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on the World StageT W E L F T H E D I T I O N
SUB Hamburg
John T. RourkeUniversity of Connecticut
:|e,IL Dubuque, IA New York San Francisco St. LouisKuala Lunif t ; _L . A _ i -j
Contents
Preface vii
PARTI Studying World Politics
CHAPTER 1 Thinking and Caring about World Politics 1
Previewing the Global Drama 2Global Actors: Meet the Cast 2Alternative Approaches to World Politics 3
The Importance of World Politics to Each of Us 7World Politics and Your Finances 8
International Trade and Your Finances 8The Flow of International Capital and Your Finances 9Defense Spending and Your Finances 10
World Politics and Your Living Space 10World Politics and Your Life 12
Transnational Diseases 12Transnational Political Violence 13
You Can Make a Difference 14Taking Direct Action 14Voting 16Becoming a Policy Maker 17
Thinking Theoretically: Putting Events in Context 18Realist Theory 20
Classic Realism and Neorealism 21Realism: An Emphasis on Power 22Realism and the Competitive Future 22
Liberal Theory 23Classic Liberalism and Neoliberalism 24Liberalism: An Emphasis on Cooperation 24Liberalism and the Cooperative Future 25
Postmodernist, Feminist, and Economic Theories 27Postmodernist Theory 27Feminist Theory 28Economic Theories 29
Constructivist Theory 30Constructivism and the Nature of Politics 30Constructivism and the Course of World Politics 31
Assessing Theories 32
Chapter Summary 33
XX Contents
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
Key Terms 34
Boxes: Get Involved: Connect with a Student-Oriented Political/CivicOrganization 15
Debate the Policy Script: Applying Theory to Policy 26
The Evolution of World Politics 35
The Evolving World System: Early Development 36Ancient Greece and Rome 36After the Fall of Rome, A.D. 476 to 1700 37
Universal Authority in the Middle Ages 37Local Authority in the Middle Ages 38The Decline of the Feudal System 38The Decline of Universalistic Authority 39The Emergence of the Sovereign State 40
The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries 41Popular Sovereignty 41Westernization of the International System 42
The Growth of the Multipolar System 42
The Evolving World System: The Twentieth Century 44
The Eclipse of the Multipolar System 44The Collapse of Europe as a Global Power Center 45The Rise of Non-European Powers 45
The Cold War and the Bipolar System 45The Rise and Decline of the Bipolar System 46The End of the Bipolar System 48
The Twenty-First Century: The Genesis of a New System 48The Polar Power Structure in the Twenty-First Century 48
A Unipolar Moment 49The Multipolar Urge 50Limited Unipolarity 50Future Polarity 51
Other Power Changes in the Twenty-First Century 53The Weakening Western Orientation of the International System 53Challenges to the Authority of the State 54Security in the Twenty-First Century 56
Global Economics in the Twenty-First Century 57Economic Interdependence 57Economic Disparity between North and South 58
Quality of Life in the Twenty-First Century 60Human Rights 60The Environment 61
Chapter Summary 62
Key Terms 63
Box: Debate the Policy Script: Is Preemptive War Good Policy? 51
Levels of Analysis and Foreign Policy
Individual-Level Analysis 65Humans as a Species 65
Cognitive Factors 66Emotional Factors ' 67
64
Contents XXI
Psychological Factors 68Biological Factors 68Perceptions 70
Organizational Behavior 72Ro!e Behavior 72Decision-Making Behavior within Organizations 72
Leaders and Their Individual Traits 73Personality 74Physical and Mental Health 74Ego and Ambition 75Political History and Personal Experiences 75
Perceptions and Operational Reality 76
Policy as a Mix of Rational and Irrational Factors 77
State-Level Analysis 78Making Foreign Policy: Type of Government, Situation, and Policy 78
Type of Government and the Foreign Policy Process 78Type of Situation and the Foreign Policy Process 79Type of Policy and the Foreign Policy Process 79
Making Foreign Policy: Political Culture 81Foreign Policy-Making Actors 81
Heads of Government and Other Political Executives 82Bureaucracies 84Legislatures 86Interest Groups 87
The People 88
System-Level Analysis 91
Structural Characteristics 91The Organization of Authority 91Scope, Level, and Intensity of Interactions 92
Power Relationships 93The Number of Powerful Actors 93The Context of Power 95
Economic Realities 96Nonns 98
