OPD 12 Gauge Less Lethal Tactical Operations Training Power Point

12 GAUGE LESS LETHAL

TACTICAL OPERATION

LEARNING OBJECTIV''ffiTo instruct the officer on the history of impactmunitions.To instruct the officer on the development ofthe 12 gauge flexible baton round.

To instruct the officer on the evolution of the 12

gauge Drag Stabilized flexible baton round.

To instruct the officer on the physiologicaleffects delivered by the 12 gauge DragStabilized round.To instruct the officer on the psychologicaleffects of impact munitions.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

To instruct the officer on the distinctionbetween direct fired and indirect firedmunitions.To instruct the officer with the viable targetsareas of the human body.To instruct the officer with the areas of thehuman body to avoid targeting when deliveringimpact munitions.To instruct the officer on Departmental policiesregarding the use of impact munitions.To refresh the officer with the Remington 870pump action shotgun.

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

To instruct the officer on the required safetychecks prior to impact munition deployment.To instruct the student on the deploymentprotocols of the 12 gatge Drag StabilizedFlexible baton round.To instruct the officer on the Designated ArrestTeam concept and how it applies to the use ofimpact munitions.To instruct the officer on post deploymentprocedures following the deployment of "lesslethal" munitions.

TECHNICAL OBJECTIVES

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Pass Written Exam (80%)

Pass Less Lethal Live Fire Course (80%)

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Prehistoric man used impact weaponsas their primary weapons.

David conquered Goliath with animpact weapon.

The Romans utilized catapults againsttheir enemies.

Police officer's have utilized saps andclubs for over one hundred years.

lmpact weapons have been in existence since the dawn of mankind. Primitiveman used rocks, clubs, and sticks to defend himself from attack by other men or

animals. Early armies used devices such as slings and catapults to launch

simple impact weapons into their enemies.

Early law enforcement saw the use of simple wooden batons, bludgeons,wooden or metal saps, coil springtype blackjacks and other makeshift impactweapons to subdue violent persons who did not warrant the use of deadly force.

ln the last fifteen years, there has been an increase of violent encountersbetween law enforcement and suspects. This has been a reflection of the

scrutlny that has been placed on law enforcement by the media and public. Thepublic has placed such high demands on law enforcement to continue to subdueviolent criminals with as little force as possible, that the advent of "less lethal"munitions has arisen. lmpact Weaponry such as the 40MM "Sage" gun and the

37MM Wooden Dowel" round were first designed. Not only did these tools prove

to be too bulky and expensive for every day patrol functions, but they alsodeliver too much energy for standard encounters. These impact weapons have

evolved more into crowd control devices than individual use devices.

The development of 12 gauge munitions, especially the flexible baton, have

shown to serve the patrol aspect of law enforcement very well.

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DEVELOPMENT OFFLEXIBLE BATON ROUNDS

Less lethal munitions were developed to givepolice, corrections, security, and military forces

a Less-Lethal Optioz to use against crowds,aggressive or violent individuals, and tosupport special tactical operations.

Two categories of less lethal impact munitionprojectiles include:

- Non-Flexible projectiles* Flexible projectiles

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NON-FLEXIBLE PROJECTILE

Composed of rigid or semi-rigidmaterials such as rubber or wood.

These projectiles do not conform to thecontour of the surface they strike.

Non-flexible munitions are oftendeployed in the indirect fire mode (i.e.

skip fired).

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FLEXIBLE PROJECTILES

. Generally composed of lead or silicafilled cloth bags or a softer substancesuch as foam.

These projectiles do conform to thecontour of the surface they strike.

Flexible munitions are deployed in thedirect frre mode.

The flexible baton inflicts enough pain to get the individual to comply, yet, whenused properly, has a low probability to cause serious physical harm. The impact

of the projectile along with the associated pain, work together to deter theindividual from unwanted aggressive behavior.

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EARLY FLEXIBLE BATONROT]NDS

Bean Bag projectile

12 Gauge

2x2 Cotton Canvas

40 Grams of #9 shot

300 fps

Early flexible batons Were two 2" X 2" square shaped pieces of canvas Sewn

together and filled with 40.0 grams (1.43 oz) of #9 lead shot The four edgeswere sewn tightly together with either nylon or cotton thread. . When fired, theseprojectiles had a velocity of about 300 feet per second.

