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Concrete carbonation causes and workarounds (in Greek)
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206-1/XC 1504-2
. . .
MSc in Materials Science, Nottingham University,
PhD in Stress Corrosion Fatigue, Sheffield University
.
Dipl-Ing, Patras University
MSc in Materials Science, Nottingham University
PhD in Stress Corrosion Fatigue, Sheffield University
Author of 124 peer-review papers, Author of 4 books in fracture mechanics and fatigue.
Editor in Chief of the International Journal of Structural Integrity
CENg in UK, Eur-Ing,
Member of ASME, IMEchE, ACI, NACE, ESIS, FEASI, ICRI
1.1
206-1/XC 1504-2
1
5: , ,
1.
206-1,
do it yourself (DIY)
.
,
, ,
,
45 .
(CO2). To CO2,
(/hydrates) .
(C-S-H), (CH) (AFm)/ (AFt).
1.
(C-S-H)
(CH)
1.2
(AFt)
1 .
CO2 (gas)
.
pH . pH,
(HCO3-),
CO2 (gas) + H2O = HCO3- + H
+
CO2(gas) ()
, (carbonation load),
2.
+
=
2 .
CO2 ,
, , 206-1
. ,
.
,
HCO3-. pH > 12,0
(CO32-
),
HCO3 - = CO3
2- + H
+
Ca
,
Ca 2+
+ CO32-
= CaCO3
1.3
() Ca2+
(CH)
. Ca2+
CH,
Ca2+
CSH .
Ca2+
pH. C-S-H
Ca2+
-.
Ca2+
C-S-H, Ca/Si (
Ca/Si=1,65) ( Ca/Si
1.4
4 pH .
Ca2+
CaCO3
Ca2+
.
206-1
, 5.
5 206-1.
206-1
, 6.
Ca2+
( "" )
( ) () , 6.
1.5
)
)
6 ) 206-1 ) .
,
.
(
), 7.
7 .
1.6
206-1 ,
. 0
. 5 Ca2+
(
) / pH >11.5 .
=15 . 15
. =17 pH>9
. , ( ), 8.
9 206-1.
2 , ,
5 XS
.. CEM-II, III, IV -LL,
XC. CH C-S-H
Ca2+
"" . . ,
10,
(300 kg/m3), /=0.45,
30mm . =50 .
1.7
10 CEM I, II S. Demis and V.
Papadakis (2011) A Comparative Assessment of the Effect of Cement Type on Concrete Durability,
13th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement.
30 mm.
, "" . ,
CEM I, CEM-II/A-Q(6%), CEM II/A-S(6%) CEM II/A-(6%)
15mm, CEM-II/-L (21%) 25mm.
(Supplementary Cementitious Material-
SCM) 197-1, 11.
11 197-1.
,
30mm
1.8
,
( 1990-2),
206-1 Cdev=1 mm SUPER, .
, , ""
206-1.
(First Order Reliability Method),
= /
.
.
""
.
30 mm 5 mm.
= 30/5 = 6
( ). 30 mm
10 mm (=3) .
30 mm 15 mm (=2)
. 30 mm
25 mm (=1,2) "--- ".
12.
(mm)
-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Probability D
ensity
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
=6.0
=3.0
=2.0
=1.2
12 "" .
.
1.9
12,
10. 1.
)
) ( ).
1 "",
.
CEM
-I
CEM-
II/A-D
6%
CEM-
II/A-
V 6%
CEM-
II/B-V
21%
CEM-
II/A-P
6%
CEM-
II/B-P
21%
CEM-
II/A-Q
6%
CEM-
II/B-Q
21%
CEM-
II/A-M
6%
CEM-
II/-M
21%
(mm) 50
15.25 16.38 16.00 21.42 16.76 22.43 15.63 21.05 16.26 20.67
(%)
=6,0 0.16 0.32 0.26 4.31 0.40 6.50 0.20 3.67 0.30 3.10
=3,0 7.01 8.66 8.08 19.54 9.28 22.45 7.54 18.54 8.47 20.67
=2,0 16.27 18.19 17.53 28.37 18.87 30.69 16.90 27.54 17.98 26.70
=1,2 27.76 29.29 28.77 36.57 29.82 38.10 28.27 36.02 29.13 35.45
10%,
, 1 1.
1 "",
10%.
CEM
-I
CEM-
II/A-D
6%
CEM
-II/A-
V 6%
CEM-
II/B-V
21%
CEM-
II/A-P
6%
CEM-
II/B-P
21%
CEM-
II/A-Q
6%
CEM-
II/B-Q
21%
CEM-
II/A-M
6%
CEM-
II/-M
21%
(mm) 50
15.25 16.38 16.00 21.42 16.76 22.43 15.63 21.05 16.26 20.67
(%)
=6,0 0.16 0.32 0.26 4.31 0.40 6.50 0.20 3.67 0.30 3.10
=3,0 7.01 8.66 8.08 9.28 7.54 8.47
=2,0
=1,2
,
) CEM-II/B-V 21%, CEM-II/B-P 21%, CEM-II/B-Q 21%, CEM-II/-M 21%
,
) ( 206-1)
.
" 30 mm "
.
:
" ( 1990-2),
206-1 Cdev=10mm SUPER ".
1.10
4 , :
1 =6 : 40 mm 6,66 mm
2 =3 : 40 mm 13,33 mm
3 =2 : 40 mm 20 mm
4 =1.2 : 40 mm 33,33 mm
2, 10%
2.
2 "",
+Cdev=10mm.
CEM-
I
CEM-
II/A-D
6%
CEM-
II/A-V
6%
CEM-
II/B-V
21%
CEM-
II/A-P
6%
CEM-
II/B-P
21%
CEM-
II/A-Q
6%
CEM-
II/B-Q
21%
CEM-
II/A-M
6%
CEM-
II/-M
21%
(mm) 50
15.25 16.38 16.00 21.42 16.76 22.43 15.63 21.05 16.26 20.67
(%)
=6,0 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.26 0.02 0.42 0.01 0.22 0.02 0.19
=3,0 3.17 3.82 3.59 8.17 4.06 9.37 3.38 7.76 3.75 7.35
=2,0 15.25 16.38 11.51 17.64 12.26 18.98 11.15 17.17 11.76 16.69
=1,2 22.89 23.93 23.57 28.86 24.28 29.90 23.23 28.48 23.81 28.10
2 "",
+Cdev=10mm
10%. " ".
CEM-
I
CEM-
II/A-D
6%
CEM-
II/A-V
6%
CEM-
II/B-V
21%
CEM-
II/A-P
6%
CEM-
II/B-P
21%
CEM-
II/A-Q
6%
CEM-
II/B-Q
21%
CEM-
II/A-M
6%
CEM-
II/-M
21%
(mm) 50
15.25 16.38 16.00 21.42 16.76 22.43 15.63 21.05 16.26 20.67
(%)
=6,0 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.26 0.02 0.42 0.01 0.22 0.02 0.19
=3,0 3.17 3.82 3.59 8.17 4.06 9.37 3.38 7.76 3.75 7.35
=2,0
=1,2
1 2 ""
,
""
.
"" "".
/ 10% .
1990 () 1,5
0,0668 (6.66%). , 1
1.11
CEM-
I
CEM-
II/A-D
6%
CEM-
II/A-V
6%
CEM-
II/B-V
21%
CEM-
II/A-P
6%
CEM-
II/B-P
21%
CEM-
II/A-Q
6%
CEM-
II/B-Q
21%
CEM-
II/A-M
6%
CEM-
II/-M
21%
(mm) 50
15.25 16.38 16.00 21.42 16.76 22.43 15.63 21.05 16.26 20.67
(%)
=6,0 0.16 0.32 0.26 4.31 0.40 0.20 3.67 0.30 3.10
=3,0
=2,0
=1,2
2
CEM
-I
CEM-
II/A-D
6%
CEM-
II/A-V
6%
CEM-
II/B-V
21%
CEM
-II/A-
P 6%
CEM-
II/B-P
21%
CEM-
II/A-Q
6%
CEM-
II/B-Q
21%
CEM-
II/A-M
6%
CEM-
II/-M
21%
(mm) 50
15.25 16.38 16.00 21.42 16.76 22.43 15.63 21.05 16.26 20.67
(%)
=6,0 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.26 0.02 0.42 0.01 0.22 0.02 0.19
=3,0 3.17 3.82 3.59 4.06 3.38 3.75
=2,0
=1,2
, " ",
"" (=6)
+Cdev=10 mm. ,
13,
.
