ONSHORE NUCLEAR POWER - ijerst · 2019-02-13 · Int. J. Engg. Res. & Sci. & Tech. 2017 Mohamed Abd El-Monem Zaki Farahat, 2017 RECENT DESIGN CONCEPTS OF ONSHORE AND OFFSHORE NUCLEAR

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Int. J. Engg. Res. & Sci. & Tech. 2017 Mohamed Abd El-Monem Zaki Farahat, 2017

RECENT DESIGN CONCEPTS OF ONSHORE ANDOFFSHORE NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

The paper aims to study the recent design concepts of onshore and offshore nuclear powerplants to help the engineers from different departments who will design these plants. Theyshould be aware of the basics of nuclear facilities designs and components. Architecturalprinciples and standards used in designing and planning of onshore nuclear power plants werestudied. In drawing up a master plan of an onshore nuclear power plant, the methods used intown planning should be used. These methods are centralized, linear, radial, clustered and grid.This paper aims also to study the special features of the master plan of an onshore nuclearpower plant. The buildings in an onshore nuclear power plant should be segregated accordingto the levels of radioactivity in each one of them. There are cold areas, warm areas and hotareas. Hinkley Point nuclear power plant in Great Britain has been chosen as an example.Furthermore, this paper presents design analyses for Hinkley Point nuclear power plant thatinclude main components and advantages and disadvantages of the design. Also in this paper,new design concepts of offshore nuclear power plants were studied, including their generalarrangement and design parameters. The development of design concepts of offshore nuclearpower plants have continued due to initiatives taking place in France, United States, Russia, andSouth Korea. Submerged-type Offshore NPP designed by are search group in France andGravity Based Structure (GBS)-type Offshore NPP proposed by a research group in SouthKorea have been studied. In addition, the spar-type offshore floating nuclear power plant designedby are search group in United States and Russia’s first floating nuclear power plant utilizing the(PWR) technology have been studied.

Keywords: Recent design concepts, Onshore nuclear power plants, Offshore nuclear powerplants, Submerged, Gravity Based Structure (GBS), Floating

INTRODUCTIONA nuclear reactor is a device used to initiate andcontrol a sustained nuclear chain reaction. Thefission in a nuclear reactor heats the reactor1 Siting and Environmental Department, Egyptian Nuclear and Radiological Regulatory Authority, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.

Int. J. Engg. Res. & Sci. & Tech. 2017

ISSN 2319-5991 www.ijerst.comVol. 6, No. 1, February 2017

© 2017 IJERST. All Rights Reserved

Research Paper

Mohamed Abd El-Monem Zaki Farahat1*

*Corresponding Author: Mohamed Abd El-Monem Zaki Farahat [email protected]

coolant. The coolant may be water or gas or evenliquid metal depending on the type of reactor. Thereactor coolant then goes to a steam generatorand heats water to produce steam. The

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pressurized steam is then usually fed to a multi-stage steam turbine. After the steam turbine hasexpanded and partially condensed the steam, theremaining vapor is condensed in a condenser.The condenser is a heat exchanger which isconnected to a secondary side such as a river ora cooling tower. The water is then pumped backinto the steam generator and the cycle beginsagain. Since nuclear fission creates radioactivity,the reactor core is surrounded by a protectiveshield. This containment absorbs radiation andprevents radioactive material from being releasedinto the environment. In addition, many reactorsare equipped with a dome of concrete to protectthe reactor against both internal casualties andexternal impacts (World Nuclear Association,2016). Nuclear reactors are used at nuclearpower plants for electricity generation. Somereactors are used to produce isotopes for medicaland industrial use. Today there are about 450nuclear power reactors that are used to generateelectricity in about 30 countries around the world(Newman Jay, 2008).

Nuclear power is one of the cheapest availableenergy sources (Chu and Arun, 2012). There arestill large areas with low human populations aroundthe whole world where the problems of sea waterdesalination and provision of electricity must besolved. Therefore, it is better to enhance the safetyfeatures of NPPs in order to use nuclear powercontinuously and safely, than to stop using it.

