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What is Open Data?‘Open’ in terms of
data usability (technologically, in terms of machine readability and openness of formats),
data reusability (legally), easily accessible (via search engines, for
persons with disabilities, etc.), understandable (marked up with annotations and metadata).
Open data is not about opening data, its about answers, decisions, solutions and services.
Open Data: Global Phenomenon• Open government has become a major trend in public sector reform with its core elements:
transparency, participation and collaboration. UN Guideline on Open Government Data for Citizen Engagement suggests that it is also increasingly seen as being potentially a key element in achieving post-2015 development goals. Following map is from World Bank Group.
Open Data: Global Phenomenon
A number of developing countries have adopted open data. Following map is from an EU document.
Open Data: Examples from the Developing Countries?
Kenya Open Data Initiative - https://opendata.go.ke/
The Kenya Open Data initiative (KODI) was launched in July 2011 with a purpose to make key government data freely available to the public through a single online portal. The portal hosts more than 400 government datasets including 2009 census, national and regional expenditure and information on key public services such as education, health and agriculture etc.
Open Data: Examples from the Developing Countries?
Moldova Open Data Initiative - http://date.gov.md/
The Moldova open data website-- the first in the region – launched in 2012 with 67 data sets from 5 agencies, with each agency providing a minimum of 3 data sets per month to create a pipeline of data. First country in the World to publish the entire Government expenditure dataset in one consolidated excel file.
Open Data: Examples from the Developing Countries?
Chile Open Data Initiative - http://datos.gob.cl/
Chile was among the first few countries in Latin America to adopt open data in the legislature of the country through a portal. Recently public procurement data has been released to support the initiative. A recent study on judiciary data, including budget allocations, performance statistics, court rulings, selection and removal of magistrates, and hiring and personnel details found Chile at the top of its performance compared to other countries in the region.
Open Data: Examples from the Developing Countries?
India Open Data Initiative - http://data.gov.in/
India enacted Open Data Policy in March, 2012 and accordingly a portal was created. It is also part of India’s 10th five-year plan to release more Government information in the public domain. The portal now has 11,483 datasets in 3,297 catalogues from 77 departments or agencies of the Government.
Open Data: Two Perspectives
• In the developed countries, proponents of open data often stress the economic value of open data.
– For example, in UK, USA, Canada open data was introduced in a context of strong institutions, and in response to political discourses about improving the transparency and accountability of reasonably trusted government institutions.
• One hypothesis is that - effective use of open data can unlock significant amounts of economic value but that value is created through an indirect process.
– For example, open data can bring transparency, help develop need based solutions, augment or automate human decision making processes and create new products and services. For example, if patients and primary care physicians have more knowledge about how well different hospitals do in various types of surgery or how much different providers charge for a particular procedure – it could unlock $50 to $70 billion in annual value in USA by sending patients to the right care settings.
Open Data: Two Perspectives• In the developing countries, arguments for open data are very strongly focused on transparency,
accountability and citizen participation.
– For example the Timor-Leste Transparency site highlights the need for fiscal information for the government to be credible, the democratisation of government decisions through participation and the promotion of a general culture of transparency which will also curb corruption.
– The government of Chile cites very similar reasons for their open data sites and stresses the importance of government accountability towards its citizens and the strengthening of democracy through improved transparency.
– On the Kenyan open data site, the stated objectives of publishing data are a bit broader: social and economic innovation and data driven decision making but also improved transparency and accountability.
In many developing countries Access to Information movement has a linkage to this open data initiative.
Open Data: Two Perspectives
Two models about open data impact in the developing countries:
In a domino effect, there are a number of different pieces that need to be lined up before open data can trigger outcomes and impacts. These may include data supply, such as data quality and good meta-data; pieces related to intermediary activity, such as the interest, awareness and skills of CSOs related to the open data movement; receptiveness of the public or decision-makers to data-driven analysis and decisions. Impacts based on a chain-reaction from datasets to outcome.
In a ripple effect, the outcomes of open data may be indirect—starting from an open data intervention but spreading out into new areas. For example, thinking about open data may encourage governments to change their systems for collecting data, which may affect how they use data internally and may, in turn, have consequent effects on policy and planning. Even unsuccessful attempts to access or use specific datasets from government as part of an open data project may still build interest in having better data.
Open Data: Innovation
Global Open Data for Agriculture and Nutrition (GODAN) is an initiative that seeks to support global efforts to make agricultural and nutritional data available, accessible, and usable for unrestricted use worldwide.
Open Data: InnovationPremise has built a massive microeconomic database of the world’s consumer goods, updated on a daily basis. It combines scrapers for online e-commerce data with a global street team armed with a mobile app to keep daily track of what’s on sale, how much it costs, where it’s displayed and how it looks.
Open Data: InnovationOpen health data encourages innovation & entrepreneurship, improves transparency in our healthcare system and most importantly turns healthcare into health for our digital citizens.
Open Data: What is Legally Open?
Explicitly licensed in a way that permits commercial and non-commercial use and re-use without restrictions.
Example: In Canada, many jurisdictions, including the federal government are using the Common Open Government Licence (OGL). The OGL - Canada meets the standards of the Open Definition and marked as suitable for data, information, web sites and most other information published by the Government of Canada.
Full disclosure policy in different countries.
Creative Commons licensing is actually on content not on data with the exception of CC 4.0 that focused on data as well.
Open Database License (ODbL) from Open Knowledge Foundation is a "Share Alike" license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use a database while maintaining this same freedom for others.
Open Data: What is Technically Open?
Available in a machine-readable standard and accessible format
Formats (5 Star Deployment Scheme for Open Data)
Open Data: What is Technically Open?
Available in a machine-readable standard and accessible format
Portals
Centralized vs Thematic PortalsExample: India’s Water Portal vs Kenya's all purpose Open Data portal
Where there are no government wide standards in use, central platforms that bring together similar datasets can help to standardise data. Platforms work like some form of ‘blueprint’, supporting de facto standardisation.
Meta dataSet up standard for metadata (as per W3C – Data Catalogue Vocabulary
DCAT), then set standards at the topic level (open contracting standard)- try to choose global reference where there is one, otherwise choose the local reference.
API and Feeds: Use Application Programming Interface (API) and feeds as much as possible so that other can be connected to it.
Open Data: Step by Step Approaches
Step 1: Readiness Study that may include:
• Identify institutional leader – who would lead the open data initiative? • Study current policies or legislation framework on privacy, data protection, information access
rights, disclosure policy etc. • Study Internal structure of the government (different skills, decision making models, capacity
to work with open data, data flow with the government).• Study Current status of data within the government, status of datasets - are they electronic,
are they in open format? Is data already published anywhere? What formats available? • Analyze the Demand for open data - how open data can be used? Who are the key
stakeholders study, who may be interested to what kind of data? • Identify Potential champions with regard to data users (who have been demanding data from
the Government). • Identify how this would be financed including capacity building and technical arrangement
costs, investment on data catalogues, software etc.• Study the national infrastructure including how many people access the web, have computers,
whats the bandwidth etc.
Open Data: Step by Step Approaches
Step 2: Develop an Action Plan based on the points mentioned above. For example
– If there is no legal framework - prepare a legal framework for open data. – If public officials do not have the skill - build up the capacity for them. – Organize, compile and prepare data in machine readable format
Step 3: Develop a short, medium and long term plan with regard to open data initiative implementation.
Open Data: Rules to Open Up Data
Keep it simple.
Start out small, simple and fast. No need to open up all data at once. Opening up small data or part of big data will also suffice.
Engage early and engage often
Engage with actual and potential users and re-users of the data as early and as often as you can, be they citizens, businesses, developers or intermediaries.
Address common fears and misunderstandings
This is especially important if you are working with or within large institutions such as government. When opening up data you will encounter plenty of questions and fears. It is important to (a) identify the most important ones and (b) address them at as early a stage as possible.
Two Concluding Observations• Open Data Efforts Need a Government ‘Champion’
Example, Kenya Open Data Initiative. Newly available Census data accelerated the creation of Kenya’s open data website. In Kenya, the permanent secretary of information communications technology (ICT) believed in making data accessible and was willing to take on personal risk to make it happen. Interestingly, Kenya is now thinking to build up an institutional framework to maintain data supply.
• Create a Sustainable Data Pipeline
Example, Moldova Open Data Initiative. In Moldova, the open data website was part of a broader e-government program. The Moldova open data website-- the first in the region – launched with 67 data sets from 5 agencies, with each agency providing a minimum of 3 data sets per month to create a pipeline of data, said Kaplan. The number of data sets increased to 250 over five months and cover full public disclosure of expenditures.
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