13 206-1.
1.12
Cdev=10 mm;
,
) ,
) ,
) pH 9,0 ( Ca2+
)
pH 10,5 ( ),
)
,
) ( 14)
. 10 mm
"" .
, 15.
) . 197-1,
16.
14 Cdev=10 mm.
15 , , , ...
1.13
16 .
3. 1
) 206-1 ( )
Ca2+
( ).
)
pH > 11.5.
) 4 5,
.
+ 10 mm.
) ""
/. ,
forgiving.
) , 2
. ()
2 .
1.14
4. 1
Pr- EN 1992-1-1. 2003. Euro code 2: Design of concrete structures. Part 1.1: General rules and rules
for buildings
Papadakis V G. Estimation of Concrete Service Life The Theoretical Background, Patras Science
Park, Patras, 2005
Papadakis, V.G. (2000), Effect of supplementary cementing materials on concrete resistance against
carbonation and chloride ingress, Cement Concrete Res., 30(2), 291-299.
Papadakis, V.G., Fardis, M.N. and Vayenas, C.G. (1991), Fundamental modeling and experimental
investigation of concrete carbonation, ACI Mater. J., 88(4), 363-373.
Richardson, M.G., Fundamentals of Durable Reinforced Concrete, Spon Press, London (2002).
H. F.W. Taylor, Cement Chemistry, Tomas Telford Services, London, UK, 2nd edition, 1998.
S. Kosmatka & W. Panarese (1988): Design and Control of Concrete Mixes, Portland Cement
Association.
M. Mamlouk & J. Zaniewski (1999): Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Addison Wesley
Longman, Inc.
ACI Committee 222, Protection of Metals in Concrete against Corrosion, ACI 222R-01, American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 2001.
CEN EN 197-1, 2000. European Standard for Cement - Part 1: Composition, Specifications and
ConformityCriteria for Common Cements, Brussels.
Swamy, R.N., Holistic design: Key to sustainability in concrete construction, Structures & Buildings,
146, No.4, pp. 371-379.
Mehta, P.K., Concrete Durability 50 Years of Progress?, American Concrete Institute, Special
Publication SP-126, pp. 1-31.
Saetta, A.V., Schrefler, B.A., and Vitaliani, R.V., The carbonation of concrete and the mechanisms of
moisture, heat and carbon dioxide flow through porous materials, Cement and Concrete Research
Vol.23, pp.761-772, 1993.
2.1
206-1/XC 1504-2
1
5:
1. , CH, C-S-H
CH, C-S-H
,:
(1)
XC meters
[CO2] CO2 (mol/m3).
[CH] CH (kg/m3).
[CSH] C-S-H (kg/m3).
De,CO2 (m2/s)
t seconds (
).
H 1 :
(2)
tc C (
).
2,
C ([CH]+3[C-S-H])
. ( )
.
2.2
,
CH, C-S-H.
.
top secret
, 1. 197-1.
()
()
2.3
()
1 () CEM-I, () () CEM-II, CEM III. min,
max 197-1.
(kiln),
( Bogue): ,
, .
, C3S, C2S, C3A C4AF.
(Fe2O3)
(Al2O3) (CaO)
.
. (CaO)
(SiO2) (
). ::
- C3S
C3S
. ,
clinker , 50% ..
25% C3S.
(C3S C2S)
2.4
- C2S
clinker, 10-60%
C2S C3S
C2S .
20% C2S
- C3A
clinker 3-10%
(early strength)
40-210% C3
- C4AF
5-10%
37-70 %
Bogue,
) %Al2O3 / %Fe2O3 /F >=0,64
%C3S = 4.0710 %CaO -7.6024 %SiO2 -1.4297 %Fe2O3 - 6.7187 %Al2O3-2,852% SO3
%C2S = 2,867 SiO2 - 0,7544 C3S
%C3A = 2,6504 Al2O3 - 1,6920 Fe2O3
%C4AF = 3,0432Fe2O3
) Al2O3 / Fe2O3 /F
2.5
2 CEM II/A-P 42.5 R.
Bogue
197-1 Bogue, 2.
C3S (%) C2S(%) C3A(%) C4AF(%)
CEM -I 50-65 10-30 6-14 7-10
CEM-II 45-65 7-30 2-8 10-12
CEM -III 55-65 5-25 5-12 5-12
CEM - IV 35-45 28-35 3-4 11-18
CEM-V 40-65 15-30 1-5 10-17
CH, C-S-H,
( Ca2+
).
:
2C3S+6H C3S2H3 (C-S-H) + 3CH
2C2S+4H C3S2H3 (C-S-H) + CH
2.6
CEM-I
3.
Portland (CEM-I) C-S-H 50-60% CH
20-25% .
3 CEM-I.
kg/m3 .
. Virtual
Cement and Concrete Testing Laboratory (VCCTL) NIST.
CEM II
.
CEM II/A-D ( )
CH = 0.29C - 1.62SF
CSH= 0.57C + 2.49SF
C= SF= . ,
300 kg/m3 CEM II/A-D-6% 282 kg/m
3 18 kg/m
3
:
CH= 0.29C - 1.62SF = 0.29 (282) - 1.62 (18) = 110,9 kg/m3
CSH=0.57C + 2.49SF = 0.57 (282) +2.49 (18) = 205,5 lgr/m3
:
0.33[CH] + 0.214[C-S-H] = 0.33(110.9) + 0.214(205.5) = 80,57 kg/m3
CEM II/A-P/B-P/A-Q/B-Q ():
CH = 0.30C - 1.30FL
CSH = 0.57C + 1.25FL
2.7
C= FL= .
, 300 kg/m3 CEM II/B-P 21% 237 kg/m
3
63 kg/m3 ,
CH = 0.30C - 1.30FL = 0.30(237) -1.30(63) = -10.80 kg/m3
CSH = 0.57C + 1.25FL = 0.57(237)+1.25(63) = 213.84 kg/m3
:
0.33[CH] + 0.214[C-S-H] = 0.33(-10.8) + 0.214(213.54 )= 42.13 kg/m3
CEM II/A-V/B-V/A-W/B-W ( ):
CH = 0,29C - 0.50 FH
CSH = 0,57C + 0.79 FH
FH = .
, 10 , 4.
4 Ca
2+.
55
kg/m3 o.k. ( "").
CH, C-S-H,
.
, ..
/ > 0,45. 2 water demand CEM
II/A-P 42.5 R 27,84%.
: 55 kg/m3
206-1
;
.. C2 300 kg/m3
270 kg/m3
CEM II/A-D-6%
55 kg/m3.
2.8
. 206-1 " "
. XC
, , XC (descriptive).
.
CEM II/B-M (P-W-L) 42,5 N
CEM II/A-P 42,5 N
CEM II/B-P 32,5 N
CEM II/B-M (P-L) 32,5 N
CEM II/A-L 42,5 N
CEM I 42,5 R
CEM I 52,5 N
:
! "" CH, C-S-H
. " ;"
, ,
.
2. XC
XC
.
:
XC1 - ,
XC2 - ,
XC3 - ,
XC4 - , XC2
,
XC1 - : 45% RH < 65%.
XC1 - : RH 98%
XC2 - : 90% RH < 98%
XC3- :- 65% RH < 85%
XC3- : 65% RH < 85%
XC4 - : 75% RH < 90%
2.9
/ ,, , ,
.
1
: :
(3)
3 ,
:
(4)
RH . 5
.
206-1 XC
(%)
40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
XC1-A XC3 XC2
XC4
XC1-B
5 XC .
2 .
Ca 2+
.
;
2.10
CO2 (gas)
. CO2 (gas)
.
. CO2 (gas)
"" CO2 (gas) . ,
CO2(gas) ()
.
club (face control). club
6 club . By the way, club
Boulevard 1, 33613 Bielefeld .
club , (H2O) ( )
( ) (CO2) ,
7. face control , 7.
