2020/10/29 1 Before starting your research work, you better know laboratory safety 1 1 One step from a lab accident Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University Man‐kit Leung, Professor 2 2020 October
Microsoft PowerPoint - Safety 2020 Ming chi Tech University final
1028.pptxBefore starting your research
work, you better know
laboratory safety
1 1
Department of Chemistry,
National Taiwan University
Lab Safety: Is your lab safe?
3
WHAT would happen
IF chemicals are injected into your body
A rough estimate suggests the
amount would be less than 100 μL
of CH2Cl2 in the fingerμ g ACS Cent. Sci.
2020, 6, 2, 83–86
2020/10/29
3
Lab is never a casual place
• Laboratories are potentially dangerous
work environments:
f i id i f i•
Often contains a wide variety of toxic,
flammable, corrosive, or reactive
compounds.
• Potentially infectious or pathogenic
organisms are handled.
• Research often involves the use of
radioactive isotopes.
5
Major Contents
• Research lab may not be safe
• Creating and understanding safety culture is important
• Safety education has to be broadbased, only small group of y
, y g p
professional people understanding safety issues is not enough
to secure safety
Safety Guidelines Don’t work alone
Don’t scaleup Check all precautions
Protect yourself and call for help
6
2020/10/29
4
•
(1) Safety in Academic Chemistry Laboratory Vol
1. 7 Ed. Accident prevention for college and university
students, ACS 2003
•
(2) Safety in Academic Chemistry Laboratory Vol
2. 7 Ed Accident prevention for faculty and administrators
and university students, ACS 2003
•
(3) Chemical Safety Manual for Small Businesses 3 Ed, ACS 2007
• (4) Creating Safety Cultures in Academic Institutions Robert H
Hill Jr and the Safety Culture Task Force of
•References for Chemical Safety
•
(4) Creating Safety Cultures in Academic Institutions, Robert H. Hill, Jr. and the Safety Culture Task Force of
the ACS Committee on Chemical Safety, ACS 2012
•
(5) Handbook of Chemical Health and Safety, Edited by Robert J. Alaimo
American Chemical Society 2001 •
(6) A Comprehensive Guide to the Hazardous Properties of Chemical Substances. 3 rd ED. ACS, P. Patnaik
American Chemical Society 2007 •
(7) Prudent Practices in the Laboratory Handling and Disposal of Chemicals National Research Council 1995
•
(8) Laboratory Waste Management: A Guidebook ACS Task Force on Laboratory and Chemical Waste
Management, ACS 2012 •
(9) Identifying and Evaluating Hazards in Research Laboratories: A Guidebook ACS Task Force on Laboratory
and Chemical Waste Management, ACS 2013 •
(10) Wiley Guide to Chemical Incompatibilities 2 ed, R. J. Pohanish, S. A. Greene , Wiley, 2006
•
(11) The SigmaAldrich library of regulatory and safety data / [edited by] Robert E. Lenga, Kristine L.
7
Votoupal, [Milwaukee, Wis.]: SigmaAldrich Co., c1993
•
(12) The poison paradox: chemicals as friends and foes / John Timbrell, Oxford ; New York : Oxford University
Press, 2005. [electronic resource] •
(13) Explosive material Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_material
•
(14) CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety, 5th Edition/ A. Keith Furr, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Floride( ISBN 0
849325234, QD51.C73.2000 ) • (15) , , 2014,
72,
8
2020/10/29
5
Please dial and call:
Fire Department/Ambulance
119 Police/Rescue 110 University Security 4119 Office of
ESH 4053/4056
Your Professor or director
Chemical reagents Electrical hazard
Mechanical hazard High pressure vessel
Personal protection
Laws
121212
2020/10/29
7
•Toxic Chemical Substances (TCS) Control Act
Prevent TCS from polluting the environment and endangering human health.
P d i ti f TCS h t i th h t i i b t
Laws and Regulations in Taiwan
Persons engaged in operation of TCS have to receive a threehour training course
about
regulation of labeling and hazard communication of hazardous chemicals.
•Radiation protection
High intensity radiation, radiation materials, equipment producing ionizing radiation.
Persons engaged in operation based on educational need have to receive a threehour
training course under the direction of qualified personnel.
•Biosafety on Infectious Biological Materials
New members: 8 hours of training.
Continuing education: minimum of 4 hours of continuing education every year.
New recruits for Biosafety
level 3 laboratories have to receive biosafety
training certified
by the central competent authority.
•Animal Protection
Animal Protection Act for animal rights
13
S tti fi
Endanger public safety by
• Setting fire • Causing flooding •
Using an explosive without license •
Releasing nuclear energy or radioactivity •
Using radioactive without a justified reason and causes damage to
another’s body or health
•
Throwing, abandoning, draining or releasing poisonous substance or any
other harmful thing to health, to pollute air, soil, rivers, or other bodies g
, p , , , of water
14
2020/10/29
8
Offenses of Causing Injury
and of Homicide
Penalty: A person who negligently causes injury or the death to another shall be
sentenced to imprisonment.
Your obligation: Make every effort to
avoid accidents
Safety Precautions and training
Arrangements in place to deal with
accidents
15
Fire accident
Fire growth develops and become out of control quickly within a few minutes.
http://iaff266.com/flashover
17
•
At the very beginning of a fire accident, you may have good chance to put out the
fire promptly. You can try to suppress and extinguish the fire by fire extinguishers,
fire sand, or blanket.
There are many different types of extinguishers, including drypowder type,
carbon dioxide, water and foam extinguishers and halon
or substitute (e.g.
Putting out the fire
Halotron)
. You can also use the Fire Hydrants in the building.
If the fire accident is going to be out of control, evacuate immediately: (a) Leave
the lab, (b) Close the doors to confine the fire and smoke inside the lab. (c) Cry for
help to raise attention. (d) Press the fire alarm. (e) Dial 119 to call the fire station
for help. (e) Call your university security. They will guide the firemen to the scene
of the accident. (f) Evacuate and contact your professor.
18
2020/10/29
10
•Be familiar with your evacuation plan
•Never ignore any firm alarm or warning, and fire drill
•Don’t take elevator
•Approaching the nearest exit Al h th t th t i
f t th ith th
Evacuation
•Always choose the escape route that is safest –
the one with the
least amount of smoke and heat –
but be prepared to escape
under toxic smoke if necessary.
