ONLINE - dilsemyds.comdilsemyds.com/fotolar/ds_5547468f27416.pdf · Eskişehir Dilsem Dil Kursu 0 222 221 41 02 4 23- The age at which puberty begins seems to be influenced by a child’s

Seyfi Hoca ile

ONLINEYDS GRUBU

DİL BİLGİSİ

Eskişehir Dilsem Dil Kursu 0 222 221 41 02

1 www.dilsem.com.tr www.facebook.com/ydskursu

İÇİNDEKİLER DİLBİLGİSİ TEKRAR SORULARI…………………………………………….. 2

YDS İÇİN EN ÖNEMLİ KAVRAMLAR………………………………………… 90

YDS İÇİN EN ÖNEMLİ BAĞLAÇLAR TABLOSU…………………………… 98

IF CLAUSE YAPILARI…………………………………………………………. 99

MODAL/SEMI-MODAL KULLANIMLARI VE TÜRKÇE KARŞILIKLARI… 100

NON-PROGRESSIVE VERBS………………………………………………… 102

THAT ALABİLEN FİİLLER…………………………………………………….. 103

THAT ALABİLEN SIFATLAR…………………………………………………. 104

THAT ALABİLEN İSİMLER……………………………………………………. 104

GERUND ALABİLEN YAPILAR………………………………………………. 105

“To+INFINITIVE” ALABİLEN YAPILAR……………………………………… 106

VERBALS………………………………………………………………………… 108

18 DEVRİK CÜMLE TÜRÜ…………………………………………………….. 109

KOŞUL BAĞLAÇLARI…………………………………………………………. 111

YAYGIN EDİLGEN FİİL KALIPLARI (STATIVE PASSIVES)……………… 113

İNGİLİZCE’DE TENSE YAPILARI…………………………………………….. 114

WILL KULLANIMLARI…………………………………………………………. 115

WOULD KULLANIMLARI……………………………………………………… 115

TIME ADVERBIALS [ZAMAN BAĞLAÇLARI]……………………………… 116

www.twitter.com/seyfihoca



DİLBİLGİSİ TEKRAR SORULARI

1- Modern education ---- upon the model developed by Prussia at the start of the Industrial Revolution; when technology ---- to the point that required serfs be able to read and know simple arithmetic to fulfill their role in industrialized society.

A) was based / hasadvanced B) will be based / could advance C) is based / had advanced D) may be based / has advanced E) had been based / advanced

2- For the second time in ten years, the

government ---- the economy into a deep and damaging recession.

A) was driven B) had been driven C) would have driven D) has driven E) had to drive

3- It is widely rumoured that the US

government ---- many threats already about such an action when the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center actually ---- on 11 September 2001.

A) has received / will occur B) had received / occurred C) received / will have occurred D) had been receiving / would occur E) was receiving / has occurred

4- To the astronomers of the Middle Ages,

the most important classical authorities on natural philosophy ---- Aristotle and Ptolemy, since both ---- frameworks that explained the whole universe.

A) had been / created B) were being / have created C) have been / created D) are / had been creating E) were / had created

5- When thousands of trees ---- in the

rainforests every minute, how ---- the planting of ten seedlings make any difference?

A) are being devastated / can B) had been devastated / will C) would be devastated / might D) were devastated / would E) will have been devastated / could

6- I'm not sure whether I ---- able to speak

German confidently when I ---- there next month as I haven't practised for so long.

A) am / will go B) have been / went C) will be / go D) was / had gone E) should be / am going

7- Though warfare ---- a characteristic feature

of international relations in the Late Bronze Age, the most powerful states of the time in the Mediterranean basin ---- a balance of power that stabilized trade and diplomacy.

A) had remained / were creating B) remained / created C) has remained / would have created D) remains / had created E) must have remained / have created

8- Convening in London, foreign ministers from

the “contact group” ---- that Belgrade ---- all military action against the nonmilitant residents in Kosovo.

A) demanded / should stop B) demand / would be stopped C) demanded / had stopped D) will demand must have stopped E) might demand / may stop

9- Today with 'mail merge' computer software,

the same letter can be addressed to 100 different people at the touch of a button, so a secretary today ---- in hours what it ---- days to do 50 years ago.

A) should have accomplished / may take B) could accomplish / takes C) accomplished / will have taken D) can accomplish / used to take E) accomplishes / has been taking

10- Even in “our technological age”, the

industrial world ---- its appetite for wood or halted the harvesting of rainforests by large corporations.

A) hadn’t curbed B) wouldn’t have curved C) couldn’t have curbed D) wasn’t curbing E) hasn’t curbed



11- Although their responses ---- as obvious as those of animals, plants ---- the capacity to respond to light, gravity, water, touch, and other stimuli.

A) may not be / have B) have not been / had C) were not / have had D) had not been / are having E) would not be / would have had

12- A woman in Ashford ---- her husband to

drive fifteen miles to return a live crab to the sea after fighting gulls ---- it in her back garden.

A) had persuaded / dropped B) would persuade / had dropped C) could persuade / would drop D) persuaded / had dropped E) persuaded / has dropped

13- How you look after yourself following

your forthcoming operation ---- whether you recover completely or not.

A) was determining B) had determined C) determined D) has determined E) will determine

14- ---- the causes of alcoholism are

various, alcohol use is a major factor.

A) When B) Though C) Just as D) As E) Because

15- When people ---- fears quite out of

proportion to the thing they are afraid of, this fear ---- a phobia.

A) are developing / are being called B) was developed / would be called C) had developed / has been called D) have developed / will be called E) develop / is called

16- The police were investigating who ----

the gate to the factory open the night before the robbery.

A) might leave B) has left C) had left D) would have left E) could leave

17- Much of the immune system’s machinery is geared towards killing or eliminating invading microbes ---- they have been recognized.

A) as soon as B) although C) even if D) just before E) because

18- Aerosol sprays cans ---- as convenient

packages for an ever-increasing range of products since they first ---- on the market in the early 1950s.

A) were being used / came B) have been used / came C) have been used / have come D) had been used / were coming E) were used / have come

19- For the last few weeks, medical teams ----

day and night in an effort to find out exactly what ---- this terrible illness, but they've had little success so far.

A) had been working / will cause B) have worked / will have caused C) have been working / is causing D) will have worked / will cause E) were working / had caused

20- The structures around the eye protect it ----

allowing it to move freely in all directions.

A) since B) as well as C) though D) during E) despite

21- The very first American flag ---- in the skies

over Boston on January 1, 1776, by the American forces there.

A) had been hoisted B) was hoisting C) has been hoisted D) was hoisted E) is being hoisted

22- She ---- a taxi to her mother's house from the

station, but she preferred to walk as the weather was so nice.

A) must have taken B) had to take C) ought to be taking D) could have taken E) would rather have taken



23- The age at which puberty begins seems to be influenced by a child’s general health and nutrition ---- by socio-economic and hereditary factors.

A) despite B) so long as C) as well as D) both E) either

24- For the past few hours, the technical

director of the football club ---- videos of their next rivals to ascertain what the weaknesses of the team ----.

A) watched / have been B) will be watching / were C) has been watching / are D) had been watching / will be E) was watching / had been

25- The solar calendar the Egyptians

developed was ---- accurate and sophisticated than the Mesopotamian lunar calendar.

A) so B) most C) such D) more E) both

26- The most basic class of vaccines

actually embodies disease-causing micro-organisms that ---- with a solvent ---- formaldehyde.

A) have been killed / containing B) are killing / having contained C) were killed / contained D) had been killed / to contain E) kill / contain

27- Jamie's mother wanted to know who ---

- the chocolate milkshake all over the carpet.

A) was spilt B) is spilling C) will spill D) was spilling E) had spilt

28- Most anthropologists think that man

---- South America around 12,000 years ago, although some ---- it much earlier.

A) has settled / have put B) settles / are putting C) had settled / were putting D) was settling / had put E) settled / put

29- More than 50 years ago, six European nations ---- to submit their coal and steel industries to common management, so that no single country ---- the weapons of war to be used against another.

A) have agreed / had fabricated B) agreed / could fabricate C) had agreed / have fabricated D) agree / will fabricate E) may have agreed / had been fabricating

30- Excavations in several mounds and villages

near the Euphrates River ---- the city of Nebuchadnezzar, an ancient community that ---- under the later reconstruction of the city Babylon.

A) have revealed / had been lying B) had revealed / lay C) revealed / was lain D) would reveal / has lain E) was revealing / is lying

31- Your performance in the classroom during

teaching practice ---- whether you pass your certificate exam or not.

A) had determined B) had been determining C) was determining D) will determine E) has been determined

32- North Korea still ---- a vast police state that

---- a network of concentration camps spanning the country.

A) was maintaining / has included B) has maintained / would include C) is maintaining / had included D) maintains / includes E) has been maintaining / will include

33- As soon as the signal ---- , the whole force

will charge in the direction of the enemy trenches.

A) would be given B) had been given C) will be given D) was being given E) is given

34- By the time the warranty expires, the

equipment they have installed ---- its cost twice over.

A) would have repaid B) will have repaid C) has repaid D) had been repaid E) will be repaid



35- The new computer software packages for market research can calculate statistics from raw data in a matter of hours, so one researcher ---- in a day what ---- a team of analysts weeks to calculate.

A) had achieved / is going to take B) could achieve / was taken C) can achieve / used to take D) achieved / will have taken E) achieves / has been taken

36- I wonder whether I ---- the house that

I ---- after work today.

A) like / will view B) have liked / viewed C) liked / had viewed D) will like / am going to view E) should like / am viewing

37- Soil pollution is caused by the

presence of toxic compounds, chemicals, salts, radioactive materials, or disease-causing agents ---- enter the soil through industrial waste and pesticides.

A) when B) whereby C) just as D) where E) which

38- From the data we have in our

possession, it ---- that the chances of survival are not very promising.

A) would have been admitted B) admits C) must be admitted D) was admitted E) had been admitted

39- When I approached my friend about the

money he owed me, he said that he ---- but he ---- able to get to the bank.

A) has been paid / won't be B) was paid / hadn’t been C) would be paid / isn't D) was paid / hasn't been E) had been paid / hadn't been

40- Several people ---- and brought to trial since the scandal ---- out.

A) have been remanded / broke B) were remanded / has broken C) remanded / had broken D) had remanded / broke E) were being remanded / would break

41- The search for new sources of energy is a

continuing one, ---- the one provided by the fossil fuels will eventually run out.

A) since B) so that C) even if D) unless E) whenever

42- Though she didn't say so directly, the winner

---- that some of the other athletes in the race ---- drugs before the event to aid their performance.

A) implies / will have taken B) has implied / were taking C) had implied / have taken D) implied / had been taking E) would have implied / took

43- In the Renaissance period, there was a wide

range of classical texts available to humanist scholars, ---- some of these texts had survived only in fragments or were only available in Greek.

A) so B) or C) for D) nor E) yet

44- In 1900, three investigators unknown to one

another coincidentally rediscovered the work of Austrian botanist Gregor Mendel, whose writings on genetics --- largely --- for 35 years.

A) had been / ignored B) have been / ignored C) would be / ignoring D) could have / ignored E) was / ignoring

45- Are you sure that the operations’ manager

was aware of the changes when you ---- them, but ---- to admit this?

A) will be mentioning / won't want B) had mentioned / won't have wanted C) are mentioning / hasn't wanted D) have mentioned / doesn't want E) mentioned / didn't want



46- China’s art market is growing bigger all the time, and it is doing ---- at the expense of America and Britain.

A) so B) as well C) as such D) just in case E) almost

47- The Mississippi River and its

tributaries ---- the world’s fourth longest river system.

A) form B) have been formed C) is formed D) will have formed E) had formed

48- We asked at the station whether we ----

a train to the coast that evening, but the assistant told us that, unfortunately, we ---- the last train.

A) could catch / had missed B) can catch / are missing C) might have caught / would miss D) must have caught / missed E) should catch / were missing

49- In art history, primitivism is a notion

crucial to 20th-century art and modern thinking ---- a specific movement or group of artists.

A) in that B) instead of C) the same as D) rather than E) whereas

50- Steaminess ---- the process by which a

solid or a liquid ---- into vapour by heat.

A) had been / resolved B) was / had resolved C) has been / was resolved D) may be / has resolved E) is / is resolved

51- Mr Randall told his wife that she ---- to

darn his old socks as he ---- a new pair.

A) hasn't needed / buys B) didn't need / had bought C) doesn't need / has been buying D) won't need / was buying E) wouldn't need / bought

52- Recent excavations in Algeria ---- that Homo erectus ---- there between 500,000 and 750,000 years ago.

A) have indicated / resided B) had indicated / has resided C) indicated / would reside D) could have indicated / had been residing E) indicate / had resided

53- The Etruscans, who ---- a great part of Italy

about 900 B.C , ---- from Asia Minor.

A) had colonised / originally came B) colonised / had originally come C) were colonised / have originally come D) have been colonised / originally come E) were colonising / might originally come

54- I was very happy to hear that the old school

---- and that it ---- into luxury homes.

A) wouldn't be demolished / would be converted

B) wasn't demolishing / will be converting C) doesn't demolish / has been converted D) isn't demolishing / had been converting E) hadn't been demolished / converted

55- German Chancellor Merkel is under pressure

from power companies, which ---- to invest in new power generation projects unless they ---- exempt from tough emission requirements.

A) refused / have been B) refuse / are C) have refused / had been D) had refused / will be E) were refusing / are to be

56- More than fifty fatalities ---- before the rainy

season ---- in earnest.

A) have been reporting / starts B) reported / was started C) have reported / starts D) were reported / is starting E) had been reported / started

57- I have been worrying that the intermediate

course ---- too time-consuming for me this coming term as I am working now, but I ---- to enrol anyway.

A) will have been / decide B) is / could have decided C) will be / have decided D) was / will decide E) had been / decided



58- Although she ---- properly yet, the recipient of the world’s first face transplant ---- well, according to the first scientific report of the operation.

A) hadn’t smiled / would have done B) didn’t smile / will do C) doesn’t smile / may have done D) couldn’t have smiled / does E) can’t smile / is doing

59- A wild rose ---- from a cultivated one

because it has smaller leaves ---- in groups of seven rather than groups of five.

A) can be distinguished / arranged B) is distinguishing / to arrange C) was distinguished / arranging D) could distinguish / having arranged E) used to be distinguished / arrange

60- Upon arriving at the hospital that

morning, the doctor ---- by the medical receptionist that three patients ---- a home visit already.

A) was informing / were requesting B) had informed / would be requesting C) has been informed / requested D) would inform / have requested E) was informed / had requested

61- During the wars ---- followed the

French Revolution, Belgium was occupied by France and later annexed.

A) whether B) who C) when D) which E) where

62- The family talked amongst themselves

for a long time before it ---- that there should be another dog in the house after the previous one ----

A) had agreed / to be died B) agreed / having died C) has been agreed / to die D) was agreed / died E) was agreeing / to have died

63- Due to our last gas bill being too high, my wife is always insisting that we ---- warmer clothes in the house, which ---- us to turn the heating down a bit.

A) have worn / must enable B) used to wear / would have enabled C) had been wearing / was enabling D) must wear / should enable E) will be wearing / had enabled

64- The private sector in the Gulf states employs

mostly expatriate workers, ---- the majority of nationals are employed in the public sector with higher wages and job protection.

A) so that B) just as C) while D) unless E) in case

65- In the event that recessive genes intermix

with one another, a child with bluish eyes ---- to parents both of whom have reddish-brown eyes.

A) can be born B) might bear C) should have been born D) is able to be born E) would bear

66- I asked my brother whether he ---- anywhere

over the next summer holiday, but he said that, unfortunately, he had books to read for his literature course and ---- time.

A) has been working / doesn't have B) was working / wouldn't have C) will have worked / hadn't had D) had worked / didn't have E) will be working / hasn't had

67- A series of gas discoveries in recent years in

the Western Desert of Egypt means that a range of new export projects must be developed ---- the country is to make full use of its new reserves.

A) lest B) though C) as D) when E) if



68- It appears conceivable that by the end of the month, the expenses involved in the construction of the highway ---- by the department.

A) would have publicised B) would be publicised C) are being publicised D) will have been publicised E) have been publicised

69- During my first season, I attributed my

success as a holiday representative to my listening and communication skills and realised that I ---- a career for myself if I ---- some proper training.

A) must make / was undergoing B) have made / will be undergoing C) could make / underwent D) had been making / would undergo E) made / am undergoing

70- Hundreds of deep fjords that cut into

the coastline give Norway an overall ocean-front of ---- 12,000 miles.

A) more than B) just as C) the same as D) so far as E) as well as

71- Many governments in Africa and Asia

---- to intervene to prevent the total extinction of certain animal species.

A) can force B) will have forced C) were forced D) having been forced E) have been forcing

72- The police posted a 24-hour watch on

the film star's house and instructed him ---- the door to anyone.

A) not to open B) don't open C) didn't open D) wouldn't open E) not opening

73- Made out of metal so that it conducts the charge, the lightning rod is usually located ---- high ---- possible because of lightning’s tendency to strike the nearest object to it.

A) so / as B) as / as C) more / than D) both / and E) not only / but also

74- Financial planners usually urge that an

individual ---- two to six months earnings for emergencies.

A) saves B) save C) must save D) has saved E) had better save

75- The administrator has assured us that he ----

all our customer information onto the computer database by the end of next week.

A) had been entering B) will have entered C) has entered D) entered E) would have entered

76- There ---- various indications that the current

financial crisis ---- a damaging effect on technology companies.

A) are / is having B) were / will have C) had been / has had D) have been / would have had E) would have been / had had

77- A piece of mail that ---- on Monday before

noon and sent express ---- the next day anywhere in the USA.

A) is going to postmark / will be delivered B) postmarked / was delivering C) has been postmarked / might deliver D) is postmarked / can be delivered E) postmark / deliver

78- Mrs Fletcher, the customer is asking whether

she ---- any extra on the price of the dress for the alterations when she ---- it next week.

A) would have paid / will collect B) will have to pay / collects C) has to pay / collected D) could have paid / has collected E) was paying / had collected



79- Russia ---- earlier this week that it ---- all its troops out of Georgia.

A) had announced / pulled B) announces / will have pulled C) announced / had pulled D) is announcing / has pulled E) has announced / was pulling

80- Some business analysts argue that

American automobile industry ---- because Congress ---- heavier import duties, but others say that the cars themselves are superior to the foreign competition.

A) suffer / shouldn’t be imposed B) is suffering / will not impose C) have been suffering / didn’t impose D) used to suffer / don’t impose E) was suffering / haven’t been imposed

81- While in prison in India, he ---- that he

---- part of a terrorist gang, but now he says he is innocent.

A) had confessed / was B) was confessing / will be C) has confessed / had been D) would confess / is E) confesses / has been

82- We ---- about Daniel Boone if he ---- a

school master his stories about the frontier.

A) could never hear / doesn’t tell B) should never have heard / wasn’t told C) might never have heard / hadn’t told D) could never have heard / shouldn’t

tell E) had better never hear / won’t tell

83- With its superior firepower, NATO ----

any battle, but it ---- the war in Afghanistan.

A) had won / loses B) might win / is losing C) has won / lost D) would have won / had lost E) is winning / was losing

84- When I went to collect my jacket from

the dry-cleaner's, the assistant said that he ---- it but ---- able to remove the stain.

A) was cleaning / won't have been B) had cleaned / hadn't been C) would have cleaned / hasn't been D) is cleaning / wasn't E) had been cleaning / isn't

85- Gang violence is deplorable and cannot be tolerated, ---- simply “cracking down” on it is not the solution.

A) nor B) so C) yet D) or E) for

86- Too many people ---- to apply for the benefits

to which they ---- because of the jungle regulations surrounding them.

A) fail / are entitled B) failed / entitled C) are failing / had been entitled D) will fail / would be E) would rather fail / can be entitled

87- The boy confessed that he had stolen the

bread, but pleaded that his sister and he ---- at the time.

A) will have starved B) are starving C) had been starving D) have starved E) will starve

88- The Caucasus is a strategically vital region

---- could play a critical role in the European Union’s future energy security.

A) where B) who C) in that D) whereby E) which

89- Over the past decade, large

telecommunication carriers ---- in an epic struggle ---- competitive advantage for the expensive contemporary technologies and services.

A) are engaging / to have maintained B) have engaged / to be maintaining C) had engaged / maintaining D) have been engaged / to maintain E) engaged / to be maintained

90- Are you sure she was in when you ---- her

but ---- the phone?

A) will be phoning / won't answer B) had phoned / isn't answering C) are phoning / hasn't answered D) phoned / didn't answer E) have phoned / doesn't answer



91- ---- inflation and unemployment rise sharply in Europe, the solidarity of the European Union could break down in some damaging ways.

A) If B) After if C) Though D) Until E) Whereas

92- When prehistoric human beings ----

that wood burns and stone didn’t, they ---- an important step toward advancing scientific knowledge.

A) will have noticed / have made B) are noticing / made C) noticed / were making D) had been noticed / were made E) are noticed / will be made

93- We asked at the lost property counter

whether a pink and blue bag ---- but the assistant told us that no one ---- in anything fitting our description.

A) was found / has been handed B) is being found / would have handed C) will have found / is going to hand D) had been found / had handed E) might have found / will be handing

94- In the current financial crisis, Italy is

alone among the big European countries in having ---- a bank rescue fund ---- a stated figure for the sum it is ready to make available.

A) more / than B) neither / nor C) such / as D) so / that E) just / as

95- Probably the hurricane ---- most of its

force by the time it ---- northern parts of the country.

A) will be spent / reached B) had been spending / reached C) spent / reached D) will have spent / reaches E) were spent / were reaching

96- Mr Haughin phoned his wife to say that she ---- to cook anything for dinner that day as they ---- to his colleague's.

A) doesn't need / have been invited B) didn't need / had been invited C) won't need / are invited D) hasn't needed / were being invited E) wouldn't need / will be invited

97- Deep-sea diving can cause medical

problems ---- air embolism and decompression sickness, which can be fatal if not treated promptly.

A) as regards B) as such C) also D) like E) just as

98- The National Institute of Mental Health ----

extensive research to determine the psychological effects of using drugs.

A) had been conducted B) was being conducted C) has been conducting D) is conducting E) will have been conducted

99- I was glad to hear that the factory ---- down

after all as a new owner ---- .

A) won't have closed / had been finding B) shouldn't have closed / has found C) doesn't close / has been found D) wasn't closing / is found E) wouldn't be closing / had been found

100- The price of crude oil ---- by 40% this year due to the continuing risk of disruption in the Middle East, which ---- for one-third of global production.

A) surges / accounted B) had surged / has accounted C) has surged / accounts D) surged / had accounted E) will surge / could have accounted

101- Invented in China about 105 A.D, paper ---- in Baghdad and later in Spain four hundred years before the first English paper mill ---- .

A) was manufactured / was founded. B) had been manufacturing / founded C) would be manufactured / will found D) manufactured / was founding E) was going to manufacture / founds



102- We feared that the roads ---- too busy on a national holiday, so we ---- not to go anywhere but stay at home.

A) will have been / decide B) are / could have decided C) would be / decided D) were / will decide E) had been / have decided

103- At the end of 1998, Estonia ---- the strict citizenship requirements that ---- the country’s Russian minority from gaining citizenship.

A) relaxes / kept B) had relaxed / have kept C) has relaxed / were keeping D) relaxed / had kept E) will relax / are keeping

104- Much as cable television ---- formerly ---- in areas in which mountains or tall structures made picking up a signal poor, it is presently expanding all through the United States.

A) had / used B) have / used C) was / used D) will / be used E) had / been using

105- The sales manager ---- the director that some customers ---- models on special offer in the sale already.

A) is informing / buy B) is informed / bought C) informed / had bought D) had informed / will be buying E) was informed / are buying

106- An ideal anticancer drug ---- cancer cells without harming normal cells, but no such drug ----

A) might destroy / exists B) destroyed / existed C) may have destroyed / has existed D) has destroyed / had existed E) had destroyed / would exist

107- The Edmonton to Calgary railroad, which cuts through some of the most gorgeous sights in Canada ---- by Canadian Rail as the inadequate number of commuters ---- it no longer a money- making concern.

A) has sold / makes B) will be sold / will make C) was sold / made D) had been sold / was made E) had been sold / would make

108- Because our last telephone bill was extremely high, my husband is always reminding me that I ---- until after six before I ---- my friends.

A) have waited / called B) must wait / call C) waited / could call D) might wait / was calling E) wait / should call

109- The island groups in the Pacific are often called “Oceania,” ---- this name does not imply that they are the remains of a continent.

A) so B) yet C) or D) for E) when

110- The reporter remarks that the government ---- of double standards in having a tough law and order policy but allowing its own MPs to escape prosecution for fraud.

A) was accusing B) accused C) has been accusing D) is being accused E) will accuse

111- I asked Nigel whether they were going somewhere for Bayram, but he said, unfortunately, his wife ---- in the accident and emergency department that week.

A) has worked B) is working C) would be working D) has been working E) will have worked



112- ---- most people who commit suicide are depressed, having depression correctly diagnosed and treated is the most important step towards preventing suicide.

A) As long as B) Although C) Because D) Even if E) Since

113- A few days ago at an international conference, Dr. Elwood said that the belief that milk could be harmful ---- on the hypothesis that fat causes heart disease.

A) was based B) would have based C) had based D) have been based E) will have based

114- During our training last Friday, I realised that I ---- a lot if I ---- carefully because the lecturer really seemed to know his subject.

A) must learn / was listening B) have learnt / will be listening C) could learn / listened D) had been learning / would listen E) learnt / were listening

115- Algeria is particularly keen to increase its gas exports ---- OPEC production quotas restrict its oil exports.

A) because B) so that C) until D) unless E) though

116- Although a committee ---- to investigate the corruption, many citizens felt that their report ---- a whitewash of the culprits.

A) had been appointed / is going to be B) has appointed / will be C) was appointed / would be D) was appointing / could be E) was going to appoint / might be

117- My mother handed me a considerable amount of money and instructed me ---- Mrs Jackson buy anything for me while I ---- with her.

A) don't let / stayed B) not to let / was staying C) didn't let / had been staying D) not letting / woul stay E) wouldn't let / had stayed

118- In the early twentieth century, the motor car was one of the first major consumer products to be ---- mass produced ---- mass marketed.

A) such / as B) more / than C) so / as D) as / as E) both / and

119- By the middle of the 21st century, a significant part of the world’s electricity ---- by controlled thermonuclear fusion, according to the reports issued by the U.S. Department of Energy.

A) will have been supplying B) is going to supply C) will be supplied D) would have supplied E) had supplied

120- The painter has assured us that he ---- the decorating by the weekend as he promised.

A) will have completed B) had been completing C) has completed D) completed E) would have completed

121- The body’s immune system attacks and eliminates ---- bacteria and other foreign substances ---- cancer cells.

A) not only / but also B) rather / than C) such / that D) as well as / and E) just as / as

122- According to the report submitted to the Minister, by the end of this fiscal year, inflation ---- considerably.

A) will be pulled down B) would have been pulled down C) will pull down D) would have pulled down E) may have been pulled down



123- Mr Partridge, the customer is asking whether he ---- the suit back if it ---- his son.

A) would bring / won't fit B) was bringing / hadn't fitted C) is bringing / didn't fit D) could have brought / hasn't fitted E) can bring / doesn't fit

124- The ruins of ancient Troy ---- as breath-taking as those of Ephesus or Aphrodisias, but, for anyone who has ever read Homer’s Iliad or Odyssey, they have a romance few places on Earth ----

A) have not been / hoped to have

matched B) had not been / would hope to match C) may not be / can hope to match D) are not / hoped to match E) could not have been / hope to match

125- The doctor ---- the patient who was terminally ill and told him that he ---- better soon.

A) approached / will feel B) had approached / felt C) approached / felt D) was approaching / felt E) approached / would feel

126- The manager complained that the cleaners ---- at the time and wondered who ---- them permission to leave early.

A) wouldn't be working / will give B) wouldn't work / will be given C) aren't working / are giving D) hadn't been working / had given E) weren't working / have given

127- Nineteenth-century military helmets ---- much better than they now appear, but even at their best they ---- the way to the future of head protection.

A) have been designed / do not point B) could be designed / would not point C) are designed / will not point D) may have been designed / did not point E) can be designed / had not pointed

128- Today, a large-scale expansion of higher education ---- to meet the rapidly rising demands of industry, agriculture and welfare services.

A) is requiring B) will require C) requires D) has been required E) is to require

129- According to the fire chief, it still isn't clear where the fire ----, but he believes that it ---- in the storeroom.

A) could start / has to start B) starts / has started C) started / might have started D) was starting / ought to start E) has started / will be starting

130- Cabbage ---- as early as 2000 B.C., and the commercial varieties now ---- Brussels sprouts, common cabbage, sprouting broccoli, and kohlrabi.

A) might have been cultivated / have included B) had been cultivated / included C) would be cultivated / used to include D) would have been cultivated / can include E) was cultivated / include

131- Several years ago every mother ---- cloth nappies which had to be washed and re-used. Nowadays, many women ---- paper nappies, which are disposable.

A) was using / are preferring B) were using / prefer C) would use / are preferred D) used / prefer E) were using / are preferring

132- Following his arrest for drink driving, he ---- from driving for twelve months.

A) has disqualified B) has been disqualified C) will be disqualifying D) disqualified E) will have disqualified

133- ---- Windsor Castle, occupying ---- area of 287 hectares, is among the most beautiful royal residences in Europe.

A) The / an B) This / such an C) An / the D) The most / such E) That / Some



134- The firm demanded his resignation when it ---- that he ---- bribes apart from being involved in black- mail.

A) discovered / was accepted B) had discovered / might accept C) has been discovered / accepted D) had been discovered / was accepted E) was discovered / was accepting

135- Today agricultural machines of great size and complexity, some even computerized, ---- in hours what ---- people and animals days to complete previously.

A) accomplish / used to take B) have accomplished / takes C) will be accomplished / took D) are accomplishing / should take E) had accomplished / was taking

136- ---- not all negative thoughts and feelings are bad for health, specific emotional states, especially stress and depression, have now been linked to heart trouble of all kinds.

A) When B) Suppose that C) As if D) Whenever E) Though

137- When a voice came over the loudspeaker announcing that the president was dead, even my old stodgy English teacher didn’t give us the exam which she ---- for that day.

A) had been planning B) was being planned C) was planned D) had been planned E) could have planned

138- I'm worried whether the secretary ---- with the extra work load. Perhaps we should employ an office junior to help her.

A) will be able to cope B) would have coped C) had to be coping D) had been coping E) could have coped

139- The Danish poet and novelist Jeppe Aakjær grew up in the Jutland farming area and ---- was well aware of the harsh conditions endured by farm labourers in his country.

A) yet B) for C) so D) still E) or

140- Today any traveller along the Nile ---- many majestic monuments that ---- the achievements of ancient Egypt.

A) see / reveal B) will see / revealed C) has seen / is revealed D) can see / reveals E) will see / is revealed

141- Jeremy was trying to assure me that Sarah ---- my ticket by 5 o'clock that day, as we ---- previously.

A) has collected / will have arranged B) will have collected / have arranged C) had collected / have been arranging D) would be collected / was arranging E) would have collected / had arranged

142- Investigations by modern doctors ---- that Catherine the Great of Russia ---- from syphilis.

A) suggested / has suffered B) have suggested / suffered C) had suggested / was suffering D) suggest / would have suffered E) suggested / suffers

143- Several of Dostoyevsky’s great novels ---- when he ---- in great poverty.

A) were written / was living B) had been written / lives C) have been written / lives D) had written / lived E) wrote / was living

144- Jack's mother asked me why I ---- in the previous week's match and wondered whether I ---- an injury then.

