Workshop in China 24th May.2012

On-site Domestic Wastewater Treatment

（JOHKASOU）performance evaluation

and development status of

environmental technology verification

system in Japan

Yuhei INAMORI 1

Kai- Qin XU 2 Ryuhei Inamori 1 Hiroki Inoue 3

1 Fukusima University , 2 National Institute for

Environmental Studies , 3 Testing Laboratory for

Wastewater Treatment /The Building Center of Japan

Eco-engineering

Water environment restoration using soil ・aquatic plants

Technology to take full advantage of the potential purification ability of ecosystems

Bio-engineering

Advanced combined wastewater treatment system

Technology to take full advantage of the cleaning ability of microbes

Eco- technologiesCombination of Bio-&

Bio-Eco Engineering

Bio-Eco Engineering importance in the 21st century

Lake KASUMIGAURA

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8

9 1

Facility for evaluating the effects of reducing

eutrophication

Soil treatment experimental

facility

Eco-engineeringexperimental field

Treated water tank

Wastewater tank

Water culture purification experimental facility

Control-temperature facility for testing

advanced Johkasou systems

Miho-village rural community wastewater

treatment system

Domestic wastewater

Building for analyzing technology transfer to

developing countries in bio-eco engineering

Multi-purposeBio-engineering

experimental field

Treatedwater

Approx. 2km

Approx. 2km

Waterinflow

Develop and evaluate Bio-Eco engineeringTransfer technology to developing countries and give trainingCooperate with government offices and conduct international joint researchPromote the education of the environment and environmental safeguards

100m3/1 day-1

Miho-village,Ibaraki Prefecture

Core Station for Promotion of Joint Research Projects based on the International Bio-Eco Engineering Research Laboratory of National Institute for Environmental Studies (Coope. : FUKUSHIMA Univ.)

Bio-Eco Engineering Research Laboratory

Water Environment Pollution ControlMore specifically, the following five tasks are principally

necessary for water environment restoration:

① Survey on growth potential of toxic

cyanobacteria Blue green algae;

② Development of an environmental restoration

technology using protozoa/micro-metazoa and

other microorganisms;③ Investigation of the wastewater characteristics of

the pollution sources; ④ Development of technologies for dispersed

wastewater treatment, such as advanced Johkasou

(N/P removal)System⑤ Development of ecological engineering techniques

that allow use of large aquatic vegetation, such as artificial wetlands.

Effects of Nitrogen/Phosphorous on environment, Eco-balance and Health

• Health Hazards– Nitrogen: Metohemoglobinemia

– Phosphorous: Osteoporosis, Ureteral stone

– Cyanobacteria: Metabolic production of toxic cyanobacteria

60 times more toxic than potassium cyanide

* Deaths of livestock and humans overseas

• Agricultural Damage– Nitrogen: Succulent growth (growth of

only stems or stalks)

• Outbreak of Cyanobacteria/Red Tides– Damage to fisheries: Death of marine

animals

– Damage to sightseeing areas: Offensive odors, closure of bathing areas

– Problems for water utilization: Increase in processing costs due to filtration problems at water purification plants or offensive odors from municipal water.

Toxic cyanobacteria (Genus: Microcystis)

Cyanobacteria (Lake Biwa)

Present Water Environment Issues

Abnormal Growth of Blue-green Algae

Water environment pollution have been accelerated by the point and nonpoint sources . In the closed water

bodies, abnormal growth of blue-green algae has become to big environment issues.

Closed water bodies

Industrial wastewater

Domestic wastewater

Point source

Farm wastewaterNonpoint

source

Inflow from Outside

Point Pollution Sources Sewage System, Johkasou

Livestock / Fishery ( Effluent Control & Structure / Specification Regulation )

Non-point Pollution SourcesFarms, Cities, Nature

(Proper Fertilization, Rainwater Seepage.)