Chapter Summary 98
Key Terms 100
Box: Debate the Policy Script: Who Should Decide on War? 83
PART II Political Orientations on the W o l l i i S
CHAPTER 4 Nationalism: The Traditional Orientation 101
Understanding Nations, Nationalism, and Nation-StatesNations, Nationalism, and Nation-States Defined 102
Nations 103Nationalism 104Nation-States 105
The Rise and Ascendancy of Nationalism 105Early Nationalism 105Ascendant Modern Nationalism 106Patterns of Nation-State Formation 107
102
XXII Contents
Nationalism in Practice: Issues and Evaluation 108Nation-States: More Myth Than Reality 108
One State, One Nation 109One State, Multiple Nations 109One Nation, Multiple States 110One Nation, No State 111Multiple Nations, Multiple States 114
Positive and Negative Aspects of Nationalism 116Positive Nationalism 116Negative Nationalism 117
Self-Determination as a Goal 122Positive Aspects of Self-Determination 122
Concerns about Self-Determination 123
Nationalism and the Future 126The Recent Past and Present of Nationalism 126
The Predicted Demise of Nationalism 126Persistent Nationalism 126
The Future of Nationalism 127
Chapter Summary 128
Key Terms 129
Box: Debate the Policy Script: Should There Be a Limitto Self-Determination? 125
CHAPTER 5 Globalism: The Alternative Orientation 130
Globalism 132Globalization 133
Factors Accelerating Globalization 133Globalization of Transportation and Communications 135
Global Transportation 135Global Communications 135
Economic Globalization 137Trade 137International Investment 138Monetary Exchange 138
Cultural Globalization 139Language 140Consumer Products 141
Evaluating Globalization 142Arguments for Economic Globalization 143Concerns about Economic Globalization 143Concerns about Cultural Globalization 144
Transnationalism 146Transnational Organizations 147
The Growth ofNGOs 147The Activities of NGOs 147The Impact ofNGOs 148
Regional Transnationalism 150Cultural Transnationalism 150Transnational Religion 152
Religion and World Politics 152The Strength of Religious Fundamentalism 153
Contents XXIII
Islam and the World 155The Political Heritage ofMuslims 156Islam and Nationalism 156Islam and the Non-Islamic World 157Islamic Sectarianism 158Islamic Traditionalism and Secularism 159
Transnational Movements 160Women in the World 160Goals of the Transnational Women's Movement 161Organization of the Transnational Women's Movement 162Advances of Women in Politics 162
The Future of Transnationalism 163
Chapter Summary 164
Key Terms 165
Box: Get Involved: Join an NGO 149
CHAPTER 6 National States: The Traditional Structure
The Nature and Purpose of the State 168The State Denned 168
Sovereignty 168Territory 169Population 169Diplomatic Recognition 169Internal Organization 171Domestic Support 172States and Semistates 172
Purposes of the State 173
How States Are Governed 174Authoritarian Government 175Democratic Government 177
Process versus Outcome 178Degree of Participation 178
The Future of Democracy 180The Possibilities of Spreading Democracy 180
Democracy and Economic Development 180Attitudes about Democracy 181Exporting Democracy 181
Policy Impacts of Democracy 182Democracy and Foreign Policy Success 182Democracy and International Security 183Democracy and Domestic Security 184
States and the Future 184The State: Changing Status 184
Limits to State Governance 185The Weakening of State Sovereignty 185
The State: The Indictment 187States Are Obsolete 187States Are Destructive 189
166
XXIV Contents
The State: The Defense 190The State: The Verdict 192
Chapter Summary 193
Key Terms 193
Box: Get Involved: The Future of Tibet 170
CHAPTER 7 Intergovernmental Organizations: AlternativeGovernance 194
An Overview of Intergovernmental Organizations 195A History of IGOs 195
Theories oflGO Formation 195The Growth of IGOs 197Reasons for Growth 198
Roles That IGOs Play 200Interactive Arena 200Center of Cooperation 201Independent International Actor 202Supranational Organization 202
Global IGOs: Focus on the United Nations 205Membership and Voting 205
Membership Issues 206Voting Issues 208
Leadership 209The Selection of IGO Leaders 209The Role of IGO Leaders 211
Administration and Finance 213Administration 213Finance 215
Activities of the UN and Other IGOs 217Activities Promoting Peace and Security 217Social, Economic, Environmental, and Other Activities 219
Evaluating Global IGOs 220
