Upload
hellmer67
View
227
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/24/2019 Ontology & Enterprise Architecture
1/28
All slides Model Futures 2004-2007 Unless Otherwise Stated
Ontology & Enterprise Architecture
Ian Bailey
model futures
7/24/2019 Ontology & Enterprise Architecture
2/28
Introduction
Semantic issues with Enterprise Architecture
Examine some of these issues
Ontolo can be a difficult sub ect Especially for those immersed in information theory
Basic introduction to some of the conce ts
The IDEAS Group
model futures
7/24/2019 Ontology & Enterprise Architecture
3/28
Enter rise Architecture
Multi-Disciplinary
Policy, Process Modelling, Information, Data, Apps,
Networks, etc.
Different levels of abstraction
Types of people (posts), types of organization, types
of systems, etc. Actual systems, locations, etc.
Need a way to
sa what exists or what could exist tie it all together
model futures
7/24/2019 Ontology & Enterprise Architecture
4/28
erminolo
Large Enterprises have specialist groups and departments.
..and these can differ
service
consultant
analyst modeller
procedurefunction
policy
maker
technical
architect
model futures
IT
7/24/2019 Ontology & Enterprise Architecture
5/28
erminolo - 2
model futures
7/24/2019 Ontology & Enterprise Architecture
6/28
EA & The Real World Very easy to say that EA is just about modelling
But, the models tend to describe actual systems, processes, etc. ome aspec s o an are ve a a e.g. s e a a s us ness a a o
the facility managers
Even models have impact on the daily business
representations of the real world Those same real world things may also be represented in other model
e.g. org structures, system deployments that are also part of the EA
In other words, stratification of model and data is too simplistic anapproach for EA
EA
model futures
7/24/2019 Ontology & Enterprise Architecture
7/28
Ontolo & Information Conflict
conflictconflict
model futures
7/24/2019 Ontology & Enterprise Architecture
8/28
Ontolo
Currently much hype about ontology But how much do people really understand about it ?
There are two main types of ontology thatappear n : Formal ontology usually based on AI concepts of
.machine to make decisions.
Philoso hical ontolo usin the best discoveries ofmathematics and philosophy to create a model which
best describes the things were interested in e interest or EA is t e atter, as we re see ing
to have a common understanding
model futures
7/24/2019 Ontology & Enterprise Architecture
9/28
Ke Ontolo ical Conce ts
Useful to know a few termsa classcar
vw golf
e ore exp a n ng morea sub-class
an individual
my car Where would the service
reference model fit ?
Classes of service
Specialise from process
natural
process
intentional process
service
process
pr n serv ce
model futures
my service, performed 13/11/06
7/24/2019 Ontology & Enterprise Architecture
10/28
axonom
But surely if we just need common understanding, all wenee s a axonomy
True up to a point, but all we then have are names, with no idea
A traditional taxonomy e.g. IPSV or the UK Defence Taxonomyis a structure of broader and narrower terms:
class (i.e. type of thing)
individual (i.e. specific thing)
model futures
7/24/2019 Ontology & Enterprise Architecture
11/28
axonom & Ontolo
class
individual
whole-part relationship
Above shows a typical taxonomy short-cut
An ontology would distinguish between all of
these. In addition, a well-founded ontology can provide
a ood deal more functionalit
model futures
7/24/2019 Ontology & Enterprise Architecture
12/28
IDEAS Grou
Consisting of representatives from the defenceepar men s o our coun r es:
Australia, Canada, UK, USA + we en an as o servers
Goal is to develop a common model for
architecture
model futures
7/24/2019 Ontology & Enterprise Architecture
13/28
Structure
Layered approach ar ng rom rs pr nc p es o ensure common un ers an ng a e mos
fundamental level Reaching down to country-specific definitions whose meaning may need to be
understood by other nations
foundationfundamental concepts:
classes, instances, properties
high-level patterns (upper ontology) commonly used relationships:whole-part, sequence, partipation, etc.
common objects (agreed taxonomy)internationally accepted terms:
person, organization, materiel, etc.
national
extension
national
extension
national
extension
national
extension
terminology specific to nations that
which may be useful to other nations
- e.g. Bowman, Bradley FV, etc.
model futures
7/24/2019 Ontology & Enterprise Architecture
14/28
Foundation
The nations involved were using different modelling
Entity-Relationship
Object-Oriented (inc. UML Meta-Models)
Ontology
All of these modelling approaches are based on formal,
especially as users tend to adopt a given style These differences were makin it hard to establish a common
approach between the nations there was too much scope formisunderstanding between parties
,foundational layer (based on IEEE Candidate UpperOntologies such as SUMO & ISO15926)
model futures
7/24/2019 Ontology & Enterprise Architecture
15/28
he Lan ua e of Ontolo
Before we can begin the training, it is important thateveryone as a common un ers an ng o e oo s anlanguage of the ontologist
Types (also known as classes, categories, sets)
Tuples(also known as relationships or associations)
Ti s:
Always try to ground your thinking by taking it back to concreteexamples esp. when dealing with types, work with example
.