A) haven't played / have been having B) hadn't been playing / had had C) didn't play / was having D) couldn't have played / am having E) wasn't playing / have



145- ---- the US and Brazil both occupy the American continent, the northern location of the former and the southern location of the latter plainly mark a real distinction and bring important policy consequences.

A) Because B) Now that C) Unless D) So long as E) Though

146- The main cause of the improvements in the Netherlands ---- in the fact that social partners, and particularly trade unions, ---- to realise that the Netherlands has a very open economy.

A) lies / have come B) lay / came C) had lain / were coming D) would lie / come E) will be lain / had come

147- That lady over there is asking whether the tennis club ---- lessons because she ---- to hire a private instructer for her daughter.

A) has offered / wanted B) is offering / had wanted C) offered / has wanted D) offers / wants E) was offering / might want

148- Geometry is usually divided into pure geometry, which roughly embraces the plane and solid geometry dealt with by Euclid, and analytical or coordinate geometry, ---- problems are solved using algebraic methods.

A) in that B) in which C) by whom D) which E) whichever

149- The chairperson ---- certain political attitudes ---- in serious damage, criticising the excessive use of force by security forces.

A) had noted / may result B) has noted / had resulted C) noted / could result D) is noting / has resulted E) notes / would be resulting

150- Before we ---- home, our father instructed us again and again not to lose sight of each other while we ---- around the fun fair.

A) had left / would be strolling B) leave / will have strolled C) left / were strolling D) were leaving / had strolled E) have left / are strolling

151- This morning it ---- in the news that the great Italian tenor Pavarotti ---- of pancreatic cancer soon after midnight.

A) had been reported / died B) is reported / would die C) is being reported / dies D) was reported / had died E) has been reported / could have died

152- In psychoanalysis, patients ---- aware of, and slowly master, factors outside of awareness which ---- with happiness and life satisfaction.

A) could become / interferes B) become / are interfering C) are becoming / had interfered D) have become / has interfered E) would become / had to interfere

153- On the first day of the course, the trainees ---- by the manager that they ---- to learn everything in a few days.

A) were informed / shouldn't expect B) had informed / didn't expect C) have been informed / hadn't been expecting D) are informed / can't be expected E) will have informed / mustn't be expected

154- The United States ---- expensive high-tech solutions to the problem of land-mine clearance, but simpler methods ---- more preferable.

A) should pursue / were B) pursues / had been C) pursued / will have been D) would pursue / would have been E) has pursued / may be

155- In an ongoing partnership with an analyst, a person gradually ---- to know the underlying sources of his or her difficulties by ---- them in relationship to the analyst.

A) is coming / re-experienced B) was coming / re-experience C) has come / to re-experience D) comes / re-experiencing E) used to come / to have re-experience



156- We all wondered how Jack's wife ---- when she ---- about his new job in Outer-Mongolia.

A) reacts / has heard B) had reacted / would hear C) has been reacting / hears D) would react / heard E) is reacting / will hear

157- The Worldwatch Institute reported last year ---- approximately four of the five McDonald’s restaurants that opened every day in 2005 were outside the United States.

A) which B) how C) where D) what E) that

158- The oldest known artefacts ---- crude stone implements ---- back to three million years ago.

A) used to be / date B) are / dating C) were / have dated D) to be / dated E) would be / are dating

159- I know you ---- very hard for some time now, but you ---- down your pace, or you'll lose your health.

A) have had to work / must slow B) must have worked / should slow C) have been working / had to slow D) are able to work / have slowed E) would be working / can slow

160- One of the world’s worst space flight disasters occurred on 28 January 1986, ---- the shuttle Challenger exploded soon after take-off, killing the crew of seven.

A) if B) so that C) even if D) when E) just as

161- An artefact ---- as the tangible representation of an object that ---- by human beings, made in the past and preserved into the present.

A) was defined / has been made B) would be defining / is making C) can be defined / is made D) has defined / would be made E) had been defining / was making

162- I asked Jim whether he ---- his wife to the firm's annual party as well, and he said she ---- her sister's wedding ceremony then.

A) had brought / has been attending B) has brought / will have attended C) brought / is attending D) was bringing / would be attending E) is bringing / has attended

163- The discovery in 2001 of a juvenile dinosaur’s spectacularly preserved fossil with feathers does not only indicate the dinosaur-bird connection, ---- it also casts new light on the mystery of why nature invented feathers in the first place.

A) and B) so C) but D) or E) still

164- Famous examples of early cave art are the caves of Chauvet and those of Lascaux in France, where artists ---- on walls that ---- only with special effort.

A) have painted / had been reached B) painted / could be reached C) had painted / are reached D) used to paint / will be reached E) are painting / would be reached

165- Because I am repeatedly leaving things behind, my mother always tells me that I ---- that I ---- all my belongings in my bag before leaving the sports centre.

A) have to check / had had B) checked / had C) check / should have D) might check / was having E) must check / have



166- Contrary to perceptions outside Canada, the majority of Canadians are descended from the English, the Scots, and the Irish ---- from the French.

A) rather than B) more than C) such as D) and so E) also

167- The oldest ---- object of possible symbolic and artistic value actually ---- back to about 250,000 years ago.

A) to know / date B) knowing / dated C) known / dates D) is known / have dated E) knows / would date

168- The art teacher ---- the headmaster that they ---- some good entries in the children's painting competition already.

A) informed / had received B) is informing / will receive C) informs / receive D) had informed / will be receiving E) was informing / are receiving

169- Because of the wide variety of ethnicity in the United States, people speak English as ---- their native ---- their adopted tongue.

A) rather / than B) either / or C) more / than D) so much / as E) well / as

170- Symptoms of a heart attack ---- widely and ---- other conditions such as indigestion or heartburn.

A) are varying / is indicating B) vary / can indicate C) have varied / would be indicating D) have been varying / had indicated E) varied / has indicated

171- I'm glad to tell you that we ---- our yearly target today, so new sales from now on ---- additional to the budget of our branch.

A) were reaching / were B) had reached / are C) have reached / will be D) are reaching / have been E) will have reached / had been

172- The British government ---- details of the next stage of its genetically modified cropfield trials, thus they ---- off a now familiar cycle of debate and demonstration.

A) has released / have set B) will release / had set C) would have released / having set D) is releasing / were setting E) released / would set

173- Atilla Jozsef, a deceased Hungarian poet, ---- as a source of inspiration for many who ---- his pessimistic poetry.

A) was known / reads B) has been known / is reading C) is known / read D) had been known / would read E) was known / has been reading

174- Mr Higgins phoned his wife to say that she ---- for him to eat dinner because he ---- home rather late.

A) won't have to wait / had been B) shouldn't have waited / has been C) didn't need to wait / was going to be D) hadn't been waiting / would be E) didn't use to wait / was

175- Training schemes in the United Kingdom ---- by the government as unemployment ----

A) were encouraged / will have worsened B) would be encouraged / had been worsened C) have been encouraged / has worsened D) had been encouraged / may worsen E) are encouraged / would have worsened

176- If proper importance ---- to music at elementary school, children’s choirs ---- .

A) were given / could be formed B) is given / have been formed C) has been given / are formed D) was given / are given E) would be given / had been formed

177- We asked the receptionist if they ---- any rooms available, and she replied that she ---- the last free room to another couple just ten minutes before.

A) were having / let B) had had / was letting C) have / has been letting D) had / had let E) would have / have let



178- After the Germanic invasions, Celtic cultures, which in pre-Roman times ---- most of Western Europe, ---- almost entirely to the British Isles.

A) had covered / were confined B) have been covering / have been

confined C) had been covering / would be

confined D) have covered / could have been

confined E) were covering / had been confined

179- There ---- at least 128 registered archaeological sites along the coast of Oaxaca, most of which ---- from the post-classic period, 1250-1522 AD.

A) have been / are dating B) will be / dated C) are / date D) were / had dated E) used to be / have dated

180- What will you say if the interviewer ---- you why you ---- your present job?

A) asks / are leaving B) asked / were leaving C) has asked / left D) will ask / have left E) would ask / had left

181- In child development, play and exploration are similar ---- they are both intrinsically motivated behaviours and not directed by external goals.

A) on the other hand B) whereas C) otherwise D) after E) since

182- A very old ceremonial centre ---- just east of Southern Turkey recently and ---- a major discovery.

A) has been discovered / was being

considered B) is discovered / has been considered C) had been discovered / will be

considered D) would be discovered / is being

considered E) was discovered / is considered

183- Mrs Smith complained to her husband that the bathroom ---- in a terrible state because the bathtube ---- for days.

A) has been / is leaking B) will be / will be leaking C) was / had been leaking D) had been / would be leaking E) would be / was leaking

184- At present, the European Union imports about one quarter of its gas and one third of its oil from Russia, ---- countries such as Slovakia, Finland, Poland, Hungary, the Baltic states and the Ukraine are totally or very heavily dependent on Russian energy.

A) even though B) since C) whether D) while E) in case

185- Though Mohammad Ali won the gold medal at the Rome Olympics in 1960, at the time the experts ---- much of his boxing skills.

A) don’t think B) haven’t though C) didn’t think D) aren’t thinking E) won’t think

186- When I went to collect the car from the garage, the mechanic said that he ---- the engine the day before, but he ---- the brakes yet.

A) fixed / wouldn't have checked B) had fixed / hadn't checked C) was fixing / wasn't checking D) has fixed / won't have checked E) would be fixing / isn't checking

187- Several species of birds in Vietnam vanished during the war, ---- they began to reappear in the 1980s and their gradual return has been encouraged by Vietnamese villagers.

A) yet B) so C) for D) or E) nor



188- As a person who ---- too much time on each of her moves, my decisions and choices ---- never haphazard.

A) can spend / have been B) was spending / had been C) spends / are D) has spent / used to be E) is spending / will be

189- When I ---- one book I usually go straight on to the next but, with this one, I ---- time to think it over.

A) finish / would have needed B) had finished / would need C) have finished / needed D) will finish / need E) was finishing / had needed

190- Countries are interested ---- in their absolute economic welfare ---- in how well they are performing compared to other countries.

A) both / as well as B) as / as C) so much / as D) more / but E) not only / but also

191- It is thought by some that Columbus was greatly influenced by his brother who ----- Bartholomew Diaz on his voyage to the Cape of Good Hope.

A) may have accompanied B) should have accompanied C) would have accompanied D) will have accompanied E) could accompany

192- If natural selection ---- running, we ---- a lot more like apes now.

A) would not have favoured / had looked B) has not favoured / will look C) did not favour / looked D) had not favoured / would look E) does not favour / have looked

193- A structural formula is a chemical formula that shows how the atoms are bonded to ---- in a molecule.

A) another B) others C) the others D) each other E) every other

194- I must confess that you ---- a lot more intelligent and modest than I ---- you to be earlier.

A) have been / was imagining B) used to be / have imagined C) are being / would imagine D) are / had imagined E) had been / imagined

195- It ---- that, by 2050, global life expectancy ---- by another ten years.

A) seemed / would have been increasing B) seems / will have increased C) has seemed / will be increasing D) would seem / has increased E) will seem / would increase

196- Many parts of rural America ---- to reflect the values and traditions of the European immigrants who ---- in the country during the nineteenth century.

A) continued / have arrived B) have continued / would have arrived C) continue / arrived D) would have continued / were arriving E) will continue / would arrive

197- The children knew, only too well, that their father ---- overseas, and ---- gone for a long time.

A) was fighting / would be B) had fought / may be C) is figting / has been D) would fight / has been E) had been fighting / will be

198- With few exceptions, most totalitarian governments ---- more liberal since 1989 when the Berlin Wall ----

A) became / has fallen B) are becoming / would fall C) were becoming / has fallen D) had become / was falling E) have become / fell

199- Many Eskimos, who ---- Alaska thousands of years ago, ---- in epidemics after their fist contact with European diseases.

A) settled / killed B) would settle / had killed C) had settled / were killed D) has settled / would have been killed E) were settling / had been killed



200- Sometimes a snap decision can be ---- effective ---- one made deliberately and cautiously.

A) more / than B) either / or C) so / too D) much / as E) most / for

201- The flow of immigrants into Britain ---- to a small number since the new laws ---- .

A) will be reduced / have introduced B) has been reduced / were introduced C) will have reduced / are introduced D) have reduced / had introduced E) were introduced / have been

introduced

202- Of all the arts, it ---- to classical music that Germany ---- the greatest contribution.

A) had been / made B) is / has made C) has been / had made D) was / will have made E) might be / would have made

203- Germany and Poland ---- pivotal positions in Europe, and the foreign policy challenges each has faced ---- profound and, in some senses, revolutionary.

A) would have occupied / will be B) would be occupied / were C) were occupying / had been D) occupy / have been E) have occupied / would have been

204- During the past few decades, big corporations, ---- DuPont, IBM and Xerox, ---- the focus of their environmental programs from cleaning up damage to preventing it.

A) except / was shifting B) as / shifted C) like / are shifting D) as to / would have shifted E) such as / have shifted

205- Management must learn to determine market conditions in the countries ---- it is doing business.

A) that B) because C) where D) which E) unless

206- Numerous empty pots ---- in the cellars of houses in Germany between the 16th and 19th centuries ---- by archaeologist Dietmar Waidelich in the 20th century.

A) buried / were excavated B) have been buried / had been excavated C) were buried / were being excavated D) were burying / were to be excavated E) had been buried / were going to be

excavated

207- As employees ---- in more time at the office and factory, they ---- increasing trouble balancing their work lives and their personal lives.

A) have put / had B) put / are having C) will put / were having D) would put / had have E) are putting / will have

208- ---- the growth in e-mail and fax transmissions, many communications are still best handled by face-to-face or voice-to-voice contact.

A) Contrary to B) By means of C) Due to D) Unlike E) Despite

209- The manager of the company ---- that they ---- five new branches in the city the following month.

A) said / were opening B) says / had opened C) is saying / have opened D) has said / would open E) would say / had opened



210- Contrary to popular belief, psychodynamic studies ---- that older adults ---- less psychologically resistant than younger persons to unpleasant thoughts.

A) had revealed / will be B) revealed / have been C) have revealed / are D) reveal / should have been E) will reveal / had been

211- ---- making an internal analysis can a company set the overall rationale for its international activities.

A) Still B) While C) Only by D) Until E) Just as

212- The two bodyguards ---- the skinny man and ---- his head against the bedroom window, shattering the glass and along with it.

A) were grabbing / had smashed B) grabbed / smashed C) have grabbed / had smashed D) had grabbed / have smashed E) grab / will be smashing

213- I thought I had packed some teabags, but I can't find any, so I ---- them behind at home.

A) was able to leave B) should have left C) could leave D) ought to be leaving E) must have left

214- ---- an organization depends on collaborative arrangements, ---- likely it is to lose control over decisions.

A) Not only / but also B) Neither / nor C) Either / or D) When / then E) The more / the more

215- We tend not to believe in something ourselves, ---- it has happened to us.

A) lest B) when C) until D) because E) but

216- ---- in cryptography and telecommunications, chips for computer programmes have been used for years, banks are only just beginning to benefit from them.

A) Just as B) Whether C) Provided that D) Whenever E) Whereas

217- The idea that people do things without thinking ---- never ---- sense to me.

A) has / made B) is / making C) was / making D) would / be making E) had / made

218- A corporation’s formulation of its international strategy will greatly determine ---- it will benefit more from protectionism or from some other means for countering international competition.

A) so B) as C) unless D) whether E) whereby

219- This is the second time you ---- your promise, so how can you expect me to rely on you any more?

A) are breaking B) had broken C) would break D) broke E) have broken

220- Children who have received special attention from trained teachers typically have ---- IQs ---- do children who have not.

A) higher / than B) so high / that C) very high / but D) both high / and E) the highest / or

221- Having read so many contemporary American writers, I ---- to feel impatient with the kind of fiction that ---- in England.

A) was beginning / will have been written B) had begun / has been written C) have begun / would have been written D) would begin / is being written E) began / was being written



222- This immense structure ---- to the present day due to the fact that it is surrounded by dwellings along a good portion of its route.

A) would survive B) could survive C) will be surviving D) has survived E) is surviving

223- Mount Etna, which is one of the world’s largest active volcanoes, ---- by the ancient Romans ---- the home of Vulcan, the mythological god of fire.

A) would be thought / being B) has been thought / having to be C) is thought / to have been D) was thought / to be E) had been thought / having been

224- Cross-border shopping is a fundamental right under EU law and ---- as a form of tax evasion.

A) must not have been regarded B) had not been regarded C) ought not to be regarded D) would not have been regarded E) was not being regarded

225- ---- she saw the blood gushing from Mathew’s head, she collapsed on the floor.

A) Though B) Unless C) Much as D) The instant E) Whichever

226- Evidence that humans ---- to cultivate crops approximately 10,000 years ago ---- the presence of agricultural tools at archaeological sites.

A) have begun / will include B) might have begun / would have

included C) had begun / had included D) were beginning / has included E) began / includes

227- He certainly ---- party members last weekend when he announced that he ---- to regain his party chairmanship.

A) has shocked / had not sought B) would have shocked / will not seek C) had shocked / would not have sought D) was to shock / had not sought E) shocked / would not seek

228- There are various remnants of this ancient palace, some of which ---- only ---- to light in more recent times.

A) have / come B) are / coming C) had / come D) has been / coming E) will / be coming

229- Wisconsin ---- the US dairy capital, and each year the village of Little Chute ---- the Great Wisconsin Cheese Festival.

A) has been / would host B) is / hosts C) was / shall host D) can be / had hosted E) will be / used to host

230- The 1980s ---- a surge of new interest ---- the definition of intelligence.

A) have brought / to be expanding B) had brought / having expanded C) were bringing / to have expanded D) brought / in expanding E) would have brought / to expand

231- The members in charge of the event ---- all year in preparation to make this year's event a success.

A) are working B) would be working C) work D) used to work E) have been working

232- ---- you buy something, you buy it because of the satisfaction you expect to receive from having it and using it.

A) While B) If only C) Since D) When E) Though

233- ---- little respect the British people may feel for the monarchy, they are still not likely to change to a republic.

A) Though B) Whatever C) Such a D) However E) Just as



234- ---- he got into the car, he realised that he had left his briefcase in the kitchen.

A) Even if B) Just as C) Unless D) Because E) Since

235- ---- the death of the dictator General Franco in 1975, Spain became a constitutional monarchy under King Juan Carlos I.

A) In spite of B) Since C) After D) As well as E) Instead of

236- All of the world’s major national parks are included on the map, ---- are most of the important reserves of lesser status.

A) as B) as well C) such D) which E) that

237- In the past few centuries, medical workers ---- health care for adults and children and brought many infectious diseases under control.

A) had improved B) improved C) have improved D) were improving E) had been improving

238- The latest scientific studies ---- small children usually ---- greater taste sensitivity than adults.

A) have found / possess B) found / had possessed C) find / will possess D) will find / have possessed E) had found / possessed

239- His latest novel is about people who take their work seriously, ---- that’s being a mother, a nurse or a soldier.

A) even so B) as if C) unless D) besides E) whether

240- You should be home ---- 8 p.m. today unless you wish to be scolded as you were the last time you chose not to listen to me.

A) until B) by C) when D) while E) just as

241- Recent evidence ---- that dinosaurs ---- warmblooded and capable of moving extremely fast.

A) has suggested / can be B) will suggest / would be C) suggested / should have been D) suggests / may have been E) had suggested / might be

242- Héviz is Europe’s largest warm-water lake and visitors can swim there even in winter, ---- helps extend the tourist season.

A) or B) which C) nor D) but E) so

243- You will have been given another pay-rise with this admirable competence and performance ---- the end of the year.

A) during B) until C) after D) by E) since

244- The basin of the Amazon River ---- by rainforests and, therefore, ---- the wettest region on Earth.

A) had been covered / would be B) was covered / had been C) covers / has been D) was covering / was E) is covered / is

245- The United States spends ---- on armed forces ---- do all other countries combined.

A) so much / that B) both / and C) not only / but also D) neither / nor E) more / than



246- Companies and stores ---- lighted signs to identify themselves and to advertise their products.

A) had used B) were using C) use D) used E) had been using

247- ---- African nations got their independence, the first thing they did was to change place names in their countries.

A) Just as B) Before C) Although D) Until E) When

248- Over this period, according to a report recently issued by the Hispanic Studies Center in Los Angeles, Mexicans received 14.5 billion US dollars from relatives working in the United States, which is almost ---- Mexico earned from foreign oil sales.

A) as B) just as C) as well as D) as much as E) as far as

249- Under international and collegiate soccer rules, one referee and two linesmen ---- at a game.

A) are officiating B) had officiated C) have officiated D) officiate E) officiated

250- In the past, Guatemala claimed ---- half of its neighbour Belize’s territory.

A) more than B) as well as C) just as D) but also E) the same as

251- The origin of sex is speculative because it is difficult to reconstruct but it is widely speculated that that it is ---- of a puzzle ---- its prevalence.

A) too many / for B) so many / so C) as much / as D) that / such as E) very / more like

252- Recently, Washington ---- fierce criticism over its apparent shift to award primary contracts in Iraq only to US companies.

A) has attracted B) had attracted C) is attracting D) was attracting E) attract

253- If Atatürk ---- his country to victory in the War of Independence (1919-1923), Turkey ---- only as an inland state in central Anatolia.

A) would not have led / had survived B) did not lead / survived C) had not led / would have survived D) has not led / would survive E) would not lead / will have survived

254- China, which ---- much of Mongolia from the end of the seventeenth century until the early twentieth century still ---- the oil, coal, uranium, and empty grasslands of its former possessions.

A) was ruling / has coveted B) had ruled / may have coveted C) has ruled / coveted D) ruled / covets E) rules / is coveting

255- Scientists in the seventeenth century ---- the universe as a gigantic clockwork machine that ---- according to a few straightforward principles.

A) viewed / worked B) had viewed / would work C) have viewed / could have worked D) would have viewed / had worked E) may have viewed / had been working

256- The choices we make and the lives we lead ---- the values we ----

A) would be influenced / are holding B) are influenced / hold C) had been influenced / were holding D) must have influenced / had held E) have been influenced / were holding

257- Latin American and Caribbean nations ---- regional integration as a tool to enhance democracy and ---- economic growth in the region.

A) were embracing / have encouraged B) embraced / will have encouraged C) had embraced / will encourage D) have been embracing / had encouraged E) have embraced / encourage



258- Following World War II, job prospects for young people ---- greatly which allowed them ---- more prosperous than their parents.

A) had improved / to have felt B) have improved / feeling C) improved / to feel D) were improving / having felt E) would have improved / having to feel

259- By the late eighties, a surge of prosperity ---- the region and structural adjustment ---- in Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand.

A) have swept / had been stalling B) was sweeping / had stalled C) had swept / stall D) are sweeping / are stalling E) sweep / have stalled

260- ---- water in rivers, lakes and seas is heated by the sun, some of the water evaporates to form water vapour.

A) Unless B) When C) Until D) Although E) Even if

261- If you ---- a car, you ---- its performance, not its appearance.

A) were buying / had been considering B) were buying / would have considered C) bought / had considered D) have bought / would have been

considering E) are buying / should be considering

262- How I wish you agreed to accompany me ---- the shopping centre, as I hate going shopping on my own.

A) until B) before C) as far as D) even after E) as long as

263- Some people can easily recover from their disappointments, whereas ---- are depressed by even minor setbacks.

A) others B) the other C) another D) other E) any

264- In business, every trend contains the seeds of ---- counter-trend.

A) itself B) its own C) any one D) any one's E) own

265- Activist organizations that ---- the activities of the international financial institutions today ---- a statement signed by over 60 civil society groups.

A) monitored / release B) are monitoring / had released C) have monitored / release D) monitor / released E) had monitored / are releasing

266- When American independence ---- in 1776, two-fifths of all settlers ---- of non-English origin.

A) was declared / were B) had been declared / would be C) has been declared / had been D) would be declared / could be E) may have been declared / must have been

267- In Kuwait, foreign companies are presently taxed at 55 per cent of profits, whereas the Kuwaitis themselves pay ---- or ---- tax depending on*their status.

A) less / least B) little / no C) more / less D) few / fewer E) less / none

268- He ---- a digital camera when he ----, and he showed the Investigator the images that he had taken that evening.

A) had used / photographed B) was using / have photographed C) has used / photographed D) used / have been photographing E) had been using / was photographing

269- Infertility is a problem that ---- more and more couples than ever before, as people ---- longer to have children.

A) had affected / could wait B) was affecting / waited C) has affected / will wait D) is affecting / wait E) will be affecting / were waiting



270- Slow-motion photography can reveal things that happen ---- fast for the human eye to see.

A) more B) as C) than D) too E) such

271- According to one tradition, the fame of the Theban representative ---- so widespread that it ---- a remote country called Bekhten.

A) was / reached B) had been / would reach C) has been / reaches D) is / was reaching E) would be / used to reach

272- The production of a single calorie of meat, depending on ---- it is beef or chicken, requires four to ten calories in animal feed.

A) which B) whether C) whatever D) how E) whether

273- He ---- in a line of work that was dependent solely on his ability to win the trust of others, and one in which very close relationships ---- necessary.

A) was engaged / were B) would have been engaged / will be C) will be engaged / could be D) had been engaged / are E) is engaged / would be

274- I thought that the senior officer ---- to search my house, showing me a warrant, or in the worst case ---- me.

A) is asking / will arrest B) asked / had arrested C) has asked / can arrest D) had asked / arrests E) would ask / arrest

275- The tsunami that hit Japan was ---- destructive ---- not much was left when search-and-rescue teams finally reached there.

A) as / as B) rather / than C) too / enough D) so / that E) such / as well

276- The term "radical", in politics, refers to anyone with opinions ---- extreme ---- the main current of a country's major political party or parties.

A) so / as B) more / than C) only / that D) not only / but also E) either / or

277- There are various surviving parts of this ancient palace, some of which ---- only ---- to light in more recent times.

A) have / come B) are / coming C) had / come D) has been / coming E) will / be coming

278- Most developing countries do not have China’s bureaucratic depth and tradition, ---- do they have the ability to control personnel in the way that China’s party structure allows.

A) nor B) so C) much as D) the more E) not only

279- The auditing of accounts means the official inspection of a company's accounts by a qualified accountant, and this ---- by law each year.

A) had been required B) requires C) is required D) required E) would have been required

280- If you ---- closely at the entrances to the building, you ---- that the buildings are at a sharp angle to the road.

A) looked / have noticed B) will look / can see C) look / could notice D) are looking / have been noticing E) would look / noticed



281- The first case of BSE, or "Mad Cow Disease", ---- in Great Britain about twenty years ago, and since then several more outbreaks ---- in many different countries.

A) occurred / were ensuing B) was occurring / ensued C) has occurred / are ensuing D) occurred / have ensued E) occurs / ensue

282- Applicants ---- the ability to work well in a multicultural environment and ---- to work to tight deadlines.

A) have had / had been able B) should have / be able C) must have / were able D) will have / had had E) could have / have had

283- The belief that U.S. troops in Iraq were occupiers rather than liberators ---- steadily, but it was not a new phenomenon.

A) grows B) grew C) used to grow D) has grown E) would be growing

284- Just as the bus ---- away from the curb, another passenger ---- in through the still open door.

A) is pulling / has been leaping B) pulled / has leapt C) was pulling / leapt D) pulls / was leaping E) has pulled / leaps

285- Old Danish, one of the languages of the Vikings who ---- in parts of Britain during the 9th to 11 centuries, ---- a strong Influence on the development of English.

A) have settled / had had B) had settled / would have C) settle / has D) settled / had E) would settle / will have

286- Built between 1190 and 1220 during the reign of Philippe-Auguste, Philippe-Auguste's ---- the second and final wall that ---- primarily a defensive function.

A) is / was having B) has been / is having C) had been / would have D) used to be / will have E) was / had

287- I ---- for Mum outside the bank while she ---- some money for the shopping.

A) waited / withdrew B) have waited / has withdrawn C) am waiting / withdrew D) was waiting / has withdrawn E) wait / has been withdrawing

288- One day humans ---- on Mars if US President Bush's recently announced plans ---- to fruition.

A) could be walking / come B) would walk / had come C) can be walking / will come D) would have walked / come E) will be walking / might come

289- This immense structure ---- to the present day due to the fact that it is imprisoned between homes along a good portion of its route.

A) was able to survive B) could survive C) will be surviving D) has survived E) is surviving

290- It's been almost eight years since he ---- the guitar in front of an audience, so it's quite normal that he ---- nervous about his performance tomorrow.

A) has played / felt B) was playing / feels C) is playing / was feeling D) played / is feeling E) has played / has felt

291- Socrates ---- that we ---- with the improvement of our souls.

A) must have said / would be concerned B) had said / had to be concerned C) was saying / should have been concerned D) has said / had been concerned E) said / should be concerned



292- China ----- tight restrictions on its people visiting Taiwan since 1949, when the Nationalists under Chiang Kai-shek ----- to the island at the end of the Chinese civil war.

A) had / had fled B) having had / to flee C) has had / fled D) was having / fleeing E) had to have / fled

293- You ---- very ill. I don't think you ---- after your health properly.

A) are looking / looked B) have looked / have looked C) looked / have been looking D) look / are looking E) were looking / look

294- China's economic boom ---- a growing need for energy that ---- only foreign supplies.

A) will produce / used to satisfy B) produced / had satisfied C) is producing / could satisfy D) has produced / can satisfy E) would produce / would have satisfied

295- Officials ---- the body of Lanie Kealhofer this morning in the same area where divers ---- all week.

A) have found / have been searching B) found / had been searching C) had found / were searching D) are finding / would be searching E) were finding / could have searched

296- The 19th-century Victorian custom of wearing an extremely tight girdle in order to appear slimmer ---- serious internal damage to thousands of women. Thankfully, that custom ---- since then.

A) has been causing / disappears B) was causing / is disappearing C) has caused / was disappearing D) causes / disappeared E) caused / has disappeared

297- They hope that by surrounding city centres and likely terrorist targets with "soft walls", they ---- it impossible for hijacked planes ---- anywhere near them.

A) will make / to get B) make / having got C) make / to have got D) have made / to be got E) are making / getting

298- Can you imagine the smell? When the police ----, he ---- the same clothes for two weeks.

A) had caught / was wearing B) would catch / has been wearing C) caught / had been wearing D) was catching / would wear E) has caught / is wearing

299- The car in front of us ---- very suddenly because an old woman ---- slowly across the road.

A) has stopped / walks B) stopped / was walking C) is stopping / has walked D) was stopping / was walking E) stopped / walked

300- New DNA evidence hints that "African Eve", the 150,000*year-old female ancestor of every person on Earth, ---- in Tanzania or Ethiopia.

A) has lived B) is used to living C) may have lived D) would live E) would be living

301- Before a drug company ---- to sell a new product, it ---- careful research to discover how the drug works.

A) began / has conducted B) has begun / has conducted C) is beginning / conducts D) was beginning / conducted E) begins / conducts

302- We ---- to visit my wife's parents next Saturday, and after that, we ---- to a puppet play.

A) are planning / are going B) planned / went C) were planning / are going D) plan / go E) are planning / go



303- Until people realize that they have to develop new skills, there's no way the economy can improve, ---- ?

A) is there B) can there C) can it D) have they E) can they

304- For the past few days, I ---- to decide whether or not to drop out of university, but I still ---- what to do.

A) was trying / didn't know B) have tried / didn't know C) have been trying / don't know D) tried / haven't known E) try / haven't known

305- ---- they are accessible by boat only, these islands are still largely undeveloped.

A) Even B) As if C) Although D) Consequently E) Since

306- Since 1988, he ---- the Japanese healing art of Shiatsu, which ---- him profound insights into the energy system of the body.

A) had practiced / is giving B) practiced / gave C) was practicing / has given D) has been practicing / has given E) has practiced / had given

307- A clumsy and flightless bird that at one time ---- a group of islands in the Indian Ocean, the Dodo ---- extinct in 1681 as a result of excessive hunting by Portuguese sailors.