One possible solution for using nuclear powersafely could involve moving the conventionalnuclear power plants from land to ocean in an effortto enhance safety. In general, this type of nuclearpower plant is called an Offshore Nuclear PowerPlant (ONPP) and it may also be attractive withregard to future expansion (Shropshire et al., 2012).Recently, several countries have been pioneering

the development and application of ONPPs utilizingthe innovative features of Small Modular Reactors(SMRs) (Kuznetsov, 2008; Vujic et al., 2012;Rowinskia et al., 2015; and Ingersoll, 2015), aswell as medium to large size reactors. Until theearly 2000s the actual application of nuclear energyin the oceans was limited to military applications(Hirdaris et al., 2014).

ONSHORE NUCLEAR POWERPLANTSArchitectural Principles and StandardsUsed in Planning and Designing ofOnshore Nuclear Power PlantsThe architectural principles and standards ofonshore nuclear facilities differ from otherfacilities. The nature of the radioactive materialto be handled and the type of work to be carriedout in the facility will determine the planning anddesigning of the facility.

General Planning of Onshore Nuclear PowerPlantsThe main problem when considering the masterplan for an onshore nuclear power plant is toprovide effectively for future expansion. Thenuclear power plant site should not be located inor near a heavily built-area. Ideally, a nuclearpower plant is best situated in rural or semi-ruraldistricts in which a certain degree of isolation maybe achieved. In these districts extra free spacearound the plant should be available for futureexpansions.

In drawing up a master plan the methods usedin town planning must be used. These methodsare (Ferguson, 1973):

Centralized: It consists of a central dominantspace about which a number of secondaryspaces are grouped.

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Linear: It consists of a linear sequence ofrepetitive spaces.

Radial: It consists of a central space from whichlinear organization of space extends in a radialmanner.

Clustered: It consists of spaces grouped bysharing of a common visual relationship.

Grid: It consists of spaces organized within thefield of a structural or other three dimensional grid.

Different aspects should be considered in themaster plan of onshore nuclear power plants.Traffic routes have to be established. Areas mustbe set aside for each of the buildings of the plant,large enough to provide for growth. The centralfocus is the nuclear reactor building.

Special Features of Master Plan of anOnshore Nuclear Power PlantThe buildings in an onshore nuclear power plantshould be segregated according to the levels ofradioactivity in each of them. The radioactivebuildings designed on the system of segregationshould be planned from Cold to Hot areas. Thetypes of buildings to be contained in each areaare (Ferguson, 1973):

• Cold areas should contain Control Building,Services Buildings (office building and MedicalResearch Center), Turbines Building, CoolingTowers and Fire Station.

• Warm areas should contain buildings forexperimentation at low or warm level ofradioactivity and should contain low levellaboratories and mechanical workshops.Physics and chemistry laboratories shouldalso be in these areas.

• Hot areas are for experimentation at high levelof radioactivity. Nuclear Reactor and Nuclearand Radiological Waste Storage Building are

always placed in the hot areas. These areasshould also contain Hot Laboratories, IsotopeProduction Facilities and DecontaminationFacilities.

Analytical Architectural Study on HinkleyPoint Nuclear Power Plant in Great BritainIdentifiable Information: (http://hinkleypoint.edfenergyconsultation.info)Country: (Hinkley Point) HPC, Somerset, BridgeWater, Great Britain.

Executing Company: EDF Group for theproduction of nuclear power. It belongs to themajor European countries.

Figure 1: Hinkley Point Nuclear Power Plant

Source: http://hinkleypoint.edfenergyconsultation.info

Figure 2: Illustrative Planning of the Designof Hinkley Point Nuclear Power Plant


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Area: Hinkley Point Nuclear Power Plant Complexoccupies about 41 hectares for the plant andfacilities.

Capacity: It has been designed to generate 1630MW.

Planning and Design Theories: Linear design.

General InformationNuclear power plant site includes a range of usesincluding offices, laboratories, education, healthcare and social care.

During normal operations, the required numberof staff is 500 persons. It includes technicalsupport and operations, laboratory work, routinemaintenance, training, procurement, security,administration and staff welfare and housing.

General InformationMain Components of the Plant1. Two reactors.

