WordlistUnfortunately there is only a norseenglish wordlist available yet, but if you use your browser's search or find function to search for an english word you ought to find what you're looking for. For some words the old swedish forms and inflexions are given, but since the OSw. texts are of a different kind many words are not attested in OSw. ... Where OSw. forms are not given, they can either be identical with the OIcel. or not attested. Names of persons and places can be found here. ABDEFGHIJKLMNOPRSTUVY

A, 'on, onto' prep. w/acc. 'on, upon' prep. w/dat. -a 'not' (poetic word) adv. an 'before, earlier' adv. r 'before' both adv. and conj. af prep. w/dat. 'off' 'of, from' ; Skip skaltu af mr iggja 'A ship you shall have from me' 'because of' ; af v at 'because' afl 'power, strength' neut. a-st. afla 'aquire' weak 1 ; w/gen. afli 'power, forces' masc. an-st. gjarn 'aggressive' gtr 'famous, great' kafr 'eager' akr, OSw. akr

'arable field' masc. a-st. ; stem akr- gen. akr-s ala 'beget; breed' strong VI ; Hringr konungr l brliga vi henni rj brn 'King H. rapidly begot three children with her', aldr 'age' masc. a-st. ; (stem aldr- gen. aldr-s) aldri/aldrigi 'never' lfr 'elf' masc. a-st. lit 'look' neut. a-st. allr 'all' in plur., 'whole' in sing. all- 'very' ; allillr 'very evil' etc. ala 'the people' lg 'spell, curse' neut. a-st. (plur. only) ; Eru engi lg brandinum? 'Is there no spell on the sword' ambtt 'female slave' fem. i-st. milli 'between' prep. w/gen. andask 'die' weak 1 (refl.) ; (pret. andaisk) andlt 'death' (lit. 'leaving of breath') neut. a-st. andlit 'face' neut. a-st. andsvar 'answer' neut. a-st. angra 'torment, hurt' weak 1 ; w/acc. ; at angrar mik at ek veit eigi hverr hann er 'It torments me that I do not know who he is' annarr 'other; second' adj., num. ; (/nn/ becomes /r/ when it meets the /r/ masc. plur. arir) aptann, OSw. aftann/aftunn 'afternoon, evening' masc. a-st. ; stem apt(a)n- plur. aptn-ar aptr, OSw. aptr/attr 'back; again' r 'year' neut. a-st. arf 'inheritance' neut. a-st. arfi, OSw. arvi/rvi 'heir' masc. an-st.

argr/ragr, OSw. arghr 'perverted' ; ragr is a distorted form of argr armr, OSw. armbr 'arm' masc. a-st. rr 'messenger' masc. u-st. or i-st. (plur. rir or rar) ars/rass, OSw. ars 'arse' neut. a-st. ; rass is a distorted form of ars ss 'god' masc. u-st. ; (plur. sir) st 'love' fem. i-st. at 'at, to' prep. w/dat. at sign of the infinitive ; at eta 'to eat' at 'that' conj. -at 'not' (poetic word) adv. atganga 'attack, ambush' fem. n-st. atseta 'residence' fem. n-st. ; tta 'eight' num. auigr 'wealthy' aur 'easy' au-kenndr 'easy to recognise', ausnn 'easy to see, obvious' aur, OSw. 'wealth, ' masc. a-st. ; gen. -s or -ar auga, OSw. gha 'eye' neut. an-st. austr, OSw. str 'east' adv. austrvegr 'the east' masc. a-st. ; Russia, Arabia, Greece etc. as opposed to England, France, Spain etc.

B bir 'both' pron. bamr

'tree' mask. a-st. bak, OSw. bakr 'back' neut. a-st., , OSw. masc. a-st. bl 'pyre' neut. a-st. bani 'slayer' masc. an-st. bardagi 'battle' masc. an-st. barn 'child' neut. a-st. hvert barn 'every human being' baugr 'ring' masc. a-st. bazt/bezt, OSw. bzt/bst 'best' superl. to vel baztr/beztr, OSw. bztr/bstr 'best' superl. to gr ber 'bed' masc. i-st. ; plur. be-jar (old ja-st.) ; gen. -s or -jar beia 'ask for, beg, wish' weak 3 (pret. beiddi ; w/acc. and gen. ; beiddi hann friar Vkar konung 'Then he asked king V. for peace' beiask, OSw. beas (refl.) 'ask for' ; Kona hans beiist opt at fara til fur sns 'His wife often asked (for permission) to go to her father' bein, OSw. ben 'bone' neut. a-st. beita, OSw. beta 'let bite' weak 3 ; beitti ; w/dat. ; Vel kann hann sveri at beita 'He can make a sword bite well', beita hundum ok haukum 'hunt with dogs and hawks' bekkr, OSw. bnkr 'bench' masc. i-st., OSw. ja-st. ; gen. bekk-jar (old ja-st.) belgr, OSw. blghr '(whole) hide' masc. ben, OSw. bn 'wound' fem. j-st. benda, OSw. bnda 'bend' weak 3 -di ; San bendi hann upp boga sinn 'Then he bent his bow' bera, OSw. bra 'carry' strong IV ; w/acc. bera af 'be better than' ; w/dat. ; Sv bar hann af llum mnnum sem gull af jarni 'So much better was he compared to other men, as gold [compared to] iron' berg, OSw. brgh 'mountain, hill' neut. a-st. berja, OSw. brja 'beat' weak 2 berjask (refl.) 'fight' weak 2 ; Tku eir san at berjask 'Then they started to fight'

berserkr 'berserk' masc. i-st. ; gen. berserk-jar (old ja-st.) betr, OSw. btr adv. comp. to vel betri, OSw. btri adj. comp. to gr beysta, OSw. bsta 'knock' weak 3 ba, OSw. bia 'wait, await' strong I ; w/gen. bija 'beg, ask, wish, offer' strong V ; w/gen. and acc. ; Konungr ba hann betra sver gera 'The king asked him to make a better sword' , Konungr ba dttur minnar 'The king proposed to my daughter', Hann bir n vel fara 'He now wishes them farewell' binda 'bind, tie' strong III ; (1st and 3rd sing. pret. batt) bta 'bite' strong I ; w/acc. bjarga, OSw. bjargha > bjrgha 'salvage' strong III bja, OSw. bjua strong II 'offer' ; Hn bau honum at drekka 'She offered him to drink' 'command' ; Ok sv var gert sem konungr bau 'And it was done like the king commanded' bjrn, OSw. bjorn 'bear' masc. u-st. bland 'mix, company' neut a-st. ; bland eirra 'in their company, in their midst, among them' blanda 'mix' red. III ; (pret. blett blendum, perf. blandinn) ; also weak 1 -ai, always so in OSw. blr 'blue, black' blindr, OSw. blindr 'blind' bl 'blood' neut. a-st. blugr 'bloody' blta 'sacrifice (to)' red. IV ; with // in pres. and perf. ; w/acc. ; Ek mun hvrki blta r n in 'I will not sacrifice to neither Thor nor Odin' bo 'message; command' neut. a-st. bogi

'bow' masc. an-st. bk 'book' fem. root-noun bolli, OSw. bulli 'cup' masc. an-st. bndi/bandi '... man, husband' masc. nd-st. (plur. bndr) bor 'table' neut. a-st. borg 'castle, city' fem. i-st. or -st. bt 'remedy, fine' fem. root-noun brr 'fast' bragarfullr '' masc. a-st. ; Jarl strengdi ess heit at bragarfulli, at hann skyldi ... 'The earl then swore by the [?], that he should ...' brandr 'fire; sword' masc. i-st. brau, OSw. br 'bread' neut. a-st. braut, OSw. brt 'road' fem. i-st. or -st. brega, OSw. brgha strong III ; pret. br brugu ; w/dat. 'move'; smundr br saxi ok hj hfu af rni 'Then . drew a sword and cut off 's head' 'change' breir, OSw. brer 'broad' brenna, OSw. brnna 'set on fire' weak 3 -di ; w/acc. brenna, OSw. brinna/brnna 'be on fire' strong III bresta, OSw. brista/brsta 'burst' strong III brjst, OSw. bryst 'breast; chest' neut. a-st. brjta, OSw. bryta 'break' strong II brir 'brother' masc. r-st. brkr 'pants' fem. root-noun (plur.) ; (stem brk-) brot 'break; crime' neut. a-st. brotna

