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OCLC
Technical Services
Forum, London
18 November 2009
Karen CalhounVice President, WorldCat & Metadata Services, OCLC
Online Catalogues: What Users and Librarians Want Online Catalogues: What Users and Librarians Want
• Why have we built collections?
• Collection development means “to privilege particular objects as being more useful or reliable than others”
• How is privileging possible when the universe is accessible in 5 seconds?
• Do we know what the collection is?
Ross Atkinson, 1946-2006 Community, Collaboration, and Collections Ross Atkinson, 1946-2006 Community, Collaboration, and Collections
http://ecommons.library.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/2608/1/Atkinson_Talk.pdf
Janus Conference
“None of these challenges can be met by research libraries working independently. They can only be confronted collectively … Collection development has gone as far as it can go by operating as a set of unilateral city states.”
OutlineOutline
1. What is the future of library collections and online catalogues?
2. What sorts of materials do scholars, students, and citizens use? How are libraries doing at providing these?
3. User-centered design and “quality” in the user workflow from discovery to delivery
4. What are OCLC’s strategies for helping libraries support discovery and delivery of quality information?
Trends in Librarianship and LibrariesTrends in Librarianship and Libraries
Competition for Resources to Assign to New Initiatives in Libraries Competition for Resources to Assign to New Initiatives in Libraries
• Engage with institutional or community-based repositories
• Scholarly publishing expertise/communications
• Support for digital asset management in the communities served
• New services for [fill in the blank]
• Develop new alliances, partnerships
• Reveal “hidden collections”
• Integrate library into learning management systems, teaching and research, portals, scholar’s workstation, personal productivity tools
• 24/7 access
• Major space renovation
• Offsite storage
• Next generation systems
Source Mackenzie Smith, NISO Forum on LRMS ©MIT, 2009
A TIME OF TRANSITION FOR LIBRARY COLLECTIONS AND CATALOGUES A TIME OF TRANSITION FOR LIBRARY COLLECTIONS AND CATALOGUES
Photo: Quite Adepthttp://www.flickr.com/photos/quiteadept/4082692761/
What’s the Value of the Print Collections and Collection- Centered Services? Median Circulation and Reference Transactions in ARL Libraries 1991-2008, With Five Year Forecast
What’s the Value of the Print Collections and Collection- Centered Services? Median Circulation and Reference Transactions in ARL Libraries 1991-2008, With Five Year Forecast
Data source: ARL Statistics 2007-2008http://www.arl.org/bm~doc/arlstat08.pdf
“65% of information requestsoriginate off-campus”--Discoverability report, p. 4
What’s the Value of the Print Collections?What’s the Value of the Print Collections?
$108 millionRenovation of OhioState University Library:“The books had come to clutter thelibrary”
http://chronicle.com/blogPost/Library-Renovation-at Ohio/4700
Percentage Change in Median Resources Per Student at ARL Libraries, 2000-2008 (Compared to 2000)
Percentage Change in Median Resources Per Student at ARL Libraries, 2000-2008 (Compared to 2000)
Change in Staff, Volumes Added, Monographs Purchased Per Student
Change in E-Serials ExpendituresPer Student
Data source: ARL Statistics 2007-2008http://www.arl.org/bm~doc/arlstat08.pdf
An Early Earthquake: Where Do You Begin an Online Search for Information on a Topic?
An Early Earthquake: Where Do You Begin an Online Search for Information on a Topic?
Starting an Information Search
89
20
20
40
60
80
100
Search engine Library Web site
Where Search Begins
Perc
ent
(2005) College Students’ Perceptions of Libraries and Information Resources: a Report to the OCLC Membership: http://www.oclc.org/reports/perceptionscollege.htm
What Types of Collections Do Catalogues Generally Describe? What Types of Collections Do Catalogues Generally Describe?