•Getting low and going under the smoke to your exit.
•Closing doors on your way out slows the spread of fire, giving
you more time to safely escape.
•Once your escape from the scene, report immediately to your
safety office that you are safe. •If in
case you get trapped sealing yourself in a place for safety
19
If in case you get trapped, sealing yourself in a place for safety.
Contact fire department about your location. Use duct tape or
towels to seal the door cracks and cover air vents to keep smoke
from coming in. If possible, open your windows at the top and
bottom so fresh air can get in.
Class A:
involving ordinary materials like burning paper, lumber, cardboard, plastics etc.
Class B: involving flammable or combustible
liquids such as gasoline, kerosene, and
common organic solvents used in the laboratory.
Class C:
involving energized electrical equipment, such as appliances, switches, panel
Classification of fires
boxes, power tools, hot plates
and stirrers. Water can be a dangerous extinguishing
medium for class C fires because of the risk of electrical shock unless a specialized water
mist extinguisher is used. Class D:
involving combustible metals, such as magnesium, titanium,
potassium and sodium as well as pyrophoric
organometallic
reagents such as alkyllithiums, Grignards
and diethylzinc. These materials autoignite
at high temperatures and will
react violently with
water, air, and/or other chemicals.
Dry powder extinguishersDry powder extinguishers
Type BC
fire extinguishers contain sodium or potassium bicarbonate.
Type ABC
fire extinguishers contain ammonium phosphate.
Clean fire extinguishers: CO2/halotron
for sensitive electronics or library.
20
2020/10/29
11
Fire can generate “Heat” and “Light”
Good or Bad
Forrest fire: Your nightmare
Because it is out of control
22
2020/10/29
12
Basic Causes Indirect Causes Direct Causes
Policy A id t Unsafe conditions
UnexpectedPolicy Management Decision
Personal factors Environmental factors
Accident personal injury property damage
Unsafe acts
and/or hazardous
material emission
U.S. Department of Labor, Mine Safety and Health Administration Safety Manual No. 10 Accident Investigation, 1990
Unsafe acts
Ignoring safety knowledge and guidelines
Accidents always follow physical rules
24
2020/10/29
13
Total risk, a function of
Severity and Probabilistic risk
Risk in a feasible detrimental outcome of an activity or action is determined by
Total risk (expected loss) =
f(Severity; Probability)
e.g.
Estimated total damage each year = the number of people potentially hurt or killed in each
accident x occurrence frequencies
Reduce reaction scale
Reduce severity in each accident
Follow SOP or guidelines
Reduce the probability of human errors
25
26
2020/10/29
14
Understanding probable factors behind accidents
How to prevent accidents or disasters
reducing probabilistic risks
The Weaknesses on Human Reliability
CommonCauses for accidents
SpecialCauses for accidents
Factors affecting the quality of safety management
Emergency Preparedness Damage control capability
Maintenance
Risk Controls Engineering Control
Administration Control Safety Training
Personal Protection Hazards controls
Emergency responses 27
Examples of Common causes (poor
maintenance and management)
•Lack of clearly defined
standard operating procedures
Commoncause for Lab Accidents
p •Inappropriate procedures
•Poor lab and experimental area design
•Normal wear and tear, and poor maintenance
of machines
•Poor working conditions, e.g. lighting, noise,
dirt, temperature, ventilation, ambient
temperature, and humidity
•Substandard raw materials
Wearing of the drying oven
•Measurement error •Quality control error etc.
28
2020/10/29
15
Special causes
•Faulty Instrument or machine malfunction
•Fall of cabinet in a laboratory
•Power surges E th k
Specialcause always arrives as a
surprise
Specialcause variation for Lab Accidents
•Earthquake •Fire accident •Unexpected water
leak or water shut off
•Unexpected outcome from chemical research
After earthquake
EHS, NTU
29
Thea EkinsCoward, postdoctoral researcher,
29, lost an arm and suffered other injuries in a
lab explosion at the University of Hawaii
Researcher loses arm in Hawaii explosion
Explosion at University of Hawaii
lab explosion at the University of Hawaii
Photos when she was a research associate and PhD student on Low
Cost Algae Harvesting Technologies in Newcastle University
C&EN, 2016, 94
(13), pp 6–6March 28, 2016
2020/10/29
16
Disaster Scene These photos, released by the Honolulu Fire
Department, llustrate the force of the March 16 explosion and its
consequences.
•
The gas mixture 70% H2, 25% O2, and 5% CO2
was “food” for
bacteria being used to produce biofuels
and bioplastics. •
The gas gauge is supposed to be an “intrinsically safe” model designed to
prevent ignition. • EkinsCoward purchased a 49L steel gas tank
a different gauge not rated
Report about the accident
•
EkinsCoward purchased a 49L steel gas tank, a different gauge not rated
as intrinsically safe, a pressurerelief valve, and fittings, and she put them
together. •
In the week before the incident, a similar setup with a 3.8L tank
resulted in a “small internal explosion” when EkinsCoward pressed the off
button on the gauge. •
She also occasionally experienced static shocks when touching the tank,
which was not grounded. •
She reported the shocks and possibly the small explosion to Yu, who told p
p y p her not to worry about it •
After explosion, she did not lose consciousness or hit her head; she was
aware that she lost her arm in the explosion. She couldn’t open the door to
the lab, the door was stuck closed. Security officers and a graduate student
kicked in the door to help EkinsCoward get out. Her right arm was severed
just above the elbow.
University of Hawaii fined $115,500 for lab explosion
2020/10/29
17
Nearly 400 Accidents with
Dangerous Pathogens and Bi i R d i U S
Scientific American 2011 Oct Observations
Biotoxins Reported in U.S.
Labs over 7 Years
Woman infected with Zika in
Pittsburgh lab accident. The needle stick
occurred May
33
needle stick occurred May
23, according to a university
statement. The woman
developed symptoms of Zika
June 1 2016, including a fever
Elizabeth R. Griffin, a 22yearold primate
researcher, completed a double major in biology and
psychology and was a paid researcher in the biology
Research worker killed by virus from monkey
department.
She was careful to follow the precautions intended to shield
her from the diseased animals she handled. She always wore
gloves and a mask, and she was usually separated from the
primates by a mesh cage.