'break' weak 1 ; intransitive br, OSw. bro 'bridge' fem. -st. brr, OSw. bru 'bride, wife' fem. i-st. (with the ending -r in nom. sing.!) brullaup, OSw. brullp/brullop 'wedding' neut. a-st. brut/brot/burt 'away' adv. brynja 'coat of mail' fem. jn-st. ba, OSw. boa/bo red. II ; pret. bj bjuggu 'dwell, be resident' 'make ready, prepare' ; eir bjuggu eitt skip 'They prepared one ship' bask (refl.) 'make oneself ready' ; En um morgin snemma bjuggust eir til orrostu 'And early in the morning they prepared for battle' burr, OSw. byr 'birth' masc. i-st., OSw. fem. i-st. bygg 'settled country' fem. i-st. byggja 'build' weak 3 byggi '' ; Ek tla mr at byggja rekkju me henni ntt '' br/br, OSw. byr 'village' masc. i-st. ; gen. bjar (old ja-st.) byrr, OSw. byr/byri/byra 'burden' fem. i-st./n-st./n-st. byrja 'begin' weak 1 byrr 'good wind' masc. i-st. ; gen. byr-jar (old ja-st.) bi, OSw. bai 'both' adv. bn (> bn), OSw. bn 'request; prayer' fem. i-st. bta (> bta), OSw. bta 'pay fine, atone for' weak 3 -ti blkr, OSw. balkr/bolkr masc. u-st., OSw. also masc. a-st. 'bar, beam' ''

D d (= d)

'deed' fem. i-st. dagr, OSw. daghr 'day' masc. a-st. dalr, OSw. dall 'valley' masc. a-st. daui, OSw. di 'death' masc. an-st. daur, OSw. dr 'dead' adj. deila 'dispute' weak 3 -di deyja, OSw. d(j)a 'die' strong VI ; deyja d du dinn deya, OSw. da 'kill' weak 3 deyddi djarfr, OSw. djarvr (> djrvr) 'daring' adj. djpr, OSw. djupr 'deep' adj. dmr, OSw. dombr 'judgement' masc. a-st. dttir 'daughter' fem. r-st. draga 'pull' strong VI ; (1st and 3rd pers. sing. pret. dr) perf. dregit (with g/k-umlaut) ; w/acc. drp 'homicide' neut. a-st. draumr, OSw. drmbr 'dream' masc. dreki, OSw. draki 'dragon; large warship' masc. an-st. drekka, OSw. drikka 'drink; celebrate' strong III ; w/acc. ; Skaltu n drekka brullaup til hennar 'You shall now marry her' (lit. '... drink wedding to her') drekka af 'drink up, empty' ; ok ekki horn var sv mikit, at eigi drykki hann af einum drykk 'and no horn was so large, that he did not empty it in one draught' drekkja, OSw. drnkja 'drown' weak 3 dreki (later drekti) drengr, OSw. drngr 'young man' masc. i-st. ; plur. drengjar (old ja-st.) ; gen. -s, dat. -i drepa, OSw. drpa 'kill' strong V ; w/acc. dreyma, OSw. drma 'dream' weak 3 -di ; impers. w/acc. ; Mik dreymdi um hana ntt 'I dreamt of her last night' (lit. 'It dreamt me ...') drttning 'queen' fem. -st.

drykkja 'drinking' fem. jn-st. ; Settust menn n til drykkju 'Now men sat down to drink' drykkr, OSw. drykkr masc. i-st. ; gen. drykk-jar (old ja-stem) 'drink' 'draught, gulp' dveljask 'dwell' weak 2 (refl.) dvalisk dylja 'hide; deny' weak 2 duli dr, OSw. djur 'animal' neut. a-st. drr 'expensive, costly; dear, precious' dma (> dma), OSw. dma 'judge' weak 3 dmi (> dmi), OSw. dmi 'example' neut. ia-st. dagverr/dgurr, OSw. daghvrr/daghvarr/daghurr 'breakfast' masc. u-st. ; dat. -veri, OSw. -vri

E, ea/er 'or' conj. ef 'if' conj. efla 'practise' weak 3 -di ; eir eru n at efla sei 'They are now practising magic' egg, OSw. gg 'cutting edge' fem. j-st. eggja, OSw. ggja weak 1 'incite, egg on' eir, OSw. er 'oath' masc. a-st. ; gen. -s or -ar eiga, OSw. gha 'own, have' pret.pres. ; pres. eigu, pret. tti, perf. ttr eiga at 'shall, be supposed to' ; essi knfr at vesa ungr 'This knife is supposed to be heavy' eigi, OSw. eghi, ghi, i 'not' adv. eign, OSw. egn/gn 'property' fem. i-st. eik, OSw. ek 'oak' fem. root-noun eingi

see engi einn, OSw. enn 'one; alone' num., adj. einnhverr 'someone, anyone' indef. pron. einvgi 'duel' neut. ia-st. eitr 'poison' neut. a-st. ek, OSw. jak 'I' pers. pron. ekki, OSw. kki/ikki 'not' adv. eldr, OSw. eldr 'fire' masc. a-st. elfr, OSw. lf 'river' fem. i-st. elgr, OSw. lghr 'elk (european moose)' masc. i-st. ; plur. elg-jar (old ja-st.) ; gen. -s ; OSw. ja-st. ; gen. -jar ella, OSw. lla/llr 'else' adv. elli, OSw. lli 'old age' fem. n-st. ; ok var hann ar konungr til elli 'and he was king there until he was old' ellifu, OSw. llivu 'eleven' num. elligar, OSw. llighar/llighis '(or) else' adv. ; elligar rek ek spjtit gegnum ik 'or else I will run the spear through you' elska, OSw. lska 'love' weak 1 ; w/ en/enn, OSw. n 'but, and' ; used if there is some kind of opposition between the clauses (if the subject is not the same for example) en/enn, OSw. n 'than' comparative particle ; Svipdagr vill ekki annat en ra burt 'S. wanted nothing else than to ride away' endir/endi, OSw. ndi 'end' masc. ia-st. in nom. sing. and an-st. elsewhere, i.e endir enda enda etc. ; OSw. masc. an-st. endrborinn 'reincarnated' engi/eingi/ngi, OSw. nginn/inginn 'noone' indef. pron. enn, OSw. nn 'yet, still' enni, OSw. nni

'forehead' neut. ia-st. eptir, OSw. ptir/ttir 'after' prep w/acc. and dat. erindi/rindi/eyrindi, OSw. rindi 'errand' neut. ia-st. es = er er/es, OSw. r 'who, that, which' rel. particle, conj. ; also 'when', 'where' &c. with relative meaning but without a correlate ; '' erfa, OSw. rva 'inherit' eta, OSw. ta 'eat' strong V ; w/acc. ey, OSw. 'island' fem. j-st. ey, OSw. 'always' adv. eya, OSw. a 'lay waste, devastate' weak 3 eyddi ; eir eya allar borgir, er fyrir uru eyimrk 'wilderness' fem. i-st. or root-noun ; (gen. markar or merkr)

F f 'paint' weak 1 ; (pret. fi) f 'get, recieve; succeed' red. III ; pret. fekk fingu faerni 'the father's side of the family' fair 'father' masc. r-st. fagna 'welcome' weak 1 ; w/dat. fagr, OSw. faghr 'beautiful' ; comp. fegri ; the /r/ is part of the stem (plur. fagrir) falda 'fold' red. III ; (pret. felt feldum) ; OSw. weak 1 falla 'fall' ; red. III ; (pret. fell fellu, OSw. fjoll fjollu) fr 'few' ; comp. fr(r)i fstr fara strong VI 'go, travel' ; San fr Bera burt 'Then B. went away'

