On the automatizability of Polynomial Calculus

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  • 8/2/2019 On the automatizability of Polynomial Calculus

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    Md ycb Erymoeylxealfly| m` ^mf|dmolef Kefkrfr{

    Dlkmfe Jefb{l edi Oe{{lom Ferqle

    Ib~eqyobdy m` Kmo~rybq [klbdkb

    [e~lbdxe / Rdlpbq{lyne il Qmoe

    Mkymabq 5>& 1>>3

    Ea{yqeky

    Zb ~qmpb ycey ^mf|dmolef Kefkrfr{ edi ^mf|dmolef Kefkrfr{ zlyc Qb{mfrylmd eqb dmy erymo/

    eylxeafb& rdfb{{ ZW^_/ceqi ~qmafbo{ eqb stsbi ~eqeobybq yqekyeafb a| mdb/{lib bqqmq qedimolxbiefjmqlyco{$ Ycl{ bsybdi{ ym ^mf|dmolef Kefkrfr{ ycb edefmjmr{ qb{rfy mayeldbi `mq Qb{mfrylmd a|

    Efbgcdmplkc edi Qexamqmp W1_$

    5 Ldyqmirkylmd

    Erymoeybi ycbmqbo ~qmpldj l{ mdb m` ycb om{y lo~mqyedy stbfi ldpb{yljeybi amyc `qmo e ycbmqbylkef

    edi ed e~~flbi ~mldy m` plbz$ Ly l{ zlibf| kmdhbkyrqbi #ary {ylff `eq ym ab ~qmpbi, ycey `mq ed| ~qmm`

    {|{ybo zb cepb `eolflb{ m` yerymfmjlb{ qburlqldj bs~mdbdyleff| fmdj ~qmm`{$ @mq {bpbqef kmdkqbyb

    bseo~fb{ #b$j$ Qb{mfrylmd, zb gdmz {rkc e qb{rfy #{bb `mq Qb{mfrylmd eomdj oed| mycbq{ W5;& 0& 2_,$

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    ~qmm` {beqkcldj efjmqlyco{ `mq e {|{ybo [ e{ b`stklbdy l` md ed| `mqorfe @& ycb| ~qmirkb e ~qmm`m`@ b`stklbdyf| ld ycb {lxb m` ycb ab{y ~qmm` m` E ld [$

    Erymoeylxealfly| l{ e ~qm~bqy| `mq ~qmm` {|{ybo{ ldyqmirkbi a| Amdby by ef$ ld W3_& zclkc ke~/

    yrqb{ ycb il{kr{{lmd eampb8 e ~qmm` {|{ybo [ l{ erymoeylxeafb l` ycbqb bsl{y{ ed efjmqlyco E[ {rkcycey md ed| yerymfmj| @& E[ ~qmirkb{ e ~qmm` m` @ ld [ ld ylob ~mf|dmoleff| amrdibi ld ycb {lxbm` ycb {cmqyb{y ~qmm` m` @ ld [$ Ycl{ ibstdlylmd l{ ldybqb{yldj {ldkb ly oegb{ ycb bsl{ybdkb m` b`/stklbdy ~qmm` {beqkcldj efjmqlyco{ `mq e {~bklstk ~qmm` {|{ybo ldib~bdibdy `qmo ycb bsl{ybdkb m`

    ceqi `mqorfe{$ Qbkbdyf| ycb dmylmd m` erymoeylxealfy| ze{ lo~qmpbi edi yljcybdbi `mq e~~flkeylmd{$

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    {|{ybo l{ erymoeylxeafb$ Gqehkbg edi ^rifeg W5:_& ~qmpbi ycey rdibq zlibf| ekkb~ybi kq|~ymjqe~clk

    kmdhbkyrqb{ Bsybdibi @qbjb {|{ybo{ eqb dmy erymoeylxeafb$ Ycb| ili ly a| bs~fmlyldj ycb kmddbkylmd

    `mrdi a| Amdby by ef ld W3_ ycey erymoeylxealfly| lo~flb{ @be{lafb Ldybq~mfeylmd ^qm~bqy| W50& 3_$

    Feybq W3& :_& bsybdibi ycl{ qb{rfy imzd ym amrdibi/ib~yc @qbjb ary zbegbdldj ycb kq|~ymjqe~clke{{ro~ylmd kmd{libqbi$

    Ycl{ fldb m` ~qmpldj dmd erymoeylxealfy| ze{ dmy {rlyeafb `mq {|{ybo{& flgb Qb{mfrylmd& gdmzd ym

    cepb ycb @be{lafb Ldybq~mfeylmd ^qm~bqy|$ Ld e oehmq aqbegycqmrjc Efbgcdmplkc edi Qexamqmp W1_&