Miss Griffin was helping to move a caged rhesus monkey
infected with the herpes B virus at the Yerkes Regional Primate
Research Center here, when the animal flung a tiny drop of
fl id h i f t h f
34
fluid perhaps urine or feces
at her face.
It struck her in the eye. On Wednesday, paralyzed and
weakened, she died of complications from herpes B, which is
common in primates but rare and deadly, 70 percent of the
time, in humans.
2020/10/29
18
An explosion in an inorganic lab
Scaling up the process
January 2010 Texas Tech Laboratory Accident
Preston Brown, a senior graduate student and
another yearone student synthesized a derivative of
nickel hydrazine perchlorate
(NHP)nickel hydrazine perchlorate (NHP)
• Had no formal training with the material/hazards
• No personal protection equipment (no shield, on bench
top, not even safety glasses)
• Exceeded the 100 mg limit and scaled up to 10 g.
• They believed that keeping NHP wet with a solvent
(hexane) would prevent it from exploding.
• When 5 g of NHP was pressed and grinded by the pestle,
it detonatedit detonated.
•His left hand severely injured by the force of the explosion,
causing the loss of three fingers, perforation of his eye, and
cuts and burns to other parts of his body.
They had nearmisses experience before.
Ni(N2H4)5(ClO4)2
Ni(N2H4)3(NO3)2RSC : Ionic polymers open door to greener, safer
explosives. (JACS 2012, 14221425. )
35
On June 17, 2014 an explosion in a
chemistry lab at the University of
Minnesota injured graduate student W l P l H
ki
Another Scenario
Tolman, Sitek, and other investigators have not been able to definitively identify
what went wrong with the reaction, Tolman
says. One explanation is that the
explosion was from hydrazoic acid, which could have formed from wet
PEG
Walter Partlo. He was making
trimethylsilyl azide, starting with 200 g
of sodium azide. The incident originated
in lack of hazard awareness
explosion was from hydrazoic
acid, which could have formed from wet PEG
providing water to react with sodium azide, or the PEG itself reacting with sodium
azide. Another explanation is that the sodium azide
overheated.
More important than the reaction, Tolman
emphasizes, is the deeper root cause of
the incident: insufficient recognition of the reaction’s hazards. Warnings included
with literature protocols were “pretty lame”….
He has set a limit of 5 g. …
http://cenblog.org/thesafetyzone/2014/07/moredetailsontheuniversityofminnesotaexplosionand
response/ 36
2000.10.24, 3 PM
•
A senior student, Mr. Lin, tried to
clean up the molding
machineclean up the molding machine
when it was not turned off. Two
of his fingers were cut off.
•Always follow standard procedures
NTUST ChE Laboratory caught Electric shock on 2013/9/17
- A graduate student, Mr. Lin accidentally
Lucky (near miss) cases
g , y touched the high-voltage transformer on the floor at 15:40 in
the laboratory, and caused burns on right elbow.
2020/10/29
20
Short summary
Understand risks and hazards, and knowing the
way of controlling the risk and hazards
Y D ti d d h th h th
diYour Destiny depends on whether we can have the dino
chained. (
http://www.zazzle.com/to_the_pub_dinosaur_t_shirt235476849649830389
40
Undergraduate Laboratory Safety
Learning Objectives
•
The learning outcomes in these guidelines were developed using the RAMP
concept for scientific safety, developed by Robert H. Hill and David C. Finster
in
their textbook Laboratory Safety for Chemistry Students. a
•
The goal is to help those working in a laboratory environment keep chemical safety
a top priority. RAMP stands for:
R Recognize the hazards
A
Assess the risks of the hazards (able to determine the relative severity of
a specific hazard and to give an estimate of the likelihood of
exposure under certain circumstances)
M
Minimize the risks of the hazards
P
Prepare for emergencies from uncontrolled hazards (including self
protection)
Source: Hill, R. H.; Finster, D. C. Laboratory Safety for Chemistry Students; John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, 2010; p 17.
Sometimes only when several mistakes
happen coincidentally would lead to a
Why safety being overlooked?
happen coincidentally would lead to a
disaster.
Since the probability is low, many
principal investigators (PI) and
researchers simply ignore the risk.
However, when all check points go wrong
i id t ll di t b
Accident Pyramid Diagram by the US safety researcher,
Frank Bird, 2013MSHA
coincidentally, disaster becomes
inevitable . If any one of these can be
eliminated, the tragedy could be avoided.
42
2020/10/29
22
Basic Causes Indirect Causes Direct Causes
Policy A id t Unsafe conditions
UnexpectedPolicy Management Decision
Personal factors Environmental factors
Accident personal injury property damage
Unsafe acts
and/or hazardous
material emission
U.S. Department of Labor, Mine Safety and Health Administration Safety Manual No. 10 Accident Investigation, 1990
Unsafe acts
Ignoring safety knowledge and guidelines
Accidents always follow physical rules
43
A must before handling chemicals
• Read the SDS carefully •
Receive safety training • Discuss with your professor
about the standard•
Discuss with your professor about the standard
operating procedures •
Make an emergency evacuation plan in advance
before experiment •
Should know how to handle the hazardous waste
from the experiment • Make sure that you are not working
aloneMake sure that you are not working alone
•
Put on appropriate personal protective equipment
•
Be aware of whether the chemicals are controlled
chemicals or not in Taiwan
2020/10/29
23
Postgraduate Laboratory Safety Learning
Objectives
• Recognize the Hazards Graduate students
• Assess the Risks of the Hazards Graduate students should be able
to accurately assess
the risks of specific hazardsthe risks of specific hazards.
• Minimize the Risks of the Hazards Graduate students should be
able to identify how
the risk level can be lowered by using appropriate engineering
controls (equipment such as hoods, ventilation systems, and safety
interlocks), administrative controls (training, methods,
procedures, and processes), and personal protective equipment
(PPE). They should be able to extrapolate from known compounds and
processes to new experimental situations where the compounds and
processes being proposed have never before existed.
• Prepare for Emergencies from Uncontrolled Hazards Graduate
students should be
prepared for emergencies by practicing how to respond to various
common emergencies that could occur in laboratories, such as fires,
explosions, chemical exposures, injuries, and chemical spills.
Students should be able to explain the selection and use of
emergency equipment such as fire extinguishers, eyewash stations,
safety showers, spill kits, first aid kits, fire alarms, and fire
blankets.
