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On-Sky Tests of Sparse-Field Astrometry with GEMS and a 1-meter Telescope. S. Mark Ammons Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Olivier Guyon ( UofA , Subaru Telescope) Eduardo Bendek ( UofA ) Bruce Macintosh (LLNL) Dmitry Savransky (LLNL ) Benoit Neichel (everywhere). Outline. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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AO4ELT3 May 28, 2013
On-Sky Tests of Sparse-Field Astrometry with GEMS and a 1-meter Telescope
S. Mark AmmonsLawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Olivier Guyon (UofA, Subaru Telescope)Eduardo Bendek (UofA)Bruce Macintosh (LLNL)Dmitry Savransky (LLNL)
Benoit Neichel (everywhere)
AO4ELT3 May 28, 2013
Outline
1. Precise sparse-field astrometry enables a wide range of new science for ELTs, including planetary mass measurement
2. How the diffractive pupil works
3. A test of the diffractive pupil on a 1-meter telescope
4. GEMS sparse field astrometric performance
AO4ELT3 May 28, 2013
Precision Sparse-Field Astrometry: A Challenging, but Rewarding, Goal for ELTs (and LTs)
Much progress has been made in crowded-field astrometry to date, where both atmospheric tip/tilt anisoplanatism (DTTJ) and instrumental systematics are reduced by shorter astrometric baselines.
But with < 100 μas performance for bright stars in sparse fields, targeted, ground-based astrometric surveys can be valuable for:
- planet detection via parent star reflex- mass measurement of exoplanets discovered by direct
imaging
What is the role of AO in sparse-field astrometry?
AO4ELT3 May 28, 2013
Why Sparse Field Astrometry is Difficult:Error Terms Grow with the Astrometric Baseline
Many error terms have a dependence on the astrometric baseline (distance between stars)
These include:- Tip/Tilt
Anisoplanatism- Optical Distortion
Errors- Atmospheric
Refraction
Crowded field cases
Bright star, wide-field cases
Relative astrometric error between two stars due to DTTJ
AO4ELT3 May 28, 2013
Diffractive Pupil Mask Calibrates Changing Optical Distortion
All astrometric distortions (due to change in optics shapes and deformations of the focal plane array) are common to the spikes and the background stars. By referencing the background star positions to the spikes, the astrometric measurement is largely immune to large scale astrometric distortions.
AO4ELT3 May 28, 2013
Direct comparison of the spike images between 2 epochs is used to measure the distortion, which is then subtracted from the measurement to produce a calibrated astrometric measurement.
O. Guyon, E. Bendek
Diffractive Pupil Mask Calibrates Changing Optical Distortion
AO4ELT3 May 28, 2013
Cancellation of Differential Tilt Jitter (DTTJ) caused by high-altitude turbulence
Control of low-order plate scale variations
Sharp PSF (better S/N term)
Spatially uniform PSF (less PSF modeling error) over a wide field (~2’)
Combining MCAO with a Diffractive Approach Addresses the Weakness of Each
Pros
Maps epoch-to-epoch changes in distortion simultaneously with observations
Stiffness requirement on diffractive grid more forgiving
DAR can be calibrated from spike motion (?)
Spikes serve as PSF references (?)
DTTJ no longer cancelled by multiple DMs Potential for epoch-to-epoch systematic changes in distortion (non-common path or changes in WFS zeropoint)
Tomographic blind modes introduce uncontrollable distortion errors
Cons
MCAO Diffractive Grid
AO4ELT3 May 28, 2013
Questions about this Hybrid Diffractive-MCAO Concept
1. Does the diffractive pupil concept reduce systematic errors in reality?
2. How large are the systematic errors expected to be in MCAO systems?
3. What is the expected precision of this hybrid concept?
AO4ELT3 May 28, 2013
Questions about this Hybrid Diffractive-MCAO Concept
1. Does the diffractive pupil concept reduce systematic errors in reality?
2. How large are the systematic errors expected to be in MCAO systems?
3. What is the expected precision of this hybrid concept?
We address these questions now with two on-sky experiments:1. Diffractive Grid test on 1-meter telescope2. Sparse Field Astrometry with GEMS
AO4ELT3 May 28, 2013
What is the Expected Random Component of the Astrometric Precision?
- Precision hits noise floor for 30-meter telescope due to reference star saturation in short exposure times
- Without addressing saturation, practical limit on random error terms Is ~3-10 microarcseconds for 8-30 meter telescopes
Includes DAR, chromatic DAR, Differential T/T jitter, and SNR of stars
1 hour exposure
I = 4 central star
Reference field: Bahcall & Soneira (1980) star count model to V = 22
Seeing = 0.8” FWHM
Bandpass = K
Nyquist sampling, 40% Strehl
AO4ELT3 May 28, 2013
We Test the Diffractive Pupil Concept at Lick Observatory
• Stiff CFRP honeycomb mounted at secondary produces diffraction spikes that map changing optical distortion
• Experiment designed to average down random errors and reveal systematics• Final generation mask manufactured in San Jose and designed by Eduardo Bendek
AO4ELT3 May 28, 2013
Crowded Field Precision without Mask: ~1.4 mas over 4’
• Data taken in NGC 6791 (average star separation: 10”)• Precision improves with averaging time, but not brightness, suggesting the
atmosphere is limiting at high stellar densities for t < 1 hour
AO4ELT3 May 28, 2013
October Run – First run with aperture mask
• First generation mask (perforated aluminum) produces diffraction spikes with even intensity across azimuth (as opposed to blocking blades design)
AO4ELT3 May 28, 2013
Observations of Hipparcos Stars will Reveal Stellar Parallax
• Second generation carbon mask provides improved throughput over perforated aluminum mask
Carbon mask installed on Nickel Telescope (Credit: Eduardo Bendek)
51 Per
AO4ELT3 May 28, 2013
Diffractive Mask Reduces Systematic Component of Error by ~2x
- Blue lines: fitted sum of a random and systematic component- Use of closest diffraction spike (reducing astrometric baseline) lowers systematic component by 2x
Distant diffraction spike used(similar to no diffractive mask)
Closest diffraction spike used
AO4ELT3 May 28, 2013
GEMS experiment: Astrometric calibrator TYC 7122
TYC 7122 is a distant supergiant surrounded by ~20 stars with K < 17 in 90 arcsecond field
AO4ELT3 May 28, 2013
GEMS short-term precision reaches ~0.5 mas in sparse fields for 2 minute exposure
- For short exposures, GEMS sparse-field precision approaches 0.5 mas for K < 15- Short term noise floor less than 0.5 mas- For long-term observations – need to keep field on same pixel due to large static
distortion
AO4ELT3 May 28, 2013
Summary
1. High precision sparse-field astrometry is a challenging goal for large telescopes, but the scientific rewards are great
2. We consider the merging of two techniques: a diffractive pupil for stability on long time baselines and MCAO for high S/N detection
3. On-sky tests of the diffractive grid technique indicate a reduction in the systematic component of the astrometric error by 2x
4. GEMS short-term level of systematic error is less than 0.5 mas (but may be higher over months).