2. Temporary storage facilities.

3. Staff and additional support facilities.

4. General information center.

Main Elements of the Plant DesignNuclear Island

1. Reactor building.

2. Fuel building.

3. Protection of buildings.

4. Auxiliary Building.

5. Access tower.

6. Radioactive waste storage building.

7. Radioactive waste treatment building.

8. Hot washing Building.

9. Hot workshop.

10. Hot warehouse.

11. Decontamination facilities

12. Diesel generator building.

13. Sewage reservoirs.

14. Two building for diesel generators.

Conventional Island

1. Turbines Hall.

2. Electrical building.

Figure 3: Main Elements of the Plant Design

(Reactor building and diesel generators)

(Turbines building)

(Cooling building and water pump)

(Offices Building and Garage)


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3. Electric power transmission platform.

4. Electrical facility.

5. Isolated gas processing building.

6. Main transformer.

7. Power unit.

8. Auxiliary transformer (secondary).

Balance Factory

1. Cooling water pump building. It containsequipment for the supply of cooling waterfrom the sea to the nuclear island, theconventional island, water networks, maincooling and turbine condenser.

2. Forebay.

3. Outfalls Pool.

4. Filtration and restoration for nuclear output.

5. Firefighting water building.

6. Attenuation pool.

7. Demineralization center.

8. Auxiliary boilers

9. Hydrogen storage.

10. Oxygen storage.

11. Chemical Products.

Fuel and Waste Management Building

1. Spent fuel building and temporary storagefacility.

2. Temporary storage facility for medium levelwaste.

3. Transit zone facility for very low level waste.

Auxiliary Buildings

1. Entry to the main building.

2. Permanent monitoring for entry to thebuilding.

3. Help management center.

4. Deportation entry store.

5. Medical center.

6. Restaurant.

7. Simulation building and training center.

8. General information center.

Office Buildings

1. Center for operational service and proposeddevelopment. It contains administrationoffices, laboratories, stores and workshops.

2. Restaurant facilities and staff changingfacilities.

3. Staff offices.

Storage and Garage Buildings

1. Radioactive sources storage building.

2. Garage.

3. Oil and greases storage building.

4. AREVA warehouse.

5. Contaminated instruments storage building.

6. Conventional waste storage building.

Other Buildings

1. Sewage treatment plant.

2. Airstrip.

3. Meteorological station.

4. Nuclear island water reservoir.

5. Conventional island water reservoir.

Plant Areas• Nuclear Island Areas

• Conventional Island Areas

• Balance Factory Areas

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No. Building Length Width Height