2020/10/29
24
WHATIF ANALYSIS
•
WHATIF ANALYSIS A whatif analysis is a structured way to anticipate what might
go wrong, and then judge the likelihood of occurrence and the harm that might
result from each possible scenario. This technique can be used to analyze existing
or new processes or
procedures.or new processes or procedures.
Personal attitude or Culture
2020/10/29
25
2012 survey of safety in US academic laboratories (about 2400 researchers)
86%
They believed their laboratories were safe places to work.
94%
Senior researchers felt that appropriate safety
Just paying lipservice to the concept of safety
rather than actually backing it up in practice
80%
Working in their laboratory alone at least once a week !!!!
54%
Sometimes didn’t wear a lab coat.
40%
Not to have received safety training on specific agents or hazards.
60%
Thought that safety in their chemical laboratories could be improved.
30%
Aware of at least one ‘major’ injury occurring in their laboratory.
Safety first? 29 May 2014, by Jon Evans
http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/2014/05/safetyfirst
49
Dana Ménard and John Trant
Nature Chemistry November 2019
2538% unreported accident 27%
never conducted risk assessment 40%
wearing PPE at all times when working.
25%
had not been trained in the specific hazard
Articles in journals seldom mention safety
information
11 hazardous compound were mentioned 107 times in journal articles but
l ti l id d ti i f ti Vi t ll id ti l i id
tonly one article provided cautionary information. Virtually identical incidents
occurred at the same institutions within 10–15 years, resulting in the
destruction or temporary closure of the buildings.
Teaching labs are not safe: 1966
1984, 81% of accidents occurred in teaching labs, 13% in research labs
fand 2% in fabrication rooms.
2020/10/29
26
Laboratories are potentially dangerous work environments for exploring unknowns.
….Since 2001, more than 120 university lab accidents have caused injuries, millions of dollars in
damages, and one death, according to the federal
Chemical Safety & Hazard Investigation Board
(CSB)… (2011)
….There were nearly 10,000 accidents in research laboratories in 2005
injuring nearly 2 out of every 100 researchers,
i j i 2% f h
Endless Accidents in Laboratory
• Explosion in a chemistry lab at the University of Minnesota (6/2014)
• University of Texas Gas Explosion/Projectile (6/2012)
• Princeton Solvent Explosion (5/2012)
• VA Medical Center San Francisco Neisseria
meningitidis Infection (4/2012)
• University of Florida Sodium Azide
Explosion (1/2012)
• University of Chicago Bacillus cereus Infection (8/2011)
• Yale Lathe Accident
(4/2011) Yale Lathe Accident (4/2011)
• University of Missouri Hydrogen Explosion (6/2010)
• Texas Tech Nickel Hydrazine Perchlorate
Explosion (1/2010)
• University of Chicago Yersina pestis
Infection (9/2009) • UCLA tertButyllithium
Fire (12/2008)
• Ohio State Hexane Lab Fire (4/2005)
• Dartmouth Dimethylmercury Exposure (8/1996)
Summarized by OSEH, Univ. of Michigan (http://www.oseh.umich.edu/research/labaccidents.shtml)
51
Why safety being overlooked?
Accident Pyramid Diagram by the US safety
researcher, Frank Bird, 2013MSHA
52
52
Disasters starting from ignorance & overlooking disciplines
Sheharbano Sangji
A 23 year old female RA employed in the lab for about 3 months
Th fi i it d th l d th t
Jyllian
N. Kemsley, Chemical and Engineering News. Volume
87 Issue 31 |
pp. 2931, 3334, August 3, 2009
•The fire ignited the gloves and the sweater.
•Caused second degree burns on her arms and third
degree burns on her hands, a total of about 40% of
her body.
•Died in the hospital few days later.
54
2020/10/29
28
Sheharbano Sangji
A 23 year old female RA employed in the lab for about 3 months
Accompanion:Two post doctoral researchers in the lab
Training:
The principal investigator had trained the employee
Time:
Dec. 29, during the UCLA holiday shutdown between Christmas and New Years
Protection: She was wearing nitrile
gloves and synthetic sweater.
lab coat ? safety glasses lab coat. ?
safety glasses
Emergency:
Scaling up and generating three times of material
(using 160 mL of tBuLi) Using a 60 mL
syringe to pull up 50 mL
of tBuLi each time. Speculation:
Syringe plunger popped out because of pressure or was pulled out of the
syringe barrel, splashing the employee with tbuLi
and pentane. The mixture caught fire,
upon contact with air.
An open flask of hexane in the hood and Sangji
knocked it over. The fire became out
of control.
55
Emergency:
(1)Six feet from the fume hood was an emergency shower, but she did not use the shower.
(2) One of the postdocs used his lab coat to smother the flames.
(3) 911 was called.
(4)The EMTs put her in the safety shower for gross decon
and transported her to the ER.
Consequences:
Caused second and third degree burns, a total of about 40% of her body.
Died in the hospital few days later.
• Shortcuts
(generating three times of materials
at once) • Overconfidence
(carrying out experiments during the UCLA holiday shutdown)
• Poor, or Lack of Housekeeping
(an open flask of hexane in the hood)
Seven most common causes of workplace accidents
•
Starting a Task Before Getting All Necessary Information
(not using the
emergency shower immediately)
• Neglecting Safety Procedures
(not wearing lab coat) • Mental Distractions •
Lack of Preparation (Using a 60 mL
syringe to pull up 50 mL
of tBuLi )
When students begin a task without thinking through the process beforehand, or
h til t t ith t l i th tti th l f f
ilhastily start without any planning, they are setting themselves up for failure.
Make sure you plan your work, then work your plan.
http://www.safetypartnersltd.com/7mostcommoncausesofworkplaceaccidents/#.ViuOdtIrK9I
56
2020/10/29
29
Understanding the Causes
• The Weaknesses on Human Reliability •
CommonCauses for accidents •
SpecialCauses for accidents
57
Scenerio: An OSU grad. student was distilling a mixture of CH2Cl2
and crude material from
an ozonolysis of allyl
bromide, which he mistakenly thought was bromoacetaldehyde.
Unknown to the student, he was trying to distill a mixture of peroxides (that resulted from
the ozonolysis). An explosion occurred when the temperature reached 50 oC.