'happen' ; Fr at fram, at Haraldr fekk hennar 'That happened, that H. got her' 'behave' farask (refl.) 'die' ftkr 'poor' f, OSw. f 'cattle; personal estate, money' neut. a-st. ; gen. fjr (old u-st.) fegar 'father and son(s)' masc. a-st. (plur. only) ; San skildu eir fegar 'Then the father and the son(s) went separate ways' fegin 'father and daughter(s)' neut. a-st. (plur. only) feginn, OSw. fghinn 'happy' fegr 'beauty' fem. i-st. feigr, OSw. feghr 'doomed' flagi 'companion, partner' masc. an-st. fen 'swamp' neut. ja-st. fer, OSw. fr 'journey' fem. i-st. ffl 'fool' neut. a-st. fimm 'five' num. fimmti 'fifth' num. finna 'find' strong III ; w/acc. fiskr, OSw. fiskr 'fish' masc. a-st. fjall, OSw. fjall (> fjll) 'mountain' neut. a-st. fjndi, OSw. fiandi 'enemy' masc. nd-st. fjri, OSw. fjari/fjri 'fourth' num. fjrir, OSw. fjurir/fyrir 'four' num. ; fem. fjrar, neut. fjgur, OSw. fjurar/fyrar, fiughur fjli 'mength, lot' masc. a-st. ; Hann l ti me fjla skipa 'He was out with a lot of ships' fjlkunnigr 'skilled in magic' (lit. 'with many skills') ; Sti tti fstru gamla ok fjlkunniga 'S. had a foster-mother old and skilled in magic'

fjlmennr 'having a lot of people' fjr 'life' neut. va-st. fjrr, OSw. fjorr 'fjord, firth' masc. u-st. fl 'skin' strong VI ; pret. fl flgu, perf. fleginn fleiri, OSw. fleri 'more' adj. comp. to margr flestr 'most' adj. superl. to margr flet 'floor' neut. ja-st. fljga, OSw. flygha 'fly' strong II flja 'flee' weak 3 (fli) fold 'earth, ground' fem. i-st. folk 'people; soldiers' neut. a-st. forellrar 'parents' masc. an-st. [?] forn 'old, ancient' fors/foss 'waterfall' masc. fstrbrir 'foster-brother' masc. r-st. fstrbrralag 'foster-brotherhood' neut a-st. ; vil ek at it sverizk fstbrralag 'I want you two to "swear yourself into" foster-brotherhood' fstr 'upbringing' neut. a-st. fstri 'foster-father' masc. an-st. ftr, OSw. fotr 'foot; leg' masc. root-noun ; (gen. ftar dat. fti etc.) fr 'from; about' prep. w/dat. fram 'forward' adv. frami 'honour' masc. an-st. fregna, OSw. frgna 'learn, find out, get to know' strong V ; pret. fr frgu, perf. freginn (with the -/n/- only in pres.) ; w/acc. ; er frgu lflt fur sns 'when (they) learnt about the

death of their father' freista 'try' weak 1 ; w/gen. ; ok hefir essa aldri fyrr verit freistat 'and this has never before been tried' frtta 'get to know, recieve news' weak 3 frtti frir, OSw. frir 'peace' masc. u-st. or i-st. frr 'beautiful' frilla/frila 'mistress, concubine' fem. n-st. frr 'wise' frg, OSw. frgh 'fame' fem. i-st. frgr 'famous' frndi 'male relative' masc. nd-st. frnka 'female relative' fem. n-st. frkn (> frkn) 'brave' fu 'cunt' fem. fugl 'bird' masc. a-st. fullr, OSw. fuldr 'full' adj. ; w/gen. ; Hon tk horn fullt mjaar 'She then took a horn full of meed' full- 'completely' ; Er hann hugi at fullsteikt vri 'When he thought that (it) was completely fried' (at) fullu 'fully' adv. fundr 'meeting' masc. i-st. ; Ferr hann san fund Helga konungs 'Then he went to meet king H.' (lit. '... went on king H's meeting') fss 'eager' ; eir vru ess fsir 'They were eager to (do) that' eir vru fsir at herja hans rki 'They were un-eager to ravage his kingdom' fylgja 'follow' weak 3 fylgi ; w/dat. fylkir 'commander' masc. ia-st. ; (gen. plur. fylkja) fylkja 'arrange (an army) on the battleground' weak 3 fylkti fyrir 'for' ; w/dat.

'on behalf of' ; w/acc. 'because of' ; w/dat. or acc. 'in front of, in the presence of' ; w/dat. () and acc. (movement) 'before' ; w/dat. or acc. fyrirgefa 'forgive' strong V fyrstr 'first' num. ; inflected like an adj. fa (> fa), OSw. fa 'give birth to; feed' weak 3 fddi fra (> fra), OSw. fa 'bring' weak 3 -i fr, OSw. far 'journey' fem. -st.

G g see ganga gala 'call, sing' (used about birds) strong VI ; '' galdr 'chant, spell' masc. a-st. ; the /r/ is part of the stem gen. galdrs galinn 'crazy' ; ok hljp til skgar, sem hann vri galinn 'and ran to the woods, as if he were mad' gamall 'old' ; comp. eldri elzt (= eng. older oldest) gaman 'entertainment' neut. a-st. ; stem gam(a)n- dat. gamn-i gandr '' ganga 'walk' red. III ; inf. also g (seldom in OIcel.), pret. gekk gingu, perf. genginn (with g/k-umlaut) (OSw. ganginn) gapa 'open one's mouth' weak 4 garr, OSw. garr (> garr) '' masc. a-st. gata 'street' fem. n-st. gefa, OSw. g(j)va/giva 'give' strong V ; w/acc. and dat. ; ok gaf ek honum sex tigi hafra 'and I gave him 60 rams' gegn, OSw. gen 'against' ; w/dat.

gegnum, OSw. gnum/genum 'through' ; w/acc. geirr 'spear' masc. a-st. gelda, OSw. glda 'castrate' weak 3 geldi ; w/acc. gera/gra/gerva/grva, OSw. g(j)ra/g(j)ra 'make, do' weak 3 ; pres. gerir/grir/gervir/grir, pret. gri/geri, perf. grr ; w/acc. gerask (refl.) 'become, make oneself into' gestr, OSw. g(j)str 'guest' masc. i-st. geta strong V 'may' 'be able to, have the possibility to' (cf. kunna) 'speak of, mention' gipt 'gift' fem. i-st. gipta 'marry off' weak 3 gipti ; w/acc. and dat. ; kaus hann at gifta ka dttur sna 'Then he chose to marry his daughter off to ki (dat.)' giptask 'marry' ; w/dat. gjald, OSw. gjald (> gjld) 'payment' neut. a-st. ; Hann hafi Englandi tvau gjald tekit 'He had [.. in England (for not ravaging it)' gjalda, OSw. gjalda(> gjlda)/glda strong III ; (pret. 1st and 3rd sing. galt, 2nd pers. gal(t)st) 'pay' ; w/acc. and dat. ; at it gjaldi eim skatt ea berizk vi hann ella 'that you pay tax to them or else fight with him' 'pay for' ; essara ora skaltu gjalda 'For these word you shall pay' gjalla, OSw. glla 'sound, call' strong III ; heyrir hrafna gjalla 'Then you hear ravens cry' gjf, OSw. gjaf (> gjf) 'gift' fem. -st. gjfull 'generous' glar, OSw. glar 'happy' glei, OSw. gli 'happiness' fem. n-st. gleja 'make happy' weak 2 gladdi glkr 'alike' adj. ; an older form of lkr glma 'wrestle' gluggr

'window' masc. a-st. glggr/glggr, OSw. glggr 'obvious, visible' va-st. adj. gngr 'enough, sufficient' adj. ; an older form of lkr go '(pagan) god' neut. a-st. goi 'pagan priest' masc. an-st. gr, OSw. gor 'good' ; comp. betri baztr/beztr golf (> glf) 'floor' neut. a-st. gramr, OSw. grambr 'angry' granda 'injure' weak 1 ; w/dat. gremja weak 2 'make angry' grenja weak 1 'shout, yell, howl' gri 'safe conduct, peace' neut. a-st. ; Gaf hann gri eim, sem eftir vru 'He then gave safe conduct to those who were left' grimmr, OSw. grimbr/grymbr 'cruel' gripr, OSw. gripr 'precious thing' masc. i-st. gruna 'believe, suspect' weak 1 ; impersonal, w/acc. ; Sv grunar mik, at banadagr minn muni vera morgun 'That I suspect, that my death day might be tomorrow' grf, OSw. graf 'grave' fem. -st. gull 'gold' neut. a-st. gumi 'man' (poetic word) masc. an-st. gunnr/gur 'battle' (poetic word) fem. i-st. gyja 'pagan priestess' fem. n-st. ggr 'giantess' fem. i-st. ; (fem. ggjar) gta 'watch over, protect' weak 3 gtti ; w/gen. gra/grva, OSw. g(j)ra see gera grsimi/gersimi, OSw. grsmi/grsim/...