1 Reactor Building 65 65 64

2 Fuel Building 45 17 34

3 Auxiliary Building 27 17 27

4Radioactive W as te

Storage Building33 25 15

5Radioactive W as teTreatment Building

38 37 11

6

Hot W orkshop, HotW arehouse and

DecontaminationFacilities

89 20 18

7Diesel Generator

Buildings40 28 27

8 Sewage Reservoirs 44 20 15

381 299Total

Total Area = Length X W idth = 87249 m2

Table 1: Nuclear Island Components Areas



1 Turbines Hall 117 65 46

2 Electrical Building 39 25 11

3Insulated Gas

Process ing Building31 14 15

4 Main Trans former 35 8 12

5 Power Unit 13 6 9

6Auxiliary

Transformer13 6 9

Total 248 124

Total Area = Length X W idth = 30752 m2

Table 2: Conventional Island ComponentsAreas



1Cooling Water Pump

Building18 18 6

2Filtration and

Resto ration forNuclear Output

38 38 1

3Firefighting Water

Building37 37 2

4 Attenuation Pool 30 30 6

5Demineralization

Center22 22 3

6 Hydrogen Storage 45 45 4

7 Oxygen Storage 12 12 3

8 Chemical Products 38 26 9

Total 240 228

Total Area = Length X Width = 54720 m2

Table 3: Balance Factory Components Areas


No. Bu ild ing L e ngth W id th H e igh t

1Ope ra tiona l Se rvic e

Ce nter50 32 20

T ota l Area = Le ngth X W idth = 1600 m2

Table 4: Office Buildings Components Areas



1Radioactive Source

Storage Building10 10 4

2 G arage 56 23 8

3Oil and G reasesStorage Building

42 24 9

4 AREVA Warehouse 105 38 11

5Contaminated

Instruments StorageBuilding

45 38 -

6Conventional Waste

Storage Building35 35 -

T otal 293 168

Total Area = Length X Width = 4 9224 m2

Table 5: Storage Buildings Components Areas


• Office buildings Areas

• Storage buildings Areas

• Other buildings Areas

Total Area of the Plant = 277417 m2

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1Sewage Treatment

Plant46 26 4

2 Airstrip 38 16 -

3Meteorological

Station10 10 4

4Nuclear Island Water

Reservoir12 12 13

5Conventional Island

Water Reservoir30 38 13

Total 136 102

Total Area = Length X Width = 1600 m2

Table 6: Other Buildings Components Areas


combines a number of functions that have afundamental role in the overall operation of thenuclear plant.

The building consists of

Basement contains:

A Staff facilities.

B Access to nuclear operational buildingsthrough the security system and greenareas.

First, second and third floor contain:

A Workshop zones.

B Associated offices.

C Stores and laboratories

Six floors 4-10 contain:

A Administration and Office Management 350employees.

B Restaurant.

Master Plan for the SiteArrangement and Planning on the Site

The planning, construction, operation andshutdown were based on nuclear safety and onthe following design considerations:

1. Facilitate the authorized access andminimizing of the negative interactions.

2. Prevent the unauthorized access and theinterference in safety systems.

3. Reduce the intake of materials and the effectsof accidents (external and environmentalconditions).

4. Spacing between buildings at a nuclear powerplant provides the required safety andrequired access and facilitates theconstruction phases and shutdown.

Nuclear Island

Strong relationship

Mediumrelationship

Weak relationship Nuclear Island Water reservoir

Balance Factory

ConventionalIsland

Fuel and Waste ManagementBuilding

Office Buildings

Auxiliary Buildings

Storage and Garagebuildings

Sewage TreatmentPlant

Meteorological

Station

Figure 4: Functional Relationships for PlantComponents

Components of Some Buildings

Turbines halls consist of:

– Turbo.

– Generator set.

– Condenser.

– Drinking water plant and related supportsystems.

Operational service center:

It is the operations center for the power station. It

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StudyStudy of some elevations, sections and plans ofthe plant buildings:

Reactor Building and Diesel Generators

Reactor building and diesel generatorscomponents:

1. Reactor building.

2. Associated preventative buildings.

3. Diesel generators buildings.

4. Cooling water.

Cooling Building and Water Pump

Figure 5: Master Plan for the Site


Figure 6: Reactor Building and DieselGenerators


Figure 7: Layout of Reactor Building


Figure 8: Cooling Building and Water Pump


Turbines Building

Figure 9: Turbines Building


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Building components:

1. Turbines halls

2. Turbines protection hall.

3. Mechanical equipment systems supportbuilding.

4. Secondary system that produces electricity.

Functional Requirements

Determine the size and the height of the buildingis the size of the turbines. Lift the beams runwayand gantries for installation, maintenance andreplacement of equipment.

Operational Service Center

Figure 10: Perspective Section of TurbinesBuilding


Location: Between turbines building and nuclearisland.

Building components:

1. Staff changing facilities.

2. Number of stores.

3. Multi-story Workshop.

4. Associated offices.

5. Stores and laboratories.

Sub-Stations Network

Figure 11: Operational Service Center


Figure 12: Layout of Sub-Stations Network


Garage

Figure 13: Garage


Garage

Store

Battery charging area

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Facilities which deal with Garage:

1. Annex buildings to support logistics.

2. Variety of industrial buildings.

3. AREVA warehouse.

4. Facilities.

5. Contaminated instruments store.

Offices Building

Study of Plans and Section of Media Center

Figure 14: Ground Floor Plan of OfficesBuilding


The Building consists of:

1. Accommodation suites.

2. Offices.

3. Courtyard in the center of the suites.

Media Center

Figure 15: Media Center

Figure 15 (Cont.)


Figure 16: Plans and Section of Media Center

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7. Convenient access between the variousbuildings within the plant.

Disadvantages1. The location is close to residential areas.