The explosion
An explosion in a synthetic organic lab
misunderstanding the operation procedure
destroyed the heating mantle and the ceramic top of the stirrer/hotplate. The ceramic top
fragmented and sent chards into the face, chest, shoulders, and hands of the student. One
chard hit the left lens of his safety glasses with such force that it shattered but remained
within the frame.
John Herrington H l h d S f Offi C ll f M h d Ph i l S i Ohi S
U i i
Br O3 Me2S O
×
Wrong handling (Perhaps misunderstanding the operation procedure. Reduction of the
peroxides with Me2S is necessary according to the published procedure (Organic Preparations
and Procedures International: The New Journal for Organic Synthesis Volume 25, Issue 4, 1993)
• × Fumehood
Sash open (violate safety guidelines)
•√ Safety glasses (save his eye)
Health and Safety Officer , College of Math and Physical Sciences, Ohio State University
http://www.chemistry.ohiostate.edu/ehs
58
2020/10/29
30
University of Wisconsin April 2012
A researcher placed Pd/C into a
plastic waste container in the lab. It
Improper Handling of Unwanted Chemicals
was fortunate that a member of the
custodial staff was near the lab
when the fire started and was able to
put the fire out before potentially
spreading.
M t i l h R Ni k l Pd/C h d id d di d t i
www.ehs.wisc.edu/chem/HandlingUnwantedChemicals.pdf
Many materials such as Raney Nickel, Pd/C, hydrides, and sodium and potassium
used for chemical reactions still remain active after workup. Pd/C is regularly used
as a catalyst in hydrogenations and has been responsible for numerous accidents in
academic labs nationwide. These catalysts require special handling and disposal
procedures after manipulations, and cannot be simply placed in the trash.
59
Simple things can cause great harm
KMnO4/H2SO4/Organic compounds (fire)
Mixing organic waste with waste acids (explosion)
Overheated organic solvents (explosion)
Extensively use corrosive acids
causing electrical short circuit and
fire accidents
Mixing KMnO4/H2SO4/toluene
causes fire
60
2020/10/29
31
Ignoring safety regulations (slippers)
Inappropriate electrical setups
(Near water sink)
Drinks in research area
Poor Lab management
(blocking the emergency exit)
61
•Repair or replace old instruments, machines and
electrical applications
Commoncause for Lab Accidents
electrical applications
Management
•Keep clean the lab: no food and garbage in the lab area
•Establish standard operating procedures
•Improve the lab and experimental area design
•Improve working conditions, e.g. lighting, noise, dirt,
temperature, ventilation, ambient temperature, and
humidity Wearing of the drying oven
Over 40 % of fire accidents caused by electrical incidents (Taiwan statistics)
62
2020/10/29
32
Special causes
•Faulty Instrument or machine malfunction
•Cabinet in a laboratory falling down
•Power surges E th k
Specialcause always arrives as a
surprise
Specialcause variation for Lab Accidents
•Earthquake •Fire accident •Unexpected water
leak or water shut off
•Unexpected outcome from chemical research
After earthquake
EHS, NTU
64
2020/10/29
33
Foundation of this working knowledge
• Hazard recognition and evaluation
• Risk evaluation
l / f f k
The quality of safety management
Laboratory accident prevention and Emergency Preparedness
• Elimination / minimization of identified risks
• Attention to tasks being performed.
Reference: How Can I Prevent Laboratory Accidents? Kathryn G. Benedict, MS CSP, Pfizer Global Research
and Development, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
When chemical accidents cause harmful, or even catastrophic results, such as toxic
fumes, fires, and explosions.
Enough preparedness enable:
Good planning, training, and emergency preparedness
• fast response to a crisis
• appropriate actions to a wide spectrum of emergencies
• damage control • laboratory rescue
65
A must before handling chemicals
• Read the SDS carefully •
Receive safety training • Discuss with your professor
about the standard•
Discuss with your professor about the standard
operating procedures •
Make an emergency evacuation plan in advance
before experiment •
Should know how to handle the hazardous waste
from the experiment • Make sure that you are not working
aloneMake sure that you are not working alone
•
Put on appropriate personal protective equipment
•
Be aware of whether the chemicals are controlled
chemicals or not in Taiwan
2020/10/29
34
2020/10/29
35
•Preparationplanning for emergency drills and practices
•Lab inspection •Risk assessment
When accident happens, there might be no time to think before making a decision.
Preventive and corrective actions
• The scope of the project or experiment.
• Substances, processes/techniques and
disposal of waste.
• Determine the potential hazards involved:
• Evaluate the level of risk: • Determine
the actions and controls to be
Lab inspection Risk assessment
taken • Continuous monitor and review
• Chemical substances and waste storage
(chemical inventory and management)
• Biological safety • Radiation safety
This give a chance to reset the lab conditions regularly
Do forget to allocate budget for maintenance and replacement
69
• Keep clear the exit •
Do not handle selfigniting chemicals
or inflammable solvents nearby the exits.
S l d h i l h ld b
The laboratory
• Solvents and chemicals should be
stored in cabinets, not in fumehoods. •
MSDS, fire sand bucket, fire blanket,
extinguisher, evacuation plan and map,
firstaid kit, chemical absorbers,
updated emergency phone list should
be available and accessible. •
Keep clear the location around emergency
showers eyewashes
>1.5 m
> 1 m
>1.5 m
Protective actions in Laboratory
https://osha.europa.eu/en/publications/efacts/efact20
We may not be able to stop the accident for sure, we have to, at least, reduce the damage
Safety equipment and tools
• Safety goggles • Lab coats • Shoes
• Gloves • Masks • Shields • Fumehoods
and Ventilation • Emergency showers and eyewashers
• Mandatory use of personal
protective equipment (PPE)
• Mandatory buddy system • MSDS
• Separate storage of incompatible
chemicals and waste
• Appropriate dress guidelines • Guidelines for
poison chemical
Emergency showers and eyewashers
• Fire extinguisher, sand, and blanket
• FirstAid kit
The most basic investment
• Emergency personal contact
information
73
74
Secondary container for spills
78
2020/10/29
40
PI, students, workers, visitors have to wear goggles in the lab.
In particular, for the working area with any subject that has potential threats to your eyes,
goggles is necessary. •
Working place having airborne abrasive materials from cutting, grinding, carving,
wood and metal shop, and glass shop.
Safety Goggles
wood and metal shop, and glass shop.
