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Open government: Transparency
and participation revisited
Dr. Mila Gascó
Institute of Public Governance and Management
ESADE Business & Law School
ISS 2015, “Smart networks and sustainable partnerships”
Snekkersten (Denmark), June 30, 2015
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INTRODUCTION
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WHAT IS OPEN GOVERNMENT (1)
• An open government is a transparent, collaborative and participative
government, that achieves its goals by means of the intense use of
ICT tools and, in particular, of open data and open action
• The open government idea is not new
• Two literature streams that frame the concept:
– The progressive adoption of ICT by the public sector
– Open innovation
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On transparency
OPEN GOVERNMENT PRINCIPLES (1)
• The importance of transparency:
– Transparency and accountability
– Accountability and legitimacy
– Legitimacy and trust
• Active transparency versus passive transparency
• Measuring transparency:
– Right/access to information laws
– Transparency indexes
– Open data
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On collaboration (1)
OPEN GOVERNMENT PRINCIPLES (2)
• Collaboration is about different actors, inside and outside the
organization, working jointly and transversally
• Different types of initiatives (1)
– Interoperability:
• It is the ability of disparate and diverse organizations to interact towards
mutually beneficial and agreed common goals, involving the sharing of
information and knowledge between the organizations, through the business
processes they support, by means of the exchange of data between their
respective ICT systems (European Commission, 2011)
• Extensive and superficially studied
• Interoperability is still a pending issue
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On collaboration (2)
OPEN GOVERNMENT PRINCIPLES (3)
• Different types of initiatives (2):
– Co-production: Process of planning, designing, delivering, and
evaluating public services with the direct involvement of citizens, users,
and stakeholders (OEDC, 2011)
– Social innovation:
• Generation of new ideas (products, services, models) that work to address
unmet needs
• Innovations that are social both in their means and their ends
• Lack of systematization of co-production and social innovation
initiatives
• An important tool: Open data
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On participation
OPEN GOVERNMENT PRINCIPLES (4)
• It is related to the involvement in political processes and, as a result,
to initiatives of consultation and deliberation with citizens and of
participation in the decision-making processes and the policy-
making cycle
• Links between transparency and participation
• High heterogeneity
• Social media as an opportunity
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Open data (1)
OPEN GOVERNMENT TOOLS (1)
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Open data (2)
OPEN GOVERNMENT TOOLS (2)
• Open data is about publishing public information (produced or
commissioned by government or government controlled entities) in
standardized, open and interoperable formats so that they can be
freely accessed, used, reused and redistributed by anyone
• Eight principles:
– Complete
– Primary
– Timely
– Accessible
– Machine processable
– Non-discriminatory
– Non-proprietary
– License-free
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Open data (3)
OPEN GOVERNMENT TOOLS (3)
• Open data means that government data are technically accessible
for use by citizens and stakeholders without legal, economic or
political restrictions (Meijer et al., 2013)
• Four dimensions:
– Technological dimension
– Legal dimension
– Economic dimension
– Political dimension
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Open data and transparency (1)
OPEN GOVERNMENT TOOLS (4)
• A popular initiative: Open data portals
• Open data and active transparency
• Challenges:
– Overload of information
– Non-relevant information
– Difficulties to interpret the data
• A previous issue: Internal disorganization
• And… Yes, Minister
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Open data and collaboration (1)
OPEN GOVERNMENT TOOLS (6)
“The coolest thing to do with your data will be thought of by someone else”
(Jo Walsh & Rufus Pollock, OKFN)
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Open data and collaboration (2)
OPEN GOVERNMENT TOOLS (7)
• Data reuse:
– Open data and interoperability
– Open data and innovation
– Open data and data journalism
– Open data and research
• New opportunities!!
• Support initiatives: Contests, awards, hackatons, events!
• Main challenge: Lack of reuse
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Social media (1)
OPEN GOVERNMENT TOOLS (8)
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Social media (2)
OPEN GOVERNMENT TOOLS (9)
• Social media as new types of information production and sharing
tools, which are used in digital environments
• Three strategies regarding the use of social media by public
administrations (Mergel, 2013):
– Representation: Push strategy
– Involvement: Pull strategy
– Networking
• Potential benefits of social media:
– Increased access to audiences
– Increased speed of public feedback and input
– Increased information sharing and, therefore, transparency
– Increased participation
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Social media (3)
OPEN GOVERNMENT TOOLS (10)
• Empirical research shows:
– Lack of strategy
– Social media used as additional communication channels
– Participation delegated to community managers
– Confusion between personal and institutional social media accounts
– Slow adoption
– Better results when there is an emotional response from citizens
• Critical success factors:
– Political and executive leadership
– A legal framework
– A strategy
– Management
– A co-responsible citizenship
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Giving birth to a new way of governing?
IMPLICATIONS (1)
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What managerial and technical challenges?
IMPLICATIONS (2)
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Change management
IMPLICATIONS (3)
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What about public value?
IMPLICATIONS (4)
THANK YOU!
Dr. Mila Gascó
E-mail: [email protected]
Twitter: @MilaGasco
IPGM: http://www.esade.edu/research-webs/eng/igdp
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