More earthquake-resistant design has beendone by the designed company. Theresidents of the neighboring villages havebeen compensated by the designedcompany. All of this increases the cost andrisk ratio on the neighboring villages.

2. The location from inside is devoid from greenareas.

3. No barriers for protection or for containing theproject.

4. Bad exploitation of areas. There are buildingson one side and the other side is free ofbuildings.

OFFSHORE NUCLEAR POWERPLANTSThis paper presents a survey of the recent designconcepts of the ONPPs in France, United States,Russia, and South Korea. The paper categorizesvarious types of ONPPs as submerged, floating,and GBS types, and reviews their generalarrangement, dimensions, and designparameters.

Submerged-TypeONPPIn 2011, a submerged type ONPP, namedFlexblue (Kolmayer, 2011; and Haratyk et al.,2014a and 2014b) was proposed by a researchgroup in France. Flexblue is a submerged,cylindrical, fully-modular, and transportableONPP (Haratyk et al., 2014a). It was designed toreside on these a bottom 60-100 m deep, 5-15km offshore. Undersea cables would bring theelectricity to customers, much like from offshore

Figure 16 (Cont.)


Advantages1. Despite it has small size, its production

capacity of electricity is high.

2. Provide appropriately security precautions.Consistent with the international standardsfor safety inside the reactor core. Thebuilding contains a special meteorologicaldepartment.

3. The project contains an integrated residentialextension for workers and employees.

4. Use of the latest technology to contain thepressure.

5. Improve the access of equipment foroperation and improved maintenance.

6. Improve the waste at the site untilprocessing.

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Figure 17: Various Types of ONPPs

Parameter Value

Length 146 m

Diameter 14 m

Displacement 16,000-20,000 ton

Immersion depth 60-100 m

Unit Electricalcapacity 160 MW

Cycle length 40 months

Lifetime 60 years

Table 7: Main Characteristics of Flexblue,France

Source: Haratyk et al. (2014a)

Figure 18: Flexblue Deployed, France


wind turbines. Preliminary studies showed that itis possible for Flexblue to produce anywhere from50 to 250MW of nuclear energy and researchersemphasize that the reactor is thought to beresistant to natural disasters such asearthquakes, tsunami, and flooding. When firstannounced, it was said that France intended tostart building a prototype Flexblue unit in 2013 inits shipyard at Cherbourg, for launch andDeployment in 2016.

This submerged reactor uses the smallpressurized water reactor technology, which issimilar to the French submarine reactors. In themodule of Flexblue, turbine and alternatorsections are separated and partitioned. Flexblueis manufactured in factories, assembled in ashipyard using naval modular constructiontechniques, transported by the ship, and locatedat the operation site. Depending on the seismichazard, the module is either anchored horizontallyon the seabed, or suspended a few meters fromthe bottom of the ocean with positive buoyancy.The modules can be manufactured in differentplaces and in parallel, all owing a shorter overallconstruction time. The main characteristics ofFlexblue are given in Table 7 and an overview isshown in Figure 18.

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Figure 19: Onshore Control Center ofFlexblue, DCNS


Once the Flexblue is installed, it is monitored,protected, and operated from an onshore controlcenter depicted in Figure 19. If a safety issuedeveloped with the reactor, it could be brought tothe surface and taken to a regional support facilityfor repair and it could be refueled the same way.At the end of its life, it could be repatriated to ashipyard for decommissioning, a process thatwould resemble the decommissioning of nuclearsubmarines.

The Flexblue concept adheres to Europeansafety standards and incorporates recentdevelopments for nuclear safety. Extremeconditions like tsunami, earthquakes, and roughweather should not impact operation of the plant.With seawater to use as a heat sink, long andefficient performance of the reactor safetysystems are expected, even without externalpower (Haratyk et al., 2014b).

Floating-Type ONPPsThe FNPP comprises (Advanced ReactorsInformation System (ARIS), 1999)

• A floating power unit.

• Offshore facilities to secure the generating unit

in its place and to transfer the energy and heatproduced onshore.

• Onshore facilities to transfer the heat andpower received from the generating unit on tothe grid for further delivery to the end user.

