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ON- CAMPUS DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT
BY LT COL (Rtd) J K KANDIE
National Disaster Operations CentreState Department of Interior,
Ministry of Interior and Coordination of National Government
Introduction DefinitionsDisaster CycleDisaster Risk Management Security Awareness How to react in the event of attack Q & A
ScopeScope
2
Established on January, 21st 1998 in response to the El Niño rains of
1997 and the August 1998 Bombing of the US Embassy
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
NATIONAL DISASTER NATIONAL DISASTER OPERATIONS OPERATIONS CENTRE (NDOC):CENTRE (NDOC):
3
MissionTo monitor, coordinate, mobilize and respond to disaster incidents in the country
Vision To be the leading focal point for disaster management & response in Kenya
Mission & Vision Mission & Vision
4
MandateMonitor all disasters on 24 hrs, 7 days a week, 365 days a year.
Mobilize national resources to combat rapid onset disasters.
Co-ordinate disaster management activities.
Collaborate and network with other stakeholders.
Sensitize and inform the public on disaster related issues.
5
Roles And Responsibilities
Coordination at the national level.
Ensuring agencies are informed of the activation of disaster contingency plans.
Translating the decisions of the National Disaster Coordination Committee (NDCC) into action.
Prepare inventories for resources/assets countrywide.
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Roles and responsibilities (…contd)
Carryout Humanitarian needs Assessment.
Develop a prioritized list of needs for donors.
Prepare evacuation plans, shelter and refugee areas.
7
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LINKAGES
Disaster A Disaster is a serious
disruption of the functioning of a society causing widespread human, material or environmental damage and losses which exceeds the ability of the affected community to cope using their own resources
KOBE EARTHQUAKE – JAPAN 1995
Common disasters in Kenya
Natural Disasters
Earthquakes Droughts Famine Floods Landslides Pandemics
Man-made Disasters
Technological Accidents Aircraft Crashes Train Accidents Road Accidents Hazardous materials
Terrorism Structural Collapse Fires Internal Conflicts
Risk Management Risk Management in disasters is the systematic
process of identifying, analyzing, evaluating and responding to risk by applying risk management principles.
It is the complete process of risk analysis and risk control.
It involves the following: Risk analysis of the available information to estimate
the risk to population. Recognizing preventive measures to minimize risk. Implementing Contingency Plans to counter risk.
Disaster Risk ManagementPre Disaster Activities Post Disaster Activities
Risk Identification
Mitigation Preparedness Emergency Response
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction/Recovery
Hazard Assessment(frequency and magnitude, location)
Structural and non-structural works and Actions
Warning systems, Communication systems
Humanitarian assistance
Rehabilitation and reconstruction of damaged infrastructure
Vulnerability Assessment•Fires•Terrorism•Structural collapseStudents and Staff members
Building code, Land use
Contingency Planning
S & REvacuation PlansClean up, temporary repairs and restoration of services
Macroeconomic and budget management
Disaster Risk Management …contdPre Disaster Activities Post Disaster Activities
Risk Identification
Mitigation Preparedness Emergency Response
Rehabilitation and Reconstruction/Recovery
Risk Assessment
Financial incentives for preventive behaviour
Network of emergency respondersKRCS
Damage assessment and identification of priorities for recovery
Revitalization of affected sectors
Hazard monitoring and forecasting
Education training and awareness about risks and assessment
Shelter facilities, evacuation plans
Mobilization of recovery resources
Incorporation of risk management in reconstruction processBuild Back Better
The Disaster Risk Management Cycle describes the process through which emergency /disaster managers prepare for emergencies and disasters, respond to them when they occur, help people and institutions recover from them, mitigate their effects, reduce the risk of loss, and prevent disasters such as fires from occurring.
THE PROGRESSION OF VULNERABILITY
1Underlying causes
PovertyLimited access to - power structures - resources
Ideologies
Economic systems
General pre-conditioning factors
2 Dynamic pressuresLack of - local institutions - education - training - appropriate skills - local investment - local markets - press freedom
Macro-forces - population expansion - environmental degradation
3 Unsafe conditions
Fragile physical environment - dangerous locations - dangerous buildings and infrastructure
Fragile local economy - livelihoods at risk - low income levels
Public actions
DISASTER
DISASTER
=
VULNERABILITY
+
HAZARD
HAZARD
Trigger events
Earthquake
High winds
Flooding
Volcanic eruption
Landslide
Drought
War, civil conflict
Technological accident
THE DISASTER CRUNCH MODEL
What Needs to Happen?
Release the Pressures
Create a safer world -[protect lives
and property]
Where possible manage the hazards
[i.e. Warning systems Flood controlsWind breaks]
Reduce Vulnerable Conditions
Increase local capabilities
Safe critical facilities to be built or strengthened
Governments and local communities to prepare and protect
The Disaster Cycle
X X
XX
X
Disaster Impact
Relief / Emergency Assistance
(undertaken by Emergency Services National Disaster Office / home Ministry / Civil Defence / Military
Rehabilitation
Reconstruction(undertaken by Public Work / Contractors, Ministries of Finance Planning Agriculture Urban Development)
Mitigation(undertaken by Contractors, Ministries of Planning/ Public Works / Agriculture / Water resources)
Preparedness(undertaken by Emergency Services / National Disaster Office , Home Ministry / Education Ministry etc.)