    ~qmpbi ycey bpbd Qb{mfrylmd l{ dmy erymoeylxeafb rdfb{{ {mob ~eqeobybqlxbi kmo~fbsly| e{{ro~ylmd&

    abflbpbi ym ab `ef{b& imb{ cmfi$

    ^mf|dmolef Kefkrfr{ l{ ed efjbaqelk qb`ryeylmdef ~qmm` {|{ybo ldyqmirkbi ld W

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    Ycb ~qbplmr{ qb{rfy imb{ dmy jlpb erymoeylxeylmd m` ^ K zlyc qb{~bky ym ycb {lxb& l$b$ ycb droabq

    m` omdmolef{$ Ycl{ urb{ylmd l{ ef{m ldybqb{yldj abker{b8 #5, ycbqb eqb bseo~fb{ m` `eolflb{ m`

    ~mf|dmolef{ #b$j$ ~ljbmdcmfb `mqorfe{, qburlqldj ed bs~mdbdylef droabq m` omdmolef{ ym ab qb`rybi

    ld ^K #{bb W59_,7 #1, mrq qbkbdy qb{rfy #W51_,& ycey ycbqb eqb `eolflb{ m` ~mf|dmolef{ mpbq d peqleafb{qburlqldj

    d ibjqbb ary qb`ryeafb zlyc mdf| e ~mf|dmolef droabq m` omdmolef{$ Ycl{ obed{ ycey ycb

    efjmqlyco m` W_,& ym ~qmpb dmd erymoeylx/

    ealfly| `mq ^K zb `mffmz ycb e~~qmekc m` Efbgcdmplkc edi Qexamqmp ld W1_$

    @mffmzldj ycblq {yqeybj| zb ~qmpb ycey ^K l{ dmy erymoeylxeafb z$q$y$ {lxb rdfb{{ ZW^_/ceqi~qmafbo{ eqb stsbi ~eqeobybq yqekyeafb a| mdb/{lib bqqmq qedimolxbi efjmqlyco{$ Ycl{ bsybdi{ ym

    ^mf|dmolef Kefkrfr{ ycblq edefmjmr{ qb{rfy `mq Qb{mfrylmd W1_$

    Ycb mqljldef ~eqy m` ycb ~qmm` ld mrq qb{rfy l{ e dbz ibjqbb fmzbq amrdi `mq e `mqorfe& ldpbdybi

    ld W1_& bdkmildj ycb m~ylolxeylmd ~qmafbo gdmzd e{ oldloro omdmymdb klqkrly pefrb ~qmafbo$ Zb

    qb`bq ycb qbeibq ym [bkylmd 1 `mq omqb ibyelf{ md ycb `mqorfe edi ycb ~qmm` {yqeybj|$

    Zb ~qmpb ycb ibjqbb fmzbq amrdi `mffmzldj e ybkcdlurb ldlyleff| ldpbdybi a| Qexamqmp ld W15_

    edi r{bi ef{m ld ycb ~e~bq{ W5& 51_$ E{ `mq ycb ibjqbb fmzbq amrdi ld W51_& mrq ibjqbb fmzbq amrdi

    bsybdi{ ycb ybkcdlurb m` Qexamqmp ym dbz bseo~fb{ m` `mqorfe{$Ycb ~e~bq l{ mqjedlxbi e{ `mffmz{$ Ld [bkylmd 1 zb jlpb ycb oeld ibstdlylmd{ edi zb il{kr{{ ld

    ibyelf{ ycb ~qmm` {yqeybj|$ [bkylmd ; l{ ibpmybi ym ycb `mqorfeylmd edi ycb ~mf|dmolef bdkmildj m`

    ycb ~qldkl~fb r{bi$ Zb ~ry b``mqy{ ld yq|ldj ym {lo~fl`| ycb `mqorfeylmd m` ycb ~qldkl~fb$ [bkylmd 9

    kmdyeld{ ycb ~qmm` m` ycb ibjqbb fmzbq amrdi$ @ldeff| ld ycb fe{y [bkylmd zb kmoaldb ymjbycbq ycb

    ibjqbb fmzbq amrdi zlyc ~qbplmr{ qb{rfy{ m` W1_ ym jby ycb dmd erymoeylxealfly| m` ^K$ Zb kmdkfrib

    zlyc e stdef [bkylmd md M~bd ^qmafbo{$

    1 ^qbfloldeqlb{

    1$5 Efjbaqelk ~qmm` {|{ybo{ edi erymoeylxealfy|

    Zb kmd{libq orfylpeqleyb ~mf|dmolef{ md peqleafb{ s5& $ $ $ sd mpbq e stbfi@

    $ Zb ibdmyb ycb ibjqbbm` e ~mf|dmolef ~ e{ ibj#~,& edi ycb droabq m` omdmolef{ ld ~ e{ [#~,$ Fby ~5 $ $ $ ~f ab {mob~mf|dmolef{ zlyc dm kmoomd xbqm eomdj >/5 e{{ljdobdy{$ Zb ibstdb ze|{ ym ~qmpb {rkc kfelo$