Regional IGOs: Focus on the European Union 223The Origins and Evolution of the European Union 223
Economic Integration 223Political Integration 225
Governance of the European Union 225Political Leadership 226Bureaucracy 226Oversight Agencies 228Legislature 228Judiciary 228
The Future of the EU 229Campaign for a Constitution 229Reflecting on the EU's Future 230
Chapter Summary 232
Key Terms 233
Box: Debate the Policy Script: Santa or Scrooge? The United Statesand the UN Budget 217
Contents XXV
PART IV Approaches to Conduct dntfiewMQilEIPIage
CHAPTER 8 National Power and Statecraft: The TraditionalApproach 2 3 4
The Complex Nature of Power 235Characteristics of Power 236
Power as an Asset and Goal 236Hard and Soft Power 236Absolute and Relative Power 237Power as Capacity and Will 238Objective and Subjective Power 239Situational Power 240
Measuring Power 240Quantification Difficulties 241Power Dynamics 241
The Foundation of National Power 242National Geography 242People 243
Population 243Age Distribution 243Education 245Health 246Attitudes 247
Government 247National Infrastructure 248
Military Power 249Measuring Military Power 249
Military Spending 250Weapons 250Personnel 251
Military Power: Debating How Much 252
Economic Power 253Financial Position 253Natural Resources 254Industrial Output 255Agricultural Output 256
The Military Instrument 256Applying Force from Intimidationto Attack 257The Effectiveness of Force 257
Measurement 257Conditions for Success 258
The Economic Instrument 259Economic Incentives 259Economic Sanctions 260
The Effectiveness of Sanctions 260The Drawbacks of Sanctions 261
XXVI Contents
The Diplomatic Instrument 262The Context of Diplomacy 263
Multilateral Diplomacy 263Leader- to-Leader Diplomacy 264Democratized Diplomacy 265Parliamentary Diplomacy 265Open Diplomacy 265
Diplomacy as a Communications Process 266Conducting Diplomacy 267
General Rules of Effective Diplomacy 267Direct or Indirect Negotiations 268High-Leve! or Low-Level Diplomacy 268Using Coercion or Rewards 269Being Precise or Intentionally Vague 270Communicating by Word or Deed 270Linking Issues or Treating Them Separately 271
Maximizing or Minimizing a Dispute 271
The Informational Instrument 272
Chapter Summary 274
Key Terms 275Box: Debate the Policy Script: Is Immigration a Solutionto Demographic Graying? 245
CHAPTER 9 International Law and Justice: An Alternative Approach 276
Fundamentals of International Law and Justice 277The Primitive Nature of International Law 277The Growth of International Law 278The Practice of International Law 278The Fundamentals of International Justice 279
The International Legal System 279The Philosophical Roots of Law 280How International Law Is Made 280Adherence to the Law 283
Compliance with the Law 283Enforcement of the Law 284
Adjudication of the Law 284Internationa! Courts 285Jurisdiction of International Courts 286Effectiveness of International Courts 286
Applying International Law and Justice 289Law and Justice in a Multicultural World 289
Law and Cultural Perspectives 289Standards of Law for States and Individuals 291
States, War, and International Law 291Just Cause of War 292Just Conduct of War 294
Applying International Law and Justice to Individuals 295Post-World War II Tribunals 295Current International Tribunals 295The International Criminal Court 297
The Pragmatic Application of Law and Justice 299
Contents XXVII
The Future of International Law and Justice 302
Chapter Summary 303
Key Terms 304
Box: Debate the Policy Script: Would You Kill This Baby? 301
PART V Pursuing Peace ! • * •
CHAPTER 10 National Security: The Traditional Road 305
War and World Politics 306War: The Human Record 306The Causes of War: Three Levels of Analysis 307
System-Level Causes of War 310State-Level Causes of War 310Individual-Level Causes of War 311
The Changing Nature of War 311Classifying Warfare 314
Terrorism 315The Nature and Limits of Terrorism 315Sources of Terrorism 317
State Terrorism 317Transnational Terrorist Groups 317
The Record of Terrorism 318Terrorist Weapons and Tactics 319
Conventional Weapons Terrorism 319Radiological Terrorism 319Chemical and Biological Terrorism 320
The Causes of Terrorism 321Combating Terrorism 322
Unconventional Force 323Arms Transfers 323
Arms Transfers: Where and Why 323Arms Transfers: Drawbacks 324
Special Operations 325