A) inhabits / is becoming B) has been inhabiting / became C) has inhabited / becomes D) was inhabiting / has become E) inhabited / became

308- The most devastating human impact on environments can be seen on islands ---- settlers have introduced new animals and plants.

A) which B) to whom C) what D) to which E) whom

309- Most historians ---- Johann Gutenberg of Mainz, Germany, with the invention of letterpress printing as we ---- it today.

A) credited / knew B) had credited / have known C) have been crediting / knew D) credit / know E) have credited / had known

310- My sister ---- in a small apartment at the moment, but she ---- to find a house with a garden sometime soon.

A) is living / hopes B) lives / has hoped C) has lived / hoped D) lives / was hoping E) has been living / hoped

311- Human activity has destroyed ---- plant species that collective action is essential for the conservation of those that remain.

A) more B) so many C) many more D) the most E) as many

312- He ---- the piano since the age of 6 and wasn't sure whether he ---- to be a musician or an actor.

A) has played / wants B) had been playing / wanted C) played / wanted D) was playing / had wanted E) is playing / has wanted

313- Although many people ---- international terrorism to be a recent phenomenon, in fact, it ---- for nearly a thousand years.

A) believed / is existing B) are believing / exists C) believe / has existed D) have believed / is existing E) believed / was existing

314- ---- providing luxury on every imaginable level, a five-star hotel should also have the ability to take you by surprise.

A) With a view to B) In excess of C) Consequent on D) In need of E) In addition to



315- While the monasteries in northern Europe ---- Christian teachings and some learning from the past, a new prophet ---- in the Middle East.

A) were preserving / arose B) preserved / arises C) had preserved / had arisen D) had been preserving / was arising E) have preserved / have arisen

316- In the 11th century, the Isma'ili Shi'ite Hasan-i Sabbah and his group of hashshashin ---- the entire Middle East, and the modern English word "assassin" ---- from them.

A) terrorized / comes B) were terrorizing / is coming C) have terrorized / comes D) terrorized / has been coming E) have terrorized / came

317- Ancient Peruvian textiles have survived in an excellent state of preservation ---- the dry conditions of much of the country.

A) with regard to B) in comparison with C) in case of D) owing to E) in opposition to

318- The couple ---- a wedding for months but could not find an official who was willing to conduct the ceremony because of their different faiths.

A) have been planning B) plan C) have planned D) were planning E) had been planning

319- Ben and Claire ---- to pay us a visit as soon as they ---- in their new apartment.

A) promise / settled B) have promised / have settled C) promised / are settling D) have been promising / were settling E) were promising / settle

320- Exciting new research is transforming industrial robotics, offering the promise of whole new generation of ---- intelligent machines.

A) more B) much C) any D) mostly E) too

321- She ---- the fact that she is mentally ill and ---- treatment.

A) didn’t accept / had refused B) hadn’t accepted / refused C) doesn’t accept / had been refusing D) has not accepted / has refused E) wasn’t accepting / refuses

322- I ---- Christmas thank-you cards all day long, and I ---- only twenty out of sixty.

A) am writing / finished B) have been writing / have finished C) was writing / was finishing D) wrote / am finishing E) have written / finish

323- He is hoping that, by the time he ---- for the grant, his book on Egyptian silverwork ----

A) has to apply / will have been published B) had applied / had been published C) was to apply / has been published D) will be applying / would have been

published E) would have applied / will be published

324- The Roman Empire ---- peace throughout a large part of the world during a period known as the Pax Romana.

A) has maintained B) maintained C) maintains D) has been maintaining E) is maintaining

325- I ---- about the arrangements already, so you ---- to tell me about them, but thank you for telling me anyway.

A) knew / didn't need B) have known / don't need C) know / didn't need D) know / don't need E) have known / didn't need



326- It seems that, even if big western companies ---- to help develop lifesaving GM (genetically modifieseeds for the underdeveloped countries, only South Africa ---- to accept them.

A) will be willing / is ready B) has been willing / will be ready C) had been willing / would be ready D) would be willing / was ready E) were willing / would be ready

327- From the earliest tools to the most modern ones , human beings ---- and use tools to make their lives easier and more interesting.

A) have been able to invent B) used to be able to invent C) were able to invent D) had been able to invent E) are able to invent

328- Yesterday afternoon, from three to five, I ---- a film on VCD, and my wife ---- on the sofa.

A) watched / sleeps B) watch / is sleeping C) am watching / slept D) was watching / was sleeping E) have watched / has slept

329- The big test ---- over the next few weeks when the government ---- to introduce a plan to include drug coverage in Medicare.

A) is coming / will be expected B) comes / was expected C) has come / is expecting D) will come / is expected E) would come / would be expected

330- A bad paraphrase is one in which you simply substitute certain words with their synonyms, ---- maintaining the structure of the original quotation.

A) while B) just as C) unless D) since E) during

331- Because of the icy road, we very narrowly ---- an accident as we ---- around the curve.

A) are avoiding / drive B) were avoiding / have driven C) have avoided / drove D) have been avoiding / are driving E) avoided / were driving

332- Seafarers' records ---- back to 1590 ---- it possible to visualize the behaviour of one of the planet's most mysterious phenomena: its magnetic field.

A) dating / have made B) to date / would make C) being dated / had made D) to be dated / are making E) to have been dated / will make

333- Most of us interact with our computers primarily with a keyboard and mouse, particularly ---- composing text.

A) unless B) since C) during D) when E) although

334- None of my close friends ---- married until now, but my best friend Rey ---- his high school sweetheart Lorena next week.

A) got / marries B) gets / has married C) has got / is marrying D) was getting / marries E) gets / is marrying

335- ---- helmets had been revived for soldiers and extended to many workers, safety head coverings for athletes almost inevitably followed.

A) While B) Before C) Although D) Once E) Until

336- The Zoological Garden is popularly known as Mirpur Zoo and ---- at a distance of about 16 km from Dhaka city centre.

A) are locating B) would be located C) are being located D) is located E) have been located



337- For centuries Istanbul ---- as the official capital of the Ottoman Empire, but since the founding of the Turkish Republic in 1923, it ---- a cultural and industrial capital only.

A) was serving / is B) has served / was C) served / has been D) was serving / is E) served / is being

338- Botanic gardens are green spaces for everyone's pleasure, ---- they hold examples of plants from all over the world with which they have cultural associations.

A) therefore B) however C) because D) ever since E) as soon as

339- Many African governments are ---- financial collapse and survive only on the strength of aid and donations from international organizations.

A) for the sake of B) in the case of C) in excess of D) on the edge of E) in place of

340- The doctor ---- my dad that his back ---- better, but to date there does not seem to have been any improvement.

A) is saying / will get B) had told / had got C) told / would get D) is telling / used to be E) used to tell / has been getting

341- Ever since the US ---- the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, scientists ---- permanently in Antarctica.

A) was constructing / are living B) has constructed / have lived C) constructed / have been living D) constructs / have been living E) has been constructing / live

342- ---- James assures me that he's telling the truth, I'm pretty sure that he's actually telling a lie.

A) Because B) Just as C) In case D) Whenever E) Just before

343- I am impressed with how your grades ---- up until now. Keep up the good work.

A) are B) have been C) would be D) could be E) had been

344- Catherine ---- as a lawyer, but at the moment she ---- some time off to visit her mother in hospital.

A) has worked / was taking B) works / is taking C) was working / took D) is working / takes E) worked / has been taking

345- With the help of a fifth of the white voters Mr Jackson was elected mayor of Atlanta in 1973, and ---- became the first black mayor of a major southern city.

A) but B) so C) even so D) yet E) or

346- Western science ---- for a long time ---- in obtaining plant knowledge for its own sake, and hence the need to protect species threatened in wild.

A) is / interested B) would / interest C) has / been interesting D) must / have interested E) has / been interested

347- Samuel ---- to school this morning because he ---- his bus money on an ice cream.

A) has been walking / spends B) walked / has been spending C) walks / spends D) has walked / is spending E) is walking / has spent



348- It seems, from the Chinese experience, that an authoritarian state can open its economy to international forces ---- either collapsing or becoming more democratic.

A) without B) including C) so as D) therefore E) nor

349- During the Franco-Prussian War, while the French army ---- northwards, the Prussian army ---- round to trap it.

A) advanced / has been moving B) advances / moves C) has advanced / moved D) was advancing / was moving E) is advancing / has moved

350- In the US the weakening of the dollar is making foreign wines pricier and domestic ones, ----, more attractive.

A) on account B) in addition C) on condition D) in competition E) in comparison

351- Theodore Metochites, a rich man in the 14th century, ---- some of his money on beautiful mosaics for the Church of the Chora, and today visitors to İstanbul still ---- at them.

A) spent / marvel B) spends / marvel C) was spending / have marvelled D) is spending / have marvelled E) has spent / marvelled

352- ---- advocates for health, we can no longer be satisfied to only improve the daily diet we consume.

A) As B) While C) During D) When E) Once

353- Ships regularly ---- through the Bosphorus into the Black Sea, and they ---- so since ancient times.

A) are passing / were doing B) have passed / had done C) pass / have done D) have passed / are doing E) have been passing / do

354- Since there ---- nothing in the way of pay rises or bonuses for two to three years, the new taxes ---- a great deal of distress.

A) had been / caused B) has been / had caused C) will be / would have caused D) would have been / are going to cause E) will have been / are causing

355- Issues such as global warming, tainted drinking water and topsoil depletion are closely linked to our own health issues, ---- diseases proliferate despite advancing medical discoveries.

A) unless B) as C) therefore D) but E) until

356- Frank ---- his job in a hotel, and now he ---- as a sales assistant in a department store.

A) has been quitting / works B) quit / is working C) quits / has been working D) has quit / has worked E) was quitting / works

357- Over the past three years, the US economy ---- badly hurt by unforeseen events, but housing ---- to move up to set sales records in both 2001 and 2002.

A) would be / would have continued B) had been / has continued C) has been / continued D) was / continues E) is being / would continue

358- The woman ---- in her living room covered with blood when the police ---- on Monday.

A) was sitting / arrived B) sat / were arriving C) had been sitting / have arrived D) sat / would arrive E) has been sitting / will arrive

359- Europeans ---- in New Zealand for only about 250 years, whereas the Maoris ---- there since around 800 AD.

A) have been living / were B) live / are C) are living / are being D) have lived / have been E) were living / are



360- Presumably, the main concern of the Japanese central bank at present ---- to avoid ---- for any large-scale financial collapse.

A) will be / having blamed B) has been / having been blamed C) was / to be blamed D) is / being blamed E) would be / to have been blamed

361- The police ---- the 35-year-old mother with capital murder, but declined to reveal where she ---- held.

A) charge / was B) are charging / would C) have charged / is being D) charging / has been E) had charged / is

362- The Mevlana's father, Bahauddin Walad, ---- out with his son for Anatolia when the Mongols ---- over Central Asia.

A) is setting / took B) has set / have been taking C) was setting / have taken D) has been setting / take E) set / were taking

363- He did ---- better in the interview ---- any of the other applicants.

A) much / as B) rather / than C) as / for D) still / with E) far / from

364- Schlosser ---- at the apartment with other family members, ---- her two older daughters.

A) is living / included B) was living / had included C) lives / has included D) lived / including E) has been living / will include

365- Although Maria normally ---- clothes, she ---- working as a sales assistant because of the economic crisis.

A) designs / has started B) is designing / starts C) has designed / started D) has designed / has been starting E) has been designing / was starting

366- Geographical Information System tools provide specialised functions for spatial data input, processing, analysis and output, ---- Database Management System tools provide more advanced functions for storing and managing large spatial databases.

A) therefore B) because C) whereas D) whether E) otherwise

367- I ---- extremely sad and dismayed over the circumstances in which many innocent people ---- at the hands of terrorists these days.

A) would be feeling / had to die B) feel / are dying C) can feel / had died D) am feeling / will have died E) felt / were dying

368- People complained ----- bitterly about radios played at full blast in public places ----- the government of New York City passed an law forbidding this.

A) such / that B) as / as C) so / that D) more / than E) so much/ as

369- Photosynthesis is the process ---- green plants manufacture carbohydrates, using the energy of sunlight.

A) as when B) on which C) where D) by which E) since

370- There are strong indications that his wounds ---- which then ---- to gangrene.

A) were infected / led B) are infected / have led C) would be infected / had led D) have been infected / were leading E) had been infected / are leading



371- George Michael ---- famous through the group Wham, but nowadays, he ---- most of his songs as a solo artist.

A) became / sings B) has become / sang C) becomes / is singing D) is becoming / has been singing E) was becoming / has sung

372- Professional tennis, which got its start in 1926 when the French player Suzanne Lenglen ---- 50,000 US dollars for a tour, only ---- full recognition in 1968.

A) had been paid / has received B) was paid / received C) has been paid / would receive D) is paid / receives E) would be paid / had received

373- An outspoken journalist and opposition figure who ---- against Syria's presence in Lebanon ---- by a bomb in his car in Beirut on Thursday.

A) was railing / had been killed B) has railed / would be killed C) is railing / has been killed D) rails / may be killed E) railed / was killed

374- Gemma's sports shoes ---- muddy because she ---- football in the park in the rain.

A) were / is playing B) are being / is playing C) are / has been playing D) have been / was playing E) were being / plays

375- Once the director ---- just how much was at stake, he ---- immediate steps to deal with the dispute.

A) realizes / could take B) has realized / had taken C) had realized / took D) realized / had taken E) would realize / took

376- Ethnological studies ---- clearly that cannibalism ---- almost exclusively in the practices of agrarian peoples, that is, in a later cultural stage.

A) showing / has appeared B) show / appears C) would show / is appearing D) have shown / had appeared E) may show / would be appearing

377- Lynn Hill, the great rock climber, ---- for the first time at the age of 14, and since then, she ---- some of the most amazing climbs in the sport's history.

A) is climbing / did B) was climbing / does C) has climbed / has been doing D) climbed / has done E) has been climbing / is doing

378- The once radical notion that birds ---- from dinosaurs ---- stronger and stronger since palaeontologists first started taking it seriously a couple of decades ago.

A) descended / has grown B) have descended / grew C) had descended / had grown D) descend / is growing E) are descending / was growing

379- Sacrifice ---- a religious rite in which an object ---- to a divinity in order to establish, maintain, or restore a right relationship of a human being to the sacred order.

A) is / is offered B) would be / had been offered C) has been / had offered D) was / is being offered E) used to be / has been offered

380- While the planet Neptune ---- the Sun, its moon, Triton, ---- around it.

A) orbits / circled B) has been orbiting / circles C) has orbited / was circling D) orbited / has circled E) is orbiting / is circling

381- Throughout his term in office, President Clinton ---- by allegations relating to the Whitewater real estate deal in which he and his wife, Hillary Clinton, ---- prior to the 1992 election.

A) was dogged / would be involved B) had been dogged / were involved C) was dogged / had been involved D) has been dogged / have been involved E) was being dogged / have been involved



382- At present, 40% of the Turkish population ---- their money through agriculture and associated industries.

A) will earn B) have earned C) earn D) have been earning E) used to earn

383- Vanessa ---- a lot of beautiful buildings on her trips around the world, but she ---- the Taj Mahal most.

A) has been seeing / will like B) saw / has liked C) has seen / likes D) sees / liked E) was seeing / likes

384- More than 29 million Africans are now infected with HIV, and the disease is killing ---- Africans ---- all the continent's wars combined.

A) so many / that B) either / or C) more / than D) not only / but also E) such a lot of / that

385- Turkey’s central bank ---- dollars for new lira in a wave of intervention on Friday ---- by foreign currency selling in recent days.

A) bought / prompted B) has bought / prompts C) is buying / was prompted D) had to buy / prompting E) has been buying / would prompt

386- I ---- Southampton ---- much better in this match than the last one.

A) have thought / play B) think / are playing C) thought / have played D) am thinking / were playing E) have been thinking / played

387- He insisted that mountaineering ---- a sport for him, but a passion that ---- his whole life.

A) hadn't been / would dominate B) isn't / has dominated C) hasn't been / is dominating D) wouldn't be / is dominating E) wasn't / had dominated

388- ----- Intelligence Quotient, which is fixed for life, Emotional Quotient can be continually developed to enable people to increase their awareness of their selves and others to develop.

A) As B) While C) Unlike D) Since E) For

389- Tom Hanks ---- two Oscars and four Golden Globes since he ---- acting in movies in the 1980s.

A) won / starts B) has been winning / has started C) has won / started D) wins / has been starting E) is winning / was starting

390- The judges of the international tribunal at The Hague ---- , on 1st February 2002, that charges relating to all three wars ---- together.

A) would agree / had been heard B) have agreed / have been heard C) were agreed / will be heard D) agreed / would be heard E) had agreed / were heard

391- Although both the ancient Egyptians and Mesoamericans ---- pyramids, they ---- them for different purposes.

A) built / constructed B) are building / construct C) were building / have constructed D) have built / were constructing E) are building / have been constructing

392- When he moved from Ethiopia where he ---- , to England, his experiences ---- quite unlike those of his contemporaries at school.

A) had been born / were B) is born / will be C) would be born / would be D) has been born / are E) was born / will be

393- The immigration officer ---- them leave to enter as he ---- that they intended to be temporary visitors.

A) had refused / is not satisfied B) was refusing / has not been satisfied C) has refused / had not been satisfied D) refused / was not satisfied E) refuses / is not satisfied



394- We still ---- the house because the weather ---- too cold for the past couple of weeks.

A) don't paint / was B) aren't painting / was C) didn't paint / will be D) haven't painted / has been E) haven't been painting / is

395- It's not considered safe to leave your computer on when you are not in the office, so you ---- do so.

A) don't have to B) mustn't C) needn't D) haven't got to E) don't need to

396- An Indian summer ---- in late October or early November while the leaves ---- colour and falling from the trees.

A) came / turned B) comes / are turning C) had come / turn D) are coming / were turning E) were coming / had turned

397- We ---- to Antalya last year, so we ---- to Bodrum to see somewhere different this summer.

A) went / are going B) were going / go C) have gone / have gone D) were going / have been going E) go / will go

398- If she ---- to the interview in a more positive state of mind, she ---- a better impression.

A) will go / would make B) goes / has made C) had gone / might have made D) would go / had made E) has gone / makes

399- A surgeon or radiologist ---- to treat patients with sophisticated and potentially dangerous instruments without the experience of closely supervised training.

A) are not allowed B) should not be allowed C) were not allowed D) have not been allowed E) are not being allowed

400- I ---- here for nearly two hours now, and the doctor still ----

A) was waiting / wasn't coming B) am waiting / hasn't been coming C) have waited / didn't come D) have been waiting / hasn't come E) wait / isn't coming

401- Little is known about life on the ocean floor ---- scientists have only recently developed the technology for exploring it.

A) yet B) as C) though D) whereas E) while

402- The rise of the Maya ---- about AD 250, and what ---- to archaeologists as the Classic Period of Mayan culture lasted until about AD 900.

A) began / is known B) had begun / knew C) would begin / knows D) was begun / was known E) begins / had known

403- Kimberley ---- late at the office this evening, but usually she ---- home no later than 6 o'clock.

A) is working / gets B) was working / got C) works / has been getting D) has been working / got E) worked / is getting

404- Of the company's three accountants, only one is useful; ---- deserve to be sent away.

A) they both B) all the others C) both the others D) each one E) each of them

405- When Italy ---- into the light of history about 700 BC, it ---- already ---- by various peoples of different cultures and languages.

A) emerged / was / inhabited B) was emerging / is / inhabit C) has emerged / will / be inhabited D) will emerge / had / inhabited E) had emerged / was / inhabiting



406- TRT ---- to the Turkish nation ever since the first TV sets ---- in homes in the 1960s.

A) broadcasts / were appearing B) has been broadcasting / appeared C) has broadcast / have appeared D) is broadcasting / have been

appearing E) was broadcasting / are appearing

407- The young sociologist ---- article was published in the "National Geographic" had travelled 1700 miles across Australia's western wilderness.

A) whose B) who C) that D) which E) whom

408- The Aswan High Dam ---- several negative side effects, chief of which ---- a gradual decrease in the fertility and hence the productivity of Egypt's riverside agricultural lands.

A) has produced / is B) will produce / was C) had produced / has been D) may be produced / is being E) would produce / will be

409- The Germans ---- an assault towards the Caucasus while the USSR ---- a second attack in the direction of Moscow.

A) have launched / is awaiting B) launch / has been awaiting C) are launching / awaited D) were launching / has awaited E) launched / was awaiting

410- The impression I got was that the director has completely given up ---- hopes he may at one time have cherished.

A) as many B) such C) every D) any E) so many

411- Individual farmers in the nations where commercial agriculture is important ---- to make changes to meet the problems of world surpluses and low world prices for farm products.

A) have been forced B) will be forcing C) would have forced D) was forced E) had been forcing

412- As a young man, Ibrahim Tatlises ---- as a builder, but these days, he ---- his money through music and TV.

A) has worked / is making B) has been working / was making C) worked / makes D) was working / made E) works / has made

413- The evolution of a parliamentary democracy ---- came about over a long period of time and ---- then the process was a rough one.

A) simply / as B) only / even C) hardly / since D) just / up to E) really / so

414- The name Nile ---- from the Greek Neilos, which probably originated from the Semitic root nahal, meaning a valley or river valley.

A) is derived B) has derived C) had derived D) may derive E) would be derived

415- Ever since Greater Colombia ---- up, Ecuador ---- an independent state.

A) broke / is B) has broken / was C) breaks / is D) broke / has been E) has broken / has been

416- The post is mine ---- I agree to stay with the firm for at least three years.

A) though B) so C) if D) yet E) unless



417- Designed ---- as many as 100 times, the U.S. space shuttle originally ---- to reduce the high cost of spaceflight into low Earth orbit.

A) to be reflown / had been expected B) to have reflown / has expected C) reflying / will be expected D) being reflown / was expecting E) reflown / would be expected

418- Oliver ---- his thesis on the medieval Italian republics, so he ---- to the library to find some books.

A) was doing / is going B) does / was going C) has done / goes D) did / has been going E) is doing / has gone

419- They are in no way responsible; we must face the fact that we have only ---- to blame.

A) itself B) ours C) them D) themselves E) ourselves

420- The use of aspirin ---- to cause allergic reaction and gastrointestinal problems in some people.

A) has been known B) will be known C) may have known D) had known E) knows

421- Joseph ---- upset about his exam results anymore; in fact, he ---- a lot recently.

A) didn't look / smiles B) isn't looking / will smile C) hasn't looked / is smiling D) won't look / was smiling E) doesn't look / has been smiling

422- The micro air vehicles they are working on are ---- small that it will be almost impossible to detect them with radar.

A) too B) as C) such D) so E) more

423- As in the analysis of the Challenger disaster, the Columbia accident ---- as the result of both mechanical and organizational causes that needed to be addressed before shuttle flights ----

A) was seen / could resume B) has seen / had resumed C) is seen / is resumed D) would see / may resume E) had seen / can resume

424- The Hittites and the Egyptians ---- a peace treaty in 1283 BC, and at the moment, a copy of it ---- in the UN headquarters.

A) make / has been hanging B) have been making / hangs C) made / is hanging D) were making / has hung E) have made / hangs

425- The members of the special commission on crime, some of ---- were appointed by the mayor, still meet on a regular basis.

A) that B) whose C) whom D) who E) which

426- In addition to managing asthma with medications, persons who ---- from the disease ---- to minimize their exposure to the substances that trigger asthma.

A) suffer / are advised B) suffered / advised C) is suffering / have been advised D) had suffered / were adviced E) may be suffered / advise

427- Arundhati Roy ---- only one novel, although she often ---- book or articles on contemporary political issues.

A) writes / has been writing B) has written / writes C) wrote / is writing D) is writing / wrote E) was writing / has written

428- ---- the Civil War, those years turned out to be a golden era for the magazine industry.

A) Despite B) Due to C) Unlike D) Besides E) Instead of



429- Since 1971 nine space stations ---- into a low orbit around Earth ---- for varying lengths of time.

A) launched / have been occupied B) had launched / had occupied C) has launched / was occupied D) was launched / have occupied E) would launch / is occupied

430- In 1984, the people of Bhopal ---- out their daily routines when a poisonous gas ---- from the nearby Union Carbide plant.

A) have carried / was leaking B) are carrying / has leaked C) were carrying / leaked D) have been carrying / is leaking E) carried / leaks

431- Unfortunately, ---- stamping out the drugs' trade, these programmes are simply forcing drug growers to move into more inaccessible regions.

A) besides B) rather than C) in addition to D) due to E) as for

432- According to ancient tradition, the warlike founder Romulus ---- by the Sabine Numa Pompilius, whose reign ---- by complete tranquility and peace.

A) was succeeded / was characterized B) has succeeded / had characterized C) is succeeded / will characterize D) may have succeeded / characterized E) would succeed / is characterized

433- As our TV ---- very well for the last two months, we ---- of buying a new one.

A) didn't work / have been thinking B) hasn't worked / think C) doesn't work / were thinking D) isn't working / have thought E) hasn't been working / are thinking

434- Indeed, the situation is such that the chairman has finally promised to implement ---- the committee recommends.

A) whoever B) however C) if ever D) as ever E) whatever

435- In Egypt, intensified agricultural exploitation apparently ---- place until domesticated animals from the Middle East ----

A) did not take / were introduced B) hadn’t taken / had introduced C) wouldn’t take / introduced D) is not taking / are introduced E) wasn’t takenwould introduce

436- Since Isabel ---- from university, she ---- English as a voluntary worker in China.

A) has been graduating / teaches B) has graduated / was teaching C) was graduating / taught D) graduated / has been teaching E) graduates / is teaching

437- Unfortunately, ---- current productivity growth looks impressive, the rise in profits over the coming years is likely to prove disappointing.

A) since B) just as C) though D) only if E) because

438- An agricultural and industrial centre, Adapazarı ---- by a branch line to the main Anatolian railway system by which its wheat, tobacco, fruits, and vegetables ---- to the Istanbul markets.

A) is connected / are transported B) has connected / have transported C) will connect / were transported D) should be connected / transported E) must connect / are transporting

439- In the 1994, San Marino Grand Prix, when the racing driver Ayrton Senna ---- on the sixth lap, his car ---- off the road in a fatal accident.

A) was leading / came B) has been leading / was coming C) has led / has come D) led / is coming E) is leading / was coming

440- Following four Mars mission losses, an independent report paints a very clear picture of ---- what ails the US space programme, ---- what must be done to fix it

A) whether / though B) either / or C) how / and\ D) thus / that E) not only / but also



441- The inheritance she ---- after her father's death ---- that she was very comfortable in financial terms.

A) received / ensured B) receive / is ensured C) was received / ensure D) would receive / has ensured E) may receive / will ensure

442- Parizad ---- some Turkish, but she ---- to speak in English to her Turkish business partners.

A) understands / prefers B) understood / has preferred C) understood / prefers D) has understood / preferred E) has understood / has preferred

443- Basically a country has two objectives in imposing tariffs; one is to raise revenue for government, ---- is to protect home industries by raising the price of competing goods from abroad.

A) other B) both C) another D) the other E) each

444- Although the candidate had been well behind in the polls earlier in the campaign, on the day of the vote, he ---- the election by a quite narrow four percent margin.

A) may be winning B) could win C) had to win D) should have won E) was able to win

445- Powered aircraft ---- first ---- in war in 1911, by the Italians against the Turks near Tripoli, but it was not until the Great War of 1914–18 that their use ----widespread.

A) were / used / became B) had / used / becomes C) may / be used / have become D) are / used / will become E) would / be used / is becoming

446- This part of Africa is growing greener again ---- that families who fled to wetter coastal regions are starting to go home.

A) so far B) to such an extent C) even so D) as a result E) even more

447- Around the 4th century AD, Indonesian people ---- the Indian Ocean to Madagascar, and their descendants still ---- an Indonesian-like language there today.

A) have crossed / are speaking B) are crossing / have been speaking C) crossed / speak D) were crossing / spoke E) have been crossing / have spoken

448- While the parades for the opening of parliament ---- , the president ---- a sobering message for his countrymen.

A) had rehearsed / prepared B) have been rehearsed / has prepared C) were being rehearsed / was preparing D) are rehearsing / is preparing E) had been rehearsed / would prepare

449- In 1928, a green mold accidentally ---- in a culture dish of Staphylococcus bacteria that the bacteriologist Alexander Fleming ---- in a London hospital.

A) grow / is studying B) had grown / had studied C) was growing / was studied D) grew / was studying E) has grown / may be studied

450- William ---- on his own ever since his wife ---- him due to his heavy drinking.

A) lived / was deserting B) has been living / deserted C) has lived / has deserted D) lives / has been deserting E) is living / is deserting

451- Though we still ---- a long way to go, a lot ---- in developing new medical procedures to deal with diseased tissue.

A) had had / had been accomplished B) had / has been accomplished C) have had / was accomplished D) are having / was being accomplished E) have / is being accomplished



452- The origins of the United Kingdom ---- to the time of the Anglo-Saxon king Athelstan, who in the early 10th century AD ---- the allegiance of neighbouring Celtic kingdoms.

A) were traced / are secured B) would be tracing / secure C) can be traced / secured D) have been traced / are securing E) will trace / was being secured

453- Yıldız ---- going to Erzurum during the winter holidays, as it ---- there more heavily than in Istanbul.

A) considered / has snowed B) is considering / snows C) considers / was snowing D) was considering / is snowing E) has considered / snowed

454- Soon, customs officers ---- to use X-ray technology ---- cavities in vehicles for drugs.

A) have been able / having scanned B) are able / scanning C) were able / to be scanned D) will be able / to scan E) would have been able / to have

scanned

455- Science fiction writers in the 1950s ---- that a permanent settlement on Mars ---- a reality by the year 2000.

A) think / will become B) were thinking / becomes C) have thought / is becoming D) thought / would have become E) had thought / has become

456- While he ---- in India, Ibn Battuta ---- as a judge, or qadi, for the Sultan of Delhi.

A) was staying / has worked B) has stayed / was working C) stayed / has been working D) was staying / worked E) stayed / has worked

457- As acquisition opportunities within the EU ---- less, western European energy companies ---- to turn eastwards in the hunt for expansion opportunities.

A) grow / are being forced B) will grow / would have been forced C) are growing / would be forced D) have grown / had been forced E) grew / have been forced

458- Apparently, the passenger ---- when his passport ---- .

A) was sleeping / was stolen B) sleeps / will be stolen C) has slept / had been stolen D) slept / would have stolen E) is sleeping / is stolen

459- Generally, Yvonne ---- landscapes, but she ---- a portrait of the mayor of the local council at the moment.

A) has been painting / does B) was painting / did C) is painting / has done D) painted / has been doing E) paints / is doing

460- If Britain ---- the euro, say in 2024, the stability pact ---- highly important.

A) will be joining / is becoming B) has joined / will have become C) will have joined / will become D) would join / has become E) were to join / would become

461- Preschool education ---- from day-care centers in that the latter are primarily places where parents ---- their children during working hours.

A) differed / will leave B) differs / leave C) had differed / were left D) will differ / are left E) has differed / were leaving

462- I ---- Indian food before, but I still ---- to try your chicken biryani.

A) have been eating / haven't wanted B) have eaten / don't want C) am eating / don't want D) eat / didn't want E) was eating / haven't wanted

463- Whatever else ---- the British empire for so long, it was not Britain's education system.

A) was sustained B) has sustained C) sustains D) sustained E) to have sustained



464- Rajiv Gandhi ---- for re-election when he ---- on May 21st, 1991.

A) would be campaigning / is assassinated

B) was campaigning / was assassinated C) had campaigned / assassinated D) campaigned / had been assassinated E) has been campaigning / has

assassinated

465- Roger ---- school at the age of 16 and ---- working in a second-hand record store.