Some manufactures color-coded their munitions to distinguish which munitionwas to be used at what certain distances. Other manufacturers would color codethe casing that the flexible baton was loaded into so the officer could determineif the flexible baton WaS a "low energy" or a "high energy" round. For years, this12 gauge flexible baton became the industry standard "less lethal" round used

by law enforcement throughout North America.

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OLD OPD BEAN BAG ROUNDS

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Early flexible batons were lwo 2" X 2" square shaped pieces of canvas Sewn

together and filled with 40.0 grams (1 .43 oz) of #9 lead shot The four edges

were sewn tightly together with either nylon or cotton thread. . When fired, these

projectiles had a velocity of about 300 feet per second.

Some manufactures color-coded their munitions to distinguish which munition

was to be used at what certain distances. Other manufacturers would color code

the casing that the flexible baton was loaded into so the officer could determine

if the flexible baton WaS a "low energy" or a "high energy" round. For years, this

12 gauge flexible baton became the industry standard "less lethal" round used

by law enforcement throughout North America.

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PROBLEMS WITH THEBEAN BAG ROUNDS

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Confusion over close andfar range munitionsInconsistent accuracyVelocity varied greatlywith barrel conditionSharp bag edges causedlacerationsPenetration and deathoccurred

Although the square 12 gauge flexible baton round proved to be very successfulover the years and thousands of deployments, injuries and even in some cases,

deaths were occurring. Accuracy was not consistent due to poor aerodynamicsof the Square shaped bag, which would sometimes "frisbee" through the air.

Velocity of the round was greatly effected by barrel condition and choke rating.

The sharp edges of the bag would cause deep lacerations, even penetration ofthe skin. Because of these flaws, manufacturers began to redesign the flexiblebaton bags.

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DRAG STABTLIZEDROUNDS

Improved Aerodynamics and

Accuracy.

Drag Stabilized

Cotton and Ballistic Fiber Blend

Extended Optimal EnergY Range

Reduced Surface Area

40 Grams @280 f.p.s.

The Draq Stabilized (DS) flexible baton round is a sinqle tear-shapedheavv cotton proiectile with four stabilizer tails and filled with 40 grams

feet per second, Because the Drag Stabilized flexible baton is now tear shaped

with four stabilizer tails, it is more aerodynamic, thus improving accuracy and

range. The tear shape also creates a blunt impacting edge, which causes fewer

injuries.

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PSYCHOLOGICAL (MENTAL)EFFECTS

Flexible Baton rounds have atremendous MENTAL effect on anindividual. ln many, if not the majorityof cases the mental effects may faroutweigh the physical effects and canbe the determining factor in thesubject's response or time ofincapacitation or distraction.

The flexible baton inflicts enough pain to get the individual to comply, yet, when

used properly, has a low probability to cause serious physical harm. The impact

of the projectile along with the associated pain, work together to deter theindividual from unwanted aggressive behavior.

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ANXIETY

- The action of pointing a firearm directlyat an individual, or actually firing a

projectile arouses a fear of having been

shot.


used properly, has a low probability to cause serious physical harm. The impact

of the projectile along with the associated pain, work together to deter the

individual from unwanted aggressive behavior.

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F'EAR

- Specialty impact munitions may cause a

powerful mental distraction. Mentallythe subject must cope with both thephysiological pain that the body feels

and the perceived danger.


used properly, has a low probability to cause serious physical harm. The impactof the projectile along with the associated pain, work together to deter theindividual from unwanted aggressive behavior.

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PANIC

- Panic is not a desirable response as itmay lead to less control of the subject or

crowd. The impact is likely to create

fear, which may create a "fight" or

"flight" response.


used properly, has a low pr:obability to cause serious physical harm. The impact

of the projectile along with the associated pain, work together to deter the

individual from unwanted aggressive behavior.

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PHYSIOLOGICAL (PHYSICAL)EFFECTS

Force

lethal

classifications

+ Non-tethal

It is extremely important to understand the classification difference between"non-lethal" force and "less-lethal" force. "Non-lethal" force implies that whenused, the force WILL NOT vield a Iethal outcome. "Less lethal" forceimplies that when used. the possibilitv of a lethal outcome. thouqh vervrare. exists.