•
Working place with high temperature facilities like furnaces, cast molding, welding,
laser cutting, and other operations generating high temperature
• High pressure system or projectile •
Working in chemical labs
•
Safety glasses must have top and side shields
•
Safety goggles should have a soft, pliable flange that seals around the eyes tightly to
protect the eye from a variety of hazards and chemical splash.
• Faceshield is required for handling low temperature liquid like
liquid nitrogen or
79
1. Safety Glasses 2. Safety goggles
3. Face shield
Face
shield is required for handling low temperature liquid like liquid nitrogen or
corrosive liquid..
•
The first 10 to 15 seconds after exposure to a
hazardous substance, in particular, a corrosive substance,
are critical. Delaying treatment, even for a few seconds,
may cause serious injury
E h d h t ti id
Emergency Shower and Eyewash
•
Emergency showers and eyewash stations provide
onthespot decontamination. Workers can flush away
hazardous substances that can cause injury.
•
In case of emergency, flushing your eyes with eye
washer for at least 30 min. If possible, taking off your
contact lens and flushing your eyes thoroughly. At the
same time, call an ambulance to send the patient to
hospital.
80
2020/10/29
41
Diphoterine®) 20090615
198% 34%1 100ml
2100%(Phenol) 67%1 100ml
Shoes and Lab coat
Shoes: Generally speaking, closed toe and heal shoes
are required for lab work. Shoe
material should be nonabsorbent, such as leather.
Canvas shoes, sandals or slippers, and shoes with ventilation should be avoided.
Safety shoes incorporating steel toe caps are appropriate for
machine shop
82
Safety shoes incorporating steel toe caps are appropriate for machine shop.
Clothing –
long pants or skirts should be worn in the lab, not shorts. Lab coats should
be button front coats so that they can be taken off easily if in case of accidents.
Launder the lab coats frequently somewhere. Don’t use your home washing machine
in order to avoid contamination.
Sweat shirts are inappropriate because they are difficult to be taken off in case of
contamination or catching fire.
2020/10/29
42
Long hair, tie and bulky clothing are dangerous in lab
•
Long hair, tie and bulky clothing can accidentally fall into
flames or chemicals. •
Long hair, tie and bulky clothing can be caught in the
machine's rotating drive g
•
Long hair must be pulled back and properly restrained.
•
Tie and bulky clothing should be taken off.
83
A safety mask can prevent dirt, dust, fumes, vapor, gas, contamination, airborne droplets
(mist), and bacteria from entering the body.
Common hazards: dust, vapor, gas, oxygendeficient atmospheres.
Safety Mask
•
The tightness of the seal is the critical factor determining whether a
mask will be effective. Please test the
mask and monitor the result of fit test and adjust in time, before
use.
84
2020/10/29
43
Professor Karen Wetterhahn
died of dimethylmercury poisoning
Tests later revealed that dimethylmercury
can in fact rapidly
permeate different kinds of latex gloves and enter the skin within
about 15 seconds
Safety Gloves
Picture from The Scientist Library
Permeation is the process by which a chemical moves into and
through a chemicalresistant glove film by adsorption on the
outside, diffusion through, and then desorption on the inside.
Gloves can only delay the chemical permeation.
•
Your latex gloves should be disposed after use.
•
When you take off the gloves, you should follow the guideline
below to avoid direct touching with you skin.
85
chemical resistant gloves)
Surgical and PE gloves
Nitrilechemical and solvent resistant
86
86
2020/10/29
44
Fumehood
The fume hood is the primary control
device for protecting researchers when
working with flammable and/or toxic
chemicals. The continuous airflow will
bring all contaminants out of the lab
Youbring all contaminants out of the lab. You
should be trained to use it properly
• Ensure that the hood is on •
Make sure that the sash function properly
•
Never allow your head to enter the plane of the hood opening
•
For vertical rising sashes, keep the sash below your face;
•
For horizontal sliding sashes, keep the sash positioned in front
of you and work around the side of the sash.
K ll t i l i id th h d t l t i i h f th•
Keep all materials inside the hood at least six inches from the
sash opening.
•
When not working in the hood, or after finishing the setup for
the experiment, close the sash.
•
Fume hood is a place of high risk. Don’t keep unused
chemicals inside the fume hood.
87
Coating Workshop
•Ventilation •Eyes protection •Head shields
•Work coats •Safety mask
2020/10/29
45
Summary
89
Electrical Shock Hazards Noise pollution
Low temperature hazards Suffocation hazards
Radiation Hazards Mechanical Hazards
Dust and fume hazards
Human engineering problem
91
92
2020/10/29
47
How can we prevent from electrical hazards?
•
Outlets, plates , covers and switches have to be in good condition.
All switches have to be protected by
a cover plate A student died
ofby a cover plate. A student died of
electrical shocks when his body
touch the 220 V electrical wire.
•
Electrical cords have to be in good condition
Cords have two layers of insulation –
a protective coating that wraps around each wire
a larger coating that wraps around all the wrapped wires.
X
93
How can we prevent from electrical hazards?
•
Walking areas have to be free of cords that
could pose trip hazards
• Cords and connections have to be kept away
X •
Cords and connections have to be kept away
from water source by at least 1 meter.
• Don’t overuse of extension cords.
X
94
2020/10/29
48
Extension electrical cords
•
Extension cords can only be used temporarily, otherwise you need to have
an outlet installed. •
Only certified extension cords are allowed to be used in laboratories.
E i d h ld h i i b k f l d i I i•
Extension cords should have circuit breakers for overload protection. It is a
potential fire hazard if you are not using a cord equipped with electric
circuit breakers. •
The sockets should have safety covers •
Keep away from corrosive chemicals, inflammable solvents and chemicals.
Circuit Breaker
Lathe, Milling machine, or Grinder
Moving machine parts have the potential to cause severe workplace
injuries, such as crushed fingers or hands, amputations, burns, or
blindness.
• Safeguards and emergency stop button are essential for protecting
workers from these preventable injuries
96
97
from accidental asphyxia by neck compression.
Her hair is thought to have been caught in the
machine's rotating drive and dragged her onto
it while using a fastspinning lathe in the
student machine shop.
She worked alone when the accident happened.
97
Mechanical Hazards
Woodworking circular saws
Typical table saw
Circular saw mounted on a table with
protective shield. Face shield is required
for the operator. Inexperienced students
should be supervised by instructor.