'valuable/precious thing' fem. n-st., OSw. also fem. -st. or i-st. ; plur. like -st. plur. nom. grsimar gltr, OSw. galtr 'boar' masc. u-st. grla, OSw. grla 'completely' adv. grr, OSw. grr 'made, done' adj. ; funxions as a perf. participle to the verb gera

H haf 'sea' neut. a-st. hafa 'have' weak 4 ; i-umlaut in pres. sing. hefir or older hefr (but pres. plur. hafa, pret. hafi, perf. hafr) hafr 'ram' masc. a-st. ; the /r/ is part of the stem gen. hafrs halda 'hold, keep' red. III ; (pret. helt heldu) ; w/dat. ; halfr, OSw. halvr 'half' halr 'man' (poetic word) masc. i-st. hamarr 'hammer' masc. a-st. (ham(a)r-) hamingja 'luck' fem. jn-st. hanga 'hang' red. III ; like weak 3 in pres. tense (3rd pers. hangir etc.), pret. hekk hengum ; intrans. (the trans. verb is hengja) hann 'he' masc. pers. pron. hr 'hair' neut. a-st. hr/hr, OSw. hghr 'high' adj. va-st. (masc. plur. hvir) ; comp. hri hstr harla/harla 'very' adv. harr, OSw. harr 'hard' hark 'noise' neut. a-st. hsti 'seat of honour' neut. ia-st. ; hr 'high' + sti 'seat' httr

'sort, kind' masc. u-st. haugr, OSw. hghr 'burial mound' masc. a-st. haust, OSw. hstr 'autumn' neut. a-st., OSw. masc. a-st. hefja, OSw. hfja strong VI ; (pret. hf hfu) 'lift' 'begin' ; ok hfu eir sitt einvgi 'and they began their duel' hefna, OSw. hmna/hmpna 'avenge' weak 3 -di ; w/gen. ; Hann vildi hefna fur sns orgn jarli 'He wanted to avenge his father on earl orgn' hefnd, OSw. hmnd/hmpd/hmd 'revenge' fem. heiinn, OSw. heinn 'heathen, non-christian' adj. heir, OSw. her 'honour' masc. a-st. ; the /r/ is part of the stem gen. heir-s heir, OSw. he 'heath' fem. i-st. heilagr, OSw. helaghr 'holy' ; (stem heil(a)g- masc. acc. helg-an (without the /i/)) heill, OSw. hell 'whole, healthy' adj. Vestu heill! 'Hail!', 'Greetings!' heim, OSw. hem 'home' adv. heimr, OSw. hembr 'world' masc. heimskr 'stupid' adj. heit 'promise, vow' neut. a-st. heita, OSw. heta pret.pres. 'call; promise' ; (pres. heitr) ; w/dat. ; au htu son sinn Helga 'They called their son Helgi', Allir hfingjar htu honum trnai 'All the chiefs promised him loyalty' 'be called' ; 3rd weak inflection in pres. 3rd pers. heitir (not heitr like above) ; S ht Angantr 'He was called A.' hel 'land of the dead; Death' fem. j-st. ; til heljar or hel 'to death' heldr, OSw. hldr/hllr 'rather' adv. comp. to gjarna ; munum vr heldr berjast en gipta eim manni dttur vra 'Then we might rather fight, then marry our daughter off to that man', at er ekki dr, heldr er at trll 'That is not an animal, it's rather a troll' 'but rather' conj. ; '(not) either' adv. hella

'flat rock' fem. n-st. hellir 'cave' masc. ia-st. helzt, OSw. hlzt '' adv. superl. to gjarna hr 'here' herfang 'booty' neut. a-st. herr, OSw. hr 'shoulder' fem. i-st. herja, OSw. hrja 'ravage' weak 1 ; herja land 'ravage a land' hernar 'war' masc. a-st. ; Hann var hvert sumar hernai 'He went to war every summer' herp 'war-cry' neut. a-st. ; herr 'army' + p 'cry' ; Skjtt eftir at ptu hvrirtveggju herp 'Short after that they both cried war-cries' herr, OSw. hrr 'army' masc. i-st. ; gen. herjar herr 'fiery cross' (lit. 'army-arrow') fem. va-st. ; '' hestr, OSw. hstr 'horse' masc. a-st. hey, OSw. h 'hey' neut. ja-st. heyra, OSw. hra 'hear' weak 3 -i hildr 'battle' (poetic word) fem. i-st. hingat 'this way, hereto' hinn 'this one; the other one' pron. hir 'retinue' fem. i-st. hirir, OSw. hiri 'shepard' masc. ia-st., OSw. masc. an-st. OSw. hiskapr/hskapr 'family, household' mask. a-st. hitta 'find, meet' weak 3 hitti hittask (refl.) 'meet' (intrans.) hjalmr (> hjlmr), OSw. hjalmbr (> hjlmbr) 'helmet' masc. hjalpa (> hjlpa, OSw. hjlpa) 'help' strong III ; w/dat.

hjalt '' neut. a-st. hjarta, OSw. hjarta (> hjrta) 'heart' neut. an-st. hjrr 'sword' (poetic word) masc. va-st. hltr, OSw. latr 'laughter' masc. a-st. ; gen. -ar ; stem hltr- gen. hltr-ar hlaupa, OSw. lpa 'run' red. II ; (pret. hljp hljpu) hli, OSw. li 'side' fem. -st. ; dat. hliu hl, OSw. li 'hill, slope' fem. i-st. hlj 'silence' neut. a-st. hljr 'silent' hljta, OSw. ljuta '' strong II ; Hann hlaut af essu mikla frg '' hluti 'part; lot, share' masc. an-st. ; inn fyrra hluta ntrinnar 'the first part of the night' hlutr, OSw. lutr 'lot, share' masc. i-st. hla, OSw. lya weak 3 hlddi 'listen' ; r mun ek segja, en munt hla 'I shall now tell you, and you shall listen' 'obey' ; Hl boi mnu! 'Follow my advice!' hlja, OSw. leja 'laugh' strong VI ; pret. hl hlgu, perf. hleginn hof 'temple' neut. a-st. holmganga 'duel' fem. n-st. ; Ok um morguninn tkst ar hr holmganga 'And in the morning a rough duel began' hn, hon 'she' fem. pers. pron. horfa 'face' weak 3 -i horn 'horn' neut. a-st. ; Taktu vi horni ok drekk! 'Take the horn and drink!' hrafn, OSw. rafn (> ramn) 'raven' masc. a-st. hreysti 'courage' fem. n-st. hr 'while' fem. i-st.

hringr, OSw. ringr 'ring' masc. a-st. hross, OSw. ross 'horse, mare' neut. a-st. hrddr, OSw. rddr 'afraid' hra, OSw. ra 'scare' weak 3 hrddi ; the perf. part. hrddr, OSw. rddr is used as an adj. meaning 'afraid' hrask, OSw. ras (refl.) 'be afraid, become afraid' hrilegr 'dreadful, horrible' hrra (> hrra), OSw. rra 'move' (trans.) weak 3 ; hrra sik 'move' (intrans.) ; Halfdan gat n hvergi hrrt sik 'Now H. could not move anywhere' hugall 'careful' hugr, OSw. hughr 'mind; soul' masc. i-st. hugrakkr 'fearless, brave' hugsa 'think, remember' weak 1 hundra 'hundred' neut. a-st. hs 'house' neut. a-st. hsfreyja, OSw. husfra/husprea 'housewife' fem. jn-st. hvaan 'wherefrom' adv. hvalr 'whale' masc. i-st. hvar 'where' adv. hvargi 'wherever' adv. ; Kristr hjalpi orsteini hvargi sem hann ferr 'May Christ help Th. wherever he goes' hvrrgi 'neither (of two)' indef. pron. ; eir brusk lengi ok var hvrrgi srr 'They fought for a long time, and neither was wounded' 'which ever (of two)' indef. pron. hvrki 'neither' ; conj. ; Hann hafi r heitit, at flja hvrki eld n jarn 'He had sworn earlier, to flee from neither fire nor iron' hvrr 'each (of two), both' indef. pron. hvrr ... annarr 'eachother' ; ok skal hvrr hefna annars 'and on shall avenge the

other' i.e. 'and they shall avenge eachother' hvrt 'whether' ; spuri Oddr hvrt Grmr vri heima 'Then O. asked whether G. was at home' 'question:' (not translatable) ; Hvrt viltu berjask sj ea landi? 'Do you want to fight on the sea or on land' hvrrtveggi 'each (of two), both' indef. pron. ; Bjuggusk n hvrirtveggju til orrostu 'Both now prepared for battle' or Bjsk n hvrrtveggi til orrostu 'Each one now prepared for battle' hvass 'sharp' hvat 'what' pron. hvatr 'able, brave' hv 'how' adv. hvgi 'however' adv. hverfa, OSw. hwrva strong III ; (pret. plur. hurfu, perf. horfinn (loss of /v/ before /u/ and /o/)) 'turn' 'disappear' ; hvarf s mar burtu 'Then that man disappeared' hvergi 'each and everyone' indef. pron. 'noone' indef. pron. hvergi, OSw. hwarghi 'nowhere; no way' adv. ; hvernug/hvernig 'how?' adv. hverr, OSw. hwarr 'who?, which?' interrog. pron. 'each, anyone' indef. pron. hvarr ... annarr 'eachother' ; ok ganga hvrir mti rum 'and they walked towards each other' (lit. 'each walked towards (the) other') hvert, OSw. hwart 'whereto' adv. hvetja weak 2 hvatti 'sharpen' ; w/gen [?] 'egg on' ; w/acc ; Ek hvatta Hrlf konung at skja heim Ails konung 'I egged king H. on to visit king A.' hv 'why' adv., conj. hvtr, OSw. hwitr 'white' hbli/hbli