A) is leaving / was starting B) has left / starts C) was leaving / has started D) left / started E) leaves / is starting

466- Diesel engines are more efficient than gasoline engines ---- the fact that a larger proportion of the fuel used is burned.

A) apart from B) following C) owing to D) contrary to E) despite

467- The Japanese ---- a very healthy diet, but for the last few decades, many young people ---- their health with American fast food.

A) were eating / are destroying B) used to eat / have been destroying C) have been eating / destroyed D) should have eaten / have destroyed E) had eaten / will be destroying

468- We ---- the skies for hours, but we still ---- any falling stars.

A) have watched / didn't see B) watched / don't see C) have been watching / haven't seen D) were watching / haven't seen E) are watching / don't see

469- The great bulk of industrial work nowadays involves the use of machines, ---- it is certain that mechanization will proceed further ---- in the future.

A) and / still B) for / yet C) or / for D) so / just E) but / such

470- Under stress, the rate that the average adult ---- breath ---- to about 100 per minute.

A) is taking / rose B) takes / may rise C) is taken / has risen D) has taken / was rising E) took / should rise

471- I usually ---- a newspaper in the morning, but today I ---- to read the news on the Internet instead.

A) am buying / decide B) have bought / was deciding C) buy / decided D) was buying / have decided E) bought / am deciding

472- Let's take the ferry to Bandırma from where it's only a short drive to Bursa, ---- driving all the way from İstanbul to Bursa.

A) as well as B) more than C) besides D) instead of E) except for

473- A large portion of man-made fiber ---- from cellulose, which ---- from cotton, a natural fiber.

A) has been produced / obtains B) was produced / has obtained C) was producing / obtained D) will have produced / was obtained E) is produced / is obtained

474- We ---- for a new car, so I ---- through the advertisements in the newspapers.

A) look / searched B) have been looking / search C) looked / have been searching D) are looking / am searching E) were looking / search

475- Few things so unnerved the Spanish conquerors of the New World ---- the prospect of death on Aztec sacrificial stone.

A) as B) such C) but D) also E) that



476- I know that he ---- about changing his job a few months ago, but for some reason he ---- anything about it yet.

A) has thought / doesn't do B) has been thinking / didn't do C) had been thinking / wasn't doing D) was thinking / hasn't done E) thought / won't have done

477- Edith Wharton ---- on her novel The Buccaneers when she ---- near Paris.

A) was working / died B) worked / has been dying C) has been working / has died D) is working / dies E) works / was dying

478- Some anthropologists think that man today is ---- honest ---- he was hundreds and thousands of years ago.

A) much / as B) the less / than C) the least / of D) little / as E) less / than

479- Isn't it amazing that journeys that ---- months ---- in a few hours now?

A) have taken / will be completing B) were taking / have completed C) took / could have completed D) had taken / are completing E) used to take / are completed

480- Lucia ---- Vietnam, and this year she ---- to Mexico for her vacation.

A) has visited / is travelling B) has been visiting / has travelled C) visited / travels D) visits / was travelling E) was visiting / is travelling

481- Until the eighteenth century comparative linguistic studies did not progress ---- beyond the stage where ancient Greek and Roman grammarians had left them.

A) so much as B) too much C) either D) very much E) just in case

482- The car ---- down while I ---- to the airport to meet my daughter.

A) breaks / have driven B) broke / was driving C) has broken / am driving D) would have broken / had driven E) was breaking / drove

483- Carlos ---- so hard over the past few weeks that he ---- out, even on Friday nights.

A) is studying / hasn't gone B) has studied / didn't go C) studies / isn't going D) has been studying / doesn't go E) was studying / isn't going

484- Julius Caesar ---- a great historian if the making of history ---- him the time and the inclination to write it.

A) could be / could have allowed B) would be / allowed C) had been / would have allowed D) would have been / could allow E) could have been / had allowed

485- By the time the ruins of Ankor Wat ---- there was nothing left of the great civilization that ---- them.

A) discovered / would have produced B) were discovering / produces C) have been discovered / was producing D) were discovered / had produced E) had been discovered / has produced

486- In the 1930s, Brad Pitt ---- up as a giant chicken for a food restaurant chain, but these days he ---- in Hollywood's biggest movies.

A) has dressed / has been starring B) dressed / has been starring C) has dressed / is starring D) has been dressing / starred E) was dressing / stars

487- Early in 1940, when Europe was already at war, Hitler ---- the sale of uranium from the Czech mines he ---- over.

A) has banned / has taken B) had banned / took C) banned / had taken D) bans / was taking E) was banning / had been taking



488- It was not until the 20th century that engineers ---- the principles of flight that birds ---- for millions of years.

A) had understood / were using B) have understood / had been using C) understood / have been using D) would understand / are using E) could understand / will be using

489- Juliet ---- her mobile phone, so I think she ---- to bring it out with her.

A) didn't answer / forgets B) doesn't answer / has been forgetting C) isn't answering / has forgotten D) hasn't answered / is forgetting E) hasn't been answering / was

forgetting

490- Physics, as it ---- at the end of the nineteenth century ---- to as classical physics.

A) has been known / might be referred B) is known / has been C) had been known / had been referred D) was known / is referred E) might have been known / was

referred

491- The children ---- their bicycles along the banks of the canal when they ---- the man in the water.

A) have been riding / see B) rode / have seen C) were riding / saw D) have ridden / have seen E) will ride / had seen

492- Barbers generally only ---- hair today, but in the Middle Ages, they also ---- out people's teeth.

A) cut / pulled B) are cutting / have pulled C) have been cutting / were pulling D) have cut / have been palling E) cut / are pulling

493- Sometimes people select certain foods that they believe ---- their physical appearance and avoid those they believe ---- detrimental.

A) have improved / would have been B) are improving / were C) improve / might be D) improved / had been E) would have improved / have been

494- The students ---- to go home and not to return until the danger from the flood ---- .

A) were telling / passed B) are being told / is passing C) have told / passes D) were told / had passed E) had been told / was passing

495- Ever since we ---- this project for the science fair, Gregory ---- about it.

A) started / has been complaining B) have started / has complained C) were starting / is complaining D) have been starting / complained E) started / was complaining

496- Much health education in recent years ---- towards the view that heavy drinker ---- is subject for amusement but for practical help.

A) has been directed / is not B) had been directed / was not C) was being directed / wouldn't be D) is directed / won't be E) is being directed / hasn't been

497- One month from now, we ---- our final exams and we ---- to hear the results.

A) will have finished / will be waiting B) will finish / have been waiting C) are going to finish / wait D) have finished / will have waited E) are finishing / are waiting

498- In the 15th century, while the Portuguese ---- to get to Asia around Africa, Christopher Columbus ---- to try getting there by sailing west.

A) tried / has wanted B) have been trying / wants C) have tried / wanted D) were trying / wanted E) are trying / has wanted

499- It is not unusual for advertising campaigns ---- even before the new products ---- onto the market.

A) to have been launched / have come B) being launched / will come C) to be launched / come D) having been launched / are coming E) to have been launched / will have come



500- Although Nell ---- professionally for very long, her voice is as strong as if she ---- for many years.

A) didn't sing / were singing B) hasn't been singing / had been

singing C) hasn't sung / is singing D) won't have sung / would have sung E) doesn't sing / will have sung

501- People across much of the world ---- few actual letters these days, as they ---- it easier to send e-mails or text messages.

A) have been writing / were finding B) write / find C) are writing / found D) have written / are finding E) wrote / have found

502- Galileo originated the method of controlled experiment ---- now forms the basis of scientific investigation.

A) what B) who C) where D) whom E) which

503- According to the news, several people ---- in connection with the robbery which ---- place last week.

A) are arrested / had taken B) are being arrested / has taken C) have arrested / was taking D) have been arrested / took E) arrested / would have taken

504- Mike ---- the Olympic coverage last night, but I ---- her on TV this evening.

A) has been presenting / haven't seen B) is presenting / didn't see C) has presented / don't see D) presented / am not seeing E) was presenting / haven't seen

505- The problem with antiseptics is that ---- killing germs, they ---- kill the surrounding tissues.

A) far / from B) so far as / too C) as much as / both D) besides / as well E) as well as / also

506- As far as I know, the house ---- at the moment, and the furniture ---- next week.

A) has been decorated / will have delivered B) is decorated / has been delivered C) is being decorated / will be delivered D) will be decorating / is going to deliver E) has been decorating / is delivered

507- I ---- that the family next door ---- in this neighbourhood for the last 15 years.

A) have known / lives B) knew / has lived C) knew / was living D) know / has been living E) know / is living

508- Beethoven’s seventeen string quartettes hold ---- the same position in chamber music ---- his symphonies hold in the orchestral repertoire.

A) as / that B) much / as C) quite / whether D) just / what E) thus / than

509- When the emergency relief workers ---- on the scene, they found that most of the town's inhabitants ---- in the earthquake.

A) were arriving / have been killed B) have arrived / had killed C) arrived / had been killed D) had arrived / have killed E) are arriving / will have killed

510- I ---- the Bosphorus every day for months, but I ---- any dolphins swimming in it.

A) cross / wasn't seeing B) was crossing / don't see C) have been crossing / haven't seen D) crossed / haven't been seeing E) am crossing / don't see

511- More than ---- invention of the last eighty years or so, television has been the most harmful to family life.

A) some other B) another C) the other D) any more E) any other



512- The woman ---- at Heathrow airport was a Nigerian national who ---- to return to Nigeria with a one-way ticket.

A) was detained / tried B) has been detained / was trying C) detained / had been trying D) is detained / is trying E) had been detained / tried

513- Francisco de Orellana ---- a fierce tribe of women warriors while he ---- along the River Amazon, and that's how the river got its name.

A) meets / has been sailing B) was meeting / sailed C) is meeting / has sailed D) met / was sailing E) has met / sailed

514- Our sales are down again this month, ---- .

A) and they also are B) and so are theirs C) and neither are theirs D) but theirs aren't either E) but they are too

515- Petrol prices in Turkey ---- over the past few years, but this year they ---- faster than usual.

A) have increased / are rising B) increase / have risen C) increased / rise D) were increasing / rise E) are increasing / have been rising

516- Several important ports, ---- export timber, are situated on the shores of the White Sea.

A) most of which B) that many of them C) those which D) whichever of them E) of which they

517- By the end of the 15th century, Venice ---- the publication market, with a majority of the books ---- in Europe being released from its presses.

A) had dominated / print B) was dominating / had printed C) would dominate / were printing D) dominated / printed E) dominate / had printed

518- Ever since John ---- those berries, he ---- quite sick.

A) has eaten / is feeling B) had eaten / has felt C) ate / has been feeling D) will eat / will have felt E) has been eating / feels

519- Once the occupying forces ---- , many seemingly innocent people were accused of ---- with the enemy.

A) were leaving / to have been collaborated B) left / having been collaborated C) have left / being collaborating D) will leave / collaborating E) had left / having collaborating

520- The measures ---- in the area of social services ---- a positive effect on the efficiency and economy of the performance of tasks by regional governments.

A) were taken / had B) had been taken / have C) are taken / are having D) would be taken / will have E) taken / have had

521- The German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann ---- at Hisarlık after the Ottoman authorities ---- him permission to do so.

A) has been excavating / were giving B) excavated / had given C) has excavated / are giving D) was excavating / have been giving E) had excavated / have given

522- Although the metropolitan theatres ---- a monopoly there for a long time, recently several private theatres ---- .

A) would hold / are being opened B) had hold / had been opened C) were holding / will be opened D) held / have been opened E) have held / were opened

523- All of the propositions ---- by yesterday's meeting ---- forward to the school management committee for implementation.

A) agreed / will be put B) were agreed / are put C) are agreed / were put D) had been agreed / will be put E) will be agreed / were put



524- Turkey ---- Victory Day every 30th August, as the nation finally ---- Greece in the War of Independence on that date in 1922.

A) is celebrating / has defeated B) will celebrate / had defeated C) has celebrated / defeats D) celebrates / defeated E) was celebrating / has been defeating

525- In 1906 at Boğazköy several thousand cuneiform tablets ---- and most of them ---- now on exhibit in the Anatolian civilizations museum in Ankara.

A) have been discovered / were B) were discovered / are C) have been discovered / had been D) would have been discovered / are

being E) had discovered / have been

526- Once a firm begins to make decisions ---- on data rather than on opinion, the whole dynamic of the firm ----

A) bases / changed B) based / changes C) are based / changed D) were based / changed E) based / changed

527- When I ---- my psychology essay, I ---- to the supermarket.

A) will finish / am going B) have finished / will go C) am finishing / go D) finish / will have gone E) finished / have gone

528- One oil company in particular claims ---- its best to balance economic progress with environmental care and social responsibility.

A) to be done B) having done C) doing D) having been done E) to have done

529- Ferdi Tayfur ---- his first album Postacılar in Germany in 1974, since which time it ---- in excess of 1.5 million copies worldwide.

A) has put out / sold B) puts out / sell C) had put out / sold D) put out / has sold E) was putting out / had sold

530- While William ---- to put up some shelves, he ---- the hammer onto his foot.

A) was trying / dropped B) had been trying / was dropping C) is trying / has dropped D) tried / had dropped E) will have tried / drops

531- Had it not been for the variety and flexibility of its trades, Huddersfield, like so many of the other textile towns, ---- into a decline in the 20th century.

A) was going B) had gone C) would have gone D) would go E) had been gone

532- Tickets went on sale for the Eskişehir Festival last Thursday and already the Cindy Blackman and Robben Ford Band performances I ---- to see ---- out.

A) want / will be sold B) wanted / are sold C) have wanted / sold D) was wanting / sell E) had wanted / sells

533- Mexico ---- a centre of civilization for 2500 years before the Spanish ---- in the early sixteenth century.

A) will have been / had arrived B) has been / were arriving C) was / have arrived D) is / have been arriving E) had been / arrived

534- ---- the letters written by so many parents, the headmaster agreed not to expel the boys.

A) In response to B) With reference to C) In case of D) Apart from E) Pertaining to

535- I'm sure the price of dollar ---- volatile for a while, but I'm not sure another opportunity like yesterday's ---- again to buy dollar.

A) will remain / will come B) remained / came C) is remaining / is coming D) has remained / has come E) remains / come



536- Mia Farrow usually ---- in films, but at the moment she ---- in the play Fran's Bed in New York.

A) is acting / has starred B) has acted / will star C) acts / is starring D) acted / will be starring E) had acted / stars

537- Henry VII's foreign policy was unheroic and unspectacular, ---- did he go to war and that was when he invaded France.

A) this once B) never before C) once again D) only once E) once more

538- Her surgeon ---- her that she ---- still ---- neck motion after she removed a disc in her neck and replaced it with an artificial one.

A) has assured / had / had B) is assuring / is / having C) assures / will / have D) assured / would / have E) was assuring / has / had

539- Ever since the individual emirates of the Trucial States ---- a federation in 1971, the United Arab Emirates ---- one of the most stable countries in the Middle East.

A) formed / has been B) had been forming / was C) has formed / will be D) had formed / will have been E) were forming / is

540- Bennett's novel “The Old Wives' Tale” is the one ---- he is likely to be best known by posterity.

A) whose B) for whom C) by which D) in which E) that

541- According to testimonial ---- at the court, it was not yet fully dark but visibility ---- at the time of the murder.

A) has adduced / diminished B) had adduced / has diminished C) adduces / has been diminishing D) would adduced / had diminished E) adduced / was diminishing

542- Emilio ---- a movie in the cinema at the moment, but he ---- back before 11 o'clock.

A) is watching / will be B) has watched / will have been C) watches / is D) will watch / has been E) has been watching / was

543- It ---- a mistake to think that all bacteria are harmful, for, without some species, we ---- for long.

A) is / had not survived B) would be / could not survive C) will be / have not survived D) has been / would not have survived E) had been / did not survive

544- The awards that ---- to the champions on December 26 ---- to its 1891 glory by then.

A) have been presented / are restored B) will be presented / will have been restored C) had been presented / were restored D) were presented / have been restored E) would be presented / were being restored

545- Until Veronica ---- to Madrid, she ---- in a small tourist shop in Valencia.

A) was moving / has worked B) has moved / is working C) had moved / was working D) will move / has been working E) moved / had been working

546- Over the last few years, consumer interest in organic agriculture ---- up dramatically, and demand ---- currently ahead of supply.

A) has shot / is B) shot / was C) had shot / had been D) is shooting / has been E) was shooting / would be

547- As the hypothesis reveals the problem of mother tongue interference, the foreign language teachers ---- some solutions to cope with the negative transfer of native language into the foreign language.

A) will be able to apply B) will be applied C) will have applied D) will be able to have applying E) will be applying



548- Sam Raimi ---- two Spider-Man films already, and currently he ---- on the third film in the series.

A) has directed / is working B) was directing / will work C) directed / works D) has been directing / has worked E) had directed / worked

549- Orwell ---- at that moment that when the white man ---- tyrant it is his own freedom that he destroys.

A) perceived / would turn B) has perceived / turned C) had perceived / has turned D) would perceive / will turn E) perceived / turns

550- The 1980s witnessed a lower investment into health care; ----, the system was very successful in providing health care to millions of people across Eurasia, in urban, rural, and remote regions.

A) in case B) on the contrary C) moreover D) whatever E) nevertheless

551- Thesiger's passionate belief that traditional societies around the world ---- against the modern onslaught ---- fierce criticism.

A) were protected / will attract B) have been protected / had attracted C) are being protected / was attracting D) ought to be protected / has attracted E) would have been protected / would

attract

552- Cells from an early embryo cannot be distinguished from one another, ---- as the process progresses, the cells become specialised to perform different functions.

A) since B) but C) as D) moreover E) even though

553- Sophia ---- hieroglyphics at university for four years by the time she ---- her first trip to Egypt next year.

A) will be studying / is taking B) will have been studying / takes C) will study / will take D) is studying / will have taken E) studies / will be taking

554- The space sector is no different from other fields of international law ---- challenges in international norm-making.

A) As far as B) Owing to C) By way of D) Just as E) As regards

555- All the reports ---- handed in last week, but some of them still ---- me.

A) should have been / haven't reached B) were / didn't reach C) have been / won't reach D) had been / didn't reach E) would have been / don't reach

556- Recent studies suggest men are reluctant to support women in the workplace ---- their motives are misread.

A) due to B) in spite of C) according to D) in case E) instead

557- Nobody in my class ---- when oil ---- in Saudi Arabia, so I'll check it on the Internet.

A) has known / discovers B) will know / discovered C) knows / was discovered D) knew / is discovered E) had known / has been discovered

558- David Dickinson’s new play is a fairy-tale romance, ---- a pregnant woman searches for the father of her child during a torrential rainstorm.

A) who B) by whom C) that D) in which E) whose



559- In every instance of a dog bite, it is important to contact Animal Control ---- a report can be made and potentially dangerous animals can be identified to prevent attacks on others.

A) if ever B) in case C) such as D) even though E) so that

560- Serena Williams ---- seven Grand Slam tennis tournaments since she ---- playing professionally at the age of 14.

A) has won / started B) will win / starts C) is winning / was starting D) wins / has started E) has been winning / had started

561- The true ecologist need not be a specialist at all, ---- his views should reflect the practical wisdom of ordinary people.

A) for B) where C) whether D) in case E) that

562- ---- the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has surged 40 percent from pre-industrial levels to 390 parts per million, that level is probably going to go much higher because we’re not doing anything about stopping the burning of fossil fuels.

A) So that B) While C) Despite D) As if E) Even though

563- Mark Twain ---- as a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi, and later he ---- his knowledge of the river in his book, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

A) will have worked / is using B) was working / uses C) had worked / used D) worked / had used E) had been working / has used

564- ---- half of the budget of the US National Institute on Ageing is spent on research into Alzheimer’s disease.

A) As much as B) More of C) Rather than D) Other E) The most

565- ---- persuasively it is advertised, a product that fails to satisfy the consumer will not be bought repeatedly.

A) So B) Although C) Even D) However E) As

566- Ian usually ---- up at eight o'clock, but this morning he ---- in bed because of his stomachache.

A) has got / will have lain B) will get / lies C) is getting / will lie D) gets / is lying E) has been getting / had lain

567- Great natural disasters cause ---- widespread death ---- massive social disruption and outbreaks of epidemic disease.

A) much / as B) so much / that C) not only / but also D) as / as E) no sooner / than

568- ---- there have been many attempts to associate vitamin E with cancer, the results in general have been contradictory and confusing.

A) So that B) Even so C) Although D) Therefore E) in case

569- Franz Kafka ---- writing The Castle when he ---- of tuberculosis.

A) doesn't finish / dies B) wasn't finishing / had died C) didn't finish / has died D) hadn't finished / died E) hasn't finished / has died



570- Though they had ---- government backing ---- a potential home market, the company poured billions of dollars into the project and lost everything.

A) with / less B) neither / nor C) some / any D) no / without E) few / more

571- It’s no secret that social networking has led to a lot of people saying a lot of things they normally wouldn’t ---- the anonymity the internet provides.

A) as long as B) in spite of C) just as D) thanks to E) such as

572- Malaysia ---- that it ---- a man to the moon before the year 2020.

A) will announce / has sent B) had announced / will have sent C) announces / sends D) announced / has been sending E) has announced / will send

573- More importantly, Dobson's book is a reminder of ---- powerful and radical green thinking can be.

A) ever so B) how far C) wherever D) much more E) just how

574- After a U.N. climate summit ended Saturday in Doha, Qatar, with no significant progress on global warming, experts are warning that more climate-related disasters are likely ---- governments act quickly to curb carbon emissions from smokestacks and tailpipes.

A) how B) so that C) unless D) moreover E) in case

575- David ---- down the stairs in a hurry when suddenly they ---- from under him.

A) has run / will have collapsed B) was running / collapsed C) ran / had collapsed D) had run / were collapsing E) is running / collapse

576- You didn't have to invite all those people out for lunch, so why ---- ?

A) didn't you B) did you C) have you D) haven't you E) don't you

577- Officially about 115,000 people die on Indian roads each year, ---- a recent British Medical Journal study suggests that the true number of fatalities is closer to 200,000.

A) though B) that C) as far as D) otherwise E) so

578- I am sure I ---- my vacation if I go before I ---- writing my master's thesis.

A) haven't enjoyed / will finish B) didn't enjoy / had finished C) don't enjoy / will have finished D) won't enjoy / have finished E) won't be enjoying / finished

579- This poem is generally supposed ---- in the fifteenth century, but some people date it even earlier.

A) being composed B) to be composed C) having been composed D) to have composed E) to have been composed

580- According to the new "Encryption in the Cloud" study, more organizations are transferring sensitive and confidential data to the cloud, ----, security is still an afterthought in many cases.

A) so B) however C) as D) whatever E) just as



581- I couldn't give a detailed description when the inspector ---- me what the robber ----

A) has asked / has worn B) asked / had been wearing C) has asked / is wearing D) had been asking / would be worn E) is asked / will have worn

582- The failure so far to produce evidence of life on any planet but ---- has given continued strength to the belief in the uniqueness of Earth.

A) us B) their C) ours D) our E) them

583- The school is 90 per cent financed by parents, ---- the academic staff's wages which are provided for by the government.

A) since B) instead C) in case D) on condition E) except

584- By the end of the week, the committee ---- on which books to follow at school next term, and on Saturday's parents meeting, they ---- the list to the parents.

A) have decided / will be giving B) decided / had given C) decide / will have given D) will have decided / will give E) are deciding / are giving

585- The first tin artifacts date back to 2000 B.C., ----, it was not until 1800 B.C. that tin smelting became common in western Asia.

A) unless B) whatsoever C) though D) whenever E) however

586- He ---- that the forests ---- to their natural inhabitants, that is, to all varieties of living things.

A) suggests / be returned B) suggested / to be returned C) has suggested / to have been returned D) had suggested / are being returned E) would have suggested / return

587- ---- the resources at hand are managed professionally and the wealth distributed fairly then there is very little or need for Africa as a nation to seek any funding from outside.

A) If only B) While C) Since D) After E) Until

588- Hong Kong's international significance ---- in the second half of the 20th century, when China ---- as a participant in world trade and politics once again.

A) accelerated / emerged B) has accelerated / will emerge C) was accelerating / is emerging D) accelerates / has emerged E) had accelerated / emerge

589- With the help of satellite images, the Indonesian government ---- that it is the timber companies which ---- the mass destruction of their rain forests.

A) will show / would have caused B) would have shown / had caused C) had shown / were causing D) shows / had been causing E) has shown / are causing

590- ---- investing excess cash in equities or other higher-risk assets, you may choose to keep greater allocations in cash and fixed-income investments.

A) In order to B) Rather than C) As far as D) In that E) So long as



591- Children born in the first few years of the 21st century, without a doubt, ---- many important and revolutionary social and technological changes by the time they ---- adults.

A) witness / have become B) will witness / will become C) witnessed / became D) are going to witness / are becoming E) will have witnessed / have become

592- By the late 1980s, a surge of prosperity ---- across southeast Asia, but in some countries of the region the economic structure ---- sufficiently to the benefit from this trend.

A) would sweep / could not have developed

B) would have swept / has not developed

C) was sweeping / had not developed D) has swept / was not developed E) could have swept / was not

developing

593- Even though the state substance abuse treatment budget increased by $5 million to a total of $121 million, it is still not ---- to compensate the growing number of addicts.

A) enough B) yet C) as well as D) already E) also

594- The celebration of May the 1st as an international labour day ---- as a result of the Haymarket Riot in Chicago, which actually, ---- place on May 3rd and 4th in 1886.

A) begins / was taking B) has begun / had taken C) began / took D) was beginning / was taking E) had begun / has taken

595- The ridicule that ---- upon him by leading scientists of the day ---- to the novelty of his thinking.

A) is being heaped / would testify B) has been heaped / testified C) had heaped / has testified D) was heaping / had testified E) was heaped / testifies

596- Mayor of London Boris Johnson says Britain will be unable to keep up with demand for air travel to and from China ---- another airport is built.

A) whereas B) as a result C) because D) in case E) unless

597- Chicago labour unions ---- a wide-scale strike for an eight-hour work day on May the 1st, but the strikes ---- into violence two days later, resulting in the death of twelve workers and seven police officers.

A) had organized / escalated B) organize / have escalated C) would organize / have escalated D) organized / were escalating E) have been organizing / escalated

598- When I ---- as a fully licensed geneticist in 1961, I thought I knew everything there was ---- about genetics.

A) had been graduated / to be known B) graduated / to know C) was graduated / to have known D) have been graduated / known E) have graduated / to have been known

599- The Court highlighted the need for a clearer set of rules to be adopted ---- the use of violence and weapons such as tear gas during demonstrations.

A) by way of B) apart from C) even though D) by the way E) as regards

600- Don't expect me to be very sociable while you ---- here, because I ---- on a project most of the time.

A) stay / have worked B) are staying / will be working C) stayed / worked D) will stay / have been working E) are going to stay / am working

601- Perhaps these people are ---- ignorant to realize ---- serious a threat these fertilizers are to their health.

A) more / than B) so / why C) as much / as D) too / just how E) not only / but also



602- ---- there have been some concerns that radiofrequency energy from cell phones may affect the brain and other tissues, to date there is no evidence that radiofrequency energy can cause cancer.

A) Since B) In case C) Although D) Unless E) Until

603- The board ---- the question of finance for over two hours when finally they ---- for a break.

A) had been discussing / stopped B) discussed / have stopped C) have been discussing / will stop D) have discussed / stop E) were discussing / had stopped

604- ---- water is the single most important and most used commodity in our daily lives, we continue to pollute our water at a faster rate than the natural processes can cleanse it.

A) Just as B) As soon as C) Ever since D) Only when E) Even though

605- I would have thought that only ---- naive worker could be deceived by ---- assurances.

A) the more / neither B) a most / each C) the most / such D) a much / any E) most / same

606- Jordan has executed two convicted militants in response to the brutal killing of one of their pilots who had been held captive by Islamist extremists.

A) In response to B) With reference to C) In case of D) Apart from E) Pertaining to

607- Hong Kong ---- no substantial natural resources, so the city ---- 90 percent of what it needs.

A) is having / has imported B) was having / imports C) had / has had to import D) has / has to import E) had had / will be importing

608- The motive was ---- aesthetic and social ---- they sought to bring good design within the reach of the ordinary man.

A) so / in that B) both / because C) just as / that D) as much / as E) too / therefore

609- Until the culture shifts back to and begins to value the process of learning ---- proposed outcomes, our education system will continue to feed into the degenerated mindset.

A) as well as B) more than C) besides D) instead of E) except for

610- As soon as I ---- filing these documents, I ---- out with you for a drink.

A) am finishing / am going to come B) have finished / will come C) finish / come D) will finish / am coming E) finished / have come

611- He said I was submitting my application form rather late, but now I find ---- have still not submitted ---- .

A) most / their B) none / any C) many / it D) others / theirs E) a few / these

612- Globalisation is the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchange.

A) whose B) for whom C) by which D) in which E) that



613- All day yesterday, I ---- why she ---- to the party the night before.

A) wondered / wasn't coming B) had wondered / hasn't come C) was wondering / hadn't come D) have wondered / didn't come E) had been wondering / isn't coming

614- I sent an e-mail to everyone in the department, asking for articles for this special issue, but ---- there has been no response.

A) so long B) on time C) until then D) even later E) so far

615- ---- going out at the weekends and spending a lot of money, some people prefer to stay home with a good book.

A) On account of B) When C) While D) Instead of E) Just as

616- The first time someone finally ---- to visit me from my hometown, I ---- in Istanbul for three years already.

A) has come / have lived B) had come / lived C) comes / am living D) has been coming / was living E) came / had been living

617- The crisis is particularly serious ---- a whole series of related issues ranging from unemployment to health benefits are involved.

A) so as B) as well as C) in order that D) as for E) since

618- ----just an hour before, I didn't want to sit down to dinner with them, but I did anyway so as not to look rude.

A) Having eaten B) To have eaten C) To eat D) Being eaten E) Eaten

619- By the time the plane ---- down at O'Hare International Airport, we ---- for almost 17 hours non-stop.

A) touched / flew B) will touch / have flown C) had touched / were flying D) has touched / had been flying E) touches / will have been flying

620- He felt that soil drainage should be kept to a minimum ---- much of the rainfall could be retained ---- soil moisture.

A) so that / as B) even though / such as C) whereas / like D) whereby / such E) whether / or

621- There are some things that you cannot accomplish----hard you try.

A) even if B) however C) otherwise D) although E) in spite of

622- Don't worry, I ---- until you ---- putting on your make-up.

A) won't leave / have finished B) don't leave / finish C) didn't leave / had finished D) am not leaving / are finishing E) hadn't left / finished

623- If we are to prevent the flow of toxic materials into the water reservoirs of the country, there is no other possible scheme available, ---- ?

A) isn't it B) aren't we C) is there D) isn't there E) are we

624- ----in Malaysia, you can easily get by in English, though the national language is Malay, with Chinese and Tamil also widely spoken.

A) To have lived B) Having lived C) Lived D) Living E) Live



625- Zadie Smith's first two novels revealed such a promising new talent that, since then, both readers and critics ---- eagerly to see what she ---- up with next.

A) were waiting / has come B) wait / is going to come C) have been waiting / will come D) are waiting / comes. E) have waited / came

626- It looks ---- the hiring committee isn't impressed by his qualifications, and I don't think the manager of the company is, ---- .

A) like / also B) as if / either C) so that / as well D) though / too E) just as / neither

627- Ralph did not know what kind of a' career he wanted,----he decided to do volunteer work in Africa for a year ----gain experience of the world.

A) while / due to B) when / instead of C) because / in case of D) since / in view of E) so / in order to

628- Although playwright and novelist Alfred Jarry ---- the play "King Ubu" during his high school years, it ---- a professional theatre until 1896, almost ten years later.