Types of Materials Described in the WorldCat Cataloguing Database, 1999-2008
Will the Catalogue Survive In Its Present Form? “Within the next five years …
Will the Catalogue Survive In Its Present Form? “Within the next five years …
…there will no longer be a monolithic library Web site. Instead library data will be pushed out to many starting places on the Web and directly to users.”
--Provocative Statement #6, Taiga Forum
…we’ll be past the notion that the online catalog is the way you find things in libraries.”
--Interviewee for LC report
http://www.taigaforum.org/documents/ProvocativeStatements.pdfhttp://www.loc.gov/catdir/calhoun-report-final.pdf, p. 35
Revised Google Books Settlement, 14 November 2009 Revised Google Books Settlement, 14 November 2009
• Includes digitized books from the US, UK, Australia and Canada
• Will create an independent, non-profit Book Rights Registry (BRR) to locate and represent rightholders
• Provides for the sale of institutional subscriptions for online access
WHAT SORTS OF MATERIALS ARE BEING USED? HOW ARE LIBRARIES DOING AT PROVIDING THESE?
WHAT SORTS OF MATERIALS ARE BEING USED? HOW ARE LIBRARIES DOING AT PROVIDING THESE?
The National Science Digital Library (U.S.)
Rising Interest in Digital Collections on the BnF and LC Web Sites Rising Interest in Digital Collections on the BnF and LC Web Sites
Source: Alexa.com, 15 Nov 2009
Where do people go on bnf.fr and loc.gov?
BnF:Expositions: 30%Catalogue: 26%Gallica: 26%
LC:American Memory: 41%Catalog: 17%Legislative information (THOMAS): 6%
Open Access Repositories Gaining Visibility and Impact Open Access Repositories Gaining Visibility and Impact
Sources: Alexa.com 15 Nov 2009 and the Cybermetrics Lab’s ranking of top Repositories (disciplinary and institutional) athttp://repositories.webometrics.info/about.html
2008-2009 TrafficCompared:
*Social Science ResearchNetwork
*arXiv.org*Research Papers in
Economics*British Library (bl.uk)
Institutionalrepository
Digital collections
CitationDBs
Full Text DBs E-books
An Increasingly Complex, Demanding Local Environment to Support An Increasingly Complex, Demanding Local Environment to Support
Onlinecatalog
ILS Acquisitions dataCirc/status dataPrint holdings data
Link resolver
KnowledgeBase(s)
E-resource management system (ERM)
The end user perspective: a fragmented, confusing library landscape The end user perspective: a fragmented, confusing library landscape
InstitutionalRepository
Digital collections
Web Lists
CitationDBs
Full Text DBs
E-books
OnlineCatalogRecords
OnlineCatalogRecords
PrintedBooks &Serials, AV, Maps.Etc.
(sometimes)
USER-CENTERED DESIGN AND “QUALITY” IN THE WORKFLOW FROM DISCOVERY TO DELIVERY
USER-CENTERED DESIGN AND “QUALITY” IN THE WORKFLOW FROM DISCOVERY TO DELIVERY
Source of image and tag line: Experientia web site
Today’s libraries exist in physical and virtual space. A library is thus both a manifest place and an experienceof real, but intangible, “cyberspace” for those who interact with it. One may describe a library system in termsof the relationships between users, collections, library staff,and space, with “space” defined both as buildings and as virtual, networked information space.
--Cornell University Library. 2003. MAS2010: Models for AcademicSupport: Report to the Mellon Foundationhttp://www.library.cornell.edu/MAS/MAS2010%20Final%20Report.pdf
Another Type of Space: : The Virtual Library (Embedded, on the Web) Another Type of Space: : The Virtual Library (Embedded, on the Web)
Core Values
“Discoverability” Report: University of Minnesota Libraries, February 2009 http://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/48258
“Discoverability” Report: University of Minnesota Libraries, February 2009 http://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/48258
Trends
DISCOVERING RESOURCES OUTSIDE LIBRARY SYSTEMS DISCOVERING RESOURCES OUTSIDE LIBRARY SYSTEMS
Geocentric/Aristotelian view:The local catalog is thesun
Heliocentric/Copernican view:The local catalogis a planet
Data Synchronization and Syndication Data Synchronization and Syndication
WorldCat & WorldCat Partners…
Data synch
Many other partners
Wikipedia
What is Syndication?What is Syndication?