The Flexblue concept adheres to Europeansafety standards and incorporates recentdevelopments for nuclear safety. Extremeconditions like tsunami, earthquakes, and roughweather should not impact operation of the plant.With seawater to use as a heatsink, long andefficient performance of the reactor safetysystems are expected, even without externalpower.

Floating-Type ONPPsThe FNPP comprises (Advanced ReactorsInformation System (ARIS), 1999)

• A floating power unit.

• Offshore facilities to secure the generating unitin its place and to transfer the energy and heatproduced onshore.

• Onshore facilities to transfer the heat andpower received from the generating unit on tothe grid for further delivery to the end user.

Offshore Floating Nuclear Power Plant (USA)Recently, a team led by Jacopo Buongiorno atthe Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)in the United States, in collaboration withresearchers from the University of Wisconsin andthe Chicago Bridge and Iron Company, isdeveloping a new concept (Jurewicz et al., 2014;and Buongiorno et al., 2015) for an OffshoreFloating Nuclear Plant (OFNP) based on a spar-type floating platform with catenary mooring asshown in Figure 20 (Zhang et al., 2005).

The OFNP could have a low center of gravityfor hydrodynamic and static stability, and could

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eliminate the transmission of seismic loads fromthe ocean floor, as well as loads from Tsunami,waves, and wind. The hydrodynamic and staticstability can be tuned using an added steel skirt,as shown in Figure 20. The spar offers the betterprotection to the reactor itself when compared toother offshore platform design, such as semi-submersibles or floating barges. The spar-typeOFNP design can be constructed without allstructural concrete, except radiation shieldingaround the spent fuel pool. Using less concretehelps to reduce cost and construction time. Thespar enables the reactor and containment to belocated at a level below the waterline, whichenhances physical protection from plane crashesand collisions with ships. This design providesaccess to the ultimate heat sink: the ocean.

The target power of the OFNP is from 300 to1100 MWe. This OFNP is built in a shipyard andtransported to its mooring site. When its servicelifetime is over, the OFNP is transported to ashipyard where decommissioning can beperformed. Therefore, the environmental integrityof the mooring site is expected to be maintained.The plant is to be located 10 to 20 km offshore in100 m of water depth. Because this water depthis not typically found near a coast, threats fromearthquakes and Tsunami are eliminated.

The size of the spar design, including theOFNP (300 MWe), is about 45 min diameter(without skirt at the base); the skirt diameter is75 m). The OFNP design is 74 m tall from thebottom of the hull to top, has an operational draftof 48.5 m, and a total weight of about 38,200 tonwhen the skirt is empty. The main deck isapproximately 12.5 m above the water and thecatenary mooring system will allow the platformto move up and down in large amplitude waves,but restrain most lateral translation.

Figures 20 and 21 show isometric views ofOFNP-300 and OFNP-1100. The nuclear reactorand containment is located below sea level. It hasa single desalination plant to provide fresh waterto the crew and plant. Desalinated water is storedin Condensate Storage Tank (CST) and is notused for emergency cooling. The reactor, itscontainment, and safety systems are locatedbelow the reactor floor. The OFNP has a largechamber that can be flooded with seawater atthe bottom of the spar.

Akademik Lomonosov (Russia)

The experience of Russia with nuclear navalreactors is large. Until the beginning of the 1990s,the USSR built 256 nuclear powered ships,including 243 submarines, 3 cruisers, 1 spy ship,8 icebreaker and one transport vessel (lighter).Between 466 and 481 nuclear reactors were inoperation onboard of these ships.

The Russian project to develop floating nuclearpower plants started in the early 2000s (Zav'yalovand Sozonyuk, 2008; and International AtomicEnergy Agency, 2011). The Akademik Lomonosov,Russia’s first floating-type NPP driven by KLT-40s reactor (Lepekhin et al., 2010; and Fadeev,2011), was launched on 30 June 2010, as shownin Figure 22. It will be deployed at Kamchatkaregion in Russiain 2016. Provision of seawaterdesalination and electricity are becoming moredemanding tasks, not only in Russia but also inmany other places around the world. FloatingPower Units (FPUs) with KLT-40S reactors havebeen considered for the provision of electric andthermal energy, and of seawater desalination.