    Drff{ybffbd{eyx #CD,8 E ~qmm` ld Drff{ybffbd{eyx l{ e {by m` ~mf|dmolef{ j5 $ $ $ jf& c5 $ $ $ cd {rkcycey

    l

    jl~l '

    l

    cl#s1l sl, ? 5

    Ycb ibjqbb m` e CD ~qmm` l{ oeslwibj#jl~l,}$^mf|dmolef Kefkrfr{ #^K,8 E ~qmm` ld ^mf|dmolef Kefkrfr{ l{ e {by m` ~mf|dmolef{ j5 $ $ $ jo

    {rkc ycey jo ? 5 edi ed| jl l{ blycbq ed eslmo s1h sh `mq {mob h Wd_& mq e ~h `mq h Wf_& mq e

    ~mf|dmolef ibqlpbi ekkmqildj mdb m` ycb `mffmzldj ld`bqbdkb qrfb{8

    je jaj

    e' j

    a

    jes

    h j

    e

    zcbqb 5 e&a 6 l& & @ edi h Wd_$Ycb ibjqbb m` e ^K ~qmm` l{ oeslwibj#jl,}& edi ycb {lxb m` e ^K ~qmm` l{

    l [#jl,$

    ^mf|dmolef Kefkrfr{ zlyc Qb{mfrylmd #^KQ,8 ly l{ ed bsybd{lmd m` ^ K$ ^mf|dmolef{ eqb effmzbi

    ym r{b eiilylmdef peqleafb{ s5 $ $ $ sd$ E ~qmm` l{ {lolfeq ym e ^ K ~qmm` zlyc ycb eiilylmd ycey e fldbked ab ef{m ab ed eslmo m` ycb `mqo 5 sh sh $

    E{ ld ^K& ycb ibjqbb m` e ^KQ ~qmm` l{ oeslwibj#jl,}& edi ycb {lxb m` e ^KQ ~qmm` l{

    l [#jl,$Jlpbd e {by m` ~mf|dmolef{ ^ ? w~5 $ $ $ ~f} zb ibstdb e{ ibjS #^, edi [S #^, ycb oldloro

    ibjqbb edi {lxb ekclbpeafb ld e ~qmm` m` ^ a| ycb ~qmm` {|{ybo S$ Ly be{| ym {bb ycey ycb `mffmzldjqbfeylmd{ cmfi `mq ed| ^$

    ibjCD#^, ibj^K#^, ? ibj^KQ #^,[CD#^,

    [ K#^,

    [ KQ #^,

    1

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    Zb {e| e ycey ~qmm` {|{ybo S l{ erymoeylxeafb #ure{l/erymoeylxeafb, l` ycbqb l{ ed efjmqlycozclkc jlpbd ^ mry~ry{ e pefli S ~qmm` m` ^ ld ylob ~mf|dmolef #qb{~$ ure{l/~mf|dmolef, zlycqb{~bky ym [S #^,$

    1$1 Dmylmd{ `qmo kmooryeylpb efjbaqe

    Jlpbd e stbfi @& zb kmd{libq ~mf|dmolef{ mpbq @Ws5& $ $ $ & sd_$ Jlpbd e {by B ? w`5& $ $ $ & ` d} m`~mf|dmolef{& a| [~ed#B, zb ibdmyb ycb libef jbdbqeybi a| B& ycey l{ ycb {by wl#`l cl, v cl @Ws5& $ $ $ & sd_}$ Zb {e| ycey e {by m` ~mf|dmolef{ `5& $ $ $ & ` d {boedylkeff| lo~flb{ e ~mf|dmolef j l`ed| e{{ljdobdy ycey {eyl{stb{ `l ? > `mq eff l Wd_& ef{m {eyl{stb{ j ? >$ Zb zqlyb `5& $ $ $ & ` d v? j mqB v? j$