A) wrote / wasn't reaching B) has written / doesn't reach C) writes / isn't reaching D) had written / didn't reach E) was writing / hasn't reached

629- Fish farming in the world seems to be destined to expand, but it is ---- early to predict the likely extent of growth in this field.

A) as well B) enough C) too D) as E) so far

630- ----he was unwell, the president insisted on continuing to run the country from his hospital bed.

A) As if B) So far C) Until D) Not only E) Even though

631- Many theatre troupes ---- "King Ubu" since then, and its most recent performance, as a puppet show ---- place in Istanbul earlier this month.

A) have performed / took B) perform / will be taking C) performed / has taken D) have been performing / takes E) are performing / have taken

632- We are confident that the management and the workforce will get on well together as long as ---- respects ---- .

A) the other / another B) both / itself C) the one / another D) everyone / themselves E) each / the other

633- In some countries voting is compulsory, but in others,----you vote----stay at home on election day is a matter of personal choice.

A) whether / or B) either / or C) when / while D) neither / nor E) hardly / when

634- The police ---- for the suspect for weeks, but they may never be able to find him, as I believe he ---- the country already.

A) looked / is fleeing B) have been looking / has fled C) are looking / will have fled D) will be looking / flees E) were going to look / had fled

635- The term "aborigines" signifies the original inhabitants of any country, ---- the native tribes of Australia.

A) with regard to B) due to C) in spite of D) in particular E) according to



636- ----a personality conflict with her teacher, she still managed to get an A in the course.

A) However B) Even though C) In spite of D) Whereas E) By the time

637- Every day, as soon as I ---- home from work, I ---- to a little music in order to unwind from the stresses of the day.

A) got / had listened B) get / listen C) had got / have listened D) will get / will listen E) am getting / listen

638- Today the United States, still by far ---- prosperous country in the world, is increasing its working hours ---- creating a more positive balance between work and leisure time.

A) the more / as well as B) most / in spite of C) more / than D) the most / instead of E) the / just as

639- In Hawaii, the cost of living is so high, and the average wage so low, that most people have more than one job; ----, they would not be able to get by.

A) furthermore B) similarly C) otherwise D) in order that E) on the contrary

640- After the government's economic policies ---- him to lose his job in the factory, my father ---- almost four years looking for work.

A) caused / had been spending B) have caused / was spending C) were causing / had spent D) had caused / spent E) will be causing / will spend

641- In developing new collective defence policies, America and her European allies will ---- be drawn closer together ---- drift irreversibly apart.

A) either / or B) not only / but also C) so / that D) both / and E) just as / so

642- ----the rapidly growing size of the global human population, there is increased destruction of natural habitats.

A) Instead of B) Despite C) Apart from D) Other than E) Owing to

643- How can you possibly be so slow? You ---- the test for hours now, and you ---- only half of the questions so far.

A) have been doing / have answered B) are doing / answered C) were doing / have been answering D) will be doing / answer E) will have done / will answer

644- The telephone is at the centre of innovative technologies ---- may alter forever ---- we receive and use information.

A) which / but B) so that / since C) that / how D) as / although E) whereas / in case

645- Fishing for certain species of fish is often seasonal,----many modern fishing boats are designed to operate using two or more different fishing methods.

A) so B) whereas C) whenever D) owing to E) however

646- When David ---- home late from work for the third night in a row, his wife ---- him of cheating on her.

A) is arriving / will accuse B) arrives / is accusing C) has arrived / was accusing D) was arriving / has accused E) arrived / accused

647- The editor thought that the new series of articles would prove very popular, but actually hardly ---- seems to have been impressed by it.

A) nobody B) anyone C) the other D) any other E) somebody



648- The eastern side of Turkey has many historical treasures;----, few tourists ever go there.

A) even if B) even so C) so that D) besides E) whereas

649- Many people believe that this new government's educational reform package ---- the school system significantly, yet I remain convinced that it ---- at all.

A) improved / hadn't worked B) is going to improve / didn't work C) will improve / won't work D) had improved / hasn't worked E) was improving / isn't going to work

650- Originally the sonnet was an Italian poetical form which attained great popularity in the Renaissance, and ---- it was natural, ---- not essential, for Shakespeare and his contemporaries to use it.

A) hence / if B) while / though C) since / however D) furthermore / rather than E) already / even

651- ----the winter weather there is so extreme, people wanting to visit Antarctica have to go in the summer.

A) Unless B) Until C) As D) Whether E) However.

652- ---- the earlier-than-expected snowfall, all runways are open and operations are normal this morning at Newark Liberty, John F. Kennedy International and LaGuardia airports.

A) Obviously B) Although C) Despite D) Pertaining to E) Nevertheless

653- I hope you ---- your work on the Internet by noon because I ---- it then to register for my classes.

A) have finished / have needed B) are going to finish / need C) had finished / will have needed D) will have finished / am going to need E) are finishing / will need

654- ----starting the race, the drivers had had a last look around the cars to check that there was nothing wrong with them.

A) While B) Since C) After D) Before E) Until

655- The report presents a general overview of the problems that ---- when a disaster ---- nation.

A) would have been encountered / will hit B) are encountered / will hit C) have been encountered / had hit D) had been encountered / was being hit E) will be encountered / hits

656- Ever since it ---- to make its presence widely felt in the late 1940s, television ---- both more sophisticated and more idiotic with every passing year.

A) has begun / grew B) was beginning / grows C) would begin / will grow D) had begun / had grown E) began / has been growing

657- The book of "A Thousand and One Nights" is a collection of fascinating tales of the Orient, of Mixed Indian, Persian, Arabic, and Egyptian origination, and was first ---- in Europe by Antoine Galland's French translation in the early eighteenth century.

A) having known B) to know C) to be known D) made known E) to be made known

658- By noon, it ---- so heavily that we ---- the office to get home before the roads were blocked.

A) snowed / had closed B) was snowing / closed C) is snowing / had to close D) had snowed / have closed E) snows / will have closed



659- There have been some art critics who ---- in depreciation of Van Gogh that he ---- a draughtsman all his life.

A) had maintained / has remained B) have maintained / remained C) were maintaining / had remained D) maintained / would have remained E) will maintain / remains

660- People who take a communal orientation tend to believe that each person in a relationship should give ---- is necessary to satisfy the needs of the other.

A) whoever B) however C) if ever D) as ever E) whatever

661- Although you ---- deal with some big adjustments after you ---- married, try not to worry about it too much beforehand.

A) will have had to / got B) have to / are getting C) will have to / get D) have had to / were getting E) had had to / have got

662- The Romanian Privatisation Authority announced last week that Renault of France ---- to be the sole bidder for a majority stake in the national car company, Dacia, which ---- cheap cars for the domestic market.

A) would turn out / had made B) has turned out / made C) would have turned out / is making D) is turning out / has made E) might turn out / makes

663- The philosopher Thomas Hobbes believed man was nasty and violent, ----the philosopher John Locke saw him as rational and reasonable.

A) by the time B) in order that C) moreover D) whereas E) despite

664- Jonathan ---- into a deep depression after his wife of 20 years ---- him.

A) goes / will divorce B) is going / has divorced C) went / had divorced D) will go / was divorcing E) had gone / will have divorced

665- At the Brussels meeting over the last weekend Madeleine Albright, The American secretary of State, ---- her allies that future NATO missions ---- them further afield, but not all over the world.

A) assures / is taking B) has assured / will have taken C) assured / would take D) had assured / took E) was assuring / will take

666- As Saudi Arabia has----high rainfall ----any major rivers, it has to convert seawater into fresh drinking water to supply the needs of its inhabitants.

A) neither / nor B) either / or C) both / and D) not only / but also E) whether / or

667- At the very moment the President ---- his mouth to announce the official declaration of war, the assassin ---- his rifle.

A) had opened / was firing B) was opening / has been firing C) has opened / is firing D) is opening / has fired E) opened / fired

668- Germany’s weight in the European Union is known, ---- what is not known, even to the Germans themselves, is ---- they are to use it.

A) but / how B) in case / because C) unless / why D) lest / until E) otherwise / where

669- ----people all around the world desire to get rich quickly without thinking of the consequences, the, environment of the planet is being seriously damaged.

A) In spite of B) No matter C) Besides D) On account of E) Since



670- She ---- from Mexico in about 1970, so she ---- in this country for more than thirty years now.

A) has emigrated / has been living B) emigrated / has lived C) would emigrate / lived D) had emigrated / was living E) was emigrating / had been living

671- Edward Gibbon’s great book The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire informs us ---- mankind’s predilection for faction, augmented by environmental and cultural differences, is ---- determines history.

A) why / that B) as / whereby C) that / what D) how / whoever E) so that / whatever

672- The 15th- to 17th-century Flemish artists tried to paint accurate pictures of what they saw; the 19th-century Impressionists,----, were mainly concerned with colours.

A) what is more B) on the other hand C) therefore D) inasmuch as E) in order that

673- Can you imagine how the world ---- once genetic engineering ---- widespread?

A) will change / has become B) is going to change / had become C) has changed / becomes D) is changing / became E) changes / will become

674- It won’t be easy to find a replacement for him, for ---- takes over is likely to meet the same fate.

A) what B) which C) wherever D) whoever E) whichever

675- Marxism ---- an important movement in Britain even though it ---- its origin here.

A) would never have been / takes B) had never been / would take C) never was / has taken D) would never be / would have taken E) has never been / took

676- Although it has been a warm autumn so far, David keeps a sweater in his bag----the weather turns suddenly.

A) as if B) so that C) so as D) such as E) in case

677- Judging from the black clouds covering the sky, I'd guess it ---- sometime soon.

A) has rained B) will have been raining C) is raining D) has been raining E) is going to rain

678- The majority of ---- are apprehensive about new computer programmes, until we’ve actually tried them out for ---- .

A) him / himself B) us / ourselves C) them / themselves D) ours / us E) theirs / ours

679- There were no instructions included with the computer,----was there a phone number for a helpline.

A) for B) so C) such D) yet E) nor

680- Once the fires ---- to spread following the San Francisco earthquake of April 18, 1906, the devastation in the city ---- enormously.

A) started / has been increasing B) had started / increased C) were starting / had increased D) have started / would increase E) started / will have increased

681- Tourists are allowed to stay in the country for three months ---- they've got enough money to live on without taking a job.

A) whereas B) provided that C) even though D) besides E) by the time



682- Ireland ---- a much larger population than now, but nearly a century of emigration, beginning with the Great Potato Famine of the 1840s, reduced the population almost by half.

A) may have had B) would have C) used to have D) must have had E) had to have

683- The history of the Venetian Republic ---- to an end in 1797 when Venice ---- over to Austria by Napoleon.

A) was coming / would have been handed

B) had come / has been handed C) comes / had been handed D) came / was handed E) would come / was being handed

684- The airline only allows 20 kilos of baggage per person, so you should pack your bags carefully----exceed the limit.

A) as much as B) unless C) no longer D) in order to E) so as not to

685- As this job is an office job, it's safe to say that at this time next week, I ---- almost exactly the same thing that I ---- right now.

A) am doing / do B) will do / did C) will be doing / am doing D) will have been doing / have done E) do / have been doing

686- More than half of the 850 asylum seekers currently detained in Britain ---- in prison with no right of appeal, even though the vast majority ---- with any offence, let alone convicted.

A) were held / are not charged B) are being held / have not been

charged C) have been held / would not be

charged D) being held / had not been charged E) will be held / were not being charged

687- Minerals always have the same composition and structure----they are found,----rocks are usually made up of a mixture of minerals that is dependent on their locations.

A) however / since B) wherever / while C) even if / despite D) how / unless E) in case / therefore

688- I ---- on a bench by the lake reading while my son ---- his sandwich to the ducks.

A) sat / fed B) had sat / was feeding C) will sit / fed D) have sat / feeds E) sat / had fed

689- Over the past two decades, the Corsicans ---- their idyllic island, which was wrested by France from the Genoese in 1768, ---- into terrorism, corruption and economic decline.

A) have seen / sink B) had seen / sank C) saw / to sink D) would have seen / had sunk E) would see / had been sinking

690- The Czech novelist Milan Kundera's novel "The Unbearable Lightness of Being", first published in 1984, was banned In Czechoslovakia----1989.

A) Since B) Until C) while D) unless E) when

691- The Western Roman Empire officially ---- to an end in 476, but in actuality, the Empire ---- apart for hundreds of years before that.

A) was coming / had fallen B) had been coming / fell C) had come / was falling D) was going to come / has fallen E) came / had been falling

692- ----the Canadian actors were very popular amongst children, parents disapproved of the strong language used in their films.

A) Due to B) Despite C) Though D) Because E) Rather than



693- For observers of international politics, March 1998 ---- as a month when the world’s superpower relations ---- a hopeful new turn.

A) will be remembered / may have taken B) had been remembered / would have

taken C) may be remembered / took D) has been remembered / would take E) would be remembered / will have

taken

694- Candidates for the doctoral program must take a test; ---- -, masters candidates must submit a five-page report.

A) unless B) because C) likewise D) otherwise E) due to

695- The value of the dollar ---- and experts are predicting that it ---- even more over the next few months.

A) had risen / rises B) has risen / will rise C) will rise / has risen D) is rising / has been rising E) has been rising / is rising

696- Apparently, the talks held between the two governments concerning the prevention of drug-trafficking have not been constructive ---- to produce any positive results.

A) just B) as well C) also D) enough E) so that

697- As a first step toward a scientific account of any phenomenon—bird migrations, earthquakes, or mob hysteria—we need a careful and reliable description, based on direct observation ---- on hearsay or memory.

A) besides B) rather than C) in addition to D) due to E) as for

698- I ---- to pick up the balloons while you ---- the cake so that we can be ready for the party on time.

A) will go / bake B) have gone / are baking C) was going / have baked D) had gone / were baking E) am going / will bake

699- As far as I remember, it was in China that they first met and got interested in the dam project, ---- ?

A) don’t I B) wasn’t it C) do I D) was it E) did they

700- Above all, it is important not to go bicycling ---- wearing the appropriate protective gear.

A) unlike B) as for C) in that D) such as E) without

701- She ---- a locksmith already when she ---- her keys at the bottom of her bag.

A) called / was finding B) has been calling / finds C) has called / will have found D) was calling / has found E) had called / found

702- The East European countries are strongly convinced that European Economic aid, ---- welcome, is not a substitute for market access and eventual membership of the European Union.

A) just as B) lest C) since D) when E) though

703- ---- he has obtained his degree in history, the field will have become a very important one.

A) Until B) Instead of C) As soon as D) By the time E) The moment



704- By the age of 29, John ---- with two master's degrees and he ---- his doctorate degree.

A) has graduated / has finished B) was graduating / will have finished C) had graduated / was finishing D) had been graduating / finished E) will have graduated / had finished

705- One gathers from the press that a large majority of the people are not in favour of the impeachment proceedings, and, frankly, I’m not, ---- .

A) either B) too C) also D) as well E) even so

706- Officials did not ask passengers on the airport shuttle bus to pay the fare, ---- of those who lost their wallets during the bomb scare.

A) In order B) in addition C) with respect D) as opposed E) in consideration

707- Kate was overjoyed when Joseph ---- to her because she ---- for a year to receive an engagement ring.

A) has proposed / has been waiting B) proposes / will be waiting C) is going to propose / waited D) proposed / had been waiting E) was proposing / is waiting

708- The fundamental problem for North Africa is that the region has ---- people ---- the arid environment can support.

A) not only / but also B) so many / that C) such / as D) more / than E) as much / as

709- ---- he returned from his trip to Siberia did any of his family notice that he was gone.

A) Only if B) Not until C) Even while D) Just before E) As soon as

710- The earliest means people ---- to preserve literary traditions were poetry and song, and these forms ---- to the present as forms of literature.

A) have used / are persisting B) used / have persisted C) have been using / persisted D) had used / had persisted E) use / will have persisted

711- As the decade ---- to wind down, Mark Morris ---- as our century’s youngest great choreographer.

A) has begun / had stood B) will begin / is standing C) was beginning / has stood D) begins / stands E) is beginning / has been standing

712- The researchers analyzed film of athletes from the 1992 Summer Olympics and discovered that bronze medalists were happier than the silver medalists, ---- the silver medalists did better!

A) since B) just as C) even though D) if E) which

713- According to Mrs. Holmes, we ---- a test next week, so she ---- us any extra homework this week.

A) were having / hasn't assigned B) are going to have / won't assign C) are having / wasn't assigning D) will have had / isn't assigning E) have had / didn't assign

714- Of the many attempts that ---- to regulate language one way or another, very few ---- .

A) were made / had succeeded B) have been made / have succeeded C) are made / succeeded D) could have been made / will succeed E) are being made / may have succeeded

715- ----, people regard stories about aliens as completely false, but people continue to report sightings.

A) Due to B) However C) AIthough D) Contrary to E) On the whole



716- Because John ---- to lock the door of his car, a thief ---- his CD player with little effort.

A) is forgetting / has stolen B) has been forgetting / is stealing C) forgot / was stealing D) had forgotten / stole E) was forgetting / had stolen

717- In the past few months, our company director ---- more mettle than most industrialists ---- in an entire career.

A) had shown / have done B) showed / would do C) shows / did D) was showing / may have done E) has shown / do

718- ---- J.D. Salinger and Mark Twain, George Orwell and Robert Bachman are also pen names.

A) In order that B) In addition to C) In this respect D) Without regard to E) For the purpose of

719- It is obvious that you ---- the chocolate cake because there ---- frosting on your face.

A) have been eating / is B) are eating / was C) will be eating / has been D) had been eating / will be E) were eating / had been

720- If they ---- what sort of a person he was, they ---- him their support.

A) would know / didn’t give B) knew / won’t give C) had known / wouldn’t have given D) would have known / hadn’t given E) have known / haven’t given

721- A lawyer's job is to ask questions, compile data, provide explanations, and the ----

A) as B) so C) like D) but E) unlike

722- It seems that we ---- out of ice for the drinks; I ---- to the market quickly to get some.

A) had run / will be dashing B) are running / will dash C) will run / have dashed D) were running / am dashing E) ran / had dashed

723- I don’t imagine he wrote the speech ----, but ---- did so certainly made a good job of it.

A) for them / whomsoever B) of his / somebody C) by him / they D) himself / whoever E) themselves / whichever

724- ----being the Greek for "I have found it!", Eureka is also the state motto of California.

A) Apart from B) In spite of C) Such that D) In addition E) Nonetheless

725- By the time we ---- which movie to see, it was too late because the movie ---- already.

A) had decided / is starting B) will have decided / started C) decide / will start D) decided / had started E) were deciding / have started

726- As ---- of our employees can afford cars of ---- own, they all have to rely on public transport.

A) few / them B) some / his C) none / their D) most / our E) many / its

727- ----political tensions’ easing in Lebanon, archaeologists have finally managed to locate the sites of ancient Phoenician harbours.

A) Despite B) Although C) Because D) Thanks to E) Nevertheless

728- By this time next year, you ---- married and ---- in a new house.

A) were / have been living B) have been / are living C) will have been / will live D) were / will have lived E) will be / will be living



729- There are situations ---- the best way to heal the patient is to help him die peacefully.

A) from where B) in that C) whence D) for whom E) in which

730- One person usually does the job of many people ---- companies can hire fewer employees and save money.

A) so that B) even so C) owing to D) accordingly E) no matter how

731- Ellen ---- from law school in 2002, and since then she ---- at her aunt's law firm in Chicago.

A) graduated / has been working B) was graduating / was working C) has graduated / will have worked D) would graduate / works E) had graduated / will be working

732- Do you really believe that the party programme, ---- it now stands, is democratic ---- to influence the vote in our favour?

A) as / enough B) since / also C) where / as well D) such as / too E) that / even

733- Most people don't bother keeping lists of things they have to do; ----, a pen and a notebook are my best friends.

A) although B) therefore C) however D) moreover E) the same as

734- For the past week, it ---- steadily and they are predicting that the river ---- soon.

A) has been raining / will overflow B) will be raining / has overflown C) is raining / overflows D) is going to rain / was overflowing E) had rained / has been overflowing

735- Private investments play ---- important a part in the country’s long-running economic expansion ---- no government dares to increase taxation on personal savings.

A) too / that B) such / as C) much / so D) so / that E) as / as

736- ---- under a high power microscope, the disease causing virus appears bulletshaped.

A) Examined B) Examines • C) To examine D) Having examined E) To be examining

737- It is hard to believe that after studying for ten years, you still ---- your degree yet.

A) didn't finish B) weren't finishing C) won't finish D) don't finish E) haven't finished

738- His proposal ---- the new social security policy seems more viable than any of the others.

A) by way of B) due to C) owing to D) in case of E) as regards

739- ---- we read the newspapers, watch our television screens, or chat with our friends over coffee, many of us ponder the whys and wherefores of social life.

A) Now that B) As C) Though D) Whereas E) Because

740- While the injured bullfighter's assistants ---- the bull, the medics were able to carry him from the ring.

A) are distracting B) have distracted C) will have distracted D) were distracting E) have been distracting



741- ---- the recent rise in unemployment largely affects eastern Germany, there is considerable unrest in western Germany, too.

A) Now that B) In case C) Although D) Unless E) Provided

742- ----New York, Istanbul lacks cultural diversity; there are people from all over the world in New York.

A) So as to B) With the object of C) With a view to D) In comparison with E) Under the pretext of

743- You ---- all day; I hope you ---- your whole salary.

A) will have shopped / haven't spent B) will shop / aren't spending C) have been shopping / haven't spent D) shopped / won't spend E) will be shopping / weren't spending

744- ---- he was campaigning for re-election last year, he promised that ---- re-elected, he would undertake to restructure the party.

A) Wherever / lest B) Because / while C) As / since D) While / unless E) When / if

745- ---- on recovering the gold from the river, they were understandably annoyed when they found out the story was a hoax.

A) To work B) Having to work C) Having been working D) To be worked E) To have been working

746- I enjoyed the holiday, but you ---- there as it is a very quiet and secluded place, so I can't recommend it to you.

A) haven't liked B) had better not like C) may not like D) aren't supposed to like E) didn't like

747- On January 1, Brandon and Christina ---- married for five years, but they---- each other since they were in high school.

A) are / will have known B) had been / knew C) will have been / have known D) will be / know E) have been / had known

748- Before you can enter the building, you ---- take off your shoes.

A) have to B) have had to C) had to D) will be having to E) had had to

749- Ever since I ---- to exercise regularly every day, I ---- more energetic.

A) have started / felt B) started / have been feeling C) am starting / feel D) start / am feeling E) was starting / had felt

750- After he'd graduated with a master's degree, he ---- a number of odd jobs while he ---- his poems occasionally in university poetry magazines.

A) was holding / would publish B) would hold / has published C) had held / was publishing D) held / published E) has held / publishes

751- I ---- with you at the restaurant tomorrow, so please ---- me in the reservation.

A) haven't eaten / not included B) haven't been eating / not include C) didn't eat / didn't include D) won't be eating / don't include E) won't have eaten / not to include

752- Laura and James ---- a trip to a ski resort in the Alps, but they had to cancel the trip when James ---- his leg while playing football.

A) were planning / has broken B) have planned / was breaking C) will be planning / will break D) had been planning / broke E) will have planned / had broken



753- You won't be able to reach me on my mobile tomorrow morning because I ---- to Paris; however, I ---- my messages when I land.

A) will be flying / will check B) am flying / am checking C) flew / checked D) have flown / will have checked E) have been flying / check

754- In recent years, the airplane ---- from being a means of emergency or luxury travel to being one of the basic forms of transportation.

A) is going B) will go C) will be going D) goes E) has gone

755- The survivors of the sunken ship ---- on a desert island for more than two weeks until a passing ship ---- them.

A) lived / rescued B) have been living / has rescued C) were living / rescue D) are living / will rescue E) had lived / will have rescued

756- This child ---- in school recently, so I have decided to see his parents tomorrow afternoon.

A) will misbehave B) is misbehaving C) will have misbehaved D) has been misbehaving E) misbehaves

757- It's obvious that invention ---- in prehistory, because by the time writing first emerged, early humans ---- many important tools already.

A) has begun / had used B) was beginning / used C) began / were using D) would begin / have used E) begins / have been using

758- Today, the long line of inventions that---- in the prehistoric past ---- longer each day, with new ones constantly being added to the list.

A) was starting / got B) started / is getting C) has started / gets D) had started / was getting E) would start / has got

759- I ---- on the corner looking for a taxi when I ---- the lorry coming down the road at an incredible speed.

A) have been waiting / notice B) had been waiting / would notice C) was waiting / noticed D) had waited / was noticing E) waited / had noticed

760- Obviously, the driver ---- control of the vehicle, and ---- unable to stop it.

A) had lost / was B) was losing / has been C) lost / had been D) is losing / was E) had been losing / is

761- By the time you realize your mistake, you ---- too much time and it ---- too late to fix it.

A) wasted / was going to be B) waste / was C) had wasted / is D) are wasting / will have been E) will have wasted / will be

762- Whenever our English lessons ---- at school due to our teacher’s late arrival, ---- we waited, Jack would entertain us with his skills.

A) were delayed / while B) were delaying / as C) have been delayed / until D) would be delayed / since E) had been delayed / if

763- I ---- my hair cut today, but the salon ---- any available appointment times.

A) am having / isn't having B) had had / doesn't have C) was going to have / didn't have D) was having / won't be having E) will have / hasn't had

764- Although studies of language phenomena ---- for centuries, it's fairly recently that linguistics ---- as an independent discourse.

A) have been carried out / has been accepted B) were carried out / has accepted C) had been carried out / was accepted D) carried out / accepted E) could be carried out / is accepted



765- Today's newspaper ---- that the cost of living ---- by forty percent by the end of this year.

A) says / will have increased B) is saying / increased C) will say / has increased D) said / will increase E) has said / was increasing

766- ---- do different words have different meanings, it's ---- the case that the same word may have a set of different meanings, which is called “polysemy”.

A) Not only / also B) No sooner / than C) Neither / nor D) Never / not E) Whether / or

767- By the end of next week, the construction ---- and we ---- able to park in front of our house for three months.

A) starts / haven't been B) had started / weren't C) started / won't have been D) will have started / won't be E) had been starting / aren't

768- It is worth ---- that I was the one suggesting ---- to investigate the fraud claims.

A) reminding / starting B) to remind / to start C) to reminding / start D) to be reminded / started E) reminding / to start

769- Please don't go into the meeting room just yet as the board ---- an important issue at the moment.

A) was discussing B) is discussing C) has discussed D) will have discussed E) has been discussing

770- The wealth of information ---- in images from TRACE and other satellites about the surface of the sun was the focus of an international conference ---- at Monterey, California, in August 1999.

A) contained / held B) containing / having held C) to contain / to hold D) to be contained / being held E) being contained / to be held

771- I don't believe that this is the first time she ---- a bicycle. She ---- to be quite confident on it.

A) is riding / appeared B) was riding / is appearing C) rides / has appeared D) will be riding / will appear E) has ridden / appears

772- ---- he said during the last session led me to the conclusion ---- he'd no longer be working with us the following year.

A) What / that B) Which / when C) That / what D) Whether / which E) Why / whether

773- About this time next year I ---- in Paris; I hope I ---- some French by then.

A) will have lived / am learning B) will be living / will have learnt C) am living / have learnt D) am going to live / learnt E) live / will have been learning

774- To be eligible for the vacancy, a person, if male, ---- his military service and ---- at least a foreign language, preferably English, good enough to be able to communicate easily.

A) must have completed / should know B) should complete / would rather know C) may have completed / needs to know D) would have completed / must be knowing E) could complete / had better know

775- While their mother ---- to call the house, the girls ---- on the phone, so she couldn't get through.

A) tried / had talked B) is trying / will be talking C) has tried / had been talking D) tried / will have been talking E) was trying / were talking

776- Turkey is forecast to be a member of the European Community soon, ---- are Belgium and Romania.

A) as B) like C) if D) nor E) but



777- During the wedding reception, the best man ---- a toast to the bride and groom, and by the time he finished speaking, everyone in the room ----

A) made / was crying B) was making / had been crying C) will make / has cried D) has been making / is crying E) had made / will be crying

778- ---- a rise in inequality in recent years, ex-communist countries, ---- Slovakia and the Czech Republic are still the emerging countries with the smallest income disparities.

A) Despite / such as B) Owning to / as C) Although / like D) In view of / which E) Just as / where

779- Hopefully, they ---- a high score on the test because they ---- for it since September.

A) had got / have prepared B) got / will prepare C) were getting / will have prepared D) will get / have been preparing E) are getting / will be preparing

780- ---- one compares the maps of Europe in 1989 and 1999, the one can see the results of an extraordinary decade of change.

A) If B) Until C) Before D) Unless E) In spite of

781- I ---- my lunch at the same restaurant for the past two years because the owner ---- a friend of mine.

A) am eating / has been B) have been eating / is C) will eat / will be D) had been eating / would be E) will have been eating / was

782- For decade after decade, the British have seen the pound become ---- feebler on foreign exchange markets.

A) even B) lots of C) more D) so E) any

783- We ---- for little more than half an hour when suddenly a storm ---- out.

A) have sailed / is breaking B) are sailing / has broken C) will be sailing / will break D) were sailing / had broken E) had been sailing / broke

784- Studies over many decades ---- that a strong command of English language is directly linked to career advancement, to the money you make, and even to social success.

A) have proven B) will have proven C) had proven D) were proving E) could prove

785- In 19th-century England, people ---- poetry rather frequently, but since then it ---- quite an unpopular art form.

A) had read / was becoming B) have read / is becoming C) were reading / became D) read / has become E) had been reading / becomes

786- Not ---- a strong command of language can be a serious handicap, and obstacle that prevents you from ---- your goals.

A) having / achieving B) to have / to achieve C) having had / being achieved D) have / to be achieved E) to have had / having had

787- The spokesperson ---- her speech yet when an angry audience member ---- shouting at her.

A) won't finish / begins B) wasn't finishing / has begun C) didn't finish / was beginning D) doesn't finish / is beginning E) hadn't finished / began

788- Customs officials are keeping a sharp look-out for the escaped prisoner ---- he tries to flee the country.

A) in case B) so that C) whether D) just as E) unless



789- I ---- to come out with you, but I probably ---- my homework anytime soon, so go on ahead without me.

A) was planning / won't be finishing B) am planning / don't finish C) have planned / haven't finished D) have been planning / didn't finish E) planned / hadn't been finishing

790- The training of military personnel in the United States costs twice ---- much each year ---- the budget for the education of 300 million children of school age in South Asia.

A) as / as B) most / that C) so / that D) too / for E) very / than

791- Former Haitian president Jean-Bertrand Aristide ---- in exile in South Africa ever since a military coup ---- his government early in 2004.

A) has lived / had overthrown B) lived / has overthrown C) is living / overthrows D) has been living / overthrew E) was living / had been overthrowing

792- The telephone, ---- by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876, ---- man’s ability to communicate.

A) was invented / revolutionised B) had been invented / was

revolutionising C) would be invented / revolutionising D) invented / has revolutionised E) being invented / will revolutionise

793- By this exact date next year, I ---- married for two years, and probably I ---- still ---- in the same apartment, as well.

A) will be / am…living B) will have been / will…be living C) am going to be / have…been living D) am / will…have lived E) have been / was…living

794- When Alfred Hitchcock ---- the movie Psycho in 1960, no one really ---- a film filled with such shocking scenes.

A) has released / was expecting B) had released / had expected C) released / expected D) had been releasing / has expected E) was releasing / expects

795- The manager ---- the matter privately with her client, and probably ---- available for another hour or so.

A) is discussing / won't be B) discusses / hasn't been C) discussed / isn't being D) was discussing / won t have been E) has discussed / hadn't been

796- The Lenni Lenape Indians, ---- descendants now live in New Jersey, have an incredible oral traditions that describes their trek from central Asia nearly 10,000 years ago.