Crosscut Sled
In my middle school shop class,
someone was ripping a piece of
2x4. The kickback shot it about 35'
Kickback Incidents
across the classroom area of the
shop (where all the desks were) and
left a huge dent in the chalkboard
right behind the teacher's desk.
Definitely an important issue! – FreeMan
Mar 17 '15 at 20:23 https://woodworking
stackexchanghttps://woodworking.stackexchang
e.com/questions/21/howdoi preventdangerouskickbackona
tablesaw#comment142_21
2020/10/29
51
The major hazard with kickbacks is the stock being hurled back at
the operator Hazards due to kickbacks are most likely when
there
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/woodworking/kickbacks.html
US Department of Labor
Machine Hazards > Kickbacks
the operator. Hazards due to kickbacks are most likely when there
is a lack of safeguards, such as spreaders, antikickback fingers,
and gauge or rip fences.
Kickbacks occur when a saw seizes the stock and hurls it back at
the operator. This can happen when the stock twists and binds
against the side of the blades or is caught in the teeth. A blade
that is not sharpened, or that is set at an
(incorrect height, can cause kickbacks. Poorquality lumber (in
other words, frozen lumber or lumber with many knots or foreign
objects such as nails) can also result in kickbacks. Kickbacks
occur more often when cutting parallel to the wood grain (ripping)
than when crosscutting.
Drilling machine
https://technologystudent.com/prddes1/healthandsaf1.html
2020/10/29
52
Cryogenic liquids: liquefied gases at very low
temperatures. Dryice is low temperature solid CO2.
When
vaporized, the volume dramatically increase •
Cryogenic liquids and the cold vapors and gases can
Low temperature hazards
cause frostbite, similar to a thermal burn of skin.
•
Brief exposures might not affect skin immediately but
can damage delicate tissues such as the eyes.
•
Unprotected skin can stick to metal that is cooled by
cryogenic liquids. The skin can then tear when pulled away.
Even nonmetallic materials are dangerous to touch at low
temperatures. •
Prolonged breathing of extremely cold air may damage
th l
Personal Protection Equipment :
faceshield, thermal insulated gloves, covered shoes.
! Don’t escort the filled nitrogen tank into an elevator.
!
Cryogenic liquids and dryice can only be used in well
ventilated rooms
Noise Hazards
Normally, sounds at normal levels don’t damage our hearing. But
they can be harmful when they are too loud, even for a short time,
or when they are both loud and longlasting. These sounds can
damage
•
Noise cancelling headphones with talk through function
allows you to talk undisturbed while wearing headphone
sensitive structures in the inner ear and cause noise induced
hearing loss (NIHL)
For working area with average noise level higher than 85 db (level
leading to permanent damage), all workers have to be protected by
ear protector.
104
allows you to talk undisturbed while wearing headphone
• Regular health check •
Noise level monitor
2020/10/29
53
source
105
•
Moderate and highpower lasers are potentially hazardous because they can burn
the retina of the eye, or even the skin.
•
Damage control according to ANSI Z136 in the US and IEC 60825 internationally.
•
Receive training and education before use.
High pressure gas cylinders, tanks, or vessels
Handling and Use
Gas cylinders must be secured by chains or sturdy at
all times to prevent tipping.
Check the pressure gauge regularly. If a leaking
cylinder is discovered, move it to a safe place.
Under no circumstances should any attempt be made
to repair a cylinder or valve.
Cylinders should be placed with the valve accessible at
all times. The main cylinder valve should be closed as
soon as it is no longer necessary that it be open.
Temperature of the storage place should not exceed
40°C.
106
2020/10/29
54
High pressure gas cylinders, tanks, or vessels
•
Although different gases are stored in cylinder with different color, the colorcoding is
not a reliable means of identification. Check the label carefully before use.
•
Explosive, corrosive, and toxic gases should be stored separately in a well
ventilated
cabinet or area. Sensor and warning alarm are required.
O h ld t b t d ith fl bl l t d h i l•
Oxygen should not be stored with flammable solvents and chemical
•
Cylinders containing flammable gases such as hydrogen or acetylene must NOT be
stored nearby open flames, areas where electrical sparks are generated, or where other
sources of ignition may be present.
107
2020/10/29
55
•Empty and full cylinders should be stored in separate areas.
•The valve cap shall be replaced, the cylinder
clearly marked as "empty"
•The use of purposebuilt trolleys or other suitable devices for gas cylinder transportation.
•Securing the gas cylinder valve, disconnecting and removing associated distribution equipment
•A requirement that only properly trained personnel are permitted
to move cylinders
High pressure gas cylinders
•
Make sure that the unused items are shut off
Tapwater
Hot plate
Natural Gas
Hood sash
• Wash your hands
2020/10/29
56
Summary
• Research lab may not be safe
• Creating and understanding safety culture is important
• Safety education has to be broadbased, only small group of y
, y g p
professional people understanding safety issues is not enough
to secure safety
Safety Guidelines Don’t work alone
Don’t scaleup Check all precautions
Protect yourself and call for help
111
Thanks for your attention
Fume Hoods
113
Position apparatus and material to the centre and rear of the fume cupboard.
Check that the fume cupboard is working correctly before use
Keep the sash of the cupboard as low as possible.
Remove all waste from the cupboard and decontaminate after completion of the
experiments
Exhaust fan should be kept running whenever hazardous chemicals are in the cupboard.
For use of perchloric
acid, specifically designed for use with perchloric
acid is required.
Drafts from windows and doors, or turbulence from ventilation fans can affect
the performance of the cupboard.
Drafts and turbulence
2020/10/29
58
•Flammable liquids are not stored in general refrigerator. Sparks from thermostats
and light switches can ignite fumes leading to explosion.
•Signage indicating “No food or drink, No flammable material “
•Flammable liquids requiring refrigeration should be stored in refrigerators with
k f i i
Refrigerator
• ChemSorb
is a fine absorbent particulate suitable for use on chemical
spills. Light in weight, ChemSorb
offers excellent absorption per density
mass.
Non toxic, inert, safe to use. Can also be used on body fluid spills as
well.
• Organics use vermiculite as absorbent Vermiculite is a
hydrated
Chemical Spills Clean Up
Organics
use vermiculite as absorbent. Vermiculite is a
hydrated magnesium aluminium silicate.