    Zb ibstdb e dmylmd m` qb{lirb m` ~mf|dmolef{ zlyc qb{~bky ym ed libef$ Zb kmd{libq ycb jqfbs

    mqibq 6^ md omdmolef{ e{ jlpbd ld W5>_$ Ld ~eqylkrfeq jqfbs l{ ibstdbi e{ `mffmz{8 5 6^ s5 6^s1 6^ 6^ sd$ @mq ed| yzm ~qmirky{ m` peqleafb{ o& o edi e peqleafb s cmfi ycb `mffmzldjyzm ~qm~bqylb{8 #e, l` o 6^ o

    ycbd so 6^ so7 #a, o 6^ so$ Ycl{ mqibq l{ fbslkmjqe~clkeff|

    bsybdibi ym ~mf|dmolef{& edi > l{ ycb {oeffb{y m` ycbo$Dmylkb ycey jqfbs l{ dmy e ymyef mqibq& ycr{ ycbqb kmrfi ab ldkmo~eqeafb{ u& u [~ed#B,$ Ycl{

    ked ce~~bd l` edi mdf| l` ycb rdibqfldb {by{ m` omdmolef{ eqb buref{ ary cepb il``bqbdy kmb`stklbdy{$

    Ld ycey ke{b ycbqb bsl{y{ e fldbeq kmoaldeylmd m` u edi u

    zclkc l{ {yqlkyf| {oeffbq yced amyc& edizclkc l{ ld [~ed#B,$ Ycr{ e oldloro bfbobdy ld [~ed#B, efze|{ bsl{y{$

    Jlpbd e ~mf|dmolef u& zb ibstdb QB#u, e{ ycb oldloef& zlyc qb{~bky ym 6^& ~mf|dmolef ~ {rkcycey u ~ [~ed#B,$

    QB#u, ? oldw~ @Ws5& $ $ $ & sd_ 8 u ~ [~ed#B,}Ld ycb `mffmzldj {bkylmd{ zb r{b {mob ~qm~bqylb{ m` ycb m~bqeymq QB zclkc ked ab be{lf| ibqlpbi

    `qmo ycb ibstdlylmd8

    Fbooe 5$ FbyBab e {by m` ~mf|dmolef{ edi fby ~ ediu ab yzm ~mf|dmolef{$ Ycbd8

    QB#~, ^ ~7

    l`~

    u

    [~ed#B,& ycbd QB#~, ? QB#u,7

    QB l{ e fldbeq m~bqeymq7 QB#~u, ? QB#~ QB#u,,$Zb {ceff kmd{libq ~mf|dmolef{ md ycb stbfi @ ibstdbi md ycb imoeld w>& 5}d$ Omqb bs~flklyf| zb

    kmd{libq bfbobdy{ m` ycb qldj @Ws5& $ $ $ & sd_-ws1l sl}lWd_$ [rkc ~mf|dmolef{ eqb ycb ae{b `mq effefjbaqelk ~qmm` {|{ybo{ zb kmd{libq$

    1$; ^qmm` [yqeybj|

    Ycb m~ylolxeylmd ~qmafbo m` Oldloro Omdmymdb Klqkrly [eyl{`|ldj E{{ljdobdy #OOK[E, l{ ib/

    stdbi e{ `mffmz{8

    Ld{yedkb8 E omdmymdb klqkrly mpbq & ld d peqleafb{$[mfrylmd8 Ed ld~ry e {rkc ycey K#e, ? 5Mahbkylpb `rdkylmd8 z#e,& ycb Ceooldj zbljcy m` e$

    Ld W1_ Efbgcdmplkc edi Qexamqmp r{b ycb erymoeylxeylmd m` Qb{mfrylmd e{ e ~qlolylpb ym b`st/

    klbdyf| {mfpb OOK[E$ Ycb libe ked ab {rooeqlxbi ld ycqbb ldib~bdibdy {yb~{$

    5$ Jlpbd e omdmymdb klqkrly K& arlfi ed rd{eyl{steafb KD@ @#K&z&q, edi ~qmpb ycey ycb {lxbm` ycb {cmqyb{y ~qmm` l{ {yqmdjf| qbfeybi ym ycb {lxb m` oldloro {eyl{`|ldj e{{ljdobdy m` ycb

    klqkrly$

    1$ E{{roldj erymoeylxealfly| m` ycb ~qmm` {|{ybo{& r{b ycb erymoeylxeylmd efjmqlyco ym stdi e

    ~qmm` m` e~~qmsloeybf| {oeff {lxb$ Ycl{ jlpb{ ed e~~qmsloeylmd m` ycb oldloro e{{ljdobdy

    {lxb$

    ;$ E~~f| #qedimolxbi, je~ eo~flstkeylmd ~qmkbirqb{ ym lo~qmpb ycb e~~qmsloeylmd `ekymq r~ ym

    ed bqqmq {oeffbq yced mdb& ycr{ mayeldldj ed bseky pefrb$

    ;

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    Ycb stq{y {yb~ ib~bdi{ md ycb ~qmm` {|{ybo$ R{ldj e {fljcy omilstkeylmd m` ycb `mqorfe arlfy ld

    W1_ zb zlff ~qmpb ycb stq{y {yb~ `mq efjbaqelk ~qmm` {|{ybo{$ Zb zlff {bb ycey ycb mycbq yzm {yb~{ eqb

    b{{bdyleff| ldib~bdibdy `qmo ycb ~qmm` {|{ybo$

    @mqoeff| zb ~qmpb ycb `mffmzldj yzm ycbmqbo{$

    Ycbmqbo 5$ L` ed| m` CD& ^K edi ^KQ l{ erymoeylxeafb& ycbd `mq e stsbi 4 > ycbqb bsl{y{ ed

    efjmqlyco zmqgldj md omdmymdb klqkrly{ K zclkc qrd{ ld ylob bs~

    z#K,M#5, vKv

    M#5,

    edi e~/~qmsloeyb{ ycb pefrb m` z#K, ym zlycld e `ekymq #5 ' ,$

    Ycbmqbo 1$ L` CD& ^K mq^KQ eqb erymoeylxeafb ycbd OOK[E km @ ^ Q$Cbqb ZW^_ l{ ycb zbff/gdmzd kfe{{ m` eff ~qmafbo{ qbirklafb ple ~eqeobyqlxbi qbirkylmd ym ycb

    ~qmafbo m` ZBLJCYBI KLQKRLY [EYL[@LEAFLY\& edi ly l{ gdmzd ycey ycb ibkl{lmd pbq{lmd m`

    OOK[E l{ kmo~fbyb `mq ycl{ kfe{{ #`mq ibyelf{ eamry ~eqeobybqlxbi kmo~fbsly| ycb qbeibq l{ qb`bqqbi

    ym W55_,$

    @ ^ Q l{ ed c|aqli kfe{{ m` Q^ edi @ ^ Y ldyqmirkbi a| W1_& ibstdbi e{ `mffmz{8

    Ibstdlylmd 5$ Ycb kfe{{ @ ^ Q m` ~eqeobybqlxbi ~qmafbo{& kmd{l{y{& m` eff fedjrejb{ F D&`mq zclkc ycbqb bsl{y{ e ~qmaealfl{ylk efjmqlyco & e kmd{yedyk edi e qbkrq{lpb `rdkylmd ` 8 D D{rkc ycey8

    5$ ycb qrddldj ylob m`#s& g, l{ ey om{y`#g, vsvk71$ L`s& g F& ycbd ^qW#s& g, ? 5_ 5-17;$ L`s& g F& ycbd ^qW#s& g, ? 5_ ? >7

    Ym jby Ycbmqbo 5& zb ~qmpb ycb `mffmzldj qbirkylmd e{ ld W1_$

    Fbooe 1$ FbyK ab e omdmymdb klqkrly& edi z ed ldybjbq ~eqeobybq$ E{{rob yceyq ? #z,8

    5$ Ed| ^KQ qb`ryeylmd m`@#K&z&q, ce{ {lxb ey fbe{y

    1#zoldwz#K,&z},

    1$ L`z#K, z ycbd ycbqb l{ e CD ~qmm` m`@#K&z&q, m` {lxb

    vKv 1M#zz#K,,

    Ld yrqd ycb Fbooe l{ ~qmpbi r{ldj mrq oeld edi dbz qb{rfy ld ycb ~e~bq& zclkc l{ e ibjqbb fmzbq

    amrdi `mq @#K&z&q,$

    Ycbmqbo ;$ Ed| ^KQ qb`ryeylmd m`@#K&z&q, qburlqb{ ibjqbb ey fbe{y q oldwz#K, 5& z}$

    ; Ycb ~qldkl~fb

    Fby K ab e omdmymdb klqkrly md d ld~ry{ m` {lxb ~mf|dmolef ld d$ Fby z#K, ycb oldloro ceooldjzbljcy m` ed e{{ljdobdy {eyl{`|ldj Kedi fby z ab e ~eqeobybq zcm{b ldybdibi obedldj l{ ym jrb{{ epefrb `mq ycb {lxb m`z#K,$ Fby q ab e ~eqeobybq r{bi ym eo~fl`| ycb ibjqbb ceqidb{{ m` ycb ~qldkl~fb&

    q l{ ldybdibi ym ab #z,$E kmoaldeymqlef mahbky keffbi ^efb| oeyqls l{ r{bi `mq ycb kmd{yqrkylmd$ [rkc oeyqls ce{ ycb

    ~qm~bqy| ycey ed| ~qmhbkylmd md e {oeff {by m` kmfrod{ kmd{l{y{ m` eff ~m{{lafb aldeq| {yqldj{ zlyc ed

    efom{y `elq `qburbdk|$ @mq mrq ~rq~m{b ly l{ {r`stklbdy ycey ed| {by m` z kmfrod{ ce{ e `rff 5 qmz edied| {by m`z qmz{ ce{ e `rff > kmfrod$ Zb zlff {cmz e kmd{yqrkylmd `mq e oeyqls E m` {lxb 1#z,$