'house, home' neut. ia-st. (always plur.) hyggja 'mind' fem. jn-st. hyggja 'think' weak 2 hugi htta 'stop, end' weak 3 htti ; w/dat. ; Htta eir n snu tali 'They now end their conversation' htta 'risk, endanger' weak 3 htti ; w/dat. httiligr 'dangerous' hfa (> hfa), OSw. hva weak 3 -i 'be suitable' ; Ekki ertu sv sterkr sem r hfir 'You are not as strong as you should be' 'succed, reach one's goal' hfiligr (> hfilegr) 'suitable' hgr (> hgr) 'easy, comfortable' hfingi 'chief, leader' masc. jan-st. hfn, OSw. hafn (> hamn) 'harbour' fem. i-st. hfu, OSw. hovu 'head' neut. a-st. (stem hf(u)-) hgg, OSw. hugg 'cut, strike' neut. va-st. hggva, OSw. hugga 'cut' red. II ; pret. hj hll, OSw. hall 'hall' fem. i-st. or -st. hnd, OSw. hand 'hand' fem. root-noun ; dat. hendi hrgr, OSw. harghr '(pagan) altar'

I, 'in, into' prep. w/acc. 'in, inside' prep. w/dat. irask 'regret' weak 1 ; w/gen. ; essa skiptis munu vit irask sar 'We will regret this later'

illa 'badly' adv. ; comp. verr verst illr, OSw. ildr 'bad, evil' ; comp. verri verstr illvirki 'evil deed' neut. ia-st. inn 'the' pron. ss 'ice' masc. a-st. rtt 'sports; skill' fem. i-st.

J j 'yes' jafn, OSw. jafn (> jamn/jampn > jmn/jmpn) 'even' adj. jafn- 'evenly ...' (jafnmikill 'evenly great' etc.) jarl, OSw. jarl (> jrl) 'earl' masc. a-st. jarn (> jrn, OSw. jrn) 'iron' neut. a-st. jl, OSw. jul 'christmas, yule' neut. a-st. (always plur.) ; At jlum helt konungr veizlu drliga 'At christmas the king threw a costly party' jr 'horse' (poetic word) masc. a-st. jr, OSw. jor 'earth' fem. i-st. or -st. jtunn, OSw. jatunn 'giant' masc. a-st. (stem jt(u)n- plur. jtnar)

K kaldr, OSw. kaldr 'cold' adj. kalla weak 1 ; w/acc. 'call, shout' ; Konungr kallai hann til sn '' 'call, name' ; ess httar menn klluu menn dverga 'That kind of men, men called dwarves' kanna

'inspect, examine, get to know' weak 1 karl 'man' masc. a-st. kasta 'throw' weak 1 ; w/dat. ktr 'happy, merry' kaupa, OSw. kpa 'buy' weak 3 ; pret. keypti, perf. keyptr kefli, OSw. kafli 'piece of wood' neut. ia-st. kenna, OSw. knna weak 3 kenndi ; w/acc. 'know, recognize' 'teach' 'accuse of' kennimar, OSw. knnimar 'teacher' masc. root-noun OSw. knniswen 'pupil' masc. a-st. kerling 'old woman' fem. -st. ; dat. kerlingu ketill 'kettle' masc. a-st. ; no i-umlaut in syncopated cases plur. katli kjt, OSw. kt/kjot(> kjt) 'meat' neut. va-st. kljfa, OSw. kljuva (> klyva) 'cleave, cut in half' strong II ; w/acc. kli 'clothes' neut. ia-st. (always plur.) kn, OSw. kn 'knee' neut. a-st. knfr, OSw. knivr 'knife' masc. a-st. knrr 'trade ship' masc. u-st. koma 'come' strong IV koma kom kvmu/kmu kominn kon 'sort' only in expressions like alls konar, OSw. alls kyns 'all sorts of' ess konar 'that kind of' kona 'woman, wife' fem. n-st. ; gen. plur. kvenna konungr 'king' masc. a-st. kostr masc. i-st.

'choice, alternative' ; ingi geru eir honum tv kosti 'At the "thing" they gave him two alternatives', ok tti hn inn besti kostr ar Gautlandi 'and she seemed (to be) the best choice (for marriage) there in Geatland' 'case' '' kuml 'memorial, monument' neut. a-st. kraptr, OSw. kraft/kraftr 'power' mask a-st., OSw. also fem. i-st. kuml 'memorial, monument' neut. a-st. kunna 'be able to, know how to' (cf. geta) pret.pres. 4 ; pres. kann kunnu, pret. kunni, perf. kunnat ; with (at and) infinitive ; v at ek kann ekki at hrast 'because I cannot be afraid', at kann ek at segja r, at ... 'That I can tell you, that ...' kunnigr 'known, familiar' ; never syncopated masc. acc. kunnigan ; Ek vil yr kunnigt gera mitt erendi 'I want to make my errand known to you' kvea 'recite a poem, say' strong V ; w/ kveja 'greeting' fem. jn-st. kveja 'greet' weak 2 kvaddi ; w/acc. kveld, OSw. kwldr(kwll-)/kwll 'evening' neut. a-st., OSw. also masc. a-st. kvelja 'torture, torment' weak 2 kvali ; w/acc. kvir 'stomach' masc. u-st. kva 'worry' weak 3 kvddi kvikr/kykr 'alive' va-st. (fem. plur. kvikvar) kvi 'poem' neut. ia-st. kylfa 'club' fem. n-st. kyn 'clan, race, sort, sex' neut. ja-st. kr, OSw. ko 'cow' fem. root-noun ; stem k-, nom. ending -r, gen. ending also -r kyrr 'calm, still' ; en Illugi l kyrr ok hrri hvergi sr 'but I. lay still and did not move himself at all' um kyrrt 'still' (mostly 'without going to war') ; Sitja eir n ar um kyrrt um vetrinn '' kyrtill, OSw. kjurtill

'coat' masc. a-st. kyssa 'kiss' weak 3 kyssti kra 'complain (about), grumble' weak 3 ; w/acc. ; Mikinn skaa kri r fyrir mr 'Great misfortune do you complain about before me' kti 'merriment' neut. ia-st. kttr, OSw. kattr 'cat' masc. u-st.

L land 'land' neut. a-st. landvarnarmar 'landprotector' masc. root-noun langr 'long' lta red. IV 'let, allow' ; eir ltu bndr ok kaupmenn fara frii 'They let peasants and merchants go in peace' 'order to' ; the subject of the infinitive can be left out ; lt hann gera bl mikit 'Then he had a large pyre made' 'let go' ; Lt hann meyna lausa 'He then let the maiden lose' 'leave, leave behind, lose' ; lta lif sitt 'die' (lit. lose one's life) 'pretend' ; Hjalmr lt sem hann heyri ekki 'H. pretended that he did not hear' 'sound' ; '' ltask (refl.) 'die' laug, OSw. lgh 'bath' fem. -st. laun, OSw. ln 'pay, reward' neut. a-st. (always plur.) lauss, OSw. lss 'lose, free' ; stem laus- masc. plur. lausir leggja, OSw. lggja 'put, lay' weak 2 lagi lei, OSw. le fem. -st. or i-st. 'way' 'way, manner' ; essa lei 'this way' leia, OSw. lea 'lead' weak 3 leiddi leir, OSw. ler 'unpleasant'

leika, OSw. leka 'play, compete; dance' red. I leita, OSw. leta 'search, search for' weak 1 ; w/gen. leita eptir or leita at 'search for' ; w/dat. lemja 'cripple, maim' weak 2 lami lengi 'for a long time' adv. ltta 'lift; stop' weak 3 ltti ; w/dat. ; Lttir Halfdan eigi fer sinni, fyrr en hann kmr til Englands 'H. does not end his journey until he comes to England' lttr, OSw. lttr 'light (not heavy)' adj. leyfa 'allow' weak 3 ; w/acc. and dat. leyfi 'permission' neut. ia-st. leysa, OSw. lsa 'loose(n), release, set free' weak 3 -ti ; w/acc. ; ok hefir leyst mik r miklum nauum 'and you have set me free from great distress' li 'help (often in the shape of troops); people, troop' neut. a-st. ; '' la 'pass (about time)' strong I ; Lei n vetrinn 'The winter now drew on' lf 'life' neut. a-st. lifa 'be alive' weak 4 lifi lflt 'death' (lit. 'leaving of life') neut. a-st. liggja 'lie' strong V ; pret. l lgu, pret. leginn lk 'body, corpse' neut. a-st. lka 'please, be liked' weak 1 ; w/dat. lkamr/lkami 'body' masc. i-st. or an-st. lkr/glkr, OSw. likr 'alike' adj. limr, OSw. limbr 'limb' masc. u-st. ln 'flax' neut. a-st. lta 'look' strong I ; lta til or lta 'look at' ; w/gen. and acc. respectively ltill