Akademik Lomonosov consists of two nuclearreactors, two turbo-generators, electro-technicalequipment, a backup diesel and boiler installation,and residential premises for servicing staff. For

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Figure 20: Isometric Views of OFNP-300

Source: http://westinghousenuclear.com/New-Plants/AP1000-PWR

Figure 21: Isometric Views of OFNP-1100

Source: http://westinghousenuclear.com/New-Plants/AP1000-PWR

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power generation, it has two KLT-40S reactors.The status of this reactor is that the first unit isunder construction. In its place of operation, aring of protective buffers should shield the FNPPfrom wave sand/or the build-up of ice (GreenCross Russia, 2004).

The Akademik Lomonosov could also beconverted into a desalination plant (Kostin et al.,2007) producing 240,000 m3 of fresh water perday, an immensely interesting solution for seaside

Figure 22: Akademik Lomonosov

Source: Fadeev (4-8 July 2011)

Figure 23: Design of the FNPP (Longitudinal Section)

Source: Green Cross Russia Third Edition (2004)

Note: 1-Livingarea, 2-NPPoperatingroom, 3-Reactors, 4-Steam turbine installation, 5-Power generation area, 6-Storage area for spent fuel.

Parameter Value

Length 144 m

Width 30 m

Height 10.0 m

Section under water (draught) 4.5 m

Displacement 21,500 ton

Crew 70 people

Type of reactorKLТ-40S (Pressurizedlight-water reactor)

Number of reactors 2

Electrical capacity 70 MW

Thermal capacity 300 MW

Table 8: Main Characteristics of the FNPP


countries with scarce water resources locatedin Northern Africa and the Middle East. TheAkademik Lomonosov, with a lifespan of 40 yearsand a 4 years construction period, will be re-fueledevery three years and will have a 12 years’ servicecycle, when the plant will be moved to undergoservice and maintenance at a Baltic shipyard.

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energy produced by the FNPP to consumers, aswell as utility networks, transport communicationsroutes, and buildings housing administrative andmaintenance services. Furthermore, utilities willhave to be provided for that will stretch beyondthe site of FNPP operation. A heat substation willneed to be built to transfer heat from theintermediate circuit of the floating power unit intothe onshore district heating network and whichwill accommodate the pumps of the FNPP’sintermediate circuit, hot water circulator pumps,and water-water heaters to heat the districtheating system’s water. Additionally, the complex

AFPU is assembled completely at a shipyardwith the use of a well-developed technology forconstructing atomic icebreaker sand navy shipsin Russia. After completing comprehensive testsand a customer acceptance procedure, an FPUis tugged to its mooring site where it is connectedto a coastal power network to start operation. Theplant needs onsite auxiliary facilities and lines fortransmitting electricity and heat to the shore. Theplant is mobile and can be stationed anywhereon shore and even on the beds of big rivers.

The floating design allows a decrease in thescope and cost of the construction in the areawhere the NPP will be located. When NPPs areexported, the matters of nuclear waste storage,NPP maintenance, and decommissioning oncompletion of service life, are handled by the plantoperator at nuclear maintenance facilitiesavailable in Russia.

Infrastructure needs to be installed at the shorewhich is capable of distributing the generatedpower and heat. On the shore side, facilities haveto be built to arrange distribution and delivery of

Figure 24: The Hull of the FNPP with Two KLT 40-S Reactor Plants

Source: http://aris.iaea.org/ARIS/reactors.cgi?requested_doc=report&doc_id=73&type_of_out put=html

Figure 25: A FNPP Attached to its ProtectiveMooring


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of coastal infrastructure will also need to havepollution control facilities for treatment of wastewater and storm runoff discharged by the onshorefacilities servicing the FNPP and the floating

power unit. A service road suitable for vehicletraffic must also be in place to allow for transportcommunication and connect the FNPP with theexisting system of local roads and expressways.

GBS Type ONPPThe Gravity Based Structure (GBS) (Gerwick,2007) type ONPPs has been developed by theKorea Advanced Institute of Science andTechnology (KAIST) (Lee et al., 2013; and Kimet al., 2014) in South Korea. This concept makesuse of an existing nuclear reactor, named theSystem-integrated Modular Advanced Reactor(SMART) (Bae et al., 2001; and Chung, 2012)and the Advanced Power Reactor 1400(APR1400) (Kim and Kim, 2002) developed bythe Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power (KHNP) Co.,Ltd. (Seoul, South Korea). While modification ofthe general arrangement, safety features, andprincipal design parameters are minimal, thesafety features against tsunami and earthquakesare being enhanced.