Conventional Force 326Goals and Conduct of War 326Avoiding Unchecked Escalation 327
Weapons of Mass Destruction 328Biological Weapons 328Chemical Weapons 329Nuclear Weapons 330
Nuclear Weapons States and Their Arsenals 330The Role of Nuclear Weapons 331
Nuclear Deterrence and Strategy 333Deterrence 333Strategy: First Use 333Strategy: National Missile Defense 334
Chapter Summary 337
Key Terms 338
Box: Debate the Policy Script: Should Women Serve in Combat? 313
XXViii Contents
CHAPTER 11 International Security: The Alternative Road 339
Thinking about Security * 340A Tale of Insecurity 340
A Drama about Insecurity 340Critiquing the Drama 341
Seeking Security 341Approaches to Security 341Standards of Evaluation 342
Limited Self-Defense through Arms Control 344Methods of Achieving Arms Control 344The History of Arms Control 346
Arms Control through the 1980s 346Arms Control since 1990: WMDs 348Arms Control since 1990: Nuclear Non-Proliferation 351Arms Control since 1990: Conventional Weapons 353
The Barriers to Arms Control 356International Barriers 356Domestic Barriers 358
International Security Forces 360International Security Forces: Theory and Practice 360
Collective Security 362Peacekeeping 363Peacekeeping Issues 365
International Security and the Future 367Abolition of War 369
Complete Disarmament 369Pacifism 370
Chapter Summary 372Key Terms 373Boxes: Get Involved: Adopt a Minefield 355Debate the Policy Script: Is "Zero Nukes" a Good Goal? 359
PART VI Pursuing Prosperity
CHAPTER 12 National Economic Competition: The Traditional Road 374
Theories of International Political Economy 376Economic Nationalism 376Economic Internationalism 377Economic Structuralism 378
The World Economy: Globalization and Interdependence 380Trade 380
Expanding Trade 381Factors Promoting Expanded Trade 381
International Investment 382Foreign Direct and Portfolio Investment 382International Investment and Multinational Corporations 382
Monetary Relations 383
The World Economy: Diverse Circumstances 386North-South Patterns 387
Contents XXIX
North-South Economic Patterns 387North-South Societal Patterns 389
Evaluating the North-South Gap 389Mixed Data on Development 389Uneven Patterns of Development 390
National Economic Relations 392North-North Economic Relations 392
Changes in the North's Economic Climate 392
Changes in the North's Political Climate 393
North-South Economic Relations 394The South's Reform Agenda 394
The North's Response to the South's Reform Agenda 396
New Developments in North-South Competition 396
South-South Economic Relations 397Applied Economic Nationalism 400
Using Economic Means to Achieve Economic Ends 400Trade and Investment Barriers 400
Trade and Investment Supports 402
Using Economic Means to Achieve Political Ends 403The Future of Economic Nationalist Policy 404Chapter Summary 405Key Terms 407Box: Debate the Policy Script: Sanctions on China? 398
CHAPTER 13 International Economic Cooperation:The Alternative Road 408
Economic Cooperation and Development: Backgroundand Requirements 409
IPE Theory and Cooperation 409The Origins of Economic Cooperation 410
Development of the South 411Criteria for Economic Development 411Achieving Economic Development .413
Loans 414Private Investment 415Trade 415Foreign Aid 417Remittances 419Internal Reforms 419
Economic Cooperation and Development: The Institutions 420The United Nations and Economic Cooperation 420
The UN and Global Economic Regulation 420The UN and Development 420
Trade Cooperation and Development: The WTO 421The Structure and Role of the WTO 422Revising the GATT: The Doha Round 423
Monetary Cooperation in Support of Development: The IMF 424The Role of the IMF 425Criticisms of the IMF 426Defense of the IMF 42 7
XXX Contents
CHAPTER 14
Development Cooperation: The World Bank Group 429World Bank Operations' 429Controversy about the World Bank Group 430
Economic Cooperation and Development: EDC Institutions 431Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 431The Group of Eight (G-8) 431
Regional and Bilateral Economic Cooperation and Development 433The Western Hemisphere 434
The North American Free Trade Agreement 434The Free Trade Area of the Americas 436Mercosur 437
Asia and the Pacific 438Other Regions 439Bilateral Trade Agreements 440
Cooperation and Development: Debating the Future 440The Case for Economic Internationalism 441
Economic Advantages 441Noneconomic Advantages 443