'little' ; comp. minni minstr ; neut. ltit or ltt litr 'colour; appearance; face' masc. u-st. ; Litr hans var stundum raur, en stundum blr 'His colour was now red now blue' ltt 'little' adv. ; also ltit ; comp. minnr minst lj, OSw. le(j)a 'lend' weak li, OSw. li ; w/gen. and dat., or acc. and dat. ; inn li Dag geirs sns '. lended his spear to D.' ljtr 'ugly' ljfr, OSw. ljuvr 'pleasant, sweet' ljga, OSw. ljugha 'lie' strong II ; pret. sing. l or laug lof neut. a-st. 'permission' 'praise' lofa weak 1 'allow, give permission' 'praise' ; ok lofuu allir hans kunnttu ok dugna 'and they all praised his skill and capability' logi 'flame' masc. an-st. lka strong II ; w/dat. 'close' ; 'end' ; Ok er konungr lauk snu mli 'And when the king ended his speech', ok lauk sv, at hann drap alla 'and (it) ended thus, that he killed them all' lka upp 'lock up, open' lund 'way, manner' fem. lr, OSw. ljur/lyr 'people' masc. i-st. lyf 'cure, medicin, potion' fem. i-stem lyfja 'cure, heal' weak 1 ; N lyfjaa ek r elli 'Now I cured your old age' lykill, OSw. lykill/nykill 'key' masc. a-st. ; no i-umlaut in syncopated cases plur. luklar lra 'learn' weak 3 -i lg, OSw. lagh 'law' neut. a-st. (plur.)

M mar, OSw. mar 'human, person' masc. root-noun ; stem mann- (/nnr/ becomes /r/) mgr, OSw. maghr 'son-in-law, brother-in-law, stepfather' masc. a-st. ml neut. a-st. 'what is said, speach, language' ; Hann hafi hest ann, er kunni manns mli 'He had that horse, that knew human speach' 'matter, affair' ; Eptir etta berr hn mlit fyrir ka ok smund mni 'moon' masc. an-st. manngi 'nobody' indef. pron. mannraun 'manhood test' ; fem. ; lvir styrkti hann llum mannraunum '. assisted him in all manhood tests' margr, OSw. marghr 'many a' adj., pron. ; inflected like an adj. ; margr mar 'many a man', margir menn 'many men' mark 'mark (of recognition)' neut. a-st. marr 'sea' (poetic word) masc. i-st. marr 'horse' masc. a-st. or i-st. matr 'food' masc. i-st. me 'with, bringing' ; w/acc. (or dat.) ; Sigurr rr n brott me at mikla gull 'S. now rides away with all the gold', Konungrinn gengr t me hir sna 'The king goes out with his retinue' (leading them, that is) 'with, together with' ; w/dat. ; Me konungi vru tveir menn 'With the king were two men' 'with, at, by' ; w/dat. 'with, using' ; w/dat. ; Hann hj til Grms me sveri 'He struck at G. with a sword' meal 'middle' neut. ; meal or milli/ millum/ milli/-um (< mili/-um) 'between, in the middle of' ; w/gen. mean 'meanwhile; while, as long as' adv., conj. mega, OSw. magha 'be able to' pret.pres. 5 ; pres. m megu, pret. mtti, perf. megat/mtt ; '', '' megin 'strength, power' neut. a-st. ; stem meg(i)n- dat. megn-i meir

'tree' (poetic word) masc. a-st. ; gen. -s or -ar meinvttr 'evil being' fem. i-st. meira 'more' adv. comp. to mjk meiri 'greater, larger' adj. comp. to mikill men 'necklace' neut. ja-st. merki 'mark, bordermark' neut. ia-st. (gen. plur. merkja) mest 'most' adv. superl. to mjk mestr 'greatest, largest' adj. superl. to mikill mir 'middle' adj. ja-st. mikill 'large; mighty' ; comp. meirri mestr mildr 'generous' milli see meal minni 'memory, remembrance' neut. ia-st. minni 'smaller' adj. ; comp. to ltill minnr/mir 'less' adv. ; comp. to ltt/ltit minst 'least' adv. ; superl. to ltt/ltit minstr 'smallest' adj. ; superl. to ltill mjr 'narrow' adj. va-st. mjr, OSw. mjor 'mead' masc. u-st. mjk, OSw. mjok 'very' adv. ; comp. meir mest mir 'mother' fem. r-st. mr 'wrath' masc. a-st. mr 'tired' adj. morginn/morgunn 'morning' masc. a-st. mt

'meeting' neut. a-st. til mts vi 'to meet' ; w/acc. ; San gengu eir til mts vi jarl 'Then they went to meet the earl' (/) mti/mt 'towards, against' ; w/dat. ; muna 'remember' pret.pres. 4 ; pres. man munu, pret. muni/mundi, perf. munar munnr/mur 'mouth' masc. a-st. ; (stem munn-, but /nn/ becomes // before the nom. ending -r) munu pret.pres. 4 ; pres. mun munu, pret. mundi, perf. 'shall, will' ; Vit munum ganga upp land 'We shall go up on land' 'may, might' myra 'murder' weak 3 myri ; w/acc. myrkr 'dark' va-st. (fem. plur. myrkvar) mg 'kinship through marriage' fem. i-st. ; also plur. with the same meaning mla 'speak, say' weak 3 mlti mr 'maiden' fem. j-st. ; in all other cases the stem is mey-, OSw. mmrr 'famous' mgin (> mgin) 'mother and son(s)' neut. a-st. (plur. only) mgur (> mgur) 'mother and daughter(s)' fem. n-st. (plur. only) mta (> mta), OSw. mta 'meet' weak 3 mtti ; w/dat. mrk, OSw. mark 'forest' fem. i-st. mrk, OSw. mark 'mark (a coin); mark (a weight)' fem. root-noun ; gen. merkr

N n 'reach, obtain' weak ni ; w/dat. nafn, OSw. nafn (> namn/nampn) 'name' neut. a-st. nagl 'nail' masc. root-noun ; (gen. nagls dat. negli etc.) plur. negl nakkvarr/nkkurr 'someome, anyone, some' indef. pron.

nnd 'vicinity' fem. nr 'corpse' masc. i-st. ; dat. ni nttverr/ntturr, OSw. natvrr/natvarr/naturr 'supper' masc. u-st. ; dat. -veri, OSw. -vri nau/naur, OSw. n 'distress, need' fem. i-st. (with or without the ending -r in nom. sing.) nauig/nauugr 'forced, unwilling' ; ok gerir hann at nauugr 'and he does it unwilling(ly)' nausyn 'distress, need' fem. j-st. n 'neither, and not ... either, nor' conj. nefna, OSw. nfna (> nmna/nmpna) 'name, call' weak 3 -di nei, OSw. ne 'no' neinn 'noone' (only after a negation) indef. pron. nema strong IV 'take' 'learn' ; ok nam hann margt at henni 'and he learnt a lot from her' nema 'unless, if not' conj. net, OSw. nt 'net' neut. ja-st. n 'defamation' neut. a-st. ningr 'honourless person' masc. ; Veri s ningr, er eigi heldr or sn 'May he be an honourless man, he who does not keep his word' nir 'decendant' masc. ja-st. nir 'down' adv. nu 'nine' num. njta, OSw. njuta 'enjoy' strong II ; iggi gullit ok njti vel 'Take the gold and enjoy it well' ng/gngr, OSw. noghr 'enough, sufficient' adj. norr, OSw. norr 'north' adv. norrnn 'norse' ntt, OSw. natt

'night' fem. root-noun nr 'new' ja-st. (fem. plur. njar) nytja weak 1 'use' nr 'close to' prep., adv. ; w/dat. ; nr miri ntt 'close to midnight' 'when' conj. nstr 'closest (to)' adj. superl. ; w/dat. nkkurr see nakkvarr

O, 'un-' oddr, OSw. oddr/uddr 'tip, arrowhead' masc. a-st. al 'property, real estate' neut. a-st. ; stem (a)l- dat. li of 'too' adv. ofrefli 'superior force' neut. ia-st. ; tti eim at ekki ofrefli 'It did not seem like a superior force to them' ok 'and' conj. 'too' adv. opt 'often' adv. r/r 'out of' prep. w/dat. or 'word' neut. a-st. ormr, OSw. ormbr 'snake' masc. a-st. sk 'wish' fem. i-st. vttr 'evil being' fem. i-st. oxi 'ox' see uxi

P

penningr 'coin' masc. prestr 'christian priest' masc. i-st. pungr 'pouch, purse' masc.