The key concept of the GBS-type ONPPcenters on its use of a GBS as a container and asupport structure in addition to the use of a

Figure 26: KLT-40S Reactor

Source: http://aris.iaea.org/ARIS/reactors.cgi?requested_doc=report&doc_id=73&type_of_output=html

Note: 1. Reactor, 2. Steam generator, 3. Main circulation pump, 4.Control rod drive mechanisms, 5. Emergency core coolingsystem accumulator, 6. Pressurizer (1st Vessel), 7. Pressurizer(2nd Vessel), 8. Steam lines, 9. Localizing valves, 10, Heatexchanger of purification and cool down system.

Figure 27: View of KLT-40S Reactor Plant


Note: 1. Feed water, 2. Steam, 3. Metal-water shielding tank, 4.Steam generator, 5. Reactor, 6. Pressurizer, 7. Gas cylinder,8. Main circulation pumps.

Figure 28: Cross-Section View of WaterfrontFacilities for FNPP


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modular design (as employed in ship fabrication)at an on-site factory facility. When the fabricationand assembly of the GBS and NPP componentsare completed, the GBS modules are launchedand towed by tug boats to the ONPP mooringsite. There, the modules are placed on the seabedusing a ballasting system. Finally, the GBSmodules are rigidly connected using steel bars,

post-tensioning steel cables, and cement paste.At this point, the GBS modules act as a singlerigid structure, thus mitigating risks related topipelines and cables. The details are shown inFigure 29.

AGBS is constructed in a dry dock, thefabricated components of the NPP a reassembled,and the installation site is prepared at the sametime. NPP modules (assemblages of NPPcomponents) are mounted on the GBS. In this step,the first inspections and testing of the modularizedfacilities are required prior to launching. The GBS-based ONPP is floated and towed to the installationsite by tugboats. At the installation site, thestructure is settled on the seabed using a ballastingsystem. Nuclear fuel loading and system testingprocedures are implemented after construction ofthe top-side facilities. Finally, the GBS-type ONPPis ready to supply electricity to land after all testsare complete.

CONCLUSIONThe paper has studied the recent design conceptsof Onshore and Offshore nuclear power plantsin Great Britain, France, United States, Russia,and South Korea. Architectural principles andstandards used in designing and planning of

Figure 29: Key Concept of the GBS-TypeONPP

Source: Lee et al. (2013)

Figure 30: Large-Scale ONPP (Length is 270m, Width is 330 m, and Height is 53 m)

Source: Lee et al. (2013)

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onshore nuclear power plants were studied. Indrawing up a master plan of an onshore nuclearpower plant, the methods used in town planningshould be used. These methods are centralized,linear, radial, clustered and grid. The specialfeatures of the master plan of an onshore nuclearpower plant were studied. The buildings inan onshore nuclear power plant should besegregated according to the levels of radioactivityin each one of them. There are cold areas, warmareas and hot areas. Hinkley Point nuclear powerplant in Great Britain has been studied. Theoffshore nuclear power plants were categorizedas submerged, floating and GBS types. Thegeneral arrangements, dimensions were studied.Russia’s ONPPs are the most developed fromthe view point of commercialization, whereasothers are still at the stage of conceptual or initialdesign. The ONPP design could incorporateenhanced safety features against tsunami andearthquakes, and the cooling systems of ONPPsare more robust than land based NPPs. TheONPP has strong potential to provide greatopportunities in the nuclear power industry bydecoupling the construction site from theinstallation site, and allows a decrease in the costof total construction.

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ONSHORE NUCLEAR POWER - ijerst · 2019-02-13 · Int. J. Engg. Res. & Sci. & Tech. 2017 Mohamed Abd El-Monem Zaki Farahat, 2017 RECENT DESIGN CONCEPTS OF ONSHORE AND OFFSHORE NUCLEAR