Draw it as a Venn Diagram (notation to follow)
model futures
7/24/2019 Ontology & Enterprise Architecture
16/28
Venn Dia ram Notation
The typical Venn diagram is slightly enhanced to deal
An individual that is
an instance of A Subtype
and therefore of A Type
A Type
Type 1
Type2
Type3Colonel
General
CorporalCar
VW Golf
My VW Golf
An individual that is not
an instance of A Subtype
but is an instance of A TypeType2General
An individual that is not
an instance of A Type
ne o o n
Prescotts JagsJohn Prescott
Individual 2MacArthur
model futures
7/24/2019 Ontology & Enterprise Architecture
17/28
he BORO Methodolo
BORO A methodology for developing business models
Ontologyis the study of what exists BORO provides a formal, step-by-step method to develop an
ontology Ensures that there is no scope-creep due to modelling alone
can preven s a e o ers rom w en ng e scope oug
Provides a way of de-conflicting several stakeholder views (cfSoft Systems)
Results in a formal ontology
Tends towards simplification establishes high-level patterns
model futures This slide Crown Copyright 2007
7/24/2019 Ontology & Enterprise Architecture
18/28
he BORO Process
Does it exist in space & time ?
i.e. can you kick it (now, in the past or in the future)
INDIVIDUAL
can be no debate about semantics.
If not is it a t e of Individual or a t e of t e of
individual ? TYPE
What is it a type of ? Always trace back down to individuals again, this de-conflicts semantics for types.
, TUPLE
model futures This slide Crown Copyright 2007
7/24/2019 Ontology & Enterprise Architecture
19/28
Generalisation
The basic BORO process establishes the ontic categories
This is the first essential stage
However, this has not built us an ontology
. .
and this is where the difference with BORO becomes apparent
,
hierarchy that is built is clean. and strange things start to happen high level patterns start
o emerge
..some of them are quite surprising
model futures This slide Crown Copyright 2007
7/24/2019 Ontology & Enterprise Architecture
20/28
What does BORO let us do ?
Compare systems wor s es w rea egacy a a.
The dirtier the data the better works on the assumption that
most data quality problems stem from the fact that systems dono o w a e users wan , so ey s oe- orn n e a a eyactually need.
Comparison is guaranteed accurate provided the BORO methodand criteria for identity are rigidly followed.
Integrate systems ,
automate the conversion between them
Build the next generation of systems Implement the high-level patterns everything else is data Universal applications
model futures This slide Crown Copyright 2007
7/24/2019 Ontology & Enterprise Architecture
21/28
BORO Exam le - Standards
What is a standard ?
A document ?
The act of ratifying an agreement ?
Deal with each of these cases one by one
Work out the types Work out the tuples
Pattern starts to emerge
As more business data from other subject areas is analysed, itecomes apparen a an ar s us a spec a case o a moregeneral end-to-end agreement pattern.
model futures This slide Crown Copyright 2007
7/24/2019 Ontology & Enterprise Architecture
22/28
Unlearnin -1
IT professionals have a lot to unlearn beforethey can work with ontologies
-of the thing, and think about the actual thing
model futures
7/24/2019 Ontology & Enterprise Architecture
23/28
Unlearnin -2
IT professionals have a lot to unlearn beforethey can work with ontologies
- -stratification
rank
Colonel
General
Corporal
GeneralEisenhower
model futures
MacArthur
7/24/2019 Ontology & Enterprise Architecture
24/28
Unlearnin -3
IT professionals have a lot to unlearn beforethey can work with ontologies
-relationships with sub-super
rank
General
MacArthur
model futures
7/24/2019 Ontology & Enterprise Architecture
25/28
Unlearnin -4
IT professionals have a lot to unlearn beforethey can work with ontologies
the elements position in the ontology defines
,
model futures
7/24/2019 Ontology & Enterprise Architecture
26/28
Mana in Chan e Over Time
One type of ontology approach deals particularly well
Distinguished between whole life things and the states
they have throughout time e.g. a person
Bornstarted chan ed
MaternityWard
started
school
work job retired
whole-life person
spac
model futures
time
7/24/2019 Ontology & Enterprise Architecture
27/28
Mana in Identit
A good ontology will identify the states of the individual
It will also say who owns the identification scheme used
De t. of Education De t of Work
NHS
Health Authority & Pensions
PensionNumber
PupilID Number
Employee
numberNumber
whole-life person
spac
working at
MOD
model futures
time
7/24/2019 Ontology & Enterprise Architecture
28/28
Last Slide
What does ontology do for me ? Provides a sin le coherent reference model for the whole enter rise Supports the enterprise architect Supports the applications and data
What do I re uire ? Need to decide type of ontology to use Can I re-use anything out there e.g. IDEAS, ISO15926, SUMO
More than taxonom
Ontology is not about words Its about identifying the nature of things the relationships betweenelements do more to identify them than the names do
What Next ? Try it !
Choose a subject area and model it Links http://www.boroprogram.org/ http://www.ideasgroup.org
model futures