• Vermiculite, in its
exfoliated (expanded) form, is lightweight,
noncombustible, compressible, highly absorbent, nonreactive and may
have high cation
exchange capacity. Vermiculite is one of the safesty, most
unique minerals in the world. Vermiculite
is readily available around the
world and is used in numerous
applications
• Acids or alkalis, first neutralise
then absorb with paper towel, cloth or
mop. A id N t li
116
• Acid Neutraliser •
Ideal for use in any area where acid spills could occur, Ecospill
Acid
Neutralisers
work to ensure the dangers of the acid are neutralised, so
that safe clean up and absorption can occur.
Suitable for all acid spills,
including battery acid, except for hydrofluoric acid.
Ecospill offers both Colour
Change Acid Neutralisers
as well as standard acid neutralisers, such
as Soda Ash.
Environmentally friendly and easy to use
2020/10/29
59
Hazard Type Example
A t C i i t t i i h i t i t i
Hazards in Research Activities
Condition
High pressure, low pressure, electrical, uneven surfaces, pinch points,
suspended weight, hot surfaces, extreme cold, steam, noise, clutter,
magnetic fields, simple asphyxiant, oxygendeficient spaces,
lt i l t di ti l li
htultraviolent radiation, or laser light
Activity
Creation of secondary products, lifting, chemical mixing, longterm
use of dry boxes, repetitive pipetting, scale up, handling waste,
transportation of hazardous materials, handling glassware and other
sharp objects, heating chemicals, recrystallizations, extractions, or
centrifuging
117
Flammable or combustible substances catch fire or burn in air. The process of burning
requires: • a combustible substance • a supporter of
combustion
Flammable or combustible substances
• a supporter of combustion
• The vapors from a flammable liquid burns.
• Flash point of a liquid: Temp at which the liquid releases vapor in a
sufficient amount to form an ignitable mixture with air near its surface.
• Liquids with flash points <100F are generally termed flammable liquids
• Liquids with flash points of 100–200F are called combustible liquids.
• Autoignition temperature is the temperature required to cause selfsustained
combustion, independent of the source of heat.,
p
• Vapor (with density >air) concentrates in lower areas can
spread over a
considerable distance, causing flash back
to the source of the vapors
118
2020/10/29
60
“Pyrophoric” if a small quantity of the material will ignite within 5 minutes after
coming into contact with atmospheric oxygen. Spilling of pyrophoric
material may cause a flash fire.
Pyrophoric substances
119
2020/10/29
61
I have had Raney Ni go up on me before It's an exciting time when
you have a fire in a
Experience about Raney Nickel
Raney Ni is a common catalysis in green chemistry application, but please listen to the
following story….
…I have had Raney Ni go up on me before. It's an exciting time when you have a fire in a
Buchner funnel and all you are holding is a bottle of ethanol.
Weighing it out is easy because you buy it as a slurry in water.
The key is that when you filter the solids at the end of the reaction, never let the filter
cake go dry. As long as there is a film of water/ethanol covering the metal surface it
should be fine. ….
http://www.chemicalforums.com/index.php?topic=16289.0 on Raney Ni and not burning
alive
121
• Category 1 –
gases emitted ignite spontaneously or the rate of flammable gas evolution is
≥10 liters/kg of substance/minute
• Category 2 –
rate of flammable gas evolution is ≥20 liters/kg of substance/hour
• Category 3 –
rate of flammable gas evolution is ≥1 liter/kg of substance/hour
Substances and mixtures emit flammable gases
when in contact with water
g y g / g /
• Alkali metals (e.g., lithium, sodium, etc.)
• Metal hydrides (e.g., sodium hydride, lithium hydride, etc.)
• Complex metal hydrides (e.g., lithium aluminum hydride, sodium aluminum hydride,
etc.) • Calcium carbide
122
2020/10/29
62
For example, the surface of a hot plate can ignite diethyl ether, which has
an autoignition temperature (AIT) of 160C (320F).
The incident in Stanford 2013
Substances and mixtures emit flammable gases
when in contact with water
The incident in Stanford 2013
http://web.stanford.edu/dept/EHS/prod/documents/132351.pdf
• Reduction using LAH (5 g) in THF (100 mL)( FP 14 oC, AIT 321C)
• The remaining LAH (95 g) was placed next to the reaction apparatus
• Adjacent was an unrelated experiment involving pentane
• Minutes after start of the reaction, the reaction flask overpressurized causing the
flask septum to pop off, initiating a fire in the hood.
• Initially used a CO2
fire extinguisher spread the fire igniting the adjacent setup 2
containing pentane. • Next used MetLX®dry
powder fire extinguishers to put out the hydride portion of
the fire (FP 49 oC).
• Finally, a CO2
extinguisher was used to extinguish the remaining other fuel sources..
• Several researchers reported smoke inhalation.
123
Explosives
124
2020/10/29
63
Chemical absorbers and spills
• ChemSorb
is a fine absorbent particulate suitable for use on chemical spills.
Light in weight, ChemSorb
offers excellent absorption per density mass.
Non toxic, inert,
safe to use. Can also be used on body fluid spills as well.
• Organics
use vermiculite as absorbent. Vermiculite is a
hydrated magnesium aluminium silicatealuminium
silicate.
• Vermiculite, in its
exfoliated (expanded) form,
is lightweight, noncombustible,
compressible, highly absorbent, nonreactive and may have high cation
exchange
capacity. Vermiculite is one of the safesty, most unique minerals in the world.
Vermiculite
is readily available around the world and is used
in numerous applications
• Acids or alkalis first neutralise
then absorb with paper towel, cloth or mop.
• Acid Neutraliser •
Ideal for use in any area where acid spills could occur, Ecospill
Acid Neutralisers
work to ensure the dangers of the acid are neutralised, so that safe clean up and
125
g p absorption can occur.
Suitable for all acid spills, including battery acid, except for
hydrofluoric acid. Ecospill offers both Colour
Change Acid Neutralisers as well as
standard acid neutralisers, such as Soda Ash.
Environmentally friendly and easy to
use
The incident occurred on August 14, 1996. Protective gloves in
use at the time of the incident provided insufficient
Cases of Insufficient protection
protection,
and exposure to only a few drops of Me2Hg
absorbed through the gloves proved to be fatal after less than
a year for Prof. Karen Witterhan.
Later tests showed that M