A) who B) whom C) that D) whose E) which

797- Relatively few Australasian birds ---- like their European counterparts, because the climate in the Southern Hemisphere, traditionally ---- less predictable.

A) will migrate / will have been B) have migrated / will be C) are migrating / is going to be D) have been migrating / was E) migrate / has been

798- The Incas ---- an advanced civilisation in Peru by the 16th century, when Spanish explorers began to attack them.

A) have developed B) would develop C) had developed D) developing E) having developed

799- Immediately after Dilan ---- the door to her apartment, the chaos caused by her dog during her absence ---- apparent.

A) opened / becomes B) opens / will be becoming C) had opened / became D) has opened / had become E) was opening / was going to become



800- Practically from birth, the traditional African child ---- the duties and attitudes expected from him, and disobedience ---- by the elders.

A) is taught / isn't tolerated B) was teaching / wasn't tolerated C) can be learnt / don't tolerate D) has been taught / shouldn't tolerate E) would be taught / may not be

tolerated

801- Because different physical types ---- among Turkic peoples for nearly 1,000 years, many modern historians ---- the word "Turkic" merely a linguistic classification.

A) are existing / have considered B) exist / are considering C) have existed / consider D) have been existing / considered E) existed / had considered

802- The largest state of the Federal Republic of Germany is Bavaria, ---- is a region of green-clad mountains and fertile valleys.

A) which B) where C) that D) it E) whether

803- By the end of June, the Management Team ---- operating agreements specifically communication methods.

A) will have developed B) had been developed C) would be developing D) was developed E) is developed

804- Technology in computers is advancing ---- it is nearly impossible to keep up with this speed.

A) such fast that B) faster than C) so fast as D) so fast E) too fast for

805- From Argentina to Egypt, many of the world's rivers ---- by dams.

A) are crossed B) have crossed C) would cross D) has been crossed E) was to be crossed

806- Questions as to ---- extrasensory perception really exist have been debated by scientists since the late 19th century.

A) if or whether B) how and why C) the fact of D) whether or not E) in spite of

807- Astronomers ---- how old a galaxy or star ---- by measuring its distance from Earth.

A) can figure out / is B) figure out / were C) are figuring out / are D) figure out / have been E) have figured out / are

808- Fertility per acre is decreasing in some parts of the world ---- air pollution as well as the build-up of salt and other chemicals.

A) thanks to B) despite C) because D) owing to E) therefore

809- Thanks to computer models ---- by the National Centres for Environmental Prediction, forecasters ---- of potentially deadly storms days before they form.

A) created / can warn B) create / must be warned C) have been created / warning D) should create / could be warning E) could be created / are warned

810- Recycled rubber used to react with hot asphalt gives the asphalt elasticity and prevents it from cracking when it is used for surfaces, ---- airport runways, that are subjected to great stresses.

A) likewise B) unlike C) as D) such as E) rather than

811- Given its speed and volume, a young river ---- a great capacity to cause erosion.

A) has B) having C) would have D) must be having E) is having



812- Spiders are feared by many people, but ---- of them are known to be harmless.

A) few B) either C) none D) most E) no

813- It ---- crucial that the world ---- to regard the Kyoto protocol as any sort of "solution" to the problem of climate change.

A) is / not come B) was / did not came C) should be / would not come D) has been / have not come E) were / should not come

814- In some states in the USA , prisoners who have received the death sentence, are killed by lethal injection, ---- other states execute prisoners in an 'electric chair'.

A) on the contrary B) hence C) while D) in contrast to E) therefore

815- We ---- irrefutable proof that the earth ---- at an unnatural rate, and that is being caused by human actions.

A) have been given / is heating up B) were given / is heated up C) had been giving / heated up D) must have given / heat up E) are giving / would heat up

816- During the early 1970s, the American public collectively became health conscious, turning away from the highly processed foods that had been ---- popular in the past.

A) so B) much C) a lot of D) almost E) no

817- You ---- him anything about the incident, because I ---- him myself later in the week.

A) needn’t have told / was going to see B) mustn’t have told / would tell C) shouldn’t be told / had told D) couldn’t tell / have told E) may not have told / would have told

818- In 1992, Bill Clinton became president of the United States, ---- his opponent by a wide margin.

A) beating B) to have beaten C) to be beaten D) being beaten E) beaten

819- When you ---- your child's reservation, let your travel agent know he ---- alone.

A) make / will be travelling B) made / would travel C) have made / had travelled D) will make / should travel E) are making / had to travel

820- ---- the meeting was about to starting, the chairperson requested that one more item be included in the agenda.

A) Just as B) Prior to C) Following D) Preceding E) Once

821- In 1908 a revolution ---- by the Young Turks ---- Abdulhamid to restore the parliament and constitution.

A) led / forced B) being led / forcing C) leading / would force D) be led / had forced E) have led / forces

822- One of ---- problems facing us now is the need to control population growth in case people in the twenty-first century stand a chance of survival.

A) the most urgent B) as urgent as C) more urgent than D) so urgent as E) too urgent to

823- Sealions ---- to a depth that humans cannot reach, so they ---- cameras on their backs to record the natural behaviour of whales.

A) can dive / could carry B) may dive / must carry C) dived / carried D) have dived / should carry E) will dive / had to carry



824- Playing tricks on April Fools' Day ,which takes place on the first day of April ,is a ---- old custom and on that day one has to be more careful than ---- of the year.

A) very / the rest B) quite / the whole C) fairly / the others D) rather / any other E) such / each other

825- The assassination of the Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo in 1914 ---- to be the spark that ---- World War I.

A) proved / ignited B) has proven / is igniting C) had proven / has ignited D) would prove / ignites E) had been proven / is igniting

826- Unfortunately, a great proportion of our people has ---- not realised the role of tourism in the economic development of the country.

A) already B) nowadays C) still D) though E) such

827- Gandhi ---- the father of the nation because he ---- his life to gain freedom for us Indians.

A) is called / sacrificed B) calls / had sacrificed C) called / was sacrificed D) has been called / is sacrificed E) was calling / sacrifices

828- Bones, ---- main function is to provide a structural support for the body, are often classified as part of the circulatory system.

A) whose B) that C) which D) when E) in that

829- The part of the earth which ---- sunlight ---- the night.

A) does not get / is called B) will not get / was called C) did not get / used to be called D) has not got / has been called E) would not get / should be called

830- I ---- a letter in Iambic Pentameter but I'm not to sure whether I can write in modern day words or if I ---- olden day words.

A) am supposed to write / have to use B) should write / have had to use C) had been writing / had used D) could have written / have used E) would have written / will be using

831- People who live in crowding cities often experience breathing problems during the summer ---- high temperatures combine with stagnant polluted air.

A) while B) which C) until D) before E) when

832- The results of the Iraqi election ---- conclusively that Iraq's first national post-invasion elections ---- successfully in many areas.

A) show / were conducted B) showed / conducted C) showing / conducting D) are shown / are conducted E) have shown / conduct

833- One way increasing nuclear power plant operating efficiency is ---- innovation in fuel assembly and systems engineering.

A) among B) without C) alongside D) through E) beyond

834- Since we ---- together for three years when we get married, we ---- for a few things we want to upgrade like toaster and mixer.

A) will have lived / are registering B) must live / have been registered C) could live / were to register D) would be living / had registered E) might have lived / registered

835- Judging from her recent speeches to the public, the Prime Minister seems ---- to regain the confidence of her people.

A) to be trying B) to have tried C) to be tries D) trying E) having tried



836- ---- Japan is among the technologically developed countries, it has no raw materials of its own and must therefore depend upon other countries for them.

A) Despite B) However C) Regardless of D) Although E) Since

837- The massive explosion which ---- Lebanon's former prime minister, Rafik Hariri, ---- by far the most destructive attack since the formal end of the civil war 15 years ago.

A) killed / has been B) killing / is C) has killed / had been D) had killed / would be E) must be killed / was

838- Following “the Treaty of Union” which was signed between England and Scotland and went into effect on 1 May 1707, all of the Scottish trade laws were brought into conformity with ---- England.

A) those of B) that of C) which D) whose E) these of

839- Almost more significant than where President Bush ---- on his European journey this week is where he ---- .

A) is going / is not going B) has gone / didn’t go C) was gone / will not be going D) could go / must not be going E) would go / has not gone

840- Uranium, which today ---- the main substance for the production of nuclear energy, ---- in the past in the ceramics and textile industries in the form of various compounds.

A) has constituted / would have used B) constitutes / was used C) is constituting / used to be used D) constituted / had been used E) would be constituted / has been used

841- The quality ---- as life is generally easily recognized, but there is no universally accepted definition of what life ---- .

A) known / is B) had known / was C) was known / should be D) will be known / had been E) has known / will be

842- ---- the rapid growth in the population in recent years, there is sure to be a continual demand for more houses areas throughout the country.

A) Due to B) Despite C) Unlike D) Now that E) Just as

843- Until the mid-19th century, naturalists ---- that each species ---- separately.

A) believed / was created B) believes / created C) had believed / was creating D) was believed / created E) would believe / create

844- Large quantities of vitamin pills are taken by people who are destroying vitamins in vegetables ---- unsuitable cooking.

A) like B) as C) such D) before E) by

845- Some branches of mathematics ---- in order to solve certain physical problems or to explain physical phenomena.

A) were developed B) has been developed C) could develop D) would be developed E) had been developing

846- Before the Civil War ended, the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments of the Constitution , ---- in 1868 and 1970, ---- citizenship and suffrage to blacks, not to women.

A) adopting / granting B) adopted / granted C) being adopted / had granted D) having adopted / would be granted E) to have adopted / granting



847- A skilful entrepreneur who ---- more than 355 patents, Nobel left most of his fortune to a foundation established for the awarding of the prizes that bear his name.

A) received B) receives C) has received D) was receiving E) would receive

848- ---- the first European settlement of Australia, the Aborigines numbered about 300,000; however, their current populace is estimated about 125,000-130,000.

A) Following of B) Considering C) Seeing that D) Prior to E) Regardless of

849- In looking ahead to its permanently manned space station, NASA ---- space suits with hard bodies.

A) is considering B) has been considered C) should be considered D) will have considered E) could consider

850- According to experts, many of the chemicals ---- in conventional waste treatment actually add to the pollution of the water supply.

A) having used B) to be used C) using D) to have been used E) used

851- Some ---- that by the year 2020, China's economic output ---- close to half that of the US.

A) have predicted / will be B) predict / has been C) had predicted / will be D) should predict / had been E) were to predict / must be

852- That you ---- drunk when it ---- is no excuse.

A) were / happened B) had been / happens C) have been / would happen D) will be / should happen E) might be / happening

853- In 1960, the "bottom of the world" ---- when Donald Walsh and Jacques Piccard dived 10,900 meters below the bottom of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean.

A) was reached B) has been reached C) would have reached D) could have reached E) had been reaching

854- Earth ---- like a car slowly running out of gas as it ---- down the road to the future.

A) is / speeds B) was / speeded C) has been / speeding D) could be / has speeded E) had been / speeded

855- It is not known for certain who invented the mechanical clock, but it ---- a Benedictine monk named Gerbert, who afterwards became Pope Sylvester II.

A) must have been B) may have been C) should have been D) had better be E) used to be

856- The world's supply of coal, our most abundant fuel, ---- to last about 250 years.

A) is expected B) expected C) has expected D) expecting E) was expected

857- ---- the discovery that numerous migratory songbirds can thrive in defrosted wintering spots is heartening, the fact remains that these birds are dying at unusual rates.

A) As soon as B) By the time C) Until D) While E) Just as

858- ---- measures the Government may take to encourage economic growth, there is bound to be opposition in some quarters.

A) Whichever B) Wherever C) Whatever D) Whatsoever E) Whereby



859- There ---- a number of efforts and research projects ---- viable alternatives to the dwindling resources of petroleum and natural gas.

A) have been / to develop B) had been / developing C) were / developed D) would be / should develop E) could be / having developed

860- In ---- primitive and advanced societies, family and kinship, in general, have, for thousands of years, been ---- basic importance.

A) both / of B) each / in C) every / for D) either / by E) whole / with

861- Garbage ---- chemically ---- to a gas fuel by the action of bacteria.

A) can be / converted B) are / converted C) was / converting D) has been / converting E) had been / converting

862- According to surveys, “impossible” is among the ten words never ---- in customer services.

A) using B) to be used C) being used D) having been used E) to used

863- Biomass ---- more than half of all renewable electricity generation, and about 3 percent of the total U.S. electricity supply.

A) accounts for B) should be accounted for C) is accounted for D) have accounted for E) were accounted for

864- The assassination of a Hapsburg prince in Sarajevo in 1914 brought a happy era to a catastrophic end, ---- triggered the First World War.

A) that B) when C) whom D) which E) whose

865- Forests ---- once so seemingly vast and plentiful that no one ---- they could ever disappear.

A) were / believed B) are / believes C) have been / is believed D) had been / will have believed E) will be / have believed

866- When I woke up in the morning, I thought that if my partner ---- to be at our designed point, he ---- well up by now.

A) were meaning / must be B) has meant / could have been C) would mean / were D) should mean / might have been E) meant / would be

867- The earliest building materials ---- of natural substances native to the environment of the builder.

A) consisted B) should be consisting C) were consented D) have consisted E) consist

868- To hear Mr Jackson ---- about football, you might think that the last thing he wants to do is ---- his team losing.

A) talk / to see B) talked / seeing C) to talk / saw D) talking / seen E) to be talked / see

869- Stone ---- an extremely durable building material that ---- weathering and does not burn, rot, or corrode.

A) is / resists B) was / resisted C) has been / has resisted D) could be / will resist E) must be / resisting

870- If Henry Ford’s production line ---- the big idea of the 20th century, what ---- the equivalent idea of the 21st century?

A) had been / would have been B) could be / would be C) was / will be D) would be / had been E) has been / could have been



871- Some of the world's most spectacular caverns ---- for public viewing, complete with lighting and tour guides.

A) have been developed B) will have developed C) must be developing D) should have developed E) could be developed

872- The historic city of Kazan on the mighty Volga River is one of ---- important cultural and economic centres of ---- vast Volga region.

A) the most / the whole B) most / both C) more / all the D) as / as E) the too / a great deal

873- Water's strong polar nature ---- it an excellent solvent for a great many substances.

A) makes B) made C) making D) is made E) has made

874- It wasn't until the nineteenth century, ---- industrial revolution took place, ---- bakers began to get up before sunrise to meet the demands for breakfast.

A) when / that B) which / where C) those / which D) then / whose E) where / whom

875- Botanists ---- that there are between 310,000 and 422,000 plant species, with more species ---- every year.

A) estimate / being discovered B) estimated / discovering C) was estimated / having discovered D) has estimated / were discovered E) should estimate / discovered

876- Deserts around the world ---- home to a wide variety of plants, all ---- to living in the harsh conditions of a hot, arid ecosystem.

A) are / adapted B) were / adapting C) have been / adapting D) should be / adapted E) might be / adapting

877- Scientists ---- that the deserts on Earth today ---- as far back as 3 million to 4 million years ago.

A) believe / existed B) believed / existing C) have believed / exists D) had believed / existing E) would believe / exist

878- During my life I ---- several people ---- of acute blood loss in uncontrollable situations.

A) have witnessed / die B) witnessed / dying C) would witness / to die D) used to witness / to have died E) had witnessed / died

879- Few environmental subjects in recent years ---- as much interest as global warming and the greenhouse effect of certain gases and pollutants in the atmosphere.

A) have generated B) were generating C) had generated D) were generated E) used to be generated

880- Today’s major shipping nations transport millions of tons of cargo worth billions in import and export revenues ---- year.

A) most B) half C) each D) several E) both

881- The natural greenhouse effect ---- a widely accepted fact in scientific circles.

A) is B) have been C) could be D) would be E) were

882- The best way ---- skin cancer is ---- the exposure to direct sunlight during the middle of the day, the time when the sunlight is strongest.

A) preventing / limited B) prevented / to be limited C) preventing / having limited D) having prevented / limit E) to prevent / to limit



883- Before construction of a road ---- , estimates ---- of the likely cost of possible alternatives.

A) began / had made B) begins / are made C) has begun / made D) had begun / make E) was begun / to make

884- Also ---- as natural gas, methane ---- naturally in the atmosphere in trace amounts.

A) known / occurs B) knowing / occurring C) having known / occur D) being known / occurred E) to know / has occurred

885- Viruses ---- at the end of the 19th century, when the micro organisms responsible for many diseases ---- .

A) had discovered / were identified B) discovered / had been identified C) would be discovered / has been

identified D) were discovered / were being

identified E) were being discovered / had

identified

886- When George Bush made his famous "axis of evil" speech in 2002, some ---- that Syria ---- as a target.

A) were surprised / was not included B) had surprised / is not included C) would be surprised / had not included D) have been surprised / may not

include E) must be surprised / doesn’t include

887- Short people often choose clothes that make them look taller, ---- some tall people want to draw attention away from their height.

A) while B) after C) since D) before E) once

888- From tomorrow, anyone who ---- hunting with hounds ---- on the wrong side of the law.

A) goes / will be B) went / is C) has gone / was D) would go / is E) go / are

889- In the United States ---- the years prior to the Civil War the death penalty was imposed on slaves for crimes punished less severely ---- committed by others.

A) as / because B) after / once C) while / as soon as D) during / when E) since / unless

890- The Pakistanis are the descendants of the varied peoples ---- arrived in the land, either ---- conquerors or settlers, over the course of its long history.

A) who / as B) whom / both C) whose / for D) which / during E) when / since

891- The election ---- a more legitimate Iraqi government than its predecessor, but it ---- also ---- the depth of the country's sectarian divisions.

A) will produce / has / proved B) would produce / had / proved C) had produced / would / produce D) will be produced / have / produced E) have produced / could / produce

892- In the forensic lab, scientists magnify, dissect, identify, and match the pieces of physical evidence ---- some very sophisticated equipment.

A) used B) to use C) to be used D) using E) use

893- Condoleezza Rice ---- the United States has no plans to attack Iran at this point in time, but recent history ---- otherwise.

A) says / suggests B) said / suggesting C) is saying / would suggest D) have said / had suggested E) might say / was suggesting

894- I ---- making dinner by the time you get home.

A) won't have finished B) shouldn’t have been finished C) couldn’t be finished D) hadn’t finished E) haven’t finished



895- If the oxygen concentration ---- to about half its value in the atmosphere, humans ---- no longer ---- .

A) had dropped / had / survived B) would drop / will / survive C) may drop / would / survive D) were to drop / could / survive E) drops / may / have survived

896- By the time we ---- all the damage another tornado ---- .

A) cleaned up / had struck B) have cleaned up / struck C) had cleaned up / has struck D) would clean up / struck E) was cleaning up / strikes

897- After ---- a couple of civilian jobs, David, an old second lieutenant , ---- to go to college and study to be a Master Mariner.

A) having tried out / decided B) trying out / had decided C) being tried out has decided D) to have tried out / was deciding E) having been tried out / might decide

898- I'm so worried I ---- probably ---- a nervous wreck by the time I ---- the doctor's report.

A) will / be / hear B) would / be / heard C) had been / hear D) must have / been / have heard E) should / be / hear

899- Ravil Bukharaev, ---- and ---- in Kazan, is an eminent poet, playwright and scholar, who has made a life-long study of the history of Kazan and its people.

A) born / educated B) having been born / being educated C) being born / educating D) to have been educated / to educate E) bearing / to be educating

900- By the end of this year, 42 projects ----, bringing approximately $121 million in road improvements throughout the Parish.

A) will have been completed B) must have completed C) should have been completing D) have been completed E) would be completed

901- The recently-established parliament has passed a budget plan ---- to help ---- the federal deficit.

A) intended / reduce B) intending / to reduce C) to intend / reducing D) intends / to be reduced E) being intended / reduced

902- When the Liberals ---- to power in 1905, Churchill ---- the government as under secretary of state for the colonies.

A) came / entered B) had come / was entered C) would come / had been entered D) was coming / enters E) have come / will enter

903- It is not just ---- you are claimed to have revealed the company secrets has led the board to decide against your ---- here –there are some other reasons for it.

A) what / being employed B) why / having employed C) which / to be employed D) that / employing E) whether / having been employed

904- Research in the 1950s ---- clear that behaviour ---- largely by the genes an animal inherits from its parents.

A) made / is determined B) was made / determines C) has made / determined D) could make / has been determined E) making / were determined

905- ---- the minister who is being charged with perjury has so far confessed to is riddled with inconsistencies.

A) What B) Which C) Why D) When E) Where

906- The Iron Curtain is a phrase ---- after World War II to the economic, social, and military barriers created against the West by the USSR and the Communist countries of Eastern Europe.

A) applied B) has been applied C) will be applied D) was applied E) being applying



907- Helpful ---- it proves to be, a nuclear plant could be hazardous ---- not controlled properly.

A) though / if B) although / despite C) much as / provided D) as / since E) as if / unless

908- No doubt, each species ---- inborn curiosities that ---- its learning in ways that increase chances of survival.

A) has / guide B) will have / guided C) having / guides D) is having / is guided E) had / were guiding

909- The leader of the political party which is claimed not ---- in the next elections is alleged ---- many times by a Mafia leader who is imprisoned now.

A) to have competed / to have called B) to be competing / having called C) to compete / to have been called D) competing / being called E) having been competed / to be called

910- Survival in the animal kingdom very much ---- upon getting food while ---- becoming food.

A) depends / avoiding B) depended / avoided C) depending / avoids D) was depended / avoiding E) would depend / is avoided

911- I’m absolutely sure that by the end of the 20th century, all the countries in the world ---- realised how important living in peace is.

A) will have B) will have been C) will be D) might have been E) will be able to be

912- Grazing animals ---- more active when their food grows scarce and they ---- new pastures.

A) become / must seek B) became / will seek C) becoming / should seek D) have become / sought E) will become / seeking

913- ---- the contagious illness ---- and the area was put in quarantine, tens of children were already lying in hospital.

A) As soon as / realised B) Until / had been realised C) Providing / was being realised D) Now that / had realised E) By the time / was realised

914- Most reporters ---- the privacy of celebrities ---- their readers.

A) invade / to satisfy B) were invaded / satisfying C) had invaded / to be satisfied D) have invaded / satisfied E) are invaded / satisfy

915- Because of the documentaries I saw in my childhood about electric cars, I believed lots of people ---- them by the time I left school, but this ---- true.

A) would have driven / isn’t coming B) would be driving / didn’t come C) will have been driving / wouldn’t come D) had driven / hadn’t come E) have been driving / won’t come

916- Research ---- animals are amazingly sensitive to the specific mating signal of their own species.

A) suggests B) suggested C) are suggesting D) is to suggest E) may be suggested

917- ---- were we different in viewing the prospect of our marriage ---- in producing solutions for the problems we encountered as well.

A) Hardly / when B) Only when / also C) If only / although D) Unless / then E) Not only / but

918- One of the defining characteristics of living things is that they ---- the information necessary ---- and maintain themselves.

A) contain / to build B) contained / building C) are contained / built D) were contained / for building E) will contain / be built



919- This man ,a generous member of our charity, doesn’t look ---- he could hurt a fly ,---- killing his mother.

A) whatever / such as B) as if / let alone C) if only / as D) like / not only E) as though / even if

920- We ---- to understand that the expression of any gene ---- frequently ---- by the interaction of that gene and the environment.

A) have come / is / influenced B) came / has / influenced C) are coming / will / be influenced D) had come / should / be influenced E) would come / was / influenced

921- According to our literature teacher, anyone cheating in an examination is a thief as he ---- marks that he ---- .

A) will be stealing / isn’t earned B) has stolen / wasn’t earning C) was stealing / won’t be earning D) is stealing / hasn’t earned E) stole / hadn’t earned

922- The chairman of the bank ---- that they ---- three new branches in the town the following month.

A) said / were going to open B) have said / would have opened C) would say / had opened D) had to say / were to be opened E) were said / had been opening

923- I don’t think the mayor will be able to get the people ---- their houses ---- convincingly he speaks, ---- ?

A) evacuate / although / won’t he B) evacuating / no matter / do I C) having evacuated / if / does he D) to have evacuated / unless / doesn’t

he E) to evacuate / however / will he

924- With a mailing list, they ---- a reminder card to any customers they ---- in a while.

A) could have sent / hadn't seen B) would have sent / wasn’t seen C) had been sent / haven’t seen D) will be sent / don’t see E) were able to send / aren’t seen

925- If you ---- more careful about spending your allowance, you ---- so helpless to find some to pay your instalment now.

A) were / wouldn’t have been B) would be / couldn’t have been C) were to have been / wouldn’t be D) are / won’t be E) can be / don’t be

926- Many structures in the living cell ---- of great complexity and periodically ---- .

A) are / must be replaced B) were / need to replace C) have been / replaced D) should be / be replaced E) would be / were replaced

927- Nowadays more and more people are buying ozone-friendly products, ---- will help ---- the level of pollution in the atmosphere in time.

A) all / reducing B) what / to reduce C) which / reduce D) somehow / to have reduced E) no longer / to be reducing

928- I ---- for Chennai tomorrow morning for audit purposes, and ---- back in the office the day after tomorrow.

A) am leaving / will be B) left / have been C) were leaving / was D) had left / would be E) will be left / would be

929- The chairman wants to see all the projects about the expansion of the firm ---- next month.

A) completed B) to complete C) to be completed D) having been completed E) completing

930- It ---- until the 1800s that the study of cells ---- a scientific endeavour.

A) was not / became B) didn’t / had become C) has not / becomes D) may not / has become E) had not / would become



931- While most adopted persons fancy the right to know who their natural parents are, some who have found them wish that they ---- the experience of meeting.

A) haven’t had B) hadn’t had C) didn’t have D) wouldn’t have E) weren’t having

932- My last piece of advice ---- the preceding chapters carefully.

A) is to review B) has been reviewed C) was being reviewed D) will be reviewing E) has to review

933- The scientists who had worked for a long time to produce an atomic bomb were aware that the world ---- a different place after its invention and were a little fearful of their invention.

A) would be B) had been C) might have been D) shouldn’t have been E) mustn’t have been

934- You ---- the reservation by 5 without ---- a cancel fee.

A) can cancel / being charged B) must cancel / to be charged C) will cancel / charged D) had cancelled / had charged E) should cancel / to have charged

935- As far as the papers stated, several people ---- in connection with the vandalism to the governor’s residence which ---- place after the speech he made in the parliament.

A) are arrested / had taken B) are being arrested / has taken C) have arrested / was taking D) have been arrested / took E) arrested / would have taken

936- The Earth is a planet, a celestial body that ---- around a central star.

A) revolves B) revolving C) having revolved D) being revolved E) was revolved

937- ---- they intend travelling in the south of the country is it necessary for visitors to be vaccinated against malaria.

A) Only if B) In case C) Unless D) Providing that E) Even if

938- I ---- to London as soon as you ---- somewhere for us to live.

A) will come / find B) had come / are found C) would come / found D) will be coming / are finding E) should come / were found

939- Children ---- parents comfort them when they are upset and encourage them to talk about their feelings experience less intense anger and are less likely to scream and stomp their feet when angry.

A) whose B) who C) that D) which E) whom

940- ---- from space, planet Earth appears as a blue ocean sphere that ---- by areas of brown and green, the continents, and white areas of ice at the poles.

A) Seen / is marked B) Having seen / marked C) To see / were marked D) Being seen / had marked E) To have seen / are marked

941- To understand fully why we do the things we do, it is important to consider the complex ways ---- people and situations choose, respond to, and alter one another over time.

A) that B) who C) whose D) whom E) in which

942- There is no such word in English but I think we ---- it for inclusion because it ---- in handy.

A) should nominate / would come B) will nominate / were to come C) had nominated / should come D) are nominated / will have come E) have been nominating / was



943- The feathery antennae, on a moth ,are very delicate sensing organs; ----, the moth has a very advanced way of avoiding predators.

A) However B) in addition to C) in which case D) in other words E) on the contrary

944- In order to help his healthy development, you ---- to your child and ask him why what he ---- was wrong.

A) should talk / did B) could talk / would do C) have talked / had done D) would talk / has done E) might talk / will do

945- People with exceptionally high intelligence quotient ---- the best employees since they ---- bored with their work unless the job is constantly changing.

A) may not be / become B) might not be / have become C) won’t become / became D) cannot become / had become E) shouldn’t become / will have become

946- We were overwhelmed to see that in 20

years we ---- away, many buildings of the actual past events in our town ---- .

A) were / had restored B) would have been / had been restored C) were / must have been restored D) had been / had been restored E) had been / were going to be restored

947- Geologists study the composition of Earth materials and the various geological processes ---- locate and exploit the Earth's mineral resources.

A) in case of B) in the event of C) in order to D) in addition to E) in the manner of

948- Although pure iron does conduct electricity, ---- with other metals ---- for that purpose, it is a poor conductor.

A) comparing / using B) compared / used C) to compare / use D) compare / to use E) be compared / use

949- In 1649, Descartes was persuaded by Queen Christina of Sweden ---- Holland for Stockholm, where, after only a few months, he ---- pneumonia and died.

A) to leave / caught B) leave / catching C) left / to be caught D) leaving / caught E) to be left / be caught

950- Colonialism began with the ancient Phoenicians, who established colonies around the shores of the Mediterranean ---- the 10th century BC.

A) as early as B) earlier than C) so early that D) such an early E) too early

951- The forerunners of modern bodybuilding contests were "physical culture" competitions, ---- took place in the United States ---- the 1920's and 1930's.

A) where / for B) what / since C) which / during D) that / even E) whether / as

952- The Paris Peace Conference was organized by the victors at the end of World War I ---- the issues ---- by that conflict.

A) settled / raising B) settling / to raise C) to settle / raised D) to be settled / raise E) settle / having raised

953- The Enlightenment is a name ---- by historians to an intellectual movement that ---- predominant in the Western world during the 18th century.

A) to give / is B) to be given / has been C) given / was D) giving / had been E) having given / will be

954- The earth ---- into approximately equal sections by imaginary circular lines ---- through the north and south poles.

A) has been divided / run B) is divided / running C) was divided / to run D) had divided / to be run E) divided / having run



955- ---- they both work full-time, they ---- consider taking a vacation without their daughter.

A) Because / even B) Since / all C) While / either D) As / never E) Even if / each

956- The surface of Mars has a variety of features, including craters, giant extinct volcanoes, and a canyon system almost ---- the width of the United States.

A) as long as B) so much that C) less than D) such a long E) the longest of

957- Have you ever wondered ---- astronauts wear space suits and helmets ---- they leave their craft for a "walk" in space?

A) that / which B) which / where C) why / when D) when / whose E) what / whether

958- Most often, Islamic scholars of the Middle Ages ---- with ---- the scientific writings of Antiquity through the Dark Ages of Europe.

A) were credited / to preserve B) credit / to have preserved C) are credited / preserving D) had credited / preserved E) used to be credited / having

preserved

959- Some kinds of fruit can be grown in nearly every climate; ---- , the kinds that can be grown vary with each type of climate.

A) hence B) however C) despite D) though E) as though

960- During the Revolutionary War, Andrew Jackson, at the age of 14, fought ---- the patriots ---- the British at the Battle of Hanging Rock.

A) for / in B) towards / of C) of / for D) with / against E) against / from

961- Organ transplantation is intensely social, ---- for its very existence on a unique trust between society and physicians.

A) depending B) to depend C) having been depended D) to be depending E) having depended

962- In the early days, archaeologists ---- to make age determinations often ---- on information supplied by others.

A) tried / depending B) to try / to be depended C) being tried / having depended D) having tried / to depend E) trying / depended

963- It is said that the minds of nonhuman great apes are ---- like ours because some of these animals have been taught ---- sign language.