Low resolution image of copyrighted work used for commentary on the topicof syndication. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Features_Syndicate
For news features like comics, syndication publishes the feature in multiple newspapers simultaneously.
Web syndication makes website material available to multiple other sites.
WorldCat PartnersWorldCat Partners
Google, Google Books, Google Scholar HCI Bibliography :
Human-Computer Interaction Resources
http://www.oclc.org/worldcatorg/overview/partnersites/default.htm
WorldCat: Global Integrator, Driving Searches to Libraries WorldCat: Global Integrator, Driving Searches to Libraries
Pushing metadata out, pulling users in:
It’s all about linking metadata
USERS EXPECT DISCOVERY AND DELIVERY TO COINCIDE USERS EXPECT DISCOVERY AND DELIVERY TO COINCIDE
“Quality” in the User Workflow from Discovery to Delivery “Quality” in the User Workflow from Discovery to Delivery
Library user studies suggest that users expect finding and getting information they want, when and where they want it, to be easy and convenient.
These users’ tolerance for barriers to easy andconvenient discovery and delivery is limited.
“A colleague … sang the praises of the digital world to us. He can now, he told us, get direct access to information …His enthusiasm had screened out an enormous array of people, organizations, and institutions involved in this “direct” touch. The university, the library, publishers, editors, referees, authors, the computer and infrastructure designers, the cataloguers and library collection managers, right down to the students working their way through college by [working in the library] had no place in his story.”
Brown, John Seely, and Paul Duguid. 2000. The social life of information. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
The (invisible) cloud of
complexity on the global
metadata network
The (invisible) cloud of
complexity on the global
metadata network
An End to End View of a High Quality Discovery to Delivery Process An End to End View of a High Quality Discovery to Delivery Process
TextPrintLicensedDigitalArchival
DataImagesSoundVideoMultimediaObjectsMore
Expectation:Easily Find It AND Easily
Get It
THE CATALOGUE IN TRANSITION THE CATALOGUE IN TRANSITION
Who is using the catalog?Who is using the catalog?
Meet the “user” – primary personas of worldcat.org Meet the “user” – primary personas of worldcat.org
Online Catalogs: What Users and Librarians Want Online Catalogs: What Users and Librarians Want
End-Users expect online catalogs:
to look like popular Web sites
to have summaries, abstracts, tables of contents
to link directly to needed information
Librarians expect online catalogs:
to serve end users’ information needs
to help staff carry out work responsibilities
to have accurate, structured data
to exhibit classical principles of organization
http://www.oclc.org/us/en/reports/onlinecatalogs/default.htm
April 2009
Objectives of our metadata quality research Objectives of our metadata quality research
•Start over without assumptions about what “quality” is
•Identify and compare metadata expectations• End users
• Librarians
•Compare expectations of types of librarians
•Define a new WorldCat quality program …
•Taking into account the perspectives of all constituencies of WorldCat
• End users (and subgroups of end users)
• Librarians (and subgroups of librarians)
What did we learn?
End-user focus group results What did we learn?
End-user focus group results
Key observations:
• Delivery is as important, if not more important, than discovery.
• Seamless, easy flow from discovery through delivery is critical.
• Summaries and tables of contents are key elements of a description
• Improved search relevance is necessary.
Recommended enhancements to WorldCat Total end-user responses
End-User Results: Recommended Enhancements
4
Librarian/Staff Results: Highlighted Differences
9
1
Recommendations from librarian survey Recommendations from librarian survey
• Merge duplicates
• Make it easier to make corrections to records (fix typos; do upgrades); “social cataloging” experiment—Wikipedia
• More emphasis on accuracy/currency of library holdings
• Enrichment—TOCs, summaries, cover art—work with content suppliers, use APIs, etc.
DISCOVERY AND DELIVERY OF A WIDER RANGE OF INFORMATION OBJECTS DISCOVERY AND DELIVERY OF A WIDER RANGE OF INFORMATION OBJECTS
Research into use and users of digital library collections Research into use and users of digital library collections
“Digital libraries, far from being simple digital versions of library holdings, are now attracting a new type of public, bringing about new, unique and original ways for reading and understanding texts.”—BibUsages Study 2002 [3]
“The availability of primary sources has been crucial for the success of my teaching in history. Students have remarked what a difference it has made, and I have noticed a big difference between this course with the availability of online primary resources to those I have taught before that were based on printed resources.” –History instructor, University of California [2]
Usage of University of Wisconsin Digital Collections 2001-2008 [1]
R2 = 0.9701
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000
7000000
8000000
9000000
10000000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
Mill
ions
of S
essi
ons/
Use
s
“The function of searching across collections is a dream frequently discussed but seldom realized at a robust level. This paper … discusses how we might move from isolated digital collections to interoperable digital libraries.”
—Howard Besser [4]
Digital libraries >> Digital library aggregators Digital libraries >> Digital library aggregators
*Slovenian government web page, 10 Nov 2002—Internet Archive Wayback machine
*
Metadata Aggregation for Digital Library Content: Gallica in OAIster in WorldCat
Metadata Aggregation for Digital Library Content: Gallica in OAIster in WorldCat
More info: http://www.oclc.org/oaister/default.htm
More Metadata SourcesMore Metadata Sources
WorldCat Identities http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-
n80-17868
WorldCat Identities http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-
n80-17868
Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) http://viaf.org/ http://viaf.org/viaf/196844
Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) http://viaf.org/ http://viaf.org/viaf/196844
WHAT USERS AND LIBRARIANS WANT WHAT USERS AND LIBRARIANS WANT
Everywhere, the LibraryEverywhere, the Library
Library as Place Place as Library
Photo: jamesheadhttp://www.flickr.com/photos/headjames/2665919500/
Bringing writers, readers, and libraries together Bringing writers, readers, and libraries together
• Local catalog linked to a chain of services
• Infrastructure to permit global, national or regional, and local discovery and delivery of information among open, loosely-coupled systems
• Critical mass of digitized publications, special collections, and born digital materials online
• Many starting points on the Web leading to many types of information objects
• Intregrate library-managed collections and online spaces for researchers into the user’s workflow on the network
Derring-doDerring-do
Digital Collections Slide - CitationsDigital Collections Slide - Citations
[1] Data source for chart: University of Wisconsin Digital Collections Center. Summary Statistics. http://uwdcc.library.wisc.edu/usageStats/publicView.shtml
[2] Quote from survey respondent as reported in Harley, Diane. 2007. Use and users of digital resources. Educause Quarterly 4, p. 12-20. http://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/EQM0742.pdf
[3a] Assadi, Houssem, et al. 2002. Use and users of online digital libraries in France. (BibUsages project) http://bibnum.bnf.fr/usages/bibusages_ecdl2003.pdf
And
[3b] Lupovici, Catherine, and Lesquins, Noémie. 2007. Gallica 2.0: a second life for the Bibliothèque nationale de France digital library. http://www.ifla.org.sg/IV/ifla73/papers/146-Lupovici-en.pdf
[4] Besser, Howard. 2002. The next stage: moving from digital collections to interoperable digital libraries. First Monday 7:6. http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/958/879
Thank You!
Karen Calhoun [email protected] http://community.oclc.org/metalogue/
Thank You!
Karen Calhoun [email protected] http://community.oclc.org/metalogue/