""
"" "" 7. club
" 2 " CO2 (gas) + H2O.
"" "" ...... (HCO3-) .
Ca2+
7.
2.11
7 () ( club) , (
/).
.
Ca 2+
. () .
7 . . , .
. ......
7 ..... .
2.12
7 .
7 .
club
, 8. . club
,
. XC1 -
- 45%RH
2.13
() ( )
8 .
Ladies Night Out, 9.
. , ,
XC1 - - RH 98%, 9.
() (
)
() ()
9 Ladies Night Out
Ladies Night Out +30 . .
XC1- - RH 98% , . -
90% RH < 98%.
206-1.
( )
( ) , "
". 10 (
club 52% RH
.
2.14
10 CO2.
4 XC. To
,
,
/. 206-1
, 11.
.
,
.
.
2.15
3. Club Elephant
club , . club
(
). 3:
:
ec
(air m3/m
3),
eair (entrapped air m3/m
3),
(kg/m3)
dA (kg/m3).
3 :
Club Elephant.
.
. (dC)
,
club
. ,
: .
CEM II/A-D ( ):
(5)
300 kg/m3 CEM II/A-D-6% W=150 kg/m
3 ( =0.5)
(150 kg/m3 - 0,267(282 kg/m
3) - 0,0278 (18 kg/m
3))/1000 = 0,074 kg/m
3
.. 300 kg/m3 CEM II/A-D-6% W=170 kg/m
3 (
=0,56) 0.094 kg/m3.
2.16
CEM II/A-P/B-P/A-Q/B-Q () :
(6)
300 kg/m3 CEM II/B-P 21% W=150 kg/m
3 ( =0.5)
0.075 kg/m3.
CEM II/A-V/B-V/A-W/B-W ( ):
(7)
, dA
.
/.
.
, .
, 12.
12 5 .
, (AFM).
13.
2.17
()
()
()
()
() 13 .Courtesy of Prof. Dr. M. Setzer, UGE - IBPM
5 (porosity network),
14.
2.18
14 .
.
. , ,
... ,
.
. ,
, , ...
4. (CO2)
().
15, CO2 1750.
Period of Data
1725 1750 1775 1800 1825 1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025
CO2 (ppm)
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
European Enviromental Agency
15 CO2. Scripps CO2 Program at the Mauna Loa
Observatory in Hawaii.
15
CO2 , 16. ,
CO2
1970 . 1959 CO2
0,5 ppm/.
2.19
Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations
Period of Data
1725 1750 1775 1800 1825 1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000 2025
CO
2 (ppm)
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
European Enviromental Agency
1st Industrial Revolution
1760-18402nd Industrial Revolution
1870-1914
1st Time CO
2 rate
exceed 0.5ppm/year
16 CO2 2
.
CO2 ( 206-1 375 ppm)
. 1
CO2 .
1 CO2 .
City Country Population Height of Measu-rement from Sea
level (m)
Population Density
(Inhabitants/Km
2)
Min CO2 (ppm)
Max CO2 (ppm)
Mean CO2 (ppm)
Period
Long Island USA 7,568,304 3-125 2,086 290 315 - 1966
Sendai Japan 1,028,214 0.5-30 6,879 339 354 349 1981
Krakow Poland 760,700 0-20 743 346 376 373 1994
Nottingham UK 310,837 0-40 4,073 344 345 - 1985
Biel Switzerland 53,051 - 2,500 - - 350 1994
Athens Greece 666,046 0-25 17,043 423 487 468 2013
Attica Greece 3,090,508 0-25 7,501 405 458 412 2013
Karachi Pakistan 23,500,000 - 6,662 357 370 - 1990
Nagoya Japan 2,171,557 0-35 6,923 - - 377 1993
London UK 6,679,332 5-15 5,223 384 427 359 1994
Vancouver Canada 2,093,125 5-22.5 18,205 351 445 375 1993
Phoenix USA 1,445,632 0-2 1,080 402 481 - 2000
Cincinnati USA 325,000 3.7-4.6 2,245 323 411 - 1963
New Orleans USA 593,471 - 1,167 320 377 - 1963
St. Louis USA 575,238 - 5,158 332 346 - 1964
Basel Switzerland 173,808 0-29 7,300 388 452 - 2002
Melbourne Australia 4,442,919 0-40 430 376 400 - 2007
Mexico City Mexico 19,415,324 0-37 6,000 424 472 - 2005
Tokyo Japan 13,185,502 0-29 6,000 364 484 - 2002
Edinburgh UK 778,000 - 1,828 384 452 - 2000
Rome Italy 2,915,244 - 2,256 447 477 - 2004
2.20
17 CO2
(PD-population density).
PD > 1.000 /km2
. ,
PD < 1.000 /km2 , ..
(2007) (2002) PD < 1.000 /km2.
// ,
.
17 375 ppm (0,0375%
0,375 kg/m3) 206-1,
>1.000 /km2 1990.
, .
2
>1000 /km2 2011.
Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations
Period of Data
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
CO
2 (ppm)
300
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
480
500
Mean Clobal
Vancouver PD=18,205
Phoenix PD=1,080
London PD=5,223
Krakow PD= 743
New Orleans PD=1,167
Rome PD=2,256
Melbourne PD=430
375 ppm
17 CO2 1.
2.21
2 PD> /km2. ..
PD
17.042 664.046
6.661 61.308
14.740 59.345
- 14.309 33.628
8.339 71.026
6.142 78.153
3.374 26.458
16.855 325.182
14.260 91.279
- 7.617 101.753
- 6.567 84.741
4.176 99.245
5.323 52.127
,
PD = 6.71 /km2 ( 1)
.
206-1.
500 ppm
1600 ppm, 18.
XC1 -
- 45% RH < 65% XC3-
- 65% RH < 85%.
18 .
1780ppm.
2.22
5. 2
)
:
=
( ) x ( Club Elephant)
) XC1, 2, 3, 4 ""
"" ""
.
) XC1, XC3
.
) ,
, Greenpeace
. 2/3
. ....
)
. "
NASA", " ".
) . :
.
) .
. .
. Porsche 800 ,
, , .....
.
) 2 .
2.23
6. 2
. (2010) , .
R. H. Bogue, Calculation of the compounds in Portland cement, Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 192197, 1929.
V.G. Papadakis, S. Tsimas, Supplementary cementing materials in concrete Part I: efficiency and
design, Cement and Concrete Research 32 (2002) 15251532.
Wierig, H.-J. (1984), Longtime studies on the carbonation of concrete under normal outdoor
exposure, Proceedings of RILEM Seminar on Durability, Hanover.
Hallberg, D. (2005), Quantification of exposure classes in The European Standard EN 206-1,
Proceedings of 10th DBMC International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and
Components, 17-20 April 2005, Lyon.
H.J.H. Brouwers, The work of Powers and Brownyard revisited: Part 1, Cement and Concrete
Research 34 (2004) 16971716
A.V. Saetta, R.V. Vitaliani, Experimental investigation and numerical modeling of carbonation process
in reinforced concrete structures: Part I: Theoretical formulation, Cem. Concr. Res. 34 (4) (2004) 571
579.
A.A. Rahman, F.P. Glasser, Comparative studies of the carbonation of hydrated cements, Adv. Cem.
Res. 2 (6) (1989) 4954.
M. Santamouris, K. Argiroudis, M. Georgiou, K. Pavlou, M. Assimakopoulos, and K. Sfakianaki,
Indoor Air Quality in fifty residences in Athens.
Papadakis, V.G. (2000), Effect of supplementary cementing materials on concrete resistance against
carbonation and chloride ingress, Cement Concrete Res., 30(2), 291-299.
Papadakis, V.G., Fardis, M.N. and Vayenas, C.G. (1991), Fundamental modeling and experimental
investigation of concrete carbonation, ACI Mater. J., 88(4), 363-373.
Richardson, M.G., Fundamentals of Durable Reinforced Concrete, Spon Press, London (2002).
H. F.W. Taylor, Cement Chemistry, Tomas Telford Services, London, UK, 2nd edition, 1998.
S. Kosmatka & W. Panarese (1988): Design and Control of Concrete Mixes, Portland Cement
Association.