R r neut. a-st. '(good) advice' ; Jarli ykkir etta gott r 'The earl thought this (was) good advice' 'decision' ra red. IV 'govern, rule (over)' ; also ra fyrir ; w/dat. ; Hringr ht konungr, er r fyrir Svj 'H. was the name of a king who ruled over Sweden' 'advise' ra um 'deliberate' ; eir bru saman r sn ok ru lengi um 'They got their advice together and deliberated for a long time' 'interpret' rask (refl.) 'get ready' ; Tk hn skjld ok sver ok rst til ferar 'She then picked up a shield and sword and got ready to leave' ra til 'get ready for' ; Inn mikli mar r til uppgngu drekann 'The large man got ready for entering the ship' raur, OSw. rr 'red' regin '"the powers", the gods' neut. a-st. (plur. only) ; stem megin-/magn- (without iumlaut in syncopated cases!) dat. magn-i rei 'waggon' fem. -st. reia 'swing' weak 3 reiddi ; v reiddi hann sverit me miklu afli 'Therefore he swinged the sword with great force' reiask, OSw. vreas 'get angry (at)' weak 3 reiddisk ; w/dat. ; also reiask vi w/acc. ; Siggeir konungr reiddist vi essi or 'King S. got angry because of these words' reir, OSw. wrer 'angry' reisa, OSw. resa 'erect' weak 3 reisti ; w/acc. reka, OSw. wrka strong V

'drive away, depose' ; Svar eiga konung at taka ok sv reka 'Swedes can choose a king as well as depose' 'set into motion, throw' ; rekkja 'bed' fem. jn-st. rekkr 'man; warrior' masc. renna, OSw. rinna/rnna 'run; flow' strong III rttr, OSw. rttr 'straight; right' adj. rttr, OSw. rttr 'right' masc. u-st. or i-st. reykr, OSw. rkr 'smoke' masc. i-st. ; gen. reyk-jar (old ja-st.) reyna, OSw. rna 'experience; try' weak 3 -di ; Vera m, at sv s, en ekki hefi ek reynt at, Heldr vil ek reyna afl vi ik ra 'ride' strong I ; w/dat. rif 'rib' neut. ja-st. rifna 'crumble' weak 1 rki 'kingdom' neut. ia-st. (gen. plur. rkja) rkr 'mighty' ja-st. (fem. plur. rkjar) rsa 'arise' strong I rsta 'carve' strong I ; w/acc. rja 'colour red (with blood)' strong II rjfa 'tear up, tear apart' strong II ; v at r rjfa jafnan sn heit 'because they always break their oaths' ra 'row' red. V ; pret. reri/rri rn 'rune' fem. -st. ryja 'clear (land)' weak 2 ruddi ; eir fara norr um Vni ok ruddu ar markir 'They go north of Vnir and cleared land', Tku eir ok ruddu drekann 'They then took and cleared the warship' rna 'rob' weak 3 -ti ; w/acc. and dat. ; Ek vil ok aldri konur rna 'Also, I will never

rob women'

S s 'that one' dem. pron. (masc.) saga 'story' fem. n-st. saklauss, OSw. saklss 'innocent' sl (= sl) 'soul' fem. i-st. saman 'together' adv. sami 'same' adj. ; only weak inflexion sannr, OSw. sandr 'true' (neut. satt) sr 'wound' srr 'wounded' sax 'short sword' neut. a-st. s see vera/vesa seggr 'man; warrior' masc. i-st. ; gen. -s segja, OSw. sghja/sighja 'say' weak 4 ; i-umlaut in pres. only, pret. sagi ; (pres. segir, but older also strong (segr)) ; w/ seir 'magic' masc. a-st. ; gen. -s or -ar seinn, OSw. senn 'late' ; comp. seinni seinstr selja, OSw. slja 'sell, give' weak 3 ; pret. seldi! (with i-umlaut) sem 'who, that, which' rel. particle., conj. (= es/er) ; Heyra etta trllin, au sem hellinum vru 'The trolls, those who were in the cave, hear this' 'like, as' comp. particle, conj. ; Strr var hann sem risi 'He was large as a giant' senda, OSw. snda 'send' weak 3 sendi ; w/acc. and dat. setja/setta, OSw. stja/stta 'make sit, put' weak 2 ; pret. setti! (with i-umlaut) setjask 'sit down'

stti 'sixth' num. sex 'six' num. s 'late' adv. ; comp. sar 'later' sast sir 'custom' masc. u-st. sr 'long' (used about clothes and beards) sga 'sink' strong I ; pret. sing. seig or (older) s sigla 'sail' weak 3 sigldi sigr, OSw. sighr 'victory' masc. a-st. or i-st. ; stem sigr- gen. sigr-s or sigr-ar silfr 'silver' neut. a-st. ; stem silfr- gen. silfrs sinn/sinni 'time, occasion' neut. a-st. and ia-st. respectively ; sinn 'his, her, its, their' reflexive possessive pronoun sitja 'sit' strong V sitja sat stu setinn sj 'this one' dem. pron. (masc.) sj, OSw. sea 'see' strong V (sj-s-sgu-snn) ; w/acc. sjalfr (> sjlfr), OSw. sjalvr (> sjlvr) 'self' pron. sjau, OSw. sju 'seven' num. sja, OSw. sjua 'cook' strong II sjr = sr 'see' sjkr 'sick' skai 'damage' masc. an-st. skald (> skld) 'poet' neut. a-st. skli 'main room, bedroom' masc. an-st. skammr 'short' skap 'mind' neut. a-st.

skatta 'impose tax (upon)' weak 1 ; w/acc. skattr 'tax' masc. a-st. skegg, OSw. skgg 'beard' neut. ja-st. skemma 'small room' fem. n-st. skemmta 'amuse, entertain' weak 3 skemmti ; w/dat. ; skemmta sr 'have fun' skemmtun 'fun, entertainment' fem. i-st. ; gen. skemmtanar, ... skera, OSw. skra 'cut' strong IV ; w/ skgarr 'fence' masc. a-st. skilja weak 2 skili 'separate' ; '' 'go separate ways' ; also skiljast (refl.) ; N munum vit hr skilja 'Now we shall here go separate ways' 'discern, distinguish' ; 'understand' ; Hann skildi fuglsrdd 'He understood birds' calls' skip 'ship' neut. a-st. skipa weak 1 'arrange' ; w/acc. ; Konungr skipai fylkingar tvr 'The king arranged two wings (of the army)' 'impose, enjoin' ; w/dat. ; Jlgeirr skipai Stganda at halda vr skipi eira 'J. imposed on S. to keep watch on their ships' skipta weak 3 -ti ; w/dat. 'exchange' ; Ek vil skipta vi ik vpnum 'I want to exchange weapons with you' 'divide' ; Skipti hann lii snu rj rijunga 'He divided his people into three thirds' 'distribute, deal out' ; Var n san skipt herfangi 'Then the loot was distributed' skipti neut. ia-st. 'distribution, partition' ; [] tala eir um arfskipti sn milli 'Then they talk about the distribution of the estate among themselves' 'transactions, [?]' neut. ia-st. ; skjta, OSw. skjuta 'shoot' strong II ; w/dat. 'shoot an arrow' or w/acc. 'shoot a deer' skjtr 'fast' adj. skjldr, OSw. skjoldr 'shield' masc. u-st.