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PHYSIOLOGICAL (PHYSICAL)E,FFECTS

2 Types of Injuries caused by projectiles

1. Penetrating - caused by low mass, highvelocity projectiles or low velocify sharpobjects

2. Non-Penetrating - caused when blunt objectsimpart the surface of the body at moderatespeeds causing blunt trauma (deformation).

There are two types of injuries caused by projectiles; penetratinq and non-penetratinq. Penetrating injuries are caused from low mass, high velocity

p.Ject'les *ch a bullets, or low velocity sharp objects (knives). Non-penetrating

injuries are caused when blunt objects impact the surface of the body at

moderate speeds causing blunt trauma (deformation).

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Ideally, less lethal impact munitions are

used with the intent to cause pain, and

at times sufficient blunt trauma todisorient or incapacttate an individual.As such, some degree of injury isexpected. This is necessary to achieve

compliance or a momentary degree ofincapacitation.

ln simple terms, blunt trauma is the primarv desired phvsical effect of"less lethal" impact munitions.

The possibility of physical injury always exists whenever impact weapons are

used. Abrasions, lacerations, contusions, fractures that may result need to be

addressed by trained medical personnel.

The human body can withstand high levels of force for very short durations of

time if the force is distributed onto the strong parts of the skeleton. The soft body

tissues are responsible for absorbing and dissipating a great deal of force

without producing a large amount of compression. However, if the amount and

speed of blunt trauma (deformation) is greater than can be absorbed, soft

tissues can be damaged by tearing or rupturing (lacerations, cuts, and bruising).

lmpacts to the abdomen can cause injury to hepatic tissue without significant

compression. The liver and spleen are also vulnerable to crushing deformation.Chest impacts can displace internal organs and possibly lacerate major vessels

by crushing or stretching.

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Maximum Desired Effect

. An impact of a projectile that

leaves the body surface ttrtact,

but causes sufficient injury toincapacitate the subj ect.

. Target area is critical to reduce

injury potential.

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MaximumEffect

WithoutSeriouslnjury

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MMaximum

EffectWithoutSeriouslnjury

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MaximumEffect


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Penetrating Trauma

The unintended and most undesirable outcome

of an impact munition is penetration. Penetration

from less lethal impact munitions results from a

combination of the following: excessive kineticenergy, target distance, subject's physicalstature, shot placement and clothing.

Penetration into the body may occur, although very seldom, aS a result from acombination of kinetic energy (weight, size, shape, and velocity), target distance,the subject's weight, mass, clothing or other material coverings and the area ofthe body in which the subject was impacted.

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Direct Fire Munitions

Sometimes referredto as target specific,they are intended tobe fired directly at aperson.

72 gauge DragStabilized flexiblebaton is a direct firemunition

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ln-Direct Fire

NOT intended to bedirectly fired at a personor person.

Skip firing, projectilesfired 6-8 feet in front ofthe intended target.

Wood dowel and rubberare in-direct firemunitions

Munitions

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Viable Target Areas

upper arms

elbows

lower arms

wrists, hands

1---"- shoulders

lower abdomen

buttocksthighs

lower legs

knees

feet, ankl

Departmental policv dictates that the authorized tarqet areas for imDactmunitions are the same as for hand held impact weapons.

reas are istino ofas the buttocks and thiqhs. Other tarqet areas are the shoulder. uDPer

rea. kneesSkeletal tarqet areas include the wrists. hands. ankles and feet. lt should be

noted that impacting skeletal target areas may result in fractures.

Center mass shots provide for the highest probability of causing immediate

incapacitation, but also have the highest potential to cause serious injury or in

some very rare instances, death.

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Non-Target Areashead

neck

spine

kidneys, spleen

liver

throat

left armpit

groin

Departmental policv also dictates the areas to avoid strikinq with anv tvPeof impact weapon.

The areas to avoid striking are the head. neck, throat. left armpit. qroin.spine. and kidnevs.

All reasonable attempts should be made to avoid striking these areas unlessyour intent is to use DEADLY FORCE.* Note: When the subject is moving or attempting to shield him/herself, avoiding

these target areas may be difficult.

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Factors that the officer must consider when selecting a target area to strike are:

Clothinq - in colder climates, heavier clothing and jackets will reduce the

amount of blunt trauma the subject will receive. Exposed target areas such as

the legs may be considered. ln hotter climates, lighter weight clothing such as T-

shirts and shorts may be worn. ln hot climates, factors to consider are shot

placement and engagement distance. Subjects may also be wearing "armor" to

defeaUlessen the effects of impact munitions.

Phvsical stature and condition - is the subject heavy and musculature or is

t6e suOiect thin and skeletal? How old is the subject? A 250-pound person will

more than likely be physically affected less than a 1O0-pound person when both

are struck in the same target arca. The blunt trauma effects and the potential for

injury are much greater for the smaller statured subject.

lmmediate surroundings - be aware of your back-drop. Are there any persons

in the immediate area that might be struck from a deflected or missed shot?

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PORT OF OAKLAND(6 Apr 03)

Departmental policv also dictates the areas to avoid strikinq with anV tVDe

of impact weapon.

The areas to avoid strikinq are the head. neck. throat. left armpit, qroin,

spine. and kidnevs.

All reasonable attempts should be made to avoid striking these areas unlessyour intent is to use DEADLY FORCE.* Note: When the subject is moving or attempting to shield him/herself, avoiding

these target areas may be difficult.

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oPD POLTCY (DGO K-3)Statement of Authority

Members may use less lethal force to:1. Effect the arrest or a detention of a person

whom the member reasonably believes orsuspects has committed a criminal offense oris involved in criminal activity; or

2. Overcome the use of or threatened use ofphysical force directed against the member oranother person; or

3. To prevent the escape from custody_of aperson whom the member reasonablYbelieves or suspects has committed a criminaloffense.

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Departmental General Order K-3, Use of Force. specificallv addresses theuse of "Less lethal" flexible baton rounds.

GO K-3, Section lV - Statement of Authority

Members and employees may use less lethal force upon another person only

when that force is, or reasonable appears to be, necessary:

To effect the arrest or a detention of a person whom the member reasonably

believes or suspects has committed a criminal offense or is involved in

criminal activity; or

To overcome the use of or threatened use of physical force directed against the

member or another Person; or

To prevent the escape from custody of a person whom the member reasonably

believes or suspects has committed a criminal offense'

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1.

2.

oPD POLICY (DGO K-3)Flexible Baton Specific

Use only by trained personnel and by orunder immediate supervisor direction.Shall not use against restrained person.Avoid head, neck, spleen, liver, kidneys,throat, spine or groin.

Utilize only when lower levels of forcehave been exhausted, or are ineffectiveor inappropriate.May use during civil disorders

alJ.

4.

GO K-3, Section V - Specific Regulations

Sub-section J-Flexible Baton

1. The flexible baton shall be used only by, or under the immediate direction of a

supervisor or command officer. No member shall use the device withouttraining in its use.

2.The flexible baton shall not be used indiscriminately or against a person who

is under restraint. Members shall reasonably attempt to avoid firing a flexible

baton rOund at a persOn's head, neck, spleen, liver, kidneys, throat, spine orgroin.

3. The flexible baton may be utilized only when lower levels of force have been

exhausted, are ineffective, or are inappropriate, during attempts to control orsubdue violent, combative persons and the use of lethal force can be

forestalled.

4. The flexible baton may be used in demonstrations and other civil disorders.

5. When circumstances permit, the supervisor on the Scene shall make an

attempt to have the subject submit to laMul authority without the use of theflexible baton, and if practical, shall warn the subject of the intended use ofthe weapon should he/she not submit.

6. lmmediate and continuing first medical first aid, when apparently necessary,shall be administered to any person struck by a flexible baton round. Anyperson struck by a flexible baton round shall be transported to a hospital forobservation and treatment.

7. The flexible baton shall not be used to dispatch injured animals. However, the

flexible baton may be used to subdue or chase away vicious animals. 46

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6.

oPD POLICY (DGO K-3)Flexible Baton Specifrc

If practical, supervisor shall give

warning of intended use.

For those struck by FB, administerimmediate first aid when apparentlynecessary and transport to hospital.

May use against vicious animals. Shallnot use to dispatch injured animals.

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GO K-3, Section V - Specific Regulations

Sub-section J-Flexible Baton

1. The flexible baton shall be used only by, or under the immediate direction of a

supervisor or command officer. No member shall use the device without

training in its use.

2.The flexible baton shall not be used indiscriminately or against a person who

is under restraint. Members shall reasonably attempt to avoid firing a flexible

batOn round at a perSOn's head, neck, Spleen, liver, kidneyS, thrOat, spine Or

groin.

3. The flexible baton may be utilized only when lower levels of force have been

exhausted, are ineffective, or are inappropriate, during attempts to control or

subdue violent, combative persons and the use of lethal force can be

forestalled.

4. The flexible baton may be used in demonstrations and other civil disorders.

5. When circumstances permit, the supervisor on the Scene shall make an

attempt to have the subject submit to laMul authority without the use of the

flexible baton, and if practical, shall warn the subject of the intended use ofthe weapon should he/she not submit.

6. lmmediate and continuing first medical first aid, when apparently necessary,

shall be administered to any person struck by a flexible baton round. Anyperson struck by a flexible baton round shall be transported to a hospital for

observation and treatment.

7. The flexible baton shall not be used to dispatch injured animals. However, the

flexible baton may be used to subdue or chase away vicious animals. 47

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,N2 GAUGE GHOI(E DIAIUIETERS & TOLERf,,HGES

I'}OTE: The krger the cho<e diameler, d're wider the shot v,tiii srreac.

FMICC.figt " .m9" .718' 727"

.iifr0 .sir:] .700 .71t1 .72u

Cylinder Chqke{.72O* - ,740+',}

ImprovcdHlind*t{_710" - -72C')

MEdifi+d cholre{.694" -.7{7')

Full C,rokeI-684" - .7{i4"1

The 12 qauqe Draq Stabilized Flexible Baton round must be fired from abarrel with a choke rating of "Cvlinder Bore". A "Cylinder Bore" choke is

required to ensure that the munition exits the barrel of the weapon systemcompletely and not become lodged inside. The only shotgun deployed by the

Oakland Police Department that has this choke rating is the Remington, Model

870,12 gauge Pump-action shotgun.

Other factors that could determine whether or not the flexible batonproiectile will exit the barrel when fired are:

dirtv/fouled barrel

a benUdamaged barrel

damaged munitions.

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SAFETY CHECKS

1. Clear the weapon system of all lethalammunition.Second officer double checks that weaponsystem was clear of any lethal ammunition.Ensure that lethal ammunition for the weaponsystem is inaccessible to the less lethal shooter.

Inspect each less lethal round to ensure that itindeed a less lethal munition.Second officer double check each less lethalround to ensure that it is indeed a less lethalmunition. 57

2.

^aJ.

4.

5.

THE U RESPONSIB WITH THE D FFICER

ENSURE THAT HIS/HER WEAPON SYSTEM IS LOADED WITH LESS

LETHAL MUNITIONS

Prior to the deployment of "less lethal" flexible baton rounds, the following safety

checks MUST be thoroughly completed, whether a dedicated "less lethal"

shotgun or a patrol shotgun is used to deploy "less lethal" munitions.

1. Glear the weapon svstem of all Iethal ammunition. Double check to

ensure that the weapon system is indeed clear of any lethal ammunition.

office heck that temof anv lethal ammunition. This is not to place blame on the second officer

should negligence occur. This step is incorporated to ensure that the officer

has not overlooked any lethal ammunition due to fatigue, darkness, or stress

of the occurring incident.

3. Ensure that lethal ammunition for the weapon svstem

was inaccessible to the less lethal shooter. The best course of action to

ensure that no lethal ammunition

is accessible is to lock it in a secure location such as the glove box or the trunk.

THE -LESS LETHAL" SHOOTER SHOULD NEVER PLACE LETHAL

AMMUNITION FOR THE WEAPON SYSTEM ON HIS/HER PERSON.

4. lnspect each less lethal round to ensure that it indeed a

less lethal munition. Visually inspect each and every "less

lethal" round that is intended to be deployed to ensure that it

is indeed "less lethal". Never assume. 57

DEPLOYMENT

Lethal force back -up should always be inplace prior to ooless lethal" deployment.

Less lethal impact munitions are used when itis not safe for an officer to close on a physicallyviolent suspect and try to control them withphysical strength and skill, or when a safe,

standoff distance is needed.

The decision to use "less lethal" munitions forthe sake of the suspect should never be done atthe risk of officer safety.

Lethal force back -up should alwavs be in place prior to "less lethal"deplovment.

Less lethal impact munitions are used when it is not safe for an officer toclose on a phvsicallv violent suspect and trv to control them with phvsica!

strenqth and skill. or when a safe. standoff distance is needed.

The decision to use "less lethal" munitions for the sake of the suspect should

never be done at the risk of officer safety.

Factors to consider for "less lethal" deployment:

ls the subject armed and if so, with what type of weapon? lf the subject is armed

with a firearm, will the firing of "less lethal" cause the suspect to fire his/herfirearm?

ls the level of force by the officer appropriate for the level of force exhibited by

the suspect?

What type of situation is being dealt with? ls the suspect by him/herself, is thesuspect holding a hostage, are there other bystanders in the immediate area?

Are the officers on the D.A.T., the inner perimeter and other surrounding areasaware that "less lethal" may be deployed? Was notification made or will it be

made to the surrounding officers? Will the firing of "less lethal" cause other

officers to initiate sympathetic fire?

Are other tactics (O C., Tasers, K-9'S, multiple "less lethal" shooters, arrest

teams) in place or as an alternate plan should "less lethal" not create the desired

results?

What is the distance of the threat in relation to the "less lethal" shooter? The 5gfarther the threat is awav the less accrrrafe ancl less kinetic enerdv is delivered v\

f).A.T. CONCEPT

One of three elements in a barricaded suspectsituation.Primary mission - effect the arrest of thesuspect/numerous secondary missions

Consists of minimum 4 officers:1. Primary Lethal shooter2. Less lethal officer3. Arrest team member4. Team Leader

Use Less lethal based on:l. Suspect's actions2. TL's command3. Limit of advance

The Designated Arrest Team (D.A.T.) Concept is a systematic method used

for controlling a location in which a suspect has occupied for the purpose

of eluding the police.

There are three main components utilized for containment of a suspect;the outer perimeter, the inner perimeter and the D.A.T. itself.

The outer perimeter - this is the largest of the two perimeters. The missionof the outer perimeter is to control egress and ingress of persons to thescene.

The inner perimeter - this is the smallest of the two perimeters. The

mission of the inner perimeter is containment of the suspect should thesuspect attempt to escaPe.

The D.A.T. - this is an organized team of officers whose primary missionis to take the suspect into custody when presented with the opportunity todo so. The D.A.T.'s secondary responsibility is to respond to the actionsof the Suspect, ie. the suspect attempts to "go mobile", the suspect isarmed with a non-firearm, the suspect is armed with a firearm, activeshooter, or an officer down.

The D.A.T. is comprised of the following officers:

Team Ieader - (usually a Sgt) directs the actions of the team. If there is a

shortage of manpower, the team leader may also negotiate and handcuff.

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POST DEPLOYMENT

Medical processing per DGO K-3

Call technician for photographs

Recover expended munitions

Unload flexible baton rounds. Removethese munitions from shotgun andperson.

Load shotgun with lethal munitions

Document in detail

Following the deployment of "less lethal" munitions and once the suspectis taken into custody, specific tasks must be accomplished.

Suspect - medical attention will be required (per Departmental GeneralOrder K-3, Use of Force) for individuals struck with "less lethal"munitions. Photographs of the injuries sustained should be taken toprovide visual evidence of injuries that occurred or did not occur.

lnventory - recovery of all expended casings and projectiles fordocumentation purposes. lnventory all remaining live munitions foraccountability.Documentation - as per Departmental General Order K-4, Reporting theUse of Force, proper documentation must be completed. You as theofficer must complete at either a Crime Report (if you are the reportingofficer) or a Supplemental Report (if you are an assisting officer). Somefactors that you may consider when writing your report:

the suspect's behavioral signals that you observed at the onset of theincidentwhat was the suspect's tone of voice or language (was the suspectyelling, using profanity, verbal threats, etc)

what was the suspect's body language/physical gestures (shirt off, violentcombative gestures/movements, hands clenched into fists, rapid pacing)

were there any signals of submission (compliance, agreement to comply,etc)

any indication to comply to verbal instructions (submission, going to aspecific location, rel i nq u ish i ng/droppin g objects/weapons) 60

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OPD 12 Gauge Less Lethal Tactical Operations Training Power Point