M. Mamlouk & J. Zaniewski (1999): Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Addison Wesley
Longman, Inc.
ACI Committee 222, Protection of Metals in Concrete against Corrosion, ACI 222R-01, American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 2001.
CEN EN 197-1, 2000. European Standard for Cement - Part 1: Composition, Specifications and
Conformity Criteria for Common Cements, Brussels.
Swamy, R.N., Holistic design: Key to sustainability in concrete construction, Structures & Buildings,
146, No.4, pp. 371-379.
Mehta, P.K., Concrete Durability 50 Years of Progress?, American Concrete Institute, Special
Publication SP-126, pp. 1-31.
Saetta, A.V., Schrefler, B.A., and Vitaliani, R.V., The carbonation of concrete and the mechanisms of
moisture, heat and carbon dioxide flow through porous materials, Cement and Concrete Research
Vol.23, pp.761-772, 1993.
2.24
Steve Kosmatka & William Panarese (1988): Design and Control of Concrete Mixes, Portland Cement
Association.
Michael Mamlouk & John Zaniewski (1999): Materials for Civil and Construction Engineers, Addison
Wesley Longman, Inc.
ACI Committee 222, Protection of Metals in Concrete against Corrosion, ACI 222R-01, American
Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Michigan, 2001.
Canadell, J. G., Qur, C. L., Raupach, M. R., Field, C. B., Buitenhuis, E. T., Ciais, P., Marland, G.
(2007). Contributions to accelerating atmospheric CO growth from economic activity, carbon
intensity, and efficiency of natural sinks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America, 104(47), 18866-18870.
Woodwell, G.M., Houghton, R.A., Tempel, N.R., 1973. Atmospheric CO2 at Brookhaven, Long Island,
New York: patterns of variation up to 125 m. Journal of Geophysical Research 78, 932940.
Tanaka, M., Nakazawa, T., Aoki, S., 1983. High quality measurements of the concentrations of
atmospheric carbon dioxide over Japan. Journal of Geophysical Research 88, 13391344.
Kuc, T., 1991. Concentration and carbon isotopic composition of atmospheric CO2 in southern Poland.
Tellus 43B, 373378.
Berry, D., Colls, J.J., 1990a. Atmospheric carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide on an urban/rural
transectI. Continuous measurements at the transect ends. Atmospheric Environment 24A, 2681
2688.
Sigrist, M.W., 1994. Laser photoacoustic spectrometry for trace gas monitoring. Analyst 119, 525531.
3.1
206-1/XC 1504-2
3
5: ....
1. CO2 206-1 - XC1 + XC3
XC1 -
- 45% RH
3.2
CO2
1000 ppm. 1150 ppm ( ).
1,
, 2.
( 50 =1.5).
XC1/Dry-CO2=1150ppm
Years
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Carbonation D
epth (mm)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
RH=55%
RH=45%
RH=65%
EN 206-1
EN 1990
2 . 50 .
1500 ppm, 3, .
XC1/Dry-CO2=1500ppm
Years
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Carbonation D
epth (mm)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
RH=55%
RH=45%
RH=65%
EN 206-1
EN 1990
3 . " ".
" "
.
3.3
, 2500 ppm ,
4, .
XC1/Dry-CO2=2500ppm
Years
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Carbonation D
epth (mm)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
RH=55%
RH=45%
RH=65%
EN 206-1
EN 1990
4 . ........ .
" ".
" " " ".
: ; /.
()
206-1 CO2
375 ppm. , 375ppm
(RH=65%) 5.
XC1/Dry-CO2=375ppm
Years
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Carbonation D
epth (mm)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
RH=65%
EN 206-1
EN 1990
5 . 375ppm .
3.4
()
,
. , :
" XC1 ( 45% RH < 65%,
55%), [1,4,9],
. tcr
4, , tpr,
. Parrot [15],
100 m,
0.3 m/yr [4,15], tpr >100 .
4
100 , ."
4
206-1.
375 ppm
( ).
.
. Parrot ""
( 100 ).
Parrot (0 , 1
, 2 3 ), 6.
6 , .
Parrot, ""
"
=1.5, ".
3.5
"" Parrot 20 oC. ..
25 oC 2
1. 30 oC 2.
Parrot!!!!, 7.
7 Parrot
( g/m2 ).
,
freddo cappuccino,
"" . '
engineering solution scientific solution.
,
.
,
XC3- - 65%
RH < 85% 8
C25/30 . 36.2
MPa 0.41 MPa.
3.6
340
0
0
340
0.475
191
117
191
1.4%
14
678
2305
(kgr)
CEM II 32,5 (kgr)
(kgr/m)
(lt)
CEM II 42,5 (kgr)
' O(kgr)
(lt)
(kgr)
' (lt)
(lt)
w/(c+p)
1"
CEM II 42,5
S4
0.568
090578
0.03
09/11/20012
(m3):
/ :
.. :
:
:
:
:
/
/ %
1 AMMO 2.586 1.62% 55.00% 964 964
2 2.657 1.24% 6.50% 117 117
3 2.663 1.44% 38.00% 686 686
4
5 1.000 193.23 kgr
6 CEM I A-P 42,5 3.100 340.00 kgr
7 CEM IV 32,5 2.900 0.00 kgr
8 1 1.00% ... 3.4 kgr
9 2 0.30% ... 1.0 kgr
10 3
11 4
(kgr),
m
8 / C25/30.
( ) 206-1.
CO2 XC1,
9 10. (
). 3 .
.
XC3/Wet-CO2=1150ppm
Years
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Carbonation D
epth (mm)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
RH=85%
RH=75%
RH=65%
EN 206-1
EN 1990
9 .
3.7
XC3/Wet-CO2=2500ppm
Years
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Carbonation D
epth (mm)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
RH=85%
RH=75%
RH=65%
EN 206-1
EN 1990
10 again.
CO2
. ,
2 1237 ppm
CO2 (45mm 50 ). 65% RH < 85%
Parrot (100 ).
XC3- -
65%RH
3.8
1.1. ...;
, " , //,
",
.
XC1 -
- 45% RH
3.9
3.10
- XC3 -
- 65% RH < 85%.
,
CO2 , , .
, ,
CO2, .
14 /
. .
()
()
() ()
14 () , ()
, () /
() - ()
) 9 . .
.
3.11
- XC3 - - 65%
RH < 85% 206-1. H -
XC1 - - RH 98%
206-1 2 : () CO2
120 ppm ( 50-70
ppm ) ()
CO2 , 15.
XC1-70 ppm
Years
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Carbonation D
epth (mm)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
RH 98%
15 , . XC1 - - RH 98%
2. CO2 206-1 - XC2 + XC4
H XC2
, .
,
.
" XC2 ( - ,
90%RH
3.12
16 CO2 20 200cm. S.A. Billings, D.D. Richter and J. Yarie,
Soil carbon dioxide fluxes and profile concentrations in two boreal forests Can. J. For. Res. 28:
17731783 (1998).
17 CO2 10 cm Auckland, New Zealand. E.Smid and A. Mazot Soil Gas CO2
Concentrations & CO2 Fluxes in the Auckland Volcanic Field, DEVORA Project, January 2012.
3.13
18 CO2 ) 20cm ) 80cm, , .
RISCS. -.
1000 ppm=0.1%.
, ,
, , , , , .
19 ,
( ).
,
, , - ( ).
XC4.
3.14
19 .
3.15
XC2
.
, ,
30% 70% RH, 20.
20 .
XC4. 21
XC2 C25/30
CO2 2000 ppm.
CO2=2000ppm
Years
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Carbonation D
epth (mm)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
RH=95%
RH=90%
EN 206-1
EN 1990
21 90%RH
3.16
XC4 -
75%RH
3.17
Years
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Carbonation D
epth (mm)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
RH=75%
RH=85%
RH=90%
XC4, CO2=375 ppm
EN 206-1
EN 1990
23 XC4 375 ppm.
Years
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Carbonation D
epth (mm)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
RH=75%
RH=85%
RH=90%
XC4, CO2=500 ppm
EN 206-1
EN 1990
24 XC4 500 ppm.
.
to CEM II/B-M 32.5N CEM II/-P 42.5N
410 kg/m3 380 kg/m
3 ( C30/37, N/T 0.5), 25.