The Case for Economic Nationalism 444Economic Advantages 444Noneconomic Advantages 446
The Globalization Debate in Perspective 448
Chapter Summary 449
Key Terms 450
Box: Debate the Policy Script: Economic Nationalismor Economic Internationalism? 449
Preserving and Enhancing Human Rights and Dignity 451
The Nature of Human Rights 453Proscriptive and Prescriptive Human Rights 453Universal and Culture-Based Rights 454
The Sou rce of Rights 455Applying Universalism and Relativism 456
Individual and Community Rights 457
Proscriptive Human Rights 458Human Rights: Problems and Progress 459
Human Rights Problems 459Human Rights Progress 459Barriers to Progress on Human Rights 462
Women's Rights 463Women's Rights Problems 464Women's Rights Progress 466
Children's Rights 468Children's Rights Problems 468Children's Rights Progress 469
Ethnic, Racial, and Religious Group Rights 470Group Rights Problems 470Group Rights Progress 471
Contents XXXI
The Rights of Indigenous Peoples 472Indigenous Peoples' Rights.Problems 472Indigenous Peoples' Rights Progress 473
. Refugee and Migrant Workers' Rights 473Refugee and Migrant Workers' Rights Problems 473Refugee and Migrant Workers' Rights Progress 474
Prescriptive Human Rights 475Adequate Nutrition 477
Causes of the Food Problem 478The International Response to the Food Problem 479
Adequate Health Standards 481Health Needs 481International Response to Health Issues 484
Basic Education 485Educational Needs 485The International Response to Education Issues 485
Chapter Summary 488
Key Terms 489
Box: Debate the Policy Script: Support a Global Bill of Rights? 486
CHAPTER 15 Preserving and Enhancing the Biosphere 490
The Ecological State of the World 491
Sustainable Development 492The Conundrum of Sustainable Development 493
Option 1: Restrict/Rollback Development 494Option 2: Pay for Environmentally Sustainable Development 494
The Politics of Sustainable Development 497Earth Summit I 497Earth Summit II 498
Sustainable Development: Population Problems and Progress 499Global Recognition of the Population Problem 500Approaches to Reducing the Birthrate 501The Impact of International Population Control Efforts 502
Sustainable Development: Resource Problems and Progress 503Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Minerals 503Forests and Land 504
Forest Depletion 504Land Degradation 506Forest and Land Protection 506
i '
I Wildlife 507Global Pressure on Wildlife 507Protecting Wildlife 507
Freshwater 508The Seas and Fisheries 510
Pressures on the Seas and Fisheries 510Protecting Fisheries 510
Sustainable Development: The Environment 512Ground Quality 512
International Ground Quality Issues 512International Efforts to Protect Ground Quality 513
XXXII Contents
Water Quality 514International Water Quality Issues 514International Efforts to'Protect Water Quality 515
Air Quality 515International Air Quality Issues 515Protecting Air Quality 516
The Ozone Layer 517Ozone Layer Depletion 517Protecting the Ozone Layer 518
Global Warming 518
Global Warming: What We Know 518
Global Warming: What Is in Dispute 520
The International Response to Global Warming 524
Chapter Summary 526Key Terms 527Box: Debate the Policy Script: Pay More at the Pump? 495
An Epilogue to the Text/A Prologue to the Future 529Endnotes E-lGlossary G-lReferences R-lIndex 1-1
MAPS
States: The Principal Actors on the World Stage 4Dependence on Trade 9The Colonization and Decolonization of Africa, 1878, 1914, 2005U.S.-Soviet Bipolarity 47The Common Colonial Experience of Non-Western Countries 53The Expansion of NATO 80Flows of Oil 97Global Distribution of Minority Groups 110Kurdistan 112Israel and Its Neighbors 113500 Years of Russian Expansion 121Countries with a Majority Muslim Population 155The Gender Gap: Inequalities in Education and Employment 160Sovereign States: Duration of Independence 167The Breakup of Yugoslavia 172Degree of State Stability 173Political Systems 175The European Union 224The International Court of Justice (ICJ) 285Countries That Are Party to the ICC Treaty 298International Conflicts in the Post-World War II World 308The Spread of Nuclear Weapons 352Current UN Peacekeeping Missions 364Exports of Primary Products 416Index of Human Development 477Per Capita Water Availability 509Potential Global Temperature Change 522
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