skgr, OSw. skoghr 'forest' masc. a-st. skora 'challenge' weak 1 ; Skorai Framarr Ketil holm 'F. challenged K. on a duel' skorta 'lack' weak 3 ; impers. w/acc. ; Mik skortir eigi gull n silfr 'I do not lack neither gold nor silver' skulu 'shall' pret.pres. 4 ; pres. skal skulu, pret. skyldi, OSw. skuldi, perf. skyldr skyldr 'obligated; related (and thus obligated to vengeance &c.)' (perf. ptcp. of skulu) skynja 'check, investigate; realise; understand' weak 1 ; Sumir vru uppi hllunni ok skynjuu, hvat inni var 'Some were up on the hall and investigated what was inside', Skynja ykkisk ek hvat er hann vill 'I think I know what he wants' sl 'hit' strong VI ; pret. sl slgu, perf. sleginn ; w/acc. ; Konungr sl hana me hendi sinni 'The king hit her with his hand' slkr 'such' smr 'little' ; comp. smri sma 'smith, forge; make, construct' weak 1 ; w/acc. ; ar smai hann konungi alls kyns grsimar 'There he forged all kinds of treasures for the king' smi 'forgering, something forged' neut. ia-st. smija 'smithy' fem. jn-st. smir, OSw. smir 'smith' masc. a-st. or i-st. snimma/snemma 'early' adv. snjallr '' snjr/snr, OSw. snjor 'snow' masc. va-st., OSw. masc. a-st. sna 'turn' red. ; pret. sneri/snri snask (refl.) 'turn around' sofa 'sleep' strong IV ; pret. svaf svfu sl 'sun' fem. -st. or i-st. smi 'honour' masc. an-st. sma 'befit, become' weak 3 -i

sonr 'son' masc. u-st. stt 'disease' fem. i-st. ; taka stt 'become ill' sp 'tell fortunes' weak 1 ; (pret. spi) spakr 'wise' spilla 'ruin' weak 3 -ti ; w/dat. ; Eldrinn hafi r spillt eira klum ok vpnum 'The fire had ruined their clothes and weapons' spjt, OSw. spjut 'spear' neut. a-st. spyrja weak 2 spuri ; w/acc. 'ask' ; spyrja at 'ask for' ; w/dat. ; Hrngvir spyrr, hverr s vri 'H. asks who he might be', Hann spuri hana at nafni 'He asked her for her name' 'learn, get to know, find out' ; Hafi r nokkut spurt af ferum Ketils? 'Have you learnt anything of K's journeys?' star, OSw. star 'place' masc. i-st. ; gen. -ar nema staar 'stop' (intrans.) ; '' af sta 'off, away' ; Ertu enn eigi af sta kominn, vinr? 'Have you still not gotten away, my friend?' sta 'in stead (of)' ; w/gen. ; Vr viljum n sta ra til Uppsala 'We now want to ride to U. in stead' stafkarl, OSw. stafkarl/stakkarl 'beggar' masc. a-st. stafr, OSw. stavr 'staff' masc. a-st. (later i-st.) standa 'stand' ; strong VI ; pret. st stu (without the /n/), perf. standinn stefna weak 3 -di 'steer (to), head (for); aim' ; Sigurr stefndi sur til Frakklands 'S. headed south for France', '' 'proclaim' ; Litlu sar lt konungr stefna ing 'A little later the king had a thing proclaimed' '' steinn, OSw. stenn 'stone' masc. a-st. stela, OSw. stjala (> stjla) 'steal' strong IV ; w/ sterkr, OSw. starkr 'strong' steypa sr/steypast 'throw oneself' weak 3 -ti ; Hann steypti sr nir at Smi ok gleypti hann 'He threw himself down at S. and swallowed him'

stga 'step' strong I ; pret. sing. st or (later) steig stigr/stgr 'path' masc. u-st. or i-st. stinga 'sting' strong III ; (pret. 1st and 3rd sing. stakk) ; w/dat. stjarna 'star' fem. n-st. strr 'large' ; comp. strri strstr strea/sera 'fuck' strong III ; strea (pret. stra) is a distorted form of sera (pret. sar) (because of taboo) strengja 'ratify' weak 3 strengi ; strengja heit 'take a vow' ; Hjrvarr strengdi ess heit, at hann skyldi eiga dttur Ingjalds Svakonungs 'H. took a vow, that he would get the daughter of king I. of the Swedes' strengr 'string' masc. i-st. strnd, OSw. strand 'strand, coast' fem. i-st. or root-noun. stra 'steer; rule, govern' weak 3 -i ; w/dat. sur 'south, to the south' adv. sga, OSw. sugha 'suck' strong II sultr, OSw. sultr 'hunger' masc. i-st. ; gen. -ar or -s, dat. -i sumar 'summer' neut. a-st. ; stem sum(a)r- dat. sumr-i ; (plur. sumur) sumr 'some' indef. pron. sv 'so' adv. svartr 'black' sveinn, OSw. swenn 'young man, boy' masc. a-st. svelta, OSw. swlta 'starve' strong III ; (pret. plur. sultu, perf. soltinn) ; Skaltu hr n inni svelta ok aldri t komast 'Now you shall starve in here and never get out' svenskr/snskr, OSw. swnskr 'swedish' sver, OSw. swr 'sword' neut. a-st. sverja, OSw. swrja 'swear' strong VI ; (pret. sr sru) perf. svarinn

svi 'swede' masc. an-st. svkja 'betray' strong I ; w/acc. svviring 'shame, disgrace' fem. -st. ; Fara eir n burt me skmm ok svviring 'They now go away with shame and disgrace' syfja 'make sleepy, make tired' weak 1 ; (impers.) w/acc. ; Syfjar mik n 'I am getting tired' sn 'sight; appearance, looks' fem. i-st. ; S var mikill vexti ok frr snum 'He was of large size and handsome appearance' sna 'show' weak 3 ; w/acc. and dat. ; Sn mr sver itt, at er hefir 'Show me your sword, that which you have' snast (refl.) 'seem' ; Sndist konungi etta gott r 'This seemed (to be) good advice to the king' syngva, OSw. sjunga 'sing' strong III ; pret. sng sungu, perf. sunginn synja 'refuse, denie' weak 1 ; w/gen. and dat. ; ... at hvrigum vill hann synja mga (gen. plur.) '... that he will refuse neither of them kinship' (i.e. 'to marry his daughter') systir 'sister' fem. r-st. sll '' -sll 'lucky with/in ...' (vinsll 'lucky with friends' i.e. 'popular', sigrsll 'lucky in war' etc.) OSw. smastr 'worst' OSw. smbri 'worse' sng, OSw. sng/siang 'bed' fem. root-noun, OSw. fem. i-st. ; gen. sngr sr/sjr 'sea' masc. va-st. ; gen. svar/sjvar sra 'wound' weak 3 ; w/acc. sti 'seat' naut. ia-st. stt 'reconsiliation' fem. i-st. ; also plur. sttir ; Ek vil bja r sttir 'I wish to offer you reconsiliation' sttast 'reconcile' weak 1 ; skja (later skja), OSw. skja

weak 3 ; pret. stti, perf. sttr ; w/acc. 'search' 'go after, get' 'seek, make for' ; Hann stti austr Gararki 'He went east to Russia' 'visit' skja at 'attack' ; Sttu eir fstbrr n at Ingjaldi 'The foster-brothers now attacked I.' skkva, OSw. sjunka 'sink' strong III ; pret. sing. skk sm (later smd) 'honour' fem. i-st. sull, OSw. saull 'saddle' masc. a-st. ; plur. sgn, OSw. sgn 'what is said' fem. i-st. ; at er frra manna sgn 'That's what wise men say' sk, OSw. sak fem. -st. or i-st. 'case' 'thing' (fyrir) sakir 'because of' ; w/gen. ; fyrir sk 'because of that' ; Sakir mi ok sra mtti hann ekki hrra sik 'Because of exhaustion and wounds he could not move'

T tafl 'board game' neut a-st. ; eir Bjrn ok Hvtserkr lku tafl 'B. and H. played a board game' taka 'take' strong VI ; perf. part. tekinn (g/k-umlaut) taka at 'begin to' ; Er hann tk at eldast ... 'When he started to grow old' takast (refl.) 'begin' ; ar tkst harr bardagi 'There began a rough battle' tal neut. a-st. 'talking, conversation' 'number' tala 'talk' weak 1 tefla 'play board games' telja, OSw. tlja weak 2 tala 'enumerate, [?]' ; Hann telr n upp fyrir honum mrg strvirki 'He now tells him of many deeds' 'say, talk' tindi

'news' neut. ia-st. (plur.) tr '' tgn 'rank' fem. til 'to' prep. w/gen. tmi 'time' masc. an-st. tu 'ten' num. tjald 'tent' neut. a-st. tlf 'twelve' num. tr, OSw. tr 'tree, wood' neut. a-st. troll 'troll' neut. a-st. tra 'believe' weak 1 (pret. trai) trnar 'faithfulness' masc. a-st. tna weak 3 -di 'lose' ; Hefi ek tnt gulli mnu 'I have lost my gold' 'destroy' ; tunga 'tongue, language' fem. n-st. tveir, OSw. twer 'two' num. ; fem. tvr, neut. tvau tng, OSw. tang 'tongs' fem. root-noun tnn, OSw. tann 'tooth' fem. root-noun

'then' