 6.1 LO, J.Pumplin et al., JHEP 207 (2002)
FFs: Braaten et al., Phys.Rev.D51 (1995)
Robust
New possibility: hadron compositionof heavy quark triggered jets
31
In-Medium Modification of the PQCD Cross Sections• The way to understand medium effects on hadron cross sections in the framework of PQCD is to follow the history of a parton from the IS nucleon wave function (PDF) to the FS hadron wave function (FF)
• Jet interactions in the medium result in kinematic modifications to the hard scattering cross section that are process dependent
d) Final state interactions in the QGP Jet quenching
e) Final state interactions in the QGP Large angle correlations, Di-Jet suppression, Deflection of jets by flow
a) Initial state interactions Elastic scattering and Cronin effect
c) Final state interactions Dynamical shadowing, Generalization to heavy quarks
Cold nuclear matter effects are present at times
b) Initial state interactions Energy loss and forward Y suppression
32
Process Dependence of Power Corrections
• Power corrections are process dependent and not separable in PDFs and FFs
• The function F(xb) contains the small xb dependence
Enhancement ( )
Suppression ( )ˆ 0t
ˆ 0s (For example DY)
(For example forward rapidity)
• Similar process dependence in single spin asymmetries S.Brodsky et al, Phys.Rev.D65 (2002)
S.Brodsky et al, Phys.Lett.B530 (2002)
• Shadowing is dynamically generated in the hadronic collision
33
Universal Features of Jet Quenching
2/3
22
2
2
( (1 ) /(1 )
( ) /
1
1 '
T TAA
T
pa
T
t
n
r
d p dyd pR
d p dyd p
N
20( ) nn
T T T
d a a
dyd p p p p
2 /3/ 23 ' part
gE L dNA k
E A dyN
Baseline:
Fractional energy loss:
I.V., Phys.Lett.B in press, hep-ph/0603010
Prediction: 2/3ln AA partR N
Natural variables1/31/3 2/3 2/3,part part
g
t
g
par
L dNL A A
A dy
dNA
dy
N N
N
Scalings:
Suppression:
Approximately universal behavior
34
Numerical Results for Jet E-Loss
• Small probability not to radiate
• Small fractional energy loss at large ET
0-10%, 20-30% and 60-80% Au+Au, Cu+Cu and central Pb+Pb
1 1
0 0
( ') 1, ( ')E
d P d PE
0 1gNP e
1 1
0 0
( ') , ( ')g gg
dN dN Ed N d
d d E
0 ( ) ( ) gNP e
…
…
1
ni
i E
M.Gyulassy, P.Levai, I.V., Phys.Lett.B (2002)
3
2
chg d
d d
dN
y y
dN
d
• Scales in the QGP
1200
gdN
dy
0.8 1D GeV
0.75 0.42g fm
11 5 .ˆ 2. Gq eV fm
Initial parameters
35
0A A X
System Size Dependence of Jet Quenching
I.V., Phys.Lett.B in press, hep-ph/0603010
• Absolute scale comparisons can and should be done at large pT
• Similar pT dependence (flat) in Au+Au and Cu+Cu
• In classes with the same we find numerically the same suppression
partNAAR
For example central Cu+Cu and mid central Au+Au
• Future tests of high energy nuclear physics at the LHC
36
Energy Loss and Di-Jets
One way of incorporating energy loss:
Satisfies the momentum sum rule
0
0
/E E
A+A
• “Standard” quenching of leadinghadrons• Redistribution of the lost energy in “soft” hadrons
RHIC
LHC
Away-side yieldsSingle inclusive particles
I.V., Phys.Lett.B630 (2005)
e) QGP effects on di-jet production
37
Radiation Distribution and Flow Effects
2
2 2 2 20
1
( ( ) )
el
el
d
d q q q
Gluon number distribution without or with q0 = 1 GeV
• Mechanical analogy, Theoretical derivation
022 2
0 0
0
2
2
21
1
( )
( )cos
2
gmed el
el
k q qddNd q
d d k d q k q q
k q q z
• We cannot confirm the prescription
q0
N.Armesto et al., Phys.Rev.C (2005)
Result: same energy loss andshifted reference frame
Problem
02k qk0k q 0k q 02k q k
Solution: expand about 0k q Show that vanishes 0( )O q
02k qk0k q 0k q 02k q k
• Important for deflected jets, to be seen in experiment
38
39
Cancellation of collinear radiation
40
41
42
Energy Loss to First Order in Opacity
• Bertsch-Gunion Energy Loss
• Initial-State Energy Loss
• Final-State Energy Loss
2/ 4 2
2 2 2 2 20
2/ 4 2
2 2 2 2 20
2
10
2
2 2
( )
( )
( )
gs effR s
gs effs
g
g
R
LCdNd q
d d k q
CdNd q
d
d
d k
qL
k k q
z
q
B
2/ 4 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
1 1
2
22 2
0 0
2/ 4 2
2 2 2 2 20
k -q2 1-cos
k -q2sin
( ) k -
( )
) q(
L
g
g s effR s
g s effR s
g g
CdNd q
d d k q
CdNd q
d d k
zC B
k
k q k
k k q
d
k
z
LL
q
2/ 4 2
2 2 2 2 20
2/ 4 2
2
22
1 1
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
0
220 2 2
| | 2 cos
22 sin
( ( )
( )
( ) )
gs effR s
gs effR
L
g
g
s
g
k zB H B
k
q q k q kk
CdNd q
d d k q
CdNd q
d d k q k k q k k
d z
L
q k
L
k
Qualitatively
2
(1)g
LEconst
E
2 20ln /
g
E EE Lconst
E E
2
(2)
(2) (1)
g
LEconst
E
const const
43
Non-Perturbative Scales• Chiral perturbation theory
• (Generalized) vector dominance model
2 2min max( ) ( ) 4Q pQCD Q PT f
2 2 2min ( ) max( , )A VQ pQCD m m
Implementation2 2 2 2 2
0 qk k Q x M
22 2 20 0.94 1/ 0.2NQ m GeV fm
92f MeV
J.W.Qiu, I.V., Phys.Rev.Lett. 93 (2004)
• Coherent high twist shadowing 2 2 2
min ( ) 0.8NQ pQCD m GeV
2min ( ) 1.15Q pQCD GeV
2 20.12 GeV
• Bertsch-Gunion2 2 2
min ( ) 0.6Q pQCD m GeV
0.35 , 1gGeV fm
• QCD evolution of FFs and PDFs2 2 2
min 0( ) 0.4 2Q pQCD Q GeV
44
Numerical Results For Quark Energy Loss
Fractional energy loss
At any order in opacity we require( )
21
0g in
i
dN
dyd k
• Energetic quark jets can easily lose 20-30% of their energy, gluon jets x / 9 / 4A FC C
• Coherence effects lead to cancellation of the medium-induced radiation
Radiation intensity
• Initial state E-loss is much smaller than the incoherent Bertsch-Gunion limit
• Initial state E-loss is much larger than final state energy loss in cold nuclei
1 contribution to gdN
x xdx
II. Coherent Power Corrections
Data from: NMC
Shadowing
Ivan Vitev, LANL
Longitudinal size:
Transverse size: 1/Q
1/ 2 Nm xIf then 0z r 0.1x
If then exceedthe parton size
NQ m
Deviation from A-scaling: A A
What remains for theory: power corrections in DIS - suppression
FSI are always present:
S.Brodsky et al.
46
Medium-Induced Bremsstrahlung
2Vacuum DGLAP type
+
+ +
+ + +
+ +
+ ...