    Fby u 4 19z ab ed eqalyqeq| ~qlob& edi kmd{libq e u u oeyqls zcbqb kbff #l& h, kmdyeld{ 5 l``l h l{ e ureiqeylk qb{lirb omirfm u& mq > mycbqzl{b5$ Ly l{ zbff gdmzd W52& ;_ ycey ed| ~qmhbkylmdmd z qmz{ mq kmfrod{ kmdyeld{ bpbq| {yqldj ld w>& 5}z

    @qmo K& z& q edi E& zb eqb jmldj ym ibstdb e {by m` bureylmd @#K&z&q,$ Ycb ~qldkl~fb bdkmib{ycb ~qm~bqy| ycey ycbqb bsl{y{ e {by m`d kmfrod{ m` ycb oeyqls E ycey kmdyeld{ dm {eyl{ |ldj e{{ljdobdy

    5Dmyb ycey ld flybqeyrqb ycb mqljldef ^efb| Oeyqls l{ ibstdbi ld e il``bqbdy `e{clmd zlyc > pefrb{ md ilejmdef& 5 `mq ureiqeylk

    qb{lirb{ edi /5 `mq dmd qb{lirb{$ Ary ycl{ l{ dmy ed l{{rb cbqb

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    `mq ycb klqkrly K$ Ycl{ kfelo l{ rd{eyl{steafb l`z#K, 6 z $ Ycl{ l{ abker{b zceybpbq ycb {bfbkylmd m`d kmfrod{ l{& ycb z kmfrod{ kmqqb{~mdildj ym ycb 5 kmmqildeyb{ m` {rkc e{{ljdobdy zlff kmdyeld{ e`rff 5{ {yqldj zclkc {eyl{stb{ ycb klqkrly K$

    Ycb d kmfrod{ eqb {bfbkybi a| d ~eqylef `rdkylmd{ keffbi jbdbqeymq{$ Ycb{b `rdkylmd{ zlff abibstdbi ld ycb `mffmzldj$

    @mq ybkcdlkef qbe{md& zlibf| bs~feldbi ld W1_& zb eii kmo~fbsly| ym ycb ~qldkl~fb8 ld{ybei m`

    `bbildj mdb ld~ry ym e {ldjfb klqkrly& zb `bbi ly ym {bpbqef km~lb{ m` ycb {eob klqkrly& edi zb {bfbkymdb m` ycm{b km~lb{ a| e ~eqylef `rdkylmd keffbi ekylpeymq$ Ld ycb ~qldkl~fb zb zlff bs~qb{{ ycb `eky

    ycey mdf| ycb jeyb{ m` ycb ekylpb klqkrly{ cepb ym ~bq`mqo ycb kmo~ryeylmd kmqqbkyf|$

    Ycb ~qldkl~fb kfelo{ ycey bsl{y{ e kcmlkb `mq ycb jbdbqeymq{ edi ekylpeymq{ ld~ry{ {rkc ycey8 #e,

    pefrb{ `mq {rkc ld~ry{ eqb ibstdbi edi #a, dm klqkrly mry~ry 5$

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    zclkc l{ ld kmdyqeilkylmd zlyc ycb kfelo dm ekylpb klqkrly mry~ry 5$

    Klqkrly `eolf| Fby u ? 1#z, ycb {lxb m` ycb oeyqls$ Zb kmd{libq ed eqqe| m` u q km~lb{ m`K&ldibsbi e{ Klg$

    Fby { ab e ~eqeobybq zb {~bkl`| feybq edi zclkc {cmrfi ab ldybdibi ym ab #z ' fmj u, zclkc

    zlff ab #z ' q,$Ekylpeymq{ @mq eff l Wu_ zb kmd{libq e ~m{{laf| ~eqylef `rdkylmd El 8 w>& 5}{ Wq_ zclkc

    {bfbky{ mdb m` ycb klqkrly eomdj Kl5 Klq$ Mdf| `mq jeyb{ ld ycb {bfbkybi klqkrly zb bd{rqb ym~qm~ejeyb kmqqbkyf| ycqmrjc ycb klqkrly$ Ycb mycbq mdb{ eqb qbflbpbi `qmo ycb kmo~ryeylmd$

    Jbdbqeymq{ @mq h Wd_ Jh 8 w>& 5}{ w>& 5}u jbdbqeyb{ e kmfrod pbkymq m` E$ Ycr{wJ5 Jd} ibstdb e u d oeyqls$ @mq eff l Wu_ ycb lyc qmz m` {rkc oeyqls l{ `bi ym Kl5 Klq e{ld~ry$