A) more / using B) much / to use C) just / to have used D) so / used E) very much / being used

964- Julia is so greedy a person that if she ---- to the crab-smash, she ---- everyone’s portions.

A) has been invited / would be eating B) could have invited / would have eaten C) had been invited / could have eaten D) would be inviting / had eaten E) were to be invited / should have eaten

965- ---- it’s small in size and poor in natural resources, Switzerland is one of the world's most prosperous and highly industrialized nations.

A) Although B) Since C) Even if D) In case E) In spite of



966- New kinds of work and urban living prompted a change in the ways ---- appropriate male and female roles were perceived in the Victorian England.

A) in which B) by what C) unless D) whatever E) how

967- When Albert died in 1861, his wife retreated to her home and family ---- public political engagements.

A) in favour of B) with respect to C) in preference to D) in order to E) in addition to

968- In the next day or two, I will be able to let you all know the names of the people who ---- with us in Chicago.

A) will be working B) have been worked C) must have worked D) was working E) had had to work

969- Throughout his life Alexander was exceptionally preoccupied with his image, literally and metaphorically ----

A) too B) either C) so D) such as E) alike

970- ---- someone trained in philosophy, I have acquired the habit of being reluctant ---- bold assertions.

A) Such as / about making B) Like / making C) As / to make D) Unlike / to be made E) So as to / made

971- The ozone layer is a layer of the upper atmosphere ---- about 20 to 25 km above the Earth's surface.

A) lied B) to lie C) being lied D) lying E) be lied

972- Because he had been ---- secretive ---- the neighbours thought he had something to hide, and must be a terrorist of some kind.

A) too / than B) such / which C) as much / as D) so / as E) so / that

973- An intricate transportation network, the Roman road system gave citizens ---- the ancient empire access ---- the most distant provinces.

A) at / for B) by / in C) with / from D) of / to E) as / into

974- Optical fibres are most common in the telephone network, ---- they carry digital signals ---- are generated by combining many electronic telephone signals.

A) what / when B) which / that C) that / where D) when / which E) where / that

975- From the earliest times, people ---- to understand how the human body ---- and how it works.

A) tried / has made B) had tried / had made C) would try / made D) used to try / was made E) have tried / is made

976- A nation's political development and success, ---- in peace and war, are in part tied to the transportation facilities available to ---- nation.

A) each / all B) all / so C) both / that D) every / each E) neither / the

977- When the nearby settlement on the mainland ---- into a great city, the island ---- to share the blessings of crown and throne.

A) was growing / had begun B) grew / began C) had grown / had begun D) grows / have begun E) has grown / was beginning



978- Without a proper alarm system a burglar ---- his target because it ---- him the best opportunity to carry out the crime undetected.

A) will select / gives B) selects / will give C) has selected / would give D) selected / has given E) had selected / gave

979- Following the establishment of the Turkish Republic, Uşak ---- rapidly and ---- one of the first Turkish cities to have electric lightning.

A) developed / has become B) has developed / became C) was developing / had become D) had developed / was becoming E) developed / became

980- Since the Oscar-winning film Good Will Hunting ---- childhood friends Ben Affleck and Matt Damon in the spotlights three years ago, the actors ---- separate ways in terms of career.

A) has put / went B) was putting / had gone C) had put / were going D) put / have gone E) put / had been going

981- Israeli scientists ---- the first blood test to indicate a person’s risk of lung cancer, and they hope it ---- generally available in three or four year’s time.

A) developed / will have become B) had developed / became C) will develop / becomes D) have developed / will become E) are developing / would have become

982- Glasses and contact lenses correct vision just fine for most people, but if you ---- see clearly without them, you ---- want to consider the latest surgical advances.

A) should / might B) would / would C) would like to / may D) could / would have to E) need to / can

983- It is thought that bread first ---- twelve thousand years ago by mixing coarsely ground grain with water and baking it on hot stones in hot ashes.

A) had been made B) made C) was being made D) was made E) had made

984- Gold bracelets studded with precious stones ---- by the wealthy, but silver ---- to make some of the finest bracelets as well.

A) have been preferring / are used B) are being preferred / used C) were preferred / was used D) were being preferred / had used E) had been preferred / have been used

985- Golf, which ---- by hitting round balls into holes in the ground with thick clubs, ---- in 1457 on the grounds that it interfered with military activities.

A) played / prohibited B) was played / prohibited C) is played / was prohibited D) has been played / had prohibited E) plays / had been prohibited

986- In political terms, nationalism signifies a person's willingness to work for the nation against foreign domination, ----- political, economic, ----- cultural.

A) as / as B) both / also C) so / that D) less / more E) whether / or

987- To protect the pictures taking photographs using flashlight is prohibited, so you ---- the images on your mind as you look around the mansion.

A) must engrave B) had to engrave C) might be engraving D) could have engraved E) must have engraved

988- If your abdomen and back muscles ---- weak, your spine ---- the support it needs, making it more susceptible to injury.

A) have been/ would not get B) had been/ could not have got C) are/ may not be getting D) were/ might not have got E) are/ shouldn’t get



989- An efficient business organization ---- a system of controls for keeping the top management informed as to how well the company ---- its goals.

A) requires / is meeting B) required / had met C) has requied / would have met D) will require / met E) may require / ws meeting

990- The fact that Internet Web sites ---- users' personal information and sell this information to advertisers ---- privacy issues that are still unresolved.

A) can track / has created B) have tracked / had created C) could track / was creating D) must track / would have created E) had tracked / is creating

991- Many persons consider the universe mysterious ---- they can get no satisfactory answer as to the why of everything.

A) although B) in case C) even if D) so that E) because

992- Scientists estimate the Yellowstone caldera, if it erupted, ---- a three-foot layer of ash across the American West, ---- terrific damage.

A) will cast / caused B) may cast / be caused C) would cast / causing D) might cast / cause E) could cast / to cause

993- Brain waves ---- using medical equipment such as electroencephalogram (EEG), which ---- the oscillation of electricity levels in different areas on the scalp.

A) are detected / will be measuring B) could be detected / measures C) were detected / has measured D) can be detected / had measured E) are being detected / measured

994- Natural scientists identify cause-and-effect relationships more easily than social scientists ---- the laboratories used for study of the physical world allow control of many variables at one time.

A) just as B) unless C) although D) because E) even if

995- It is claimed that humans are susceptible to self-deception ---- most people have emotional attachments to beliefs, which in some cases could be irrational.

A) before B) though C) since D) unless E) once

996- The use of the cap and gown in American high schools originated in 1911 ---- providing an economical and egalitarian code of dress.

A) in order to B) other than C) apart from D) in addition to E) as a means of

997- Most of the environmental impacts of aviation today are due to jet aircraft, which, ----less numerous, are larger, noisier, and burn more fuel than other types of aircraft.

A) once B) so C) when D) because E) although

998- ---- aviation is still a relatively small contributor to global climate change, the number of commercial flights is growing rapidly around the world.

A) Now that B) Because C) Although D) Before E) So that



999- Scientists estimated in 2007 ---- by the year 2050, aviation would contribute about 5% of the human-caused energy input to global warming.

A) when B) which C) that D) where E) whereby

1000- Computers are unlike some other

inventions ---- no single person invented them and the idea was not born at a definite moment in time.

A) unless B) though C) in that D) when E) even if



YDS İÇİN EN ÖNEMLİ KAVRAMLAR

1 a few bir kaç (+çoğul isim) 2 a little biraz (+sayılamaz isim) 3 a lot çok (a lot more difficult) 4 a lot of çok (+çoğul / sayılamaz isim) 5 about which ki onun hakkında (RCL) 6 according to …e göre (cümle almaz) 7 accordingly buna göre, bu bağlamda 8 after …den sonra / …dıktan sonra 9 afterwards daha sonra

10 against …e karşı 11 ahead of …ın önünde / ötesinde 12 all tüm (+çoğul isim) 13 already zaten, çoktan 14 also ayrıca, dahası, …da 15 although …e rağmen, …e karşın, fakat 16 and ve 17 and so ve böylece 18 and then ve daha sonra 19 another başka bir (+tekil isim) 20 any herhangi bir (olumlu), hiç (olumsuz) 21 any other başka herhangi bir (+isim) 22 anyone herhangi bir kimse, hiç kimse 23 apart from …den başka 24 as .dığı için, .ken, .dıkça, gibi, olarak 25 as + s / z + as… …kadar… 26 as a consequence sonuç olarak 27 as a matter of fact aslında 28 as a result sonuç olarak 29 as a result of …ın sonucu olarak 30 as a rule kural olarak, genel olarak 31 as bad as …kadar kötü 32 as early as …kadar erken 33 as...as ever bugüne dek olduğu kadar… 34 as far as …dığı kadarıyla, ...kadar uzak 35 as for …e gelince, ile ilgili olarak 36 as if …miş gibi (if kuralı aranmaz) 37 as it happened işe bakın ki 38 as little as ...kadar az 39 as long as …dığı sürece; ...kadar uzun 40 as much as ...kadar çok 41 as of ...den itibaren, ...itibarı ile 42 as opposed to ...e karşı olarak 43 as regards …ile ilgili olarak 44 as soon as …ar…maz 45 as such bu yüzden 46 as though …miş gibi (=as if) 47 as to …e dair, ...ile ilgili olarak 48 as well "dahi" anlamındaki de / da 49 as well as …(ın) yanısıra, …e ek olarak, ve de 50 as...as ever şimdiye kadarki kadar



51 at least en azından 52 at most en fazla 53 at such times böyle zamanlarda 54 at the beginning başlangıçta 55 because …dığı için, …den dolayı, çünkü 56 because of …den dolayı, yüzünden 57 before …den önce, ….meden önce 58 besides …ın yanında, …e ek olarak, ayrıca 59 both her ikisi de (+çoğul isim) 60 both…and… hem…hem de… 61 but fakat, …ın dışında, …den başka 62 but for ...olmasa, ...olmasaydı 63 but rather fakat daha ziyade 64 by means of …vasıtası ile, ...aracılığı ile 65 by way of …vasıtası ile, ...aracılığı ile 66 by no means hiçbir şekilde, asla 67 by the fact that …ması gerçeği ile / tarafından 68 by way of …vasıtası ile, aracılığı ile 69 by which ki onun ile / vasıtası ile 70 by whom ki onun tarafından 71 certain belli, bazı, kesin 72 compared to …ile karşılaştırıldığında 73 compared with …ile karşılaştırıldığında 74 concerning ...hakkında, …ile ilgili olarak 75 conditionally koşullu olarak 76 consentient on …ile uyumlu olarak 77 consequent on …ın sonucu olarak 78 consequently sonuç olarak 79 consistent with …ile tutarlı / bağlantılı olarak 80 contrarily aksine, tersine 81 contrary to …ın aksine / tersine 82 conversely tersine 83 despite …e rağmen (cümle almaz) 84 despite the fact that …e rağmen (=although) 85 due to …den dolayı, yüzünden 86 during boyunca, esnasında 87 each her bir (+tekil isim) 88 each other birbirini, birbirine 89 either ikisinden herhangi biri, de 90 elsewhere başka yer(de) 91 enough yeterince 92 enough … to V1 …cak kadar yeterince 93 equal to …e eşit 94 especially özellikle 95 even bile, hatta 96 even after …den sonra bile, …dıktan sonra bile 97 even before …den önce bile,…maden önce bile 98 even if …sa bile 99 even later daha sonra bile

100 even more daha da fazla 101 even so böyle olsa bile 102 even though …e rağmen, …e karşın, …sa da 103 even without …sız bile, olmadan bile



104 even when …dığı zaman bile 105 even as …ken bile 106 ever şimdiye kadar, o ana kadar 107 ever before (daha önce) şimdiye kadar 108 ever since …den beri 109 everyone’s herkesin (+isim) 110 except ...den başka; ...in / ın dışında; ...hariç 111 except for ...den başka; ...in / ın dışında; ...hariç 112 fairly oldukça (+sıfat / zarf) 113 far from …den uzak (far from being clear) 114 far less çok daha az 115 few çok az (+çoğul isim) 116 fewer çok daha az 117 firstly ilk olarak 118 for çünkü 119 for example örneğin 120 for instance örneğin 121 for the first time ilk defa 122 for the sake of …ın hatrına 123 for which …ki onun için 124 for whom …ki onun için 125 from the point of view that …ması açısından 126 from the rest geri kalanlardan 127 from the start başından itibaren 128 further still daha da öte, daha da ileri 129 given belirli, belli (örn: belli bir gün) 130 hardly neredeyse hiç (=barely, scarcely) 131 hence bu yüzden (=hence, so) 132 her onun, onu, ona 133 hers onunki (isim almaz) 134 herself o kendisi 135 him onu, ona 136 himself o kendisi 137 his onun, onunki 138 how nasıl, (ne kadar+sıfat / zarf) 139 how few ne kadar az 140 how little ne kadar az 141 how long ne kadar süre 142 how many kaç tane (+çoğul isim) 143 how much ne kadar çok 144 how often ne kadar sık 145 however ancak, (ne kadar..sa..sın+s / z) 146 however slight ne kadar az olursa olsun 147 if ..se / sa, şayet, eğer, ..ıp..ımadığı 148 if anything yine de 149 if only keşke…se / sa 150 in accord uyum içinde, buna uygun olarak 151 in accord with …ile uyum içinde 152 in accordance with ...doğrultusunda, …a uygun olarak 153 in addition ek olarak 154 in addition to …e ek olarak 155 in case …r diye 156 in case of …durumunda



157 in comparison kıyasla 158 in comparison to …ile karşılaştırıldığında 159 in comparison with …ile karşılaştırıldığında 160 in competition Rekabet içerisinde 161 in competition with …ile rekabet içinde 162 in connection with …ile bağlantılı olarak 163 in contrast aksine 164 in contrast to …ın aksine 165 in due course zamanı gelince 166 in excess of …den fazla 167 in fact aslında; gerçekten de 168 in favour of ...den / dan yana olmak 169 in fulfilment of ...in yerine getirilmesi ile 170 in its place onun yerine 171 in line with …ile uyum içerisinde 172 in need of …ihtiyacı içerisinde 173 in opposition to …e karşı olarak, …ın aksine 174 in order that …sın diye (= so that) 175 in order to …mek için (+V1) 176 in other words bir başka deyişle 177 in particular özellikle 178 in place of …ın yerine 179 in response to …e tepki / karşılık olarak 180 in short kısaca 181 in spite of …e rağmen 182 in terms of ...açısından 183 in that şöyle ki, çünkü 184 in the case of ...durumunda 185 in the event of …durumunda 186 in the hope of …umuduyla 187 in the manner of …tarzında 188 in the process süreç içerisinde 189 in the same way aynı şekilde 190 in this way böylece, bu şekilde 191 in time for …için zamanında 192 in view of …e bakılırsa, …den dolayı 193 in which ki onun içinde, ki onda 194 in whose ki onun…(s)ı 195 including ...dahil 196 indeed gerçekten de 197 instead bunu yerine 198 instead of …ın yerine 199 involving ...dahil 200 it o, onu, ona 201 its onun (+isim) 202 itself o kendisi 203 just sadece, sırf 204 just as tıpkı…gibi, tam …ki 205 least en az 206 less daha az 207 less than …den daha az 208 lest …r korkusu ile 209 like gibi, örneğin



210 likewise benzer şekilde 211 little çok az 212 many çok, bir çok, pek çok 213 me beni, bana 214 mine benimki 215 more daha fazla 216 more and more giderek daha fazla 217 more often daha sık 218 more...than …den daha fazla 219 moreover dahası 220 most çoğu 221 most of all hepsinden öte 222 mostly çoğunlukla 223 much çok 224 much as …e rağmen 225 my benim 226 needless to say fazla söze gerek yok, tabii ki 227 neither ikisi de….değil, …de / da 228 neither…nor… ne…ne de… 229 nevertheless yine de, ancak 230 no less than en az 231 no matter (+soru kelimesi) ..sa..sın 232 no sooner…than… …ar…maz 233 nobody’s hiç kimsenin (+isim) 234 none hiçbiri 235 nor ne de 236 not ... but… …değil… 237 not once bir kez bile …olmadı 238 not only…but also… sadece…değil…da 239 not only…but… sadece…değil…da 240 not so much as …kadar çok değil 241 now and again tekrar tekrar 242 now that madem ki, …dığına göre 243 nowhere hiçbir yer 244 obviously açıkçası 245 of all hepsinin içinde 246 of which ki onun / onların 247 of whom ki onun / onların 248 of whose ki onun / onların..sı 249 on a level bir seviyede 250 on account of …den dolayı, yüzünden 251 on behalf of …ın adına 252 on condition that …ması şartıyla 253 on the contrary aksine 254 on the grounds that …ması gerekçesiyle 255 on the other hand öte yandan 256 on the verge of …ın eşiğinde 257 on the way yolda 258 on the whole genel olarak 259 on time zamanında (tam saatinde) 260 once …dığı zaman, ..dıktan sonra 261 once again bir kez daha 262 once before daha önce bir kez



263 once more bir kez daha 264 one bir, biri, birisi, bir kişi, insan 265 one another birbirini / birbirine 266 one of …den biri 267 one's own (+ isim) kişinin kendi 268 only sadece 269 only if ancak eğer…sa 270 only once sadece bir defa 271 onwards …itibaren (+yıl) 272 or veya; yoksa, aksi takdirde 273 or else yoksa, aksi takdirde 274 other başka (+isim) 275 other than …den başka 276 others diğerleri 277 otherwise yoksa, aksi takdirde 278 our bizim 279 ours bizimki 280 ourselves kendimiz 281 outwards dışarıya doğru 282 overall genel olarak 283 owing to …den dolayı, sayesinde 284 pertaining to …ile ilgili olarak 285 provided …ması şartıyla 286 provided that …ması şartıyla 287 quite oldukça 288 range from…to… …ile…arasında değişmek 289 rather daha ziyade; oldukça 290 rather than …den ziyade 291 regardless of …e bakılmaksızın 292 seldom nadiren 293 similar to …e benzer 294 similarly benzer şekilde 295 since …den beri, ..dığı için, çünkü 296 so dolayısıyla, böylece, çok, öyle 297 so…as… ….kadar… (olumsuz cümle) 298 so as to …mek için (+V1) 299 so far şimdiye kadar 300 so far as …dığı kadarıyla (as far as) 301 so little çok az 302 so long as …dığı sürece (as long as) 303 so much çok fazla 304 so much as …kadar çok 305 so much more çok daha fazla 306 so that …sın diye 307 so…that öylesine … ki 308 some bazı, biraz 309 some of …ın birazı / bazıları 310 someone birisi 311 still hala; yine de 312 such böyle, böylesine, öyle 313 such …that öylesine … ki 314 such as örneğin, ...gibi 315 suppose that farzet ki … sa



316 supposing farzet ki … sa 317 surprisingly enough işin ilginç yanı 318 thanks to …sayesinde 319 that bu, şu, o, ki o, ki, …ması / cağı / dığı 320 that is yani 321 the more …the more ne kadar…o kadar… 322 the one o kişi, o şey 323 the other diğer, diğeri 324 the others diğerleri 325 the same aynı 326 the same as …ile aynı 327 their onların 328 theirs onlarınki 329 them onları, onlara 330 themselves kendileri 331 then o zaman, daha sonra 332 therefore bu yüzden 333 they onlar 334 those şunlar; insanlar 335 though …e rağmen, ..sa da 336 throughout …boyunca 337 thus bu yüzden, böylece 338 to a large extent büyük ölçüde 339 to such an extent öylesine bir ölçüde 340 to which …ki ona 341 too çok 342 too…to V1 …mayacak kadar çok 343 too much çok fazla 344 towards …e doğru 345 unless …medikçe, …mezse 346 unlike …ın aksine 347 until …e kadar 348 up to …e kadar, …e bağlı 349 up to this time bu zamana kadar 350 upwards yukarıya doğru 351 us bizi, bize 352 very çok, …ta kendisi 353 very little çok az 354 we biz 355 what ne, şey, hangi 356 whatever ne..sa..sın 357 what's more dahası 358 whatsoever falan, filan, ya da her neyse 359 what's more dahası 360 when …dığı zaman, ne zaman, ki o zaman 361 whenever ne zaman…sa…sın 362 where nereye, nereye, ki orada / oraya 363 whereas oysa, …e rağmen 364 whereby ki bu sayede 365 wherever nereye / nerede…sa…sın 366 whether …ıp…ımadığı 367 whether…or… …ıp…ımadığı; ister…ister… 368 which ki o / onu / ona; hangi



369 whichever hangi…sa…sın 370 while …ken, oysa, …e rağmen 371 who kim, kimi, kime, ki o / onu / ona 372 whoever kim…sa…sın 373 whomsoever falan, filan, ya da her kimse 374 whom kimi, kime 375 whose kimin 376 why neden, ki bu yüzden 377 whyever niçin…sa…sın 378 with a view to …mek için (+Ving) 379 with reference to …ile ilgili olarak 380 with regard to …ile ilgili olarak 381 with respect to …ile ilgili olarak 382 with the exception of …haricinde / dışında 383 with the idea that …fikri ile 384 with whom ki onunla 385 yet henüz; fakat 386 your senin / sizin 387 yours seninki / sizinki



YDS İÇİN EN ÖNEMLİ BAĞLAÇLAR TABLOSU TENSE BAĞLAÇLARI KOŞUL BAĞLAÇLARI SEBEP-SONUÇ BAĞLAÇLARI ZITLIK BAĞLAÇLARI A.F.S.B. PARALEL YAPILAR

when just as if otherwise because therefore although nevertheless moreover neither . . . nor – dığı zaman –tam ... ki (eğer) -se,sa yoksa = or = or else çünkü, -den dolayı bu yüzden -e rağmen ancak dahası ne..ne de

while once unless without as thus though nonetheless furthermore either . . . or –ken -dığında, -medikçe/mezse -siz/sız çünkü, -den dolayı bu yüzden -e rağmen, ancak ancak dahası ya..ya da/ne..ne de

as -ar ... maz, providing (that) but for since hence even though yet further both . . . and –ken, -dıkça -den sonra -ması şartıyla -siz/sız çünkü, -den dolayı bu yüzden -e rağmen ancak, yine de dahası hem..hem de

after now that provided (that) if it weren’t for due to consequently much as on the contrary in addition not only . . . but also –dıkdan sonra –madem ki, -ması şartıyla ...olmasa -den dolayı bu yüzden -e rağmen aksine dahası sadece..değil aynı zamanda ..da

before -dığına göre, as long as if it hadn’t been for owing to so while on the other hand what is more whether . . . or –meden önce -den dolayı -dığı sürece ...olmasaydı -den dolayı dolayısıyla -e rağmen, oysa öte yandan dahası ister..ister

until no sooner .... than .... so long as ın case because of now that whereas contrary to besides not . . . but –e kadar –ar ... maz -dığı sürece -r diye -den dolayı madem ki, -den dolayı -e rağmen, oysa -ın aksine dahası, -e ek olarak ..değil..

by the time hardly .... when .... on condition that so that=in order that thanks to seeing that despite conversely in addition to –dığında –ar ... maz -ması şartıyla -sın diye sayesinde madem ki, -den dolayı -e rağmen aksine -e ek olarak –e kadar barely .... when .... suppose (that) lest by reason of inasmuch as in spite of in contrast to as well as

as soon as –ar ... maz farzet ki…sa …r korkusuyla -den dolayı -den dolayı -e rağmen -ın aksine -e ek olarak –ar ... maz scarcely .... when .... supposing (that) for fear that by virtue of in view of notwithstanding unlike also

the moment –ar ... maz farzet ki…sa …r korkusuyla -den dolayı -gözönüne alındığında -e rağmen -ın aksine ayrıca –ar ... maz since even if as if on account of as a result however in contrast the instant -den beri -sa bile ... miş gibi -den dolayı sonuç olarak ancak aksine –ar ... maz as whether ... or not as though as a result of instead still the minute -dıkça ister ... ister ... ... miş gibi -ın sonucu olarak yerine ancak, yine de –ar ... maz during what if as a consequence but

immediately - boyunca ya .... sa ? sonuç olarak ancak, yine de –ar ... maz for only if for

-dır, -lığına ancak eğer ... sa çünkü if only as a consequence of keşke…sa -ın sonucu olarak

www.twitter.com/seyfihoca



IF CLAUSE YAPILARI

TYPE 0 If Clause Main Clause do / does do / does can do TYPE 1 If Clause Main Clause do / does will do/be done am / is / are doing will be doing / will have done have / has done will have been doing can do/ have to do/ must do/ should do may do / might do be to do can do/could do must do / have to do / have got to do should do / ought to do / had better do Emir, rica, tavsiye ve öneri ifadeleri

TYPE 2

If Clause Main Clause was / were would do, would be doing did would be able to do, would have to do was / were to do could do/be done/be doing was / were doing might do/be done/be doing could do had to do should do

TYPE 3

If Clause Main Clause had done would have done/been done/been doing had been doing could have done/been done/been doing had had to do might have done/been done/been doing had been able to do would have had to do could have done would have been able to do

TYPE MIX (3 / 2) If Clause Main Clause had done would do/be done/be doing had been doing would be able to do had had to do would have to do had been able to do could do/be done/be doing might do/be done/be doing

TYPE MIX (2 / 3) If Clause Main Clause was / were would have done/been done/been doing did could have done/been done/been doing was / were to do was / were doing had to do Not: Bu kullanımların dışında IF sözcüğünün MADEM Kİ anlamında kullanıldığı farklı yapılarla da karşılaşabilirsiniz.



MODAL VE SEMI-MODAL KULLANIMLARI VE TÜRKÇE KARŞILIKLARI

İŞLEVİ ÇEVİRİSİ

1 are/is used to doing alışkanlık yapmaya alışkındır

2 aren't / isn't supposed to do yasaklama yapmaman gerekir

3 can do yetenek/izin/olasılık yapabilir

4 can't do yeteneksizlik/yasaklama/imkansız yapamaz

5 can't have done mantıksal çıkarım yapmış olamaz

6 could do

geçmiş yetenek yapabilirdi, yapabiliyordu (eskiden)

7 şimdi olasılık yapabilir

8 could have done

olasılık yapmış olabilir

9 gücü yetme yapabilirdi (isteseydi)

10 couldn't have done

mantıksal çıkarım yapmış olamaz

11 yetenek yapamazdı (isteseydi de)

12 couldn't do

yetenek yapamadı

13 olasılık yapamaz

14 dare to do cesaret etme yapmaya cesaret eder

15 daren't do cesaret etme yapmaya cesaret edemez

16 didn't have to do gereklilik olmayışı yapmasına gerek kalmadı

17 didn't need to do gereklilik olmayışı yapmasına gerek kalmadı

18 didn't use to do alışkanlık olmayışı eskiden yapmazdı

19 don't have to do zorunluluk olmayışı yapmak zorunda değil

20 don't need to do zorunluluk olmayışı yapmak zorunda değil

21 had better (not) do tavsiye yapmasa/yapsa iyi olur

22 had to do zorunluluk yapmak zorunda kaldı

23 have got to do zorunluluk yapmak zorunda

24 have to do zorunluluk yapmak zorunda

25 have/has been able to do yetenek yapabiliyor/yapabilmekte

26 haven't got to do zorunluluk olmayışı yapmak zorunda değil

27 is/are able to do yetenek yapabilir

28 is/are to do zorunluluk yapmak zorunda/yapacak

29 isn't/aren’t supposed to do yasaklama yapmaması gerekir

30 managed to do zor şeylerin üstesinden gelme yapabildi

31 may be doing olasılık yapıyor olabilir

32 may have done olasılık yapmış olabilir

33 may not do olasılık/yasaklama yapmayabilir/yapmamalı

34 might be able to do olasılık+yetenek yapabilir

35 might be doing olasılık yapıyor olabilir

36 might do olasılık yapabilir

37 might have done olasılık yapmış olabilir

38 must be doing mantıksal çıkarım yapıyor olmalı

39 must do zorunluluk yapmalı

40 must not do mantıksal çıkarım yapmamalı

41 must have been doing mantıksal çıkarım yapıyor olmuş olmalı

42 must have done mantıksal çıkarım yapmış olmalı



43 must not have done mantıksal çıkarım yapmamış olmalı

44 mustn't do yasaklama/emir yapma ! /yapmamalı

45 needn't do gereklilik olmayışı yapması gerekmez

46 needn't have done gerek kalmama yapmasına gerek yoktu

47 ought not to do tavsiye yapmasa iyi olur

48 ought to do tavsiye yapsa iyi olur

49 ought to have been doing azarlama/fırça/sitem yapıyor olmalıydı

50 should be doing tavsiye/beklenti yapıyor olsa iki olur/olsa gerek

51 should do tavsiye/beklenti yapsa iyi olur

52 should have been doing azarlama/fırça/sitem yapıyor olmalıydı

53 should have done azarlama/fırça/sitem yapmalıydı

54 shouldn't do tavsiye/yasaklama yapmamalı/yapmasa iyi olur

55 shouldn't have done azarlama/fırça/sitem yapmamalıydı

56 used to do alışkanlık eskiden yapardı

57 was able to do zor şeylerin üstesinden gelme yapabildi

58 was supposed to do azarlama/fırça/sitem yapmalıydı/yapması gerekirdi

59 was/were to do azarlama/fırça/sitem yapmalıydı/yapacaktı

60 wasn't able to do üstesinden gelememe yapamadı

61 wasn't / weren't to do azarlama/fırça/sitem yapmamalıydı/yapmayacaktı

62 wasn't/weren't supposed to do azarlama/fırça/sitem yapmamalıydı

63 were able to do zor şeylerin üstesinden gelme yapabildi

64 will have been able to do yetenek yapabilmiş olacak

65 will have to do zorunda kalacak olma yapmak sorunda kalacak

66 would do alışkanlık eskiden yapardı

67 would have done koşul/gelecek yapardı/yapacaktı

68 would prefer to be doing tercih yapıyor olmayı tercih eder

69 would prefer to do tercih yapmayı tercih eder

70 would prefer to have done tercih/pişmanlık yapmış olmayı tercih ederdi

71 would rather be doing şimdiki zamanda tercih yapıyor olmayı tercih ederdi

72 would rather do şimdiki zamanda tercih yapmayı tercih eder

73 would rather have done keşke yapmış olmayı tercih ederdi

74 would rather not do şimdiki zamanda tercih yapmamayı tercih eder

75 wouldn't have done koşul/gelecek yapmazdı/yapmayacaktı Not: Yer darlığı nedeniyle listede sadece önemli olduğu düşünülen yapılara yer verilmiştir. Kimi yapıların listede olmaması o yapıların İngilizce’de bulunmadığı anlamına gelmez.



NON-PROGRESSIVE VERBS

"Continuous Tense" lerinin sorgulandığı sorularda hata yapmanıza sebep olabilecek en önemli konu -ing takısı alamayan fiillerdir. Bu gruba giren fiiller “Non-Progressive Verbs” olarak adlandırılır. Burada dikkat edilmesi gereken konu şudur: Bazı filler kural gereği -ing takısı alamazken, diğerleri anlamları yorumlandığında bu takı ile kullanılamazlar. Başka bir deyişle, ilk gruba gelen fiilleri ezberlemeniz yeterli iken, ikinci gruba giren fiillerde fiil ile nesnesini birlikte düşünerek anlamsal bir yorumlama yapmak gerekir.

KURAL GEREĞİ -İNG TAKISI ALAMAYAN FİİLLER

ANLAMLARI YORUMLANDIĞINDA

-İNG ALAMAYABİLEN FİİLLER acknowledge owe abandon assume promise arrive believe refuse begin decide seem collide distinguish sound complete doubt weigh crash feel abhor cut forget appreciate disappear imagine care discover know desire enter mean detest exist need dislike expel notice envy explode prefer fear fall realise forgive find recognise hate finish remember give up suppose like graduate think loathe hire understand love hit want mind join advise wish jump appear lend be belong meet consist of have open contain own pass cost possess promote decline start exist feel stop include hear turn up look see vanish

smell wound taste

N.B: İtalik olarak işaretlenenler ender kullanımlarda -ing takısı alabilirler.