+
+
Calculate everything else
p
p
Example of hardscattering
• Calculating the multiple scatterings in the plasma
1~D
D
2 2 16
fD
ng T
Potential
02 2~ ( )s
D
V qq
M.Gyulassy, P.Levai, I.V., Nucl.Phys.B594 (2001)
Reaction operator: (Cross section level )
Medium
†S SAdvantage: applicable for elastic, inelastic and coherent scattering controlled approach to coherent radiation (LPM)
47
Comparison to Other Models
• How do you build from T = 400 MeV2
2ˆ 14 /g
q GeV fm
LHC: from T = 1 GeV
22ˆ 100 /
g
q GeV fm
B.Cole, QM 2005 proceedings
Strong coupling used as a parameter• Find T = 370 MeV (OK)
S.Turbide et al., Phs.Rev.C. (2005)
I.V., M.Gyulassy, Phys.Rev.Lett. (2002)
I.V. Phys.Lett.B in press
• Find dNg/dy = 1200 (OK)
3
2
chg d
d d
dN
y y
dN
d
G.Paic et al., Euro Phys.J C (2005)
K.Eskola et al., Phys.Rev.D (2005)
• Find (NOT OK)2ˆ 14 /q GeV fm
• These are not equivalent descriptions – the medium properties differ by more thanan order of magnitude (sometimes close to two)
48
The Source of the Problem
2200 GeVˆ 14 GeV /fmq
25500 GeVˆ 100 GeV /fmq
2/ˆ 2Lqc Typical gluon energy
( 5 )c L fm
350 GeV
2650 GeV
• Note that the region of PT at RHIC is 10-20 GeV and at the LHC 100-200 GeV
cR L
R
~10000
~100000
Energy momentumviolation
Problem
Problem
Problem
Negative gluon number and jet enhancement from energy loss
Negative probability density
C.A.Salgado, U.Wiedeman, Phys.Rev.D (2003)
2200 GeVˆ 0.4 GeV /fmq 11 GeV ~500
GLV
• Symptomatic of problems in the underlying model of energy loss
A useful table
Realistic
0 gNP e
49
Analytic Limits of Delta E
(1) R s
3(1)
2
2g
g
2R s
2CE Log ... ,
4
Static medium
9 C 1E Log ... ,
4 A
(L)
dNdy (L
1+1D
)
L 2E
Bjo
L
2EL
L
rken
- transport coefficient
- effective gluon rapidity density
2ˆ /q /gdN dy
M.Gyulassy, I.V., X.N.Wang , Phys.Rev.Lett.86 (2001)
00( ) ( )
v c
• Controlled approach to coherence GLV
,k
q
k q
Includes the fluctuations of the gluonmomentum and energy
• Average implementations in the largenumber of scatterings limit
22 1 2 1( )( )
cos cos2f
z z z z k q
l
2 2~k nBDMPS, AMY
• Calculate differential spectra in ,k • Calculate the energy loss
Static:
BJ expansion: BJ+2D
Different dynamics REQUIRES different solutions
50
Energy Loss and High Twist Shadowing
• Main difference is much more pT independent suppression as compared to high twist shadowing
Single inclusive particles Double inclusive yields (away-side)
Same• Very similar e-loss effects for light hadron and heavy quark spectra• Single and double inclusive cross sections are similarly suppressed
I.V., T.Goldman, M.B.Johnson, J.W.Qiu, hep-ph/0605200
51
Future Directions of Jet Interaction Studies
• Self consistency of the description of interactions in cold nuclear matter
I.V., in preparation
• Regimes of initial state energy loss
Is there a full Reaction Operator (GLV-like) expression via a formal solution to recurrence relations?
Cronin effect
What is the energy loss for such momentum transfer from the medium?
2 22 / gQ L 2 2 1/3Q A
52
Energy Loss to First Order in Opacity
• Bertsch-Gunion Energy Loss
• Initial-State Energy Loss
• Final-State Energy Loss
2/ 4 2
2 2 2 2 20
2/ 4 2
2 2 2 2 20
2
10
2
2 2
( )
( )
( )
gs effR s
gs effs
g
g
R
LCdNd q
d d k q
CdNd q
d
d
d k
qL
k k q
z
q
B
2/ 4 2
2 2 2 2 2
2
1 1
2
22 2
0 0
2/ 4 2
2 2 2 2 20
k -q2 1-cos
k -q2sin
( ) k -
( )
) q(
L
g
g s effR s
g s effR s
g g
CdNd q
d d k q
CdNd q
d d k
zC B
k
k q k
k k q
d
k
z
LL
q
2/ 4 2
2 2 2 2 20
2/ 4 2
2
22
1 1
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
0
220 2 2
| | 2 cos
22 sin
( ( )
( )
( ) )
gs effR s
gs effR
L
g
g
s
g
k zB H B
k
q q k q kk
CdNd q
d d k q
CdNd q
d d k q k k q k k
d z
L
q k
L
k
Qualitatively
2
(1)g
LEconst
E
2 20ln /
g
E EE Lconst
E E
2
(2)
(2) (1)
g
LEconst
E
const const
New
Meaning of the expansion in “n”