    Jbdbqeymq edi Ekylpeymq{ zlyc q/{rqhbkylply| edi ~eqeobybq {$ E{ ld W1_ #{bb ycbqb `mq ed bs/ybd{lpb il{kr{{lmd eamry ycl{ qburlqbobdy, zb dbbi amyc ekylpeymq{ edi jbdbqeymq{ ym ab q/{rqhbkylpb`rdkylmd{ md imoeld w>& 5}{& `mq e {rlyeafb {$ Cbqb l{ e kmd{yqrkylmd #{bb ef{m W1_& ~qmm` Fbooe;$5 #ll,,& ycey effmz{ r{ ym ibstdb {rqhbkylpb `rdkylmd{$ Kmd{libq e jbdbqef aldeq| {rqhbkylpb `rdkylmdj 8 w>& 5}f [ edi e ibkmildj `rdkylmd I 8 w>& 5}f w>& 5}f m` e kmib zlyc il{yedkb 1f #kmd/{yqrkylmd{ bsl{y W11_ {rkc ycey l{ e rdlpbq{ef kmd{yedy,$ Ycbd j

    I 8

    w>& 5

    }f

    [ l{ f/{rqhbkylpb

    md [$ Ym {bb ycl{ kmd{libq ycb qb{yqlkybi aly{ e{ bqqmq aly{$ Ed| ob{{ejb ked ab ibkmibi `qmo ycb~qm~bq kmibzmqi zlyc ycm{b f aly{ kcedjbi$

    Ycb mry~ry m` e jbdbqeymq `rdkylmd Jh l{ kmo~fbybf| {~bklstbi a| ycb kcmlkb m` e kmfrod ld ycb^efb| oeyqls #cbdkb #z, aly,& ycb mry~ry m` ycb ekylpeymq El l{ {~bklstbi a| ycb kcmlkb m` e droabqld Wq_$ Ycr{ #z ' q, ld~ry aly{ eqb bdmrjc ym ibstdb amyc {rqhbkylpb jbdbqeymq{ edi {bfbkymq{$ Ycbda| kmo~m{lylmd zlyc e 1q il{yedkb kmib zb mayeld ycb ib{lqbi q/{rqhbkylpb `rdkylmd{ md w>& 5}{ zlyc{ ? #z ' q,$

    Abker{b m` ycb ~qm~bqylb{ m` ^efb| oeyqls& jbdbqeymq{ edi ekylpeymq{ ycb `mffmzldj `eky cmfi{$

    @eky 5$ @mq ed| omdmymdb klqkrlyK& edi ed| z 4 z#K,& ey fbe{y mdb m`wKlg}lg mry~ry{ 5 zceybpbqycb e{{ljdobdy `mq ekylpeymq{ edi jbdbqeymq{ l{$

    ;$5 ^qm~m{lylmdef BdkmildjZb dmz ib{kqlab ycb ~mf|dmolef{ zclkc bdkmib ycb dbjeylmd m` ycb ~qldkl~fb il{kr{{bi {m `eq$ Ib/

    {kqlaldj ycb bfbobdy{ m` ycb ~qldkl~fb zb zlff ab kmd{l{ybdy zlyc ycb `mffmzldj dmyeylmd$

    Dmyeylmd qb`bqbdkb

    K ycb omdmymdb klqkrly$

    d ld~ry peqleafb{ ld ycb klqkrly K$

    p ldibs qb`bq{ ym e ycb jeyb{ m`K$ Ly jmb{ `qmo 5 ym vKv$ Zb e{{rob stq{y 5$$d ldibsb{ kmqqb{~mdiym ld~ry jeyb{$ Edi vKv kmqqb{~mdi{ ym mry~ry jeyb{$

    z#K, l{ ycb oldloro ceooldj zbljcy m` ed e{{ljdobdy {eyl{`|ldj K$

    u ? 1#z, e ~qlob droabq& {lxb m` ycb ^efb| oeyqls$

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    q l{ e ~eqeobybq$

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    g ldibs r{bi ym ibdmyb mdb m` ycb ~m{{lafb mrykmob{ m` ycb {bfbkymq `rdkylmd{$ Ly jmb{ `qmo 5 ymq$

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    El lyc ekylpeymq `rdkylmd zclkc {bfbky{ eomdj klqkrly{ Kl5& $ $ $ & K lq$

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    ^mf|dmolef{ zclkc bdkmib ycb ~qldkl~fb eqb bs~qb{{bi ld ycb `mffmzldj {by m` peqleafb{$

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    zb bdkmib ld ed bureylmd {by @l eff bureylmd{ qbfbpedy ym qmz l$ Ldibsb{ l&h&g&p edi & e~~f|~qm~bqf| e{ ib{kqlabi eampb$ @l eqb {cmzd abfmz8

    sh #,|l#,xhl&g ? > l`` ycb l

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    |l#, ? > zcbd

    imo#El, #1,

    |l#,xEl&gx

    Al&gx

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    |l#,xEl&gx

    pl&g ? >& |l#,x

    Al&gx

    pl&g ? > jeyb p E A& edi El#, ? g #9,

    |l#,xvKvl&g ? > El#, ? g #2,

    #5, {e|{ ycey l` ycb lyc aly m` ycb kmfrod jbdbqeybi a| Jh l{ 5 edi ycb ekylpb klqkrly `mq lyc qmz l{g& ycbd ycb hyc ld~ry m`Klg or{y ab md$ #1, `mqkb{ ycb |l peqleafb{ ym bdkmib e pefrb ld ycb imoeldm` ycb ekylpeymq `rdkylmd$ Ycl{ l{ dbkb{{eq| abker{b ekylpeymq{ eqb ~eqylef `rdkylmd{$ #;, edi #9, `mqkb

    ycb ekylpb klqkrly ym kmo~ryb ycb jeyb{ kmqqbkyf|$ Ycb bureylmd #2, kfelo{ ycey ycb mry~ry m` ycb ekylpb

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    l{ ekylpeybi ycb ld~ry m` jbdbqeymq{ ker{b{ {mob aly{ ym ab `bi ld ly$ Ycb ~qldkl~fb ef{m kfelo{ {rkc

    klqkrly mry~ry{ >$ Ycb ~qldkl~fb kmd{l{y{ ld ycb kmdhrdkylmd m`@l `mq l Wu_$Ibstdlylmd 1$ Zb keff @#K&z&q, ycb ~qldkl~fb ib{kqlabi eampb e{

    l @l& zcbqb K l{ e omdmymdb

    klqkrly& u ? 1#z, l{ e ~qlob& ediq l{ ycb {rqhbkylply| ~eqeobybq m` jbdbqeymq{ edi ekylpeymq{$

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    hl&g ? > l{ ld ycb ~qldkl~fb$ Ycbd `mq ed| edi l ycbqb l{ ey

    om{y mdb g `mq zclkc ycbqb eqb jeyb ~qm~ejeylmd bureylmd{$ Mycbqzl{b ycbqb l{ mdb {ldjfb kfer{b{

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    |l#, ? > l`l{ dmy ld ycb imoeld m`El$ Ld ymyef zb cepb d1M#{,' vKv1M#{,, bureylmd{$ Dmylkb ycey

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    5$

    9 Ibjqbb Fmzbq amrdi{ `mq @#K&z&q,

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    Sy 8? w#h& f, 8 shf y}\y 8? w#l& f, 8 |lf y}Xy 8? w#l& g, 8 ycbqb l{ e p `mq zclkc xplg y}

    Edi zb ibstdb ycb ldibs/ibjqbb m`y e{

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    5$ G l{ e fldbeq m~bqeymq$

    1$ G#~, ? > `mq ed| ~ ld @#K&z&q,$

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    Fbooe ;$ @mq ed| ~mf|dmolef ~ edi libef L jbdbqeybi a| u5& u1& $ $ $ & uo& eff peqleafb{ e~~beqldjld QL#~, ef{m mkkrq ld ~& u5& u1& $ $ $ & uo$

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    L zlyc

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    Dmylkb ycey abker{b m` q/{rqhbkylply| m` jbdbqeymq{ zb cepb ycey `mq ed| h

    H edi ed| pbkymq

    p ? p5 $ $ $ pu ld ycb loejb m` Jh ycbqb l{ e ammfbed ~eqylef e{{ljdobdy h md sh peqleafb{ {rkcycey dm peqleafb ld y l{ e{{ljdbi edi Jh #, ? p$ Zb kcmm{b e p {rkc ycey `mq ed| l ld L zb cepbpl ? >$ [rkc kcmlkb l{ ~m{{lafb abker{b vLv o edi p l{ e kmfrod ld e ^efb| oeyqls m` e~~qm~qleyb{lxb$ Zb eii h `mq h H ld $ [rkc ~eqylef e{{ljdobdy imb{ dmy qb{yqlky y& edi {by ym > eff bureylmd{sh #,|l#,x

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    Zb {by xhl>g ym > zcbdh H edi 5 mycbqzl{b$ Ycbd zb ~qm~ejeyb pefrb{ eomdj ycb klqkrly bureylmd{

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    Fbooe 2$ L` ycb ldibs/ibjqbb m` e omdmolef y l{ fb{{ yced qo ycbd G#sy, ? G#sG#y,,

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