THAT ALABİLEN FİİLLER accept that kabul etmek acknowledge that kabul etmek add that ilave etmek admit that gerund kabul etmek advise that inf-shld öğütlemek, tavsiye et. allege that iddia etmek announce that will duyurmak answer that cevaplamak anticipate that önceden tahmin et. appear that inf-özne it … gibi görünmek appreciate that takdir etmek argue that iddia etmek arrange that düzenlemek assert that iddia etmek assume that varsaymak assure s.o. that will güvence vermek believe that (wh) will inanmak bet that bahse girmek caution that uyarmak certify that belgelemek charge that suçlamak claim that iddia etmek command that talimat vermek comment that yorumlamsk complain that şikayet etmek conclude that sonlandırmak confess that gerund itiraf etmek confirm that onaylamak contend that ileri sürmek convince s.o. that ikna etmek decide that karar vermek declare that will ilan etmek deduce that çıkarsama yapmak demand that shld talep etmek demonstrate that göstermek deny that inkar etmek determine that belirlemek discover that keşfetmek doubt that şüphelenmek dream that hayal kurmak ensure that sağlamak envisage that öngörmek establish that belirlemek estimate that rakam tahmin etmek expect that will ummak explain that (wh) why açıklamak fancy that hayal etmek fear that korkmak feel that hissetmek figure out that anlamak find out that (wh) öğrenmek forecast that tahmin etmek foresee that önceden tahmin forget that unutmak gather that anlamak guarantee that garanti etmek

guess that will tahmin etmek happen that özne it alır it happens to me that bana öyle geliyor ki hear that duymak hint that ima etmek hope that will ummak hypothesize that hipotezde bulunmak imagine that hayal etmek imply that ima etmek indicate that göstermek infer that sonuç çıkarmak inform s.o. that bilgilendirmek insist that shld ısrar etmek judge that yargılamak know that (wh) bilmek learn that (wh) öğrenmek maintain that ileri sürmek mean that demek istemek mention that bahsetmek notice that (wh) fark etmek notify s.o. that işaret etmek object that karşı çıkmak observe that gözlemlemek occur to that özne it alır it occurs to me that bana öyle geliyor ki order that shld emretmek perceive that algılamak pledge that söz vermek point out that işaret etmek postulate that ileri sürmek predict that will önceden tahmin prefer that tercih etmek presume that sanmak presuppose that sanmak pretend that rol yapmak pretend that mış gibi yapmak promise that will söz vermek propose that shld teklif etmek prove that (wh) ortaya çıkmak rule that hükme varmak reckon düşünmek realise that (wh) farketmek recall that hatırlamak recollect that hatırlamak recommend that shld tavsiye temek reflect that yansıtmak regret that pişman olmak remark that işaret etmek remember that (wh) hatırlamak remind s.o. that hatırlatmak reply that cevap vermek report that rapor etmek request that shld rica etmek resolve that karar vermek reveal that açığa çıkartmak say that söylemek



see that (wh) anlamak seem that …gibi görünmek sense that hissetmek show that (wh) göstermek speculate that spekülasyon state that (wh) ifade etmek stipulate that shld ön şart koşmak stress that vurgulamak suggest that (wh) shld önermek suppose that sanmak surmise that özetlemek suspect that şüphelenmek tell s.o. that (wh) söylemek think that (wh) düşünmek threaten that inf tehdit etmek trust that güvenmek turn out that özne it ortaya çıkmak understand that (wh) anlamak urge that shld ısrarla istemek verify that doğrulamak visualize that görselleştirmek warn that uyarmak wish that gizli dilemek, istemek wow that söz vermek THAT ALABİLEN SIFATLAR to be absurd that saçma to be afraid that korkmuş to be amazed that şaşırmış to be annoyed that kızgın to be apparent that belli to be ashamed that utanmış to be aware that farkıda to be certain that emin * to be clear that açık * to be confident that emin * to be conscious that farkında to be convinced that ikna olmuş to be delighted that memnun to be disappointed that hayal kırıklığına

uğramış to be evident that belli, açık * to be excited that heyecanlı to be fortunate that şanslı to be furious that kızgın to be glad that memnun to be happy that mutlu to be impressed that etkilenmiş to be incredible that inanılmaz to be likely that olası * to be natural that doğal to be obvious that açık * to be odd that tuhaf to be optimistic that iyimser to be pleased that memnun to be positive that olumlu to be possible that olası *

to be proud that gururlu to be recommendable that

tavsiye verilebilir

to be sad that üzgün to be shocked that şok olmuş to be sorry that üzgün to be strange that tuhaf to be sure that emin * to be surprised that şaşırmış to be terrified that ürkmüş to be thrilled that cok korkmus to be unaware that farkında olmayan to be unlikely that olası olmayan * to be upset that morali bozuk to be worried that üzüntülü THAT ALABİLEN İSİMLER the allegation that iddia the argument that iddia the assumption that varsayım the belief that inanç the chance that şans the claim that iddia the concern that endişe the conclusion that sonuç the doubt that şüphe the evidence that kanıt the expectation that beklenti the explanation that açıklama the fact that gerçek the fear that korku the hope that umut the idea that fikir the impression that izlenim the indication that gösterge the miracle that mucize the news that haber the notion that olgu the observation that gözlem the opinion that fikir the pity that yazık the possibility that olasılık the prediction that önceden tahmin the premise that iddia the principle that prensip the probability that olasılık the proof that kanıt the reason that neden the recommendation that öneri the relief that rahatlama the rumour that dedikodu the shame that ayıp, yazık the stipulation that ön şart koşma the suggestion that öneri (a good) thing that iyi bir şey the view that görüş the wonder that şaşılacak olay



GERUND ALABİLEN YAPILAR

1. “GERUND” ALABİLEN FİİLLER v + ving detest nefret etmek postpone ertelemek

admit kabul etmek discuss tartışmak practise pratik yapmak anticipate tahmin etmek dislike beğenmemek quit bırakmak appreciate takdir etmek enjoy hoşlanmak recommend önermek avoid kaçınmak excuse bağışlamak resent darılmak busy meşgul olmak finish bitirmek resist direnmek can't help (couldn’t) kendini alamamak forgive affetmek risk riske atmak can't stand dayanamamak fancy hayal etmek stop bırakmak complete tamamlamak involve içermek suggest önermek consider düşünmek keep yapıp durmak tolerate hoş görmek contemplate derin düşünmek mean anlamına gelmek understand anlamak defer ertelemek mention bahsetmek delay geciktirmek mind umursamak deny inkar etmek miss özlemek

2. PREPOSITION’LARDAN SONRA “GERUND” ALABİLEN FİİLLER V+Prep + Ving complain about şikayet etmek look forward to

abstain from …den kaçınmak concentrate on odaklanmak object to apologise for …için özür dilemek consist of …den oluşmak participate in adjust to …e uyarlamak deal with …ile ilgilenmek plan on approve of onaylamak decide against karşı karar almak refer to argue about tartışmak depend on (upon) take advantage of believe in inanmak dream of / about talk about care about umursamak feel like think about / of care for ilgilenmek forget about succeed in comment on yorum yapmak insist on worry about

3. NESNE ALDIKTAN SONRA PREPOSITION ALIP “GERUND” ALABİLEN FİİLLER

V + Obj + Prep. + Ving discourage someone from accuse someone of forgive someone for apologise (to someone) for involve someone in arrest someone for keep someone from engellemek blame someone for prevent someone from charge someone with punish someone for complain (to someone) about stop someone from congratulate someone on suspect someone of deter someone from caydırmak thank someone for devote oneself to warn someone about/aganist

4. PREPOSITION’DAN SONRA “GERUND” ALABİLEN SIFATLAR

Adj. + Prep. + Ving essential to/for keen on accustomed to excellent in/at lazy about afraid of excited about opposed to angry at exposed to proud of appropriate for famous for responsible for -den sorumlu ashamed of fed up with bıkmış similar to aware of feel guilty for/about sorry about be guilty of fond of sorry for bored with generous about successful in capable of good at suitable for concerned about/with grateful to sb for surprised at content with happy about sure of (about) delighted at incapable of terrified of different from interested in tired of (from) envious of jealous of worried about

5. “GO” FİİLİNDEN SONRA, HOBİ BELİRTEN FİİLLER “GERUND” FORMUNDA KULLANILIR.

Go + Ving go camping go sightseeing go shopping go fishing go skating go swimming go hiking go skiing go running go hunting go shooting

6. BAZI İSİMLER PREPOSITION ALMIŞLARSA “GERUND” ALIRLAR.

Noun + Prep + Ving in danger of instead of difficulty in in exchange for -e karşılık olarak interest in excuse for in favour of -ın lehine need for for fear of in return for -e karşılık olarak on account of for the sake of -ın aşkına in spite of on the point of in addition to in the course of reason for in case of -durumunda in the habit of technique for in charge of -den sorumlu in the middle of the point of



7. PREPOSITION OLARAK KULLANILAN “TO” KENDİSİNDEN SONRA “GERUND” ALIR.

V + to + Ving dedicate to Kendini adamak be accustomed to in addition to be used to commit to Kendini adamak look forward to devote to Kendini adamak be opposed to refer to object to İtiraz etmek resort to -e sığınmak have an objection to İtirazı olmak obliged to -e mecbur olmak prefer sth to doing sth

8. BAZI SÖZCÜKLER “PERFECT GERUND” DA ALABİLİR (HAVING DONE/ HAVING BEEN DONE)

accuse of blame for regret admit confess remember apologise for deny thank for appreciate forgive without

* Bu yapılarda eylem sıralaması önemli. Perfect Gerund mutlaka daha önce yapılan eylemi ifade eder.

9. DUYU FİİLLERİ GERUND YA DA TO’SUZ INFINITIVE ALABİLİRLER.

Bu filler eylem baştan sona görüldü/duyuldu vs. ise V1 , eylemin sadece bir bölümü görüldü/duyuldu vs. ise Ving alır. *sadece “Ving” alırlar. (....catch the soldier sleeping on duty).

see watch notice * hear catch * smell * listen feel * spot * observe find *

10. “GERUND” ALABİLEN ÖZEL DEYİMLER VE YAPILAR

DEYİM + Ving It's no use / It is no good + Ving Yararı yok It is not worth + Ving Değmez There is no point in + Ving Anlamı yok a waste of time/money/energy + Ving Bir şeyin heba edilmesi spend / waste time/money/energy + Ving without (-maksınız)/ by (-erek) + Ving for (-mek için) / upon (-ınca) / on (-ınca) + Ving sit / stand / lie + (yer ifadesi) + Ving He was standing in the corner waiting for the results to be announced. Tense Bağlaçları + Ving when, while, after, before, since have fun / have a good time + Ving Zamirlerin 3. grubu + Ving my your his her its our your their busy / difficulty (in) + Ving

“To+INFINITIVE” ALABİLEN YAPILAR

11. “To+INFINITIVE” ALABİLEN FİİLLER

V + to V1 fail recall afford forget refuse agree happen seem aim hesitate struggle appear hope swear Yemin etmek arrange learn threaten attempt manage volunteer Gönüllü olmak claim offer wait decide plan would hate demand prepare would like deserve haketmek pretend would love dread I dread to think proceed would prefer encourage promise endeavour prove

12. NESNE KONUMUNDA İSİM VEYA ZAMİR ALIP “To+INFINITIVE” ALABİLEN FİİLLER [V + ( SOMEONE / SOMETHING ) + “TO V1” ]

V + Noun / Pro. + to V1 enable permit advise encourage persuade allow forbid remind appoint force request convince hire require cause implore show...how to V1 caution instruct teach challenge invite tell compel motivate tempt tahrik etmek command oblige urge direct order warn



13. HEM NESNELİ HEM DE NESNESİZ “To+INFINITIVE” ALABİLEN FİİLLER

V + to V1 V + Nesne + to V1 dare promise ask expect want beg need wish choose prefer would like

14. İNSANLARLA İLGİLİ DURUM BİLDİREN BAZI SIFATLAR “To+INFINITIVE” ALABİLİRLER. Adj. / to V1 disturbed proud

afraid eager ready amazed fortunate relieved rahatlamak anxious glad reluctant ashamed happy ridiculous astonished hard sad careful hesitant shocked certain likely sorry content lucky stunned delighted motivated surprised determined necessary upset disappointed pleased willing istekli disgusted prepared

15. İNSANLARLA İLGİLİ DURUM BİLDİREN BAZI İSİMLER “To+INFINITIVE” ALIRLAR Noun + to V1 determination promise

ability / inability eagerness refusal ambition effort request anxiety failure right attempt offer scheme decision opportunity willingness isteklilik demand permission wish desire plan

16. “To+INFINITIVE” KULLANILABİLEN ÖZEL YAPILAR *Aşağıdaki fiiller TÜM TO’LU INFINITIVELERİ alabilirler. Bir fiillerin PERFECT TO’LU INFINITIVE alabilmeleri için öncelik sıralamasına bakmak gerekir. Bu listede verilen fiiller/sıfatlar sıralamada daha sonra gerçekleşir.

be alleged be known be thought be claimed be said fortunate be estimated be supposed happy be expected be claimed lucky be believed be considered appear/seem/pretend

17. “To+INFINITIVE” KULLANILAN ÖZEL DURUMLAR 1- enough + to V1 / too + to V1 2- Soru kelimeleri to+V1 alır. 3- It is / was sıfat + to V1

4- (___?___)……………, …………………. .

reduction ===> -an / -en (doing, being done, having done, having been done, done) için anlamı ===> to do / to be done (yapmak için)

5- (___?___)………………………………... . -mek/-mak anlamı sorulur ===>(to do, to be done, doing, being done) 18. ETTİRGEN FİİL KALIPLARI = “CAUSATIVES”

have so do sth get so to do sth make so do sth have sth done get sth done be made to do sth

19. “TO’SUZ INFINITIVE” ALABİLEN FİİLLER (V + V1) see help make (Causative) would rather let hear have (Causative) would sooner

20. HEM “GERUND” HEM “To+INFINITIVE” ALIP ANLAM DEĞİŞİKLİĞİ OLANLAR mean Demek istemek, niyet etmek to V1 özne insan

Anlamına gelmek doing (Ving) özne cansız, it

regret

Pişman olmak (geçmişte yapılan bir şey)

doing (Ving) having done

Üzgün olmak (yapacağı bir şeyden) to V1 say, tell, announce, inform,declare gibi sözel eylemler

kullanılır remember recall recollect forget

Yaptığını hatırlamak / unutmak (nostalji)

doing (Ving) having done Verb (sonra), verbal (önce) ise

Yapmayı hatırlamak / unutmak (yükümlülük) to V1 Verb (önce), verbal (sonra) ise

stop Bir şeyi yapmayı bırakmak doing (Ving) drinking / smoking / talking / laughing Bir şeyi yapmak için durmak to V1 sth to smoke / to have lunch

try Denemek doing (Ving) Çabalamak to V1 Yapılmaya çalışılan eylem başarılamamış olabilir.

help Yardım etmek so + to V1 / V1 sth

Kendini alamamak doing (Ving) Can’t help doing =kendimi alamıyorum Couldn’t help doing =kendimi alamadım



21. HEM “GERUND” HEM “To+INFINITIVE” ALIP ANLAMI DEĞİŞMEYENLER

Ving / to V1 dislike love advise dread** need*** allow encourage neglect attempt* forbid permit begin* hate prefer can't bear intend* recommend continue* like start*

* Bu fiiler HEM GERUND HEM “TO+INFINITIVE” alırlar ancak kendilerine –ing geldiyse GERUND almazlar, “TO+INFINITIVE” alırlar ** dread “I dread to think/to imagine” “TO+INFINITIVE” diğer yapıları GERUND alır. *** need özne insansa “TO+INFINITIVE” alır. Özne cansız kavramsa ACTIVE GERUND (Ving), PASSIVE “TO be V3” alır. 22. NESNESİZ GERUND NESNEYLE “TO+INFINITIVE” ALANLAR

V + Ving V + Nesne + to V1 assume/believe forbid advise consider/imagine permit allow encourage recommend



18 DEVRİK CÜMLE TÜRÜ

1. neg intro Never do I sleep.

Only at night can I study. In no way could I help you with your Japanese grammar question. I believe that only rarely will I need your help. Not until I got home did I realize that my shoes were untied.

2. intro adverbial Into the room ran the lady. First comes love, then comes marriage. Down came the rain and washed the spider out.

3. intro –ed Found in San Francisco is Lombard Street, the so-called crookedest street in the world. Lost among the old tables and chairs was the priceless Victorian desk. Located between San Francisco and Marin County is the Golden Gate Bridge.

4. comparatives Cheetahs run faster than do antelopes. You speak Chinese better than do I. Jessica is more interested in Computer Science than is Benjamin.

5. intro comparative

Bigger than an apatosaur is the blue whale. More important than your personal statement is your GPA. No less impressive than the invention of the laser was the development of the wheel.

6. as Megumi is from Japan, as is Sato. So-eun wants to leave early today, as does Oi. If thrown into the water, camels can swim, as can cats.

7. so… that… So happy was I that I bought flowers for everybody in class. So quickly did she leave that we did not even realize was gone. So rarely does a comet appear visible to the naked eye that when one does, it is considered a major event.

8. had, should, were for if-clauses

Had I remembered Tomomi's birthday, she wouldn’t be mad at me now. Should you need a hand, I will be more than happy to help you. Were I you, I think I would study more for your exam tomorrow.

9. there exists, there comes, etc.

There comes a time in every person’s life when she realizes that she is responsible for her own happiness, not other people. Scientists hypothesize that there exists a certain type of particle that can travel faster than the speed of light.

10. here is, here are, here comes, here come

Here is some good food for you to try. Here are the books that I don’t need anymore. Here comes the bus!



11. intro -ing Burning out of control was the forest located in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains. Coming in last in the race was Joe "Elephant Legs" Blow.

12. emphasis Boy am I hungry. Is it ever hot in here! Do you know how to cook!

13. the bigger, the better

The closer an object is to another object, the greater is the gravity between the two objects.

14. questions Is this the last example? Do you enjoy reading these lists? Are we finished yet?

15. "story speech"

“I think it’s time to go,” said Susan. “It’s time for you, but not for me,” replied Gary. “Maybe we should collect our thoughts for a moment,” commented Lany.

16. nor No one has volunteered for the job, nor do we expect anyone to volunteer in the future. Hok-ming cannot speak Portuguese, nor can José speak Cantonese. The zoo regulations will not permit you to touch the animals, nor would most people advise you to do so.

17. "so do I"/ "neither do I."

“So do I.” “So can Terry.” “Neither do most people I know.”

18. intro adjective

Beautiful beyond belief was my baby daughter. Happy about their acceptance into their dream schools were Lany and Tomo. Quick and painless will be your medical procedure.



KOŞUL BAĞLAÇLARI

If (eğer) ...se/sa Tense uyumuna bakılır. Type uyumuna bakılır.

Unless medikçe/mezse =if ..not Yan cümle olumsuz olmaz Zamire ve tense göre çekimlenir Tüm If Type’ları ile kullanılabilir.

Providing (that) (eğer) ...se/sa /şartıyla If gibi çevrilebilir ama daha vurguludur. Her durumda if gibi kullanılmaz. Yaygın olarak Type 1 ile kullanılır.

Provided (that) (eğer) ...se/sa /şartıyla If gibi çevrilebilir ama daha vurguludur. Her durumda if gibi kullanılmaz. Yaygın olarak Type 1 ile kullanılır.

As long as (eğer) ...se/sa /müddetçe If gibi çevrilebilir ama daha vurguludur. Her durumda if gibi kullanılmaz. Yaygın olarak Type 1 ile kullanılır.

So long as (eğer) ...se/sa /müddetçe If gibi çevrilebilir ama daha vurguludur. Her durumda if gibi kullanılmaz. Yaygın olarak Type 1 ile kullanılır.

On condition that şartıyla If gibi çevrilebilir ama daha vurguludur. Her durumda if gibi kullanılmaz. Yaygın olarak Type 1 ile kullanılır.

Suppose (that) farzet ki If gibi çevrilebilir ama daha vurguludur. Her durumda if gibi kullanılmaz. Temel cümlesi soru formunda olur. Yaygın olarak Type 2 ile kullanılır.

Supposing (that) farzet ki If gibi çevrilebilir ama daha vurguludur. Her durumda if gibi kullanılmaz. Temel Cümlesi soru formunda olur. Yaygın olarak Type 2 ile kullanılır

Even if -sa bile Zıtlık Bağlacı gibi kullanılır. Yaygın olarak olumsuz cümlelerle kullanılır. Tüm Type’larla kullanılır. If kalıplarına uyulur.

Whether ... or not ister ... ister ... or mutlaka kullanılır Even if ile eşanlamlıdır. If kalıplarına uyulur.

What if Ya .... sa ? If kalıplarına uyulur ama sadece “if clause” tarafı kullanılır. “Main Clause” tarafındaki modal gizlidir (happen).

Only if ancak (eğer) ... sa başta kullanılırsa temel cümle devrik olur. If kalıplarına uyulur.

If only Keşke =I wish If kurallarına da bakılır.

otherwise = or = or else yoksa, aksi takdirde Sonrasında modal (will, would, could, might etc.) kullanılır Dolaylı koşul mantığı vardır.

but fakat, ama Dolaylı koşul mantığı vardır. Yorumlandığında if anlamı çıkar.

Because, as, since çünkü, -den dolayı, -dığından, -masından ötürü, ması

nedeniyle Dolaylı koşul mantığı vardır. Yorumlandığında if anlamı çıkar.

so...that / such...that O kadar ...ki / öylesine .... ki Dolaylı koşul mantığı vardır. Yorumlandığında if anlamı çıkar.

without+isim= but for+isim -siz/sız, olmadan, olmasa, olmasaydı İsim yada gerund alır. Dolaylı koşul mantığı vardır. Yorumlandığında if anlamı çıkar.



If it weren’t for -siz/sız, olmadan, olmasa İsim alır.

If it hadn’t been for -siz/sız, olmadan, olmasaydı İsim alır.

In case -r diye (Özneye göre çevirisi değişebilir.) Yan cümlesi olasılık temel cümlesi önlem ifade eder. Yan cümlede yaygın olarak spres, can, could, may, might,

should kullanılır (Olasılık ifade eden modallar.). Yan cümlesinde will, would kullanılmaz. Diğer Tense’ler de kullanılabilir. Tense uyumu vardır. If kuralları geçerli değildir.

So that -sın diye (Özneye göre çevirisi değişebilir.) =in order that Tüm tense ve modal yapılar kullanılabilir. ,so that “böylece, dolayısıyla” olarak çevrilir. If kuralları geçerli değildir.

Lest = For fear that korkusuyla Yan cümlesi olasılık temel cümlesi önlem ifade eder. Çoğu zaman in case ile aynı anlamda kullanılır. Yan cümlede yaygın olarak can, could, may, might, should

kullanılır (Olasılık ifade eden Modallar). Yan cümlesinde will, would kullanılmaz. Diğer tense’ler de kullanılabilir. Tense uyumu vardır. If kuralları geçerli değildir.

Had = devrik Type 3 If kullanılmadan koşul anlamı vardır. Cümle başında ya da ortasında kullanılabilir.

Were = devrik Type 2 If kullanılmadan koşul anlamı vardır. Cümle başında ya da ortasında kullanılabilir.

Should = devrik Type 1/2 If kullanılmadan koşul anlamı vardır. Cümle başında ya da ortasında kullanılabilir.

As if = As though ... miş gibi/sanki ...gibi Belirli fiillerden sonra yaygın olarak kullanılır. Örneğin : look appear pretend seem talk speak describe behave treat feel sound taste Durumun real yada imaginary olup olmadığına dikkat

edilmelidir. Öncesi Past ise onrası da Past’tır. Past Perfect Tense kullanılırken durumun imaginary

olmasına ek olarak eylem sırasına da bakılmalıdır. Imagınary durumlarda normalde kullanılması gereken

Tense’in bir derece past’ı kullanılır. As if that isn’t enough = Sanki tüm bunlar yetmiyormuş gibi



YAYGIN EDİLGEN FİİL KALIPLARI (STATIVE PASSIVES)

be absorbed in sth : bir şeye kendini kaptırmak be accustomed to sth/so : alışkın olmak be acquainted with sth/so : aşina olmak be addicted to sth/so : müptela, bağımlı olmak be amazed at sth : çok şaşırmak be annoyed at / about sth : kızmak be annoyed with so : kızmak be associated with sth : ilişkili olmak be astonished at sth : şaşırmak be based on sth : -e dayalı olmak be blessed with sth : -ile kutsanmak, Allah vergisi be bored with sth : canı sıkılmak be committed to sth/so : kendini adamak be composed of sth : -den oluşmak be concerned about sth : kaygılanmak be concerned with sth : ilgilenmek, ilgili olmak be confused with sth : kafası karışmak be connected to so/sth : akraba, bağlantılı olmak be connected with sth : bağlantılı, ilgili olmak be convinced of sth : ikna olmak be coordinated with sth : -ile uyumlu olmak be covered with sth : -ile kapatmak be covered in sth : -ile kaplı olmak, kapatmak be crowded with so : ile dolu olmak be dedicated to so/sth : kendini adamak be delighted at / with : -den memnun olmak be derived from sth : -den türemek be devoted to so/sth : kendini adamak be disappointed in/with so : hayal kırıklığına uğramak be disappointed at/about sth : hayal kırıklığına uğramak be discriminated against so : ayrımcılık yapmak be disgusted at / with so : tiksinmek be disgusted at sth : tiksinmek be divorced from so : boşanmak be done with sth : işi bitmek, tamamlamak be dressed in sth : giyinmek be engaged to so : nişanlı olmak be equipped with sth : donanmış olmak be excited about sth : heyecanlanmak be exposed to sth : maruz kalmak be filled with : -ile dolu olmak be finished with sth : -ile işi bitmek be furnished with sth : döşenmiş be impressed with sth : etkilenmek

be interested in sth : ilgilenmek be involved in sth : karışmak, bulaşmak be known for sth : -ile tanınmak be limited to sth : -ile sınırlı olmak be made from (if the raw material changes chemically as well as physically) : -den oluşmak be made of (if there is only physical change in the raw material) : -den oluşmak be made out of (if you alter an item, and use it with a different aim) : -den oluşmak be married to so : -ile evli olmak be obliged to so : minnettar olmak be opposed to sth/so : -e karşı olmak be pleased about / with sth : -den memnun olmak be prepared for sth : -e hazır olmak be provided with sth : sağlanmak, temin edilmek be related to sth / so : bağlantılı, akraba olmak be remembered for sth : -ile hatırlanmak be satisfied with sth : -den memnun olmak be scared of so/sth : -den korkmak be separated from sth/so : -den ayrı olmak, ayrılmak be shocked at sth : çok şaşırmak be surprised at sth : şaşırmak be synchronized with sth : ile uyum içinde olmak be terrified of sth/so : çok korkmak be thrilled at / with sth : çok heyecanlanmak be tired of sth : -den bıkmak be tired from sth : -den yorulmak be troubled with sth/so : -ile başı belada olmak be upset with so/sth : hayal kırıklığına uğramak be used to sth/so : -e alışkın olmak be worried about sth : kaygılanmak, endişelenmek



İNGİLİZCE’DE TENSE YAPILARI

PRESENT TENSES PAST TENSES

The Simple Present Tense

Özne + fiil¹ (s/es/ies) + nesne ) Örnek : He speaks English fluently.

The Simple Past Tense

( Özne + fiil ² + nesne ) Örnek: They cleaned all the room properly.

The Present Progressive Tense

( Özne + am/is/are+fiil¹ + ing + nesne ) Örnek :They are chatting on the balcony.

The Past Progressive Tense

( Özne +was/were +fiil¹ + ing + nesne ) Örnek :They were chatting on the balcony.

The Present Perfect Tense

( Özne + have/has + fiil³+ nesne ) Örnek : She is upset because she has lost her dearest ring.

The Past Perfect Tense

( Özne + had + fiil³+ nesne ) Örnek : She was upset because she had lost her dearest ring.

The Present Perfect Progressive Tense

( Özne + have/has + been + fiil¹ + ing + nesne) Örnek : My hands are dirty because I have been cleaning the chimney.

The Past Perfect Progressive Tense

( Özne + had + been + fiil¹ + ing + nesne ) Örnek : Her eyes were red. It was clear that she had been studying for hours.

will would

can could

may might

WILL KULLANIMLARI

will

+ V1 THE SIMPLE FUTURE

+ be Ving THE FUTURE PROGRESSIVE

+ have V3 THE FUTURE PERFECT

+ have been Ving THE FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE



WOULD KULLANIMLARI]

would

1-will’ in Tense olarak

Past’ı

2-If Clause’larda

Type 2 ve Type 3 ile

3- Rica ifade eden

cümlelerde

4-Bazı kalıplaşmış ifadelerde

(would rather)5- Alışkanlık

ifade etmek için “used to”

ile aynı anlamda

6- Dolaylı Koşul ifade

eden durumlarda

7- “Wish Clause” larda

8- Rica ve kibarlık ifade etmek için



TIME ADVERBIALS [ZAMAN BAĞLAÇLARI] TIME ADVERBIALS [ZAMAN BAĞLAÇLARI] VE KULLANIM KALIPLARI

TENSE BAĞLAÇLARI

TEN

SE K

ULL

AN

IM K

ALI

PLA

RI

[YA

N C

ÜMLE

T

EMEL

CÜM

LE]

S

impl

e Pr

esen

t w

ill V

1

P

rese

nt P

erfe

ct

will

V1

S

impl

e Pa

st

Sim

ple

Past

P

rese

nt P

rogr

essi

ve

will

V1

S

impl

e Pa

st

Pas

t Per

fect

S

impl

e Pr

esen

t S

impl

e Pr

esen

t

P

ast P

erfe

ct

Sim

ple

Past

P

ast P

rogr

essi

ve

Sim

ple

Past

P

ast P

rogr

essi

ve

Pas

t Pro

gres

sive

S

impl

e Pa

st

Pas

t Pro

gres

sive

Pre

sent

Per

fect

w

ill h

ave

V³

Sim

ple

Pres

ent

will

hav

e V³

Sim

ple

Past

P

rese

nt P

erfe

ct

When –dığı zaman, –dığında, – ınca

While –ken As –ken After –den sonra Before –den önce Until –e kadar, –e dek/değin By the time –dığında = when –e kadar = until

(will be)

(will be)

As soon as –ar ... maz The moment –ar ... maz The instant –ar ... maz The minute –ar ... maz Immediately –ar ... maz Just as –tam ... ki was/were about to Once -dığında, -ar ... maz, -den sonra

Now that –madem ki, -dığına göre, -den dolayı

No sooner .... than .... –ar ... maz

Hardly .... when .... –ar ... maz

Barely .... when .... –ar ... maz

Scarcely .... when .... –ar ... maz

Since -den beri As -dıkça

Tabloda DİKEY SÜTUN’da verilenler Bağlaçlar, YATAY SÜTUN’da verilenler ise Tense Kalıpları’dır. [] işareti, sözkonusu kalıbın aynı hizada yer alan bağlaçla kullanılabileceğini, [] işareti ise kalıbın kullanılamayacağını göstermektedir.

Seyfi Hoca ileOnline YDS Grubu

DİL BİLGİSİ

Documents

ONLINE - dilsemyds.comdilsemyds.com/fotolar/ds_5547468f27416.pdf · Eskişehir Dilsem Dil Kursu 0 222 221 41 02 4 23- The age at which puberty begins seems to be influenced by a child’s