3.18
Years
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Carbonation D
epth (mm)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
CEM II/B-M 32.5N
CEM II/-P 42.5N
XC4, RH=75%, CO2=500 ppm
EN 206-1
EN 1990
25 XC4 500 ppm 2 . forgiving;
3. ....
" ;"
.
25 , ()
25.
25 .... .
2 ; . ;
) "" CO2 = 500 ppm 200 .
"" 300 ppm . 500 ppm.
3.19
) "" 74-76%. "" 60-62%.
) 37-40 C. "" +42 C, ...
Parrot.
()
XC3. C25/30 , 26.
Years
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Carbonation D
epth (mm)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
,
,
XC3
EN 206-1
EN 1990
26 35 mm .
. "
, () () ".
"" q ( 27).
XC3.
27 ........ XC2. XA (
).
3.20
To XC3 .
.
(
),
(by the way 15-20 ) ,
206-1 . 206-1 ,
; Second Order
Operational Load.
XC3 C2 -
- 90% RH
3.21
, Benzaldehyde, Benzothiazole, Cyclobutene, Cyclohexanone,
Formamide .
, rocket fuel, NASA
.
Second Order Operational Load High Order Operational
Load "" (Gantemia Load).
. XC4.
, 206-1,
( time of wetness)
28. XC2 = XC4.
. , .
. 3000 ppm CO2
,, , ,
.. 1000 ppm.
645-723 mm 486-565 mm .
60% 40%.
. ;
) XC1 - - 45% RH < 65%.
) XC1 - - RH 98%
) XC2 - - 90% RH < 9 8%
) XC3- - 65% RH < 85%
) XC3- - 65% RH < 85%
) XC4 - - 75% RH < 90%
.
. CO2
.
" "
Ca 2+
.
3.22
4. 3
1. 2 ,
CO2 . , much ado
about nothing 1600.
2. CO2.
3. .
.
3. . 500 ppm.
.
4. ,
29. .
. . ,
10
.
.... .
30
, /, .
5. , , ,
!
3.23
5. 3
Broomfield, J. P. (2003) Corrosion of Steel in Concrete. Understanding, Investigation and Repair,
Spon Press, London, UK.
Gulikers, J. and Raupach, M. (2006) Preface. Modelling of reinforcement corrosion in concrete,
Materials and Corrosion, Vol. 57, No. 8, pp 603-604.
Parrott, L.J. (1987) A review of carbonation in reinforced concrete Cement and Concrete Association.
Raupach, M. (1996a) Investigations on the influence of oxygen on corrosion of steel in concrete Part
1, Materials and Structures, Vol. 29, pp 174-184.
Peng J and Stewart M (2008). Carbonation-induced Corrosion Damage and Structural Safety for
Concrete Structures under Enhanced Greenhouse Conditions. Research Report, the University of
Newcastle.
V Zivica (2002) Significance and influence of the ambient temperature as a rate factor of steel
reinforcement corrosion, Bull. Mater. Sci.,Vol.25, No.5, pp.375379.
R. Jassal, A. Black, M. Novak, K. Morgenstern, Z. Nesic and D. Gaumont-Guay (2005) Relationship
between soil CO2 concentrations and forest-floor CO2 effluxes, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
130, 176192
Hinkle, M.E., 1994. Environmental conditions affecting concentrations of He, CO2, O2 and N2 in soil
gases. Applied Geochemistry. 9: 5363.
Gunn, J. and Trudgill, T.S., 1982. Carbon dioxide production and concentrations in the soil
atmosphere; a case study from New Zealand volcanic ash soils. Catena Giessen 9: 1-2.
Bowden, R.D., Newkirk, K.M., Rullo, G.M., 1998. Carbon dioxide and methane fluxes by a forest soil
under laboratory-controlled moisture and temperature conditions. Soil Biol. Biochem. 30, 15911597
Fernandez, I.J., Son, Y.W., Kraske, C.R., Rustad, L.E., David, M.B., 1993. Soil carbon-dioxide
characteristics under different forest types and after harvest. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 57, 11151121
3.24
4.1
206-1/XC 1504-2
4
5: 206-1 vs EN 1990
1.
3
,
. 200 mm ,
( 1). 3 CO2
. , Ca2+
.
1 .
4.2
C25/30, 3
. 2.
Years
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Carbonation Depth (mm)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
CO2=375ppm, RH=75%
CO2=1000ppm, RH=60%
CO2=2000ppm, RH=60%
2 .
2
:
2000 ppm 1500 3500 ppm;
60% 45 75%;
60% 30 90%;
.
.
CO2 400 ppm 60 ppm ( 3)
50% 15% ( 3).
CO2 (ppm)
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
0.000
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
CO2
RH
RH (%)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
4.3
3 , CO2 .
. CO2
400ppm. 50-75%
, 75-95%
, 4.
Years
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Carbonation Depth (mm)
0
10
20
30
40
50
4 . engineering, is better to be 50% right than 50% wrong.
CO2 1000 ppm
150 ppm ( 5) 50% 10%,
( 5). 2 (/
). 6.
CO2 (ppm)
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
Probability Density
0.0000
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0020
0.0025
CO2
5 . , TV
.
. 5 , ...
, ...
4.4
RH (%)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Probability D
ensity
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
RH
5 ... 50%. !
!
!
!
!
. ?
.
Years
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Carbonation D
epth (mm)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
6 . ' ' .
4.5
4 6
.
206-1.
. . /
200 m2. /
,
1. ( , ' );
2. ;
3. ;
4. ;
5. ;
6. CO2 ;
/ /
. ,
", , ....
".
50 . .
/ 200 m2. /
.
. " ?" / "
50 ". " 50
?" / " 50 ".
" 50 ?" / " ,
, ,
". " , 100
". / " ,
100 ...".
:
CO2 ;
, EPA (Environmental Protection Agency -Tools
For Schools Program) CO2 7000 1452
2250 ppm. 50 m2 40 (1,5 m
2
., , , ) .
3000 ppm. ,
CO2 10000 ppm.
,
- ""
, .
, 206-1
" "
, , , ...,
50 .
4.6
206-1,
"".
Wikipedia: " , ( )
. , ,
, .
, , ...
. ,
,
."
H , .
.
, .
. " ...
10"
:
. " ,
, 0.6-1.3 x 10-5
/ C ,
, 0.8 1.3 x 10-5
/ C Emil
Mrsch, Der Eisenbetonbau 1909".
:
. "..... !" . T
,
."......... ;".
. , " 30
, !!!".
,
" ... ;"
, :
. " pH , six, sechs, ( !!),
;"
. " "
. " ;"
.
4.7
. " ,
. . (pH > 12)
(pH < 9).
. , ".
,
facebook ""
, ,
. " ( 7).
; " , .!"
206-1. ( ),
50 . 6 10 .
.
"" ..
. (
CO2). ."
7 .
2. 206-1 1990.
206-1,
, 1990:2002.
- 0.
2.4
(1)
,
/ .
4.8
(2) ,
:
-
-
-
- ,
-
-
-
-
-
-
: 1992 1999
.
(3)
.
(4) , ,
, .
1. " ", " "
,
CO2.
2. " "
, , ( )
.
,
(. 8).
8 () () rain runoff
angle . ()
. -
Ca2+
.
. 206-1.
4.9
3. " "
, 9.
9 lego.
4. " "
5 .
5. " , "
Ca2+
.
6. "
"
CO2. C1-XC4 .
7. " "
.
loops
.
"
", .
8. " "
. .
,...,
.
,
.
control
permeability liners ( 10).
4.10
10 Control permeability liners. , .
!,
1995,
60%
( 11).
11 3 mm 10 mm
/ = 0,55 !!!. .
" "
1990,
4.11
2.5
(1)
,
. :
-
-
- , , .
4.1.7
(1)
.
2 21)
1 50
4,7 3,8
1,5 3,82)
(-) 2,9 1,5
1)
2) , .
(2) ,
(
). .
2 = 1.5
=50 .
Pf 0,0668.
.
. , , ,
. ,
.
,
.
= 1,5 ,
= 2,5 = 3,8
. , = 3,8
100 mm .
4.12
,
- -,
, .
:
() / ,
()
() /.
( 5
) ,
.
. ..
.
/
.
.
Damage Tolerance.
.
.
.
.
( )
, , 30%.
(residual
bond strength) 70% (nominal bond strength).
.
.
" " . ,
.
, ..
6.
( 12),
=50 . 30 mm (
). 30%
60%.
4.13
Years
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Carbonation D
epth (mm)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
A O
12 , !!!
RH = 50% CO2 = 1000 ppm ( )
46,4 66 .
50 30% .
RH = 80%
CO2 = 1600 ppm ( ) 12,8 19,6 .
50 - 19,6 = 30,4
60,8%
(0-30%). , 50 - 34,9
= 15,1 30 - 60%, ...
,
.
: ) , )
( ) )
(
).
25 mm .
25 mm 18 mm 27 mm; 25 mm ;
.
. 5 15 mm ,
.
, .. > 10mm
100%, 5 10mm ;
4.14
: () () budget .
9. , , . budget
( 5-10%).
.
10 m, 5 m 0,4 m, 19,6 m3.
30 mm 1,62 m3 ( 40 mm
10 mm ). 60 .
1,62 x 60 = 97,20 .
10
mm. 20 1,8
. 97,2 + 36,0 = 133,2 .
5 mm, 40 2,5
( , , ASTM D 256, ) 97,2 + 100 = 197,2 .
, 97,2 , m3
mm 6,5 / mm 3,65 / m2
30 mm. , 2000 m2
7300 .
,/,/ 7300
. ; //. :
19,6 . 100 !,
//.
H , .
( 12), .
" 30 mm 30 mm ;"
12 .
.
,
!!
4.15
.
, ,
, ,
, , ,
. 125487- 32,6 mm 3,22 ,
120 kg/ 180, . 125487
. 125488, , ,
, ,
,
facebook like
,
, .... , ,
7300 .
. , , "
;"
, " , ,
". ,
" overlap;
, ; ... ... ; 30 mm . 20 mm
10 mm 3,65 /m2 30 mm 3,65 /m2 2 0mm". , control permeability liner / =0,55 ( 206-1)
, 206-1 400 /=0,5;
30 mm :
97,2 + 100 + 50 (1 /m2 liner)= 247,2 54 m
2 . 2.000 m
2 ;
= 9.155 .
9.155 19,6 !!!
, 3,25%, :
K 14,986 19,6 !!!
, 250 m3 19,6 100
! 100 , ;
.
SIA SN 505 262/1,
Annexe E (2005)
( 13).
(Torrent air permeability). .
( 14.)
4.16
" ".
1 14.986 , 2 -,
10.500 , 3 , 3.000 , 4
2.000 5
.
13 .
14
. !!.
:
) Ca2+
,
) / ,
, ,
4.17
) 500, 1500 5000 ppm CO2,
) 50% 75% 98% ,
)
)
.
; 206-1
,
. politically correct . politically incorrect
206-1 /
:
2015
/ ,
. ( 20/4), (
), ( 15/4) ( ) ,
, , ,
, .
"" .
= 1,5.
3. 1990
= 1,5 1
. ISO 2394
target reliability index, (target)
D=50 .. D=50 50 .
Parrot
3 . ,
,
" , ... , "
, ,
.
= 1,5
, XC3.
350 ppm 30
ppm CO2 60% 5%.
(
, , )
26 mm 4 mm, 45mm (35 mm
206-1 + 10mm) .
4.18
10 C25/30 3
8.5mm 0.48 mm. 2
( ) by the book (
) ,
( 15).
.
T=10 years
Depth (mm)
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Probability D
ensity
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Cover in mm
Carbonation in mm
15 =10 .
=10 , D=10 :
cov carb,T=10
=10 .
, 2 :
cov carb,T=10
=10 .
=10 :
16 =30 .
4.19
T=30 years
Depth (mm)
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Probability D
ensity
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Cover in mm
Carbonation in mm
16 =30 .
=30 :
=40 :
=50 :
, 1990, = 1,23 = 1,5!
:
)
) < 50 1990 206-1
=100 .
206-1 =50 - o.k..
,
3, ,
. 26 mm 4
mm 21 mm 4 mm 32
< 1,5. ( ppm).
4.20
4
, , 206-1
, "" //.
3 :,
) 14.986
,
) 14.986 19,6
) 2, 50 mm
forgiving .
, .
, :
C30/37 9.10.07 95,00 /m3
9.06 6,00 /m
2
, EN
934-2
( 206-1)
9.23.02 0,71 /kg
EN 14889-2
( 50 mm) 9.23.05 5,50 /kg
(curing)
( ""
2)
9.25 1,24 /m2
10,00 /m2
3,5 x 1,2 x 5,0= 21,0 m3,
2 x (3,5 + 1,2) x 5,0 = 47,0 m2
9.10.07 : 21,0 m3 x 95,00 /m3 = 1.995,00
o 9.23.02 (, 6,8 kg/m3): 21,0 x 6,8 x 0,71 = 101,39
9.23.05 (, 1,5 kg/m3): 21,0 x 1,5 x 5,50 = 173,25
9.06 () 47,0 m2 x 6,00 /m2 = 282,00
9.25 (curing): 47,0 m2 x 1,24 /m2 = 58,28
: 47,0 m2 x 10,00 /m2 = 470,00
21,0 : 3.079,72
, .
T ,
. , ...
4.21
... .
.
.
15,000 .
T 206-1 2-5%
, , ""
.
. C30/37 C30/37 ,
"" C20/25 !
4. 4
206-1, !
,
206-1 ,
.
"
, , ( ). ,
""
. ,
, , CO2 footprint, .
, liners.
- 60 ,
, .
.
CO2 RH.
3 , ,
:
) .
.
206-1.
, , "
".
) ,
. 206-1 50% !!!
) " " .
,
.
4.22
17.
4 4 XC,
. Android 715-X CO2 RH
. 10 mm
. forgiving
forgiving.
.
1062-6 ( CO2).
206-1, 1990
1504-2.
e-mail.
CEM II/-P 42.5N- 340Kg/m3, N/T=0.5
25mm
15mm
5mm
75mm
55mm
45mm
35mm
65mm55mm45mm
35mm
25mm
15mm
55mm35mm
5mm
25mm
15mm
20mm10mm
50mm
40mm
30mm
70mm
60mm
50mm
40mm
30mm
20mm
10mm
40mm
20mm1
0mm
CO2 (ppm)
100 1000
RH (%)
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
Cover, T=50 Years
17 smartphones!!. ,
.
4.23
4
Tepl B., Krlov H., Stewart M.: Ambient Carbon Dioxide, Carbonation and Deterioration of RC
Structures. International Journal of Materials & Structural Reliability, Vol. 1 (2002), p. 3136
Sarja, A. 2002, Integrated Life Cycle Design of Structures, 1st ed. London, Spon Press.
Mitchell, D., Frohnsdorff, G.: Service-Life Modelling and Design of Concrete Structures for
Durability, Concrete International, December 2004.
ISO 2394:2015, General principles on reliability for structures
Potter, RJ, Background to design for durability in AS3600, Pacific Concrete Conference, 8-11
November 1988, p559-567.
Merretz, WE, Design for durability curing of concrete the relationship between AS 3600 and the
BCA, National Precast Concrete Association of Australia, 2002.
Kropp, J. & H.K. Hilsdorf (ed). 1995: Performance criteria for concrete durability.- RILEM report 12,
E & FN Spon.
SIA 262/1: Concrete Structures Supplementary Specifications (in German).- SIA Zrich,
Polder, R. et al. 2000: Test methods for on site measurements of resistivity of concrete. RILEM TC
154-EMC, Materials & Structures, 33, 603-611.
NAHE (2004), Durable concrete structures Part 2: Practical guidelines for durability design and
concrete quality assurance, 1st Ed., Norwegian Association for Harbor Engineers, TEKNA, Oslo. (In
Norwegian)
Sengul, O. and Gjrv, O.E. (2008), Electrical resistivity measurements for quality control during
concrete construction, ACI Mater. J.,105( 6), 541-547.
Alonso C., Andrade C., Rodrguez J. y Dez J.M. : Factors controlling cracking of concrete affected by
reinforcement corrosion. Materials and Structures, Vol. 31 pp 435-441 (1998)
Rodrguez, J., Ortega, L.M., Casal, J.: Load bearing capacity of concrete columns with corroded
reinforcement 4th Simposium on Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete Structures, Cambridge,
UK, Edited by C.L Page, P.F Bamfort and J.W. Fig., SCI, The Royal Society Chemistry, (1996)
Pantazopoulou S J, Papoulia K D. Modeling cover cracking due to reinforcement corrosion in RC
structures. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 2001, 127(4): 342351.
Lundgren K. (2002). Modelling the effect of corrosion on bond in r.c. Magazine of Concrete
Research, Vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 165-173.
DuraCrete. Probabilistic Performance based Durability Design of Concrete Structures, Brite EuRam
III, BE95-1347.
4.24
5-1.1
206-1/XC 1504-2
5A 5: " "
1.
1 .
;
50 ...
;
... .
. ;
... ; , ;
;
, 10 .
, .
;
5-1.2
50 ...
;
.
.
;
40 mm, .
;
!!
;
. .
40 mm;
!.
;
C25/30 206-1.
;
.
C25/30;
. C25/30.
, ;
.
.
,
;
,
50 .
50 =1,5 ;
.
;
5-1.3
=3.
=3;
.
;
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;
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;
.
.
1 , ,
.
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.
, ,
50 .
.
2 , ,
.
;
. .
,
;
,
. .
;
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.
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;
.
;
.
.
1504-2
206-1 ;
, 1504-2
206-1.
206-1;
. 1504-2
.
,
.
2 . 2 3
, .
.
2 .
;
2 !.
, ;
2 E SUPER X Coupe.
5-1.5
, ABS, ESP crash test ;
2 . 12 , 2 ABS, ESP
crash test.
;
2 !
SUPER X Coupe ;
2 .
MEDIUM M Coupe 1
1 ABS ?
2 , , ,
.
SUPER X Coupe;
2 62.000
, 62.000 ;
2 !.
.
2 305.000.
;
2 .
MEDIUM M Coupe, 22.000 , 100.000
.
3 () SUPER X Coupe () MEDIUM M Coupe
2 .
SUPER X Coupe.
2 3 .
5-1.6
2 .
. ;
2 206-1 1504-2
MEDIUM M Coupe SUPER X Coupe.
12 ...
2 . !.
, , 21 , . , "" "":
1990 : " . 1,5"
206-1 : " . 1990 ."
1504 : " , "
:
1990 : " , . email [email protected] "
206-1 : " . email [email protected] "
1504 : " . email [email protected] ".
2. engineering! ...
- .
,
10.
" "
+70 mm,
, C500/750, liners, , ....
5-1.7
;
; ...!
: : " Champions League!!"
:
.
.
70 , , ...
; Where is the "catch?
!
;
,
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.
;
.
.
.
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2001, 86. .
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.
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,
, , . .
Parrot, ;
: " . ,
. "
. ,
Parrot, 1990, 206-1 .
.
70 .
, .
, 1504-2 !!!
: " , Prof ... Einstein.
. ".
;
. (
ppm CO2)
. 1,2 mm
. 1500 ppm
, 65%.,
200 (/=0.7).
ppm 1000
35%. 4.
1504-2
,
...,
, ... 35% Parrot
. , 5,
1504-2 !
5-1.9
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
(m
m)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
4 !!!.
5
: " , 1990,
206-1, ...."
, ,
( 6).
()
()
()
6 : ... 500 1000
... () , ()
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30 .
.
.
;
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7 .
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( ).
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.
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.
, !
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.
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8 .
( 9). .
!!!
,
XA 206-1.
9 !
1504-2 .
.
.
. 10 1504-2 .
5-1.12
()
()
10 1504-2.
11 !!
5-1.13
, 3 , 11.
. 800 ppm CO2 RH=70%. . 500 ppm CO2 40% .
300 ppm CO2 30% , 200 ppm CO2 20% . 100 ppm CO2 10% . C25/30 4 50 0.3 mm!!!
206-1+ 1990 35mm, ( >>> 1,5) .
?
Einstein? "
206-1, 1990
1504-2;
( ) ()
.
;
, .
:
) 1990,
,
.
C30/37,
C30/37.
) 206-1 , , XC
forgiving
, , forgiving , ..
197-1,
. forgiving
. 2-5%
100%.
) 1504-2 () ()
, .
Super Cruiser Missiles.
;
!
...
5-1.14
3. , 2015, 206-1
.
( ): " ; ; ; ; ;" ( )
: " ."
3 :
: " ; "
: " " ( , , , , )
: " , ."
3 3 . ( )
( ) 3 :
: " ;" ( 1990)
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3 :
: " ; "
: "" ( )
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: " ."
...
3 : " ;" ( . .)
: ""
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: " , , , ."
( 1990, 206-1 1504-2)
, , . " " , .
5-1.15
. , .
() "" , (cut corners ).
"" "", 8 . , , 206-1 -2015 ...
2015:
2.2.5.2 , 20 mm
15 mm,
.
,
XC2, XC3 XC4, XC1, XC2 XC3 .
C1 min 270 kg/m3.
,
.
4 , , ppm, , 2015 2 !! : " 1990 ,
, ;"
: " !! 1990 "
2015 . , "Effect of composition, environmental factors and cement-lime mortar coating on concrete carbonation, Materials and Structures, 1992, 25, 293-
304 . : In what follows we will concentrate on this latter case, i.e. on the application of a lime-cement mortar
coating and on its effect on the rate of carbonation. We will consider only lime produced by hydration
of high-calcium quicklime, as that originating from the burning of limestone. Finally, in the following
we will call dry hydrated lime, i.e. Ca(OH)2 without excess water, simply 'lime', and we will denote by I
its weight in the mixture in a water-saturated, surface-dry form.
, - CEM I, lime, , CH, C-S-H, :
5-1.16
Provided that its water/cement ratio is relatively low and its lime content high, a lime-cement mortar
coating of the usual thickness (around 20 mm) is found to be an extremely effective means of
postponing or even preventing carbonation-induced corrosion initiation: it postpones the onset of
concrete carbonation by the time required for carbonation to fully penetrate the coating, and it retards
its further penetration into the concrete because atmospheric CO2 has to travel further to reach the
carbonation front.
2 ;
, , :
:
206, , :
, ( ), , XC1-XC4, .. . ,
,
,
CO2. XC3 ( W/C: 0.50, C 300 kg/m
3)
XC4. CEM II CEM V
30 mm. ,
, , .
/=0,50 0,55!
"" , !!! 1990 ..,
,
20 mm
15mm, .
( ):
, XC2, XC3 XC4, XC1, XC2 XC3 .
.
5-1.17
2015 :
XC1 - (45% RH < 65%) XC1 - (RH 98%) XC2 - (90% RH < 98%) XC3- (65% RH < 85%) XC3- (65% RH < 85%) XC4 - (75% RH < 90%)
XC3 XC2 XC3 -
XC2 - (90% RH < 98%) !!
1500 ppm 150 ppm;
Nature.
, please, , .
2015 "" "" , 20 15 mm, 1504-2. 1504-2 () , 2010!
4. 51
, .
, .
1 5
"" 5 5
5-1.18
5.2.1
206-1/XC 1504-2
5B: 1504. ...
1504-2 1990. ;
5B 1504
206-1
.
,
1504: " "
. 5A ( 1).
()
()
1 1504-2, () ()
.
2 : () ppm () .
5.2.2
.
, , XC4 - , ;
30 cm C30/37, "" , .
(water content) , Building Materials Physics, ( !!) .
"" "" ( 2). (. 2), . (. 2).
()
()
5.2.3
()
2 C4 : () , , ()
, - () , .
10 1/5 206-1.
. . , , .
1,0 mm 1504-2 Sd H2O = 1,0 m ( ). ( 3). . , 70% 50% 15% ( ) . .
3 1504-2 Sd H2O=1 m
.
5.2.4
I ( ) SdH2O = 1000 m. 1,0 mm ( 3). Sd H2O , !! I "".
3 1504-2 SdH2O = 1000 m
.
" kg/m3 ;"
. 40% .
.. 5% 45%. 150 55% 82,5 . (gas).
, , , , /, , .
, . , .
C25/30 C30/37. ; ( 4).
5.2.5
Age at Measurement (Years)
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Corrected C
arbonation D
epth (mm)
0
20
40
60
80
100
HU- Athens, Greece
HU- Thessaloniki,Greece
4 XC4 .
SdH2O = 1,0 m SdH2O = 2,4 m ( ), 5.
. 5 2 . 2 ""
.
( !!) 2 5 95 " " 65 " ". .
5.2.6
150 , .. 67,5 82,5 . 82,5 95 . 65 . 30 . 30 ;
120 kg/m3.
300 kg/m3 (/T = 0,5 150 kg ), /T =120/300 = 0,4. / = 0,4 / = 0,5 S4. / = 0,4 S4, . 1504-2 . "". .
, "" . 1504-2; . . . . .
" " ;
. , , , , 400 ppm , (20-22 ), 40-60% , (1500 ppm). C30/37 , . ( 6).
6 "" . .
( ) . 20 mm "" ( 6).
5.2.7
6 : " .
. ... ".
: " C30/37 ".
30 . 30, 30. , ( 6).
6 : " 5000 2
". : "
".
. 30 mm / "" , , (. 6).
5.2.8
6 : " , 10 4,5 .
".
" , ;". 1,0 mm SdH2O = 1,0 m SdH2O = 2,4 m ( 7).
7 : " , 10
14,5 . ."
2. ( , ); Club Elephant (CO2) , pH , , , 10 .
5.2.9
: " RH;"
!
, % . Sorption Isotherm ( 8). .
RH (%)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Moisture Content (%
)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
C25/30
8 Sorption Isotherm .
.. 50% "" 50% . , , , .
206-1 :
XC1 - - 45% RH < 65%
... , ... .
XC3- - 65% RH < 85%
RH ; ( !!) RH , .
. , , 206-1 .
5.2.10
;. , :
, .
,
, .
...
, .
SdH2O < 5m .
SdH2O .
5 ; Of course !! . ppm .
;
. .
, ;
,
;
" ;"
.
.
1504-2
" ,
".
XC1 .
XC1 = C20/25
25 mm XC3=C25/30 35 mm;
...
. XC1 Las Vegas
Nick the Greek. Las Vegas
, ....
5 ;
, , ppm.
;
, NO, NEIN, , 1,5.
,
, ...
5.2.11
!! ,
!!
. . 20 C20/25, ( 9). . 23-33 91-99%. . ..... 20701-1/2010, ASHRAE 62 , .
( 9).
9 , , , .
saouseskou . ,
. ...
9 ........ .
91-99% 9. 50 ; ... 9. ; ( 9).
5.2.12
9 . ...
XD ,
(
,
). ,
... . stray
current, " ", " ".
9 , C0/0. ""
... .
5.2.13
9 " ".
( ). (. 9).
9 .
206-1 !!! 206-1 .
C30/37, ( 10).
5.2.14
10 C30/37 .
...
( ).
:
;
1504, ...
. 50
;
... , ( 1990
) .
.
;
!
.
.
o.k.
. ;
.
5.2.15
.
,
" , "
!!! ;
. The Fix Were In For: The State of Our
Bridges. .
Fairmount New Jersey
. 10, 20 .
;
. .
;
. 3
.
;
. 30-40%
.
.
,
ppm ;
; . 100 300 800 ppm.
. 1 3, .
1990 International Federation for Structural Concrete Fdration internationale du bton ( ) ( ):
(1)
:
mm year-1/2
mm.
10 , 10 mm, :
(2)
1 :
(3)
D mm2 / year.
5.2.16
:
!! 1 3 ppm . .
- () Hong Kong () Model Specification
for Protective Coatings for Concrete 1994 ( Hong Kong vs 20-, ),
:
Sc mm
mm
m mm Tm .
coatings , ( 1 ). " " . D ( 11).
=
=
11 .
. :
D 3.2 mm2/year, = 8 mm = 10 . 25 mm (m). Tm = 50 ;
;
(1), . 12. . .
5.2.17
`
12 !
25 mm 15 mm;
( ) ( 13).
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
(mm
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
=3.16 mm/sqrt(year)
13 23 .
;
.
5.2.18
Sd,CO2 1504-2;
.
( !!), .
CO2 , , , CO2 .
;
:
( CO2) , = 400 CO2.
:
Sd,H2O;
. . , CO2 CO2, Marlboro Lights Marlboro Lights, .
( ). SO 10456:2007, 14.
. , 15.
5.2.19
14 ISO.
5.2.20
15 , .
, . .
SdCO2 R ( interview
). .
perms . perm permeance
.
XC4. To ELOT EN 206-1 320 kg/m3, / = 0,5 C30/37. 35 mm + 10 mm 1990. .
5.2.21
( ) (2 , 2 ). , .
CO2 450 ppm 20 ppm. 50 15,7 mm max 24,85 mm. , .. , :
:
:
- o.k. 100 !
35 mm, , , , 28 mm (7 mm ... !!). . 140 7 mm; , !
:
:
5.2.22
( ) SdCO2 71,6 mm x 400 = 28,6 m.
100 , 206-1, 2015. 206-1 >50 !! ; 50 , 1,5 ( 16).
16 ..., 2015 T 50
2-7
; ;
1504-2. , , ... CO2.
1504-2 SdCO2 50 m. 2 mm 4 mm. , . , ( ) .... , , .
( 17). 250-300 m2 . 600-800 . .
5.2.23
17 . "",
,
. Hopper Gun. ,
, 2 straps
. ,
, freddo, .
2-3 , 15 , . . " ", " " 19 . ( 18). Made in China.
18 1875.
.
. " " " ".
"" , 17, , Durability Expert , . , , 2015, 206-1 .
1504-2 SdCO2 50 m :
5.2.24
= 400 . :
:
e , filter .
( ) D = 6,17 mm2/year .
"" 0,1 mm ( ), , , e=100 , :
: 100 , , 5 mm. please . >> 1,5 10 mm .
1504-2, SdCO2 = 50 m 100 206-1.
, 206-1, , 55, , .
D = 40 mm2/year = 8,94 mm year-1/2 18.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100105
(mm
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
, ,
18 ... 200 , /T = 0,75
C12/15. 100 9 .
5.2.25
;
35 mm .
;
) C20/25 C30/37.
) . 1.5 100 50 206-1 ( ).
) ( ).
) ppm, , , , .
,
; ! ( 19).
19 CE (
35 mm !!!).
--ppm. ppm 100 4,93 mm ; .... 60 ppm.
SdCO2=50 m . ( ) SdCO2 = 90m SdCO2 = 210m. , , , .
( , ) , 2015;
2.2.5.2 ,
20
mm 15 mm,
.
5.2.26
,
XC2,XC3 XC4, XC1, XC2 XC3 .
C1 min 270
kg/m3. ,
.
2.2.5.3
2.2.5.2, (, ,
, , , ..)
2-7.
@@@ , :
' ' ,
:
, .
1504-2 . . Selection of Protective Coatings according to ELOT EN 1504-2 Against Concrete Carbonation, http://e-archimedes.gr/component/k2/item/5888- 5 .
5
2015:
"
, , . email .
Silver Alert."
5.2.27
, 1504-2 1990 206-1 .
CO2, , "" , , . .
206-1 . 1990 . .
, , , , , . 1990 "" 1990, .
"" " 40 ;". , " /", - - 206-1 "" 100% >50 .
, , . .
, , , !
1990 8-3, 0. "" . . " " .
"" . , FIB, , . Model Code 2010 ( ) , . , Model Code 2010, . , . , , . driving force . /.
5.2.28
5, , Building Physics, Materials Science, Corrosion Science . , , 21 . , , . 3,5% "" . 60% 70% .
"" , . . , 3-4 , . . drop down menu , , , , ...
, , , . , . .
206-1, 1504 . .
. , , .
. 1990 1,5, , .
1504 , , , . , , . . , 15 15 10 . . 2 . , ....
, . . "" . . , . .
5.2.29
. .