<Inside Lakes>Internally produced pollution loads

( 1 mg of algae = COD 0.5 mg ) Accumulated pollution load

Lakes

Pollution Load from

Point SourcesPollution Load from

Non-point Sources

Dredging, Aeration, Water ConveyanceConservation/ Reclamation of Lake Vicinities

Water

Quality

Preservation

Water Use

Problems

Lake Reclamation

Safety

Natural Factors

Social Factors

* Point Pollution Sources, Non-point Pollution Sources

Watershed Control Measures

To effectively introduce the Bio-Eco Engineering system to Lakes as a measure technology for lake conservation and management and disperse to other Asian region.

To collect the necessary environmental information of Lakes simultaneously for developing the model analyses, and enact the training related to the technique of the model simulation.

To establish a network in Asian region based on the “Guideline on the Management for Establishment of Eco-Sound Watershed Environment of Lakes and Marshes”.

To establish the strategy for appropriate watershed management measures linked to the application development of lake preservation and management with national projects.

To exchange the opinions and address the future prospective for practical direction creation of water environmental reproduction.

Action Plan and Prospectivein corporation with Asian Countries

EUTROPHIC LAKE need Restoration

Lake

TAIHU

Size is 15 times in comparison with Lake KASUMIGAURA, super Eutrophic lake and National

important lake which need argent restoration

Bloom of Cyanobacteria in Lake Taihuabout 10 years ago

Abnormal growth of algae at Taihu Lake in CHINA

at present (July 2007)

Algae Removal Working

Small size compact combined wastewater

treatment system

Middle size compact combined wastewater

treatment system

Advanced wastewater treatment JOHKASOU that removes N / P and controls GHGs

Ratios between black water and gray water in basic units

Basic unit for volume of water (l・person-1・day-1)

Others (g ・person-1・day-1)

Gray waterBlack water

Volume of water BOD T-P

50

150

13

27

0.4

0.6

200 l・person-1・day-1

40 g・person-1・day-1

T-N

2.0

8.0

10 g・person-1・day-1

1 g・person-1・day-1

Standard of BOD/T-N/T-P are 200, 45, 5mg・l -1

Biological filtering tankBowls made from ceramics

recycled from bottom sludge of Lake Kasumigaura

5 – 9 mm

Domestic

wastewater

Circulatory Biological Filtering System for Advanced Wastewater treatment (Flow adjustable)

Inflow

Outflow

Flow can be adjusted to cover increases in water volumein the morning and evening.

Nitrification and denitrification by anaerobic and aerobic circulation remove nitrogen. Sludge can be recycled into ceramics.

Baffle board

Back wash drain pipe

Flow shift gate

First chamber of aerobic filter bed tank

Second chamber of aerobic filter

bed tank

Circulation unit

Back wash pump

Aeration pipe

Outfall

Sterilizing tank

Treated water tank

Biologicalfiltering tank

Circula-

tion

循環循環Circula-

tion

循環循環

Combining Eutrophication/Global WarmingCountermeasures in Advanced Distributed

Treatment Systems

Phosphorus Removal System

Nitrogen removal reaction tank

Nitrification reaction tank

Circulation

Nitrification reaction(aerobic conditions)

NH4+ NH2OH NO2

- NO3-

[Issue]GHG production

control- Methane gas

production control

Principles of N2O Production

Control methane gas production by efficient

anaerobic reaction conditions adjusted to load conditions

Control nitrous oxide production by running efficient denitrification

reaction processes

[Issue]GHG production

control- Nitrous oxide

production control

Stabilizing phosphorus removal performanceResponse to water temperature,

quantity and influx load- Inhibition by hydroxide ions in influx water- Optimize current value for load fluctuation

CH4 CO2

BOD 200 mg・ l-1

T-N 50 mg・ l-1

T-P 5 mg・ l-1

BOD 10 mg・ l-1

T-N 10 mg・ l-1

T-P 1 mg・ l-1

N2O

NO3-NO2

-NON2

Denitrification reaction(facultative conditions)

Yearly change in population with sewerage facilities

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Popula

tion (

mill

ion)

Fiscal year

Total population

Flush toilet-

Furnished

population

Population with

sewerage

facilities

Johkasou-

furnished

population

Phosphorus removal reaction when using the iron electrolysis process

H+

OH FePO4

sedimentation

Fe3+ PO4

3+

Iro

n e

lectr

od

e

(an

od

e)

e H2 gas

H+

Iron

ele

ctro

de

(ca

tho

de

)

e

e

e

Anode: Fe=Fe2+

+2e

Fe2+Fe

3+ Cathode: 2H

++2e=H2

M3+ + PO43 MPO4

Agglutination reaction of phosphorus

Leap Frog

Paradigm Shift for Low Carbon Society

Oil・Coal

Wind Power

Solar Power

Utilization

Advanced Save Energy Johkasou System

Fossil Fuel

Natural Energy

Committee System of Johkasou Estimation in Japan

President Yuhei INAMORI (Fukusima University)

Member Tosihiro SANKAI (Research of Constraction)

Member Jyun NAKAJIMA (Ritumeikan University)

Member Kazuo YAMAMOTO (Tokyo University)

Member Kai-Qin XU (NIES)

Member Takahiro SAKATANI (Johkasou System Society )

The Building Center of Japan (BCJ)

Kourinn ISIHARA, Hiroki Inoue, Ryuji TANAKA

・Advanced N/P Removal Type Johkasou

・Reducton of sludge, Sludge treatment

・Advanced/Efficient Johkasou Estimation Development

・Follow-up of installed Johkasou , Analysis/Estimation

/improvement Standard formation

・Promotion Relationship between Ministry of

Environment (Maintenance)and Ministry of

Land,Infrastructure and Transport (Structure)

・Active Internationaly spreading Advanced Johkasou

・Development of Disposer type Johkasou System

Estimation Content of Committee

Operation/Location of Exa.

Enforcement of Examination

Kinds of Examination

Request of Authorization by maker

Examination by Method of Ｓｔａｎｄａｒｄ

Ｎａｔｕｒａｌ ＴｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅＭｅｔｈｏｄ (1 year)

Minister of Ministry of Land,Infrastructure and Transport Authorization：After authorization , Private Company can be started Selling.

（ (General Estimation ）

[Individual

Estimation]

ＢＣＪ ＪｏｈｋａｓｏｕＴｅｓｔｉｎｇ Ｓｔａｔｉｏｎ

Grade of Examination Issue

(ＢＣＪ Registration Member )

Grade of Examination

Issue （Testing Station ）

Submission of Application Estimation Form to BCJ( The Building Center of Japan: Authorize )

Ｏn-Site Raw Water Control Station

Special Items

ＢＣＪ Ｒｅgiｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎ Ｍｅmｂｅｒ

Ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ ＣｏｔｒｏｌＭｅｔｈｏｄ (4 month )

Flow on Authorization of Johkasou JAPAN National Standard

Opening Ceremony on JOHKASOU Estimation Facility in CHINA

Opening address of CRAES President Meng Wei

COMPUTER Control Panel

Advanced Johkasou Facility Computer Control

Room

Estimation of Advanced JOHKASOU System

Low temperature (13C) load testing

Constant temperature (20C) normal load testing

Constant temperature (20C) short time load testing

Control of BOD, N and P to the standard concentrations

Wastewater

PTemperature-

controlled chamber (set at 20C or 13C)

Testing evaluation

tank

Chinese-compatible testing facility for

performance evaluation

Low temperature load testing

Constant temperature normal load testing

Constant temperature short time load testing

13C

20C

Time elapsed since acclimation ended

Week

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Time elapsed since acclimation ended

Week

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

KQ 1Q 0.5Q

Environment controls which can be adapted to the various ranges of water temperature and the various loads in different areas in China

The structure and the control technology development of the Johkasou incorporating the temperature-controlled, short term

evaluation testing method

Microanimals in Johkasou for Estimation

Abnormal Amoeba

Anaerobic TypeFilamentous Bacteia

Anaerobic Type Protozoa

Normal Amoeba

Rotifera Cepalodella Rotifera Lecane Rotifera Monostylla

Rotifera Philodina

Egg of Rotefera Cilliate Movement of Philodina

Microanimals in Johkasou for Estimation

Protozoa Epistylis Protozoa Sarcodina Protozoa Coleps

Protozoa Euplotes

Micro metazoa Aeolosma Micro metazoa Dero

Microanimals in Johkasou for Estimation

Characteristics and Outline of the Technology

Automatic Oxygen Supplying Energy-

saving Water Quality Improvement Device

for Sewage Treatment

1. Automatic calculation of the amount of oxygencorresponding to the changes of inflow load.

2. Reduction of power costs.3. Capability of advanced removal of nitrogen and

phosphorus.4. The device can be attached to equipment that conducts

intermittent aeration at a later date or can be incorporatedinto the whole unit of large-scale equipment.

5. Capable of serving a wide range of people from 20 to over 10,000.

Automatic Oxygen Supply Device (AOSD)

Researcher Dr. Ryuhei Inamori, Member of the AOSD Development of Monitoring Program in the

Laboratory Fundamental Experiment

Applications of the Technology

1. Sewage treatment system for which reduction of power consumption is necessary.2. Sewage treatment equipment that cannot remove nitrogen and phosphorus beyond the limited level because it can be attached later to equipment that conducts intermittent aeration.3. Equipment for which the operator wants to reuse purified water2. Sewage treatment with high concentration in the effluent orlarge load fluctuations (domestic wastewater, industrial wastewater, brewing industry, expressways, restaurant industry, etc.)

Ripple Effects of the Technology

BOD 10 mg・L－１ or under COD 15 mg・L－１ or under T-N

10 mg・L－１ or under SS 10 mg・L －１or under T-P 1

mg・L－１ or under（Additional Coagulant Unit)

Maximum Power Consumption Reduction

is about 40-70%

*Japanese Yen

Blower capacity Ordinary use feePower consumption Yen/year

11 KW 11 KW 24 hr 30 days 12 months 10 yen/KW ¥950,400

7.5 KW 7.5 KW 24 hr 30 days 12 months 10 yen/KW ¥648,000

15 KW 15 KW 24 hr 30 days 12 months 10 yen/KW ¥1,296,000

2.2 KW 2.2 KW 24 hr 30 days 12 months 10 yen/KW ¥190,080

3.7 KW 3.7 KW 24 hr 30 days 12 months 10 yen/KW ¥319,680

5.5 KW 5.5 KW 24 hr 30 days 12 months 10 yen/KW ¥475,200

*

Status Monitoring of DO Control by AOSD

An aerobic aeration blower is generally required to be operated 24 hours a day. AOSD always inputs the dissolved oxygen level and temperatures to the CPU, calculates the nitrification and denitrification rate, and calculates appropriate on/off aeration, thereby improving water quality and reducing power consumption.

Automatic Oxygen Supplying Energy-saving Water

Quality Improvement Device for Sewage Treatment

Factory

Industrial

pretreatment

facility

Home

Manhole

Grit

chamber

Primary

sedimentatio

n basin

Aeration

tankSecondary

sedimentation

basin

Chlorination

chamber

Discharge

Sewer main Pump station

Sewage disposal plant

Sludge treatment

facility

Advanced treatment

facility

Roof park

The aeration time is long when the load of inflow organic matters is high, and the aeration time is short when the load of inflow organic matters is low.

Automatic control of the aeration air volume decreases the pH by nitrification and increases it by denitrification. Thus, AOSD is capable ofconducting advanced treatment suitable for biological treatment.

AOSD

マイクロバブルAeration time is controlled in the

activated sludge method depending on microorganisms’ oxygen consumption.

Installation of AOSDBeautiful

water

Automatic Oxygen Supply Device

AOSD is an innovative system for a low-carbon society created from the fusion with micro bubble technology. It is capable of conducting advanced treatment

on sewage with a lower power consumption.

Advanced Sewage Treatment System

Organic wastewater consists of human wastes and miscellaneous wastewater and has a typical BOD, T-N, and T-P

level of 200 mg・L－１, 50 mg・L－１, and 5mg・L－１, respectively. Daily and yearly changes in the amount of drainage

should be considered.

Future Developments and Significance of Building Distributed Systems to Create

a Low-carbon Society Introducing Bio-Eco Town

Value balanceCost-benefit effectPromote related

industriesImprove

employment

Energy recyclingResource recyclingWater recyclingEnvironmental load

materials

Overall assessment/simulation

Develop policies for bio-eco towns that integrate aquatic environment reclamation and global warming countermeasures

Environment Economy

Creating systems for low-carbon society

Low-carbon treatment systems

Advanced treatment systems for households and

offices

Advanced eco-engineering

systems

Advanced treatment systems for

water supply

Compatible with urban and rural regional features

Optimum mix of Bio-Ecosystems

Technology

Policy

Intra

regio

na

l cyclin

g

Intra

regio

na

l cyclin

gMaterials infusion

MinimizeConsumers/ Agriculture

Industry

Economic system for recycling society

GHG controlRestore water qualityand water resources

to health

CROSS-MEDIA

Build bio-eco towns where local production isfor local consumption

Environ-mental

load

Technology for recovering energy produced when garbage is recycled into resources, edible plant-based, public participation type water purification and recovery technology, technology for advanced wastewater treatment system, technology for recovering phosphorus in short supply, technology for controlling emissions of greenhouse gases

Bio-Eco Engineering is a Core Technologyfor Restoring the Global Aquatic Environment.

Best combination of Bio-Eco

Building of communities that introduce environment-friendly, resource recycling technologies required minimum

energy ,minimum maintenance

Development of environment-friendly, resource recycling technologies based on Bio-Eco Engineering

Global transmission of information

Professor Yuhei INAMORI awarded a Prize from CHINA

GOVERNMENT

Concept of ECODESIGNNatural Circulation (Water/

River / Lake / Biomass・・・・）

Human Circulation

InformationCirculation

EnergyCirculation

MaterialCirculation

ＳｒｅｖｉｃｅCirculation

The desired future of Japanese ETV system and performance evaluation of

Johkasou1) Evaluation in each area has been made based on the

experience of the ETV system. But, in organicwastewater treatment is necessary to adjust longperiod in the length of verification test .

2) Previously, performance evaluation of Johkasou wasmade either by a general evaluation that allowedinstallation at any on-site examination, as well asindividual evaluation, which needed to be made foreach specific on-site examination .

3) ETV system can be understood as the same of thisindividual specific on-site examination evaluation.

4) In the case of ETV on general evaluation is adopted,performance evaluation of the same Johkasou isdeemed appropriate.

5) It is important to evaluate the Johkasou in China based on the JICA’s “Water Environment Restoration Model Project at Taihu Lake”.

6) In this project , similar of Bio-Eco Engineering research laboratory ( Japan’s National Institute for Environmental Studies ) was installed at the Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES) and initiate on estimate Johkasou system.

7) It is impossible to guarantee the reliable performance of Johkasou in China , without combining two types of tests for the evaluation. Namely, “a constant-temperature short-term evaluation test”, which lasts about four months with standardized concentration of raw wastewater, and the “on-site test which lasts one year” (four seasons) with standardized concentration of raw wastewater(standard BOD/N/P).

8) Regarding the evaluation of Johkasou for

household wastewater, it is essential to introduce the

Japanese performance evaluation system, which

requires authorization by minister of the Ministry of

Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism

instead of introducing the ETV system.

9) Regarding organic wastewater treatment, it is

essential to develop a maintenance and management

system such as water quality management and

sludge management.

10) Since sludge is biomass, a treatment system

should be devised with applications of hydrothermal

reaction (subcritical water), etc. and special

consideration for recycling and circulation.

Sustainable Development

Asian andPacific

Countries and Other

world

JAPAN

CHINA

Feedback of Technical Development

Technological Assistance

Importance of technological assistance and feedback of technical development for

establishment of Eco-Sound water environment.