This reveals:1. Sequence of actions2. Imbalances3. The Active / Pro-
active phases of DM4. Relationships
PreparednessPrepare It is the phase prior to the actual
occurrence of a disaster event. Governments and Organizations undertake several preparations.
The aims of activities in the preparedness phase are:
To save lives from the expected disaster
Minimize disaster damage Enhance disaster response
operations when the disaster eventually occurs.
Carrying out emergency exercises/training
Activities include Training / Drills
Response Phase
Response phase is the phase that immediately follows a disaster event. The activities in the response phase are aimed at:Providing emergency assistance for casualtiesReducing the probability of secondary damageSpeeding recovery operations
Recovery Phase
Recovery phase starts when the disaster has been contained or brought under control.
The recovery activities aim at restoring all systems in the area affected by the disaster to normal or better.
Recovery PhaseThe measures put in place in the recovery phase are:Returning vital life-support systems to minimum operating standardsProviding damage insurance, loans and grantsProviding temporary housingProviding long-term medical care for the affected population.Providing disaster unemployment insurance
Recovery Phase …..contd
Provision of counseling programs Provide public information necessary to help
people in their recovery efforts Provide health and safety education Reconstruction of critical infrastructure Carrying out economic impact studies
Mitigation The mitigation phase starts when disaster
management improvements have been made in anticipation of the next disaster event.
In mitigation phase, various activities and measures are undertaken to eliminate or reduce the probability of occurrence of another disaster, or reduce the effects of unavoidable disasters
Security awareness
11June 2015
TERRORISM OVERVIEW
Definition: A terrorist is an individual who uses terror to achieve a political end. Terrorism knows no bordersCauses loss of life and propertyPerpetrated by clandestine groupsRequires joint efforts to combatComplex in nature
04/19/23 SECURITY AWARENESS25
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO TERRORISM
Political: Unpopular, repressive or corrupt governments
Social: Gross discrimination Economic: Extreme poverty or
unemployment, Ideological: Divergence of Political ideology, Geopolitical: Border disputes, Religious: Religious strife, or religious
violence Foreign influence: Foreign support of
dissident activities.
April 19, 2023 SECURITY AWARENESS) 2626
METHODS OF EXECUTING TERRORISM
Bombing: Using car bombs, parcel bombs, suicide bombers , road side IED’s, and remotely controlled devices .
Assassinations
Hostage taking
Hijacking
Others: assault, arson, kidnapping etc.
April 19, 2023 SECURITY AWARENESS) 2727
SUICIDE ATTACKER INDICATORS
Alone and nervous.
Loose and/or bulky clothing (may not fit
weather condition).
Exposed wire (possibly through sleeves).
Rigid mid-section (explosive device or may be
carrying a rifle)
Tightened hands (may hold detonation
device).
April 19, 2023 SECURITY AWARENESS28
SECURITY roles Access control
Vetting of all guests and staff Manning the barrier Recording entries/exits Surveillance detecting equipment Checking entries/exits- by use of detectors
Perimeter security Patrolling around the facility Parking control Reporting of suspicion persons.
April 19, 2023 SECURITY AWARENESS29
SCREENING OF PASSENGER/LUGGAGES.
-Change of screening procedure occasionally
-Terrorist disguising as Christians, or any other
person.
-Electronically screening of luggage
30
What should you do in case of a terror attack ? Run
Hide
Fight back
HOW TO RESPOND WHEN AN ACTIVE SHOOTER IS IN YOUR VICINITY
Quickly determine the most reasonable way to protect your own life.
1. FleeIf there is an accessible escape path, attempt to evacuate the premises. Be sure to:–Have an escape route and plan in mind–Evacuate regardless of whether others agree to follow–Leave your belongings behind–Help others escape, if possible–Prevent individuals from entering an area where the active shooter may be–Keep your hands visible–Follow the instructions of any police officers–Do not attempt to move wounded people–Call 999 when you are safe
Hide out If evacuation is not possible, find a place to hide where the active shooter is less likely to find you.
Your hiding place should:• Be out of the active shooter’s view• Provide protection if shots are fired in your direction (i.e., an office with a closed and locked door)• Not trap you or restrict your options for movement
To prevent an active shooter from entering your hiding place:– Lock the door– Blockade the door with heavy furniture
If the active shooter is nearby:
• Lock the door• Silence your cell phone • Turn off any source of noise (i.e., radios, televisions)• Hide behind large items (i.e., cabinets, desks)• Remain quiet
Take action against the active shooter If close to the shooter, and only when your life is in imminent danger, attempt to disrupt and/or incapacitate the active shooter by: Acting as aggressively as possible against
him/her Throwing items and improvising weapons Yelling Be courageous and committed to your actions
SUMMARY Good practices in the event of terror attack
• Be aware of your environment and any possible dangers
• Take note of the two nearest exits in any facility you visit
• If you are in an office, stay there and secure the door
• If you are in a hallway, get into a room and secure the door
• As a last resort, attempt to take the active shooter down. When the shooter is at close range and you cannot flee, your chance of survival is much greater if you try to incapacitate him/her
• CALL 999 WHEN IT IS SAFE TO DO SO
How to react when law enforcement arrives:
• Remain calm, and follow officers’ instructions• Put down any items in your hands (i.e., bags, jackets) • Immediately raise hands and spread fingers• Keep hands visible at all times• Avoid making quick movements toward officers such
as holding on to them for safety• Avoid pointing, screaming and/or yelling• Do not stop to ask officers for help or direction when
evacuating, just proceed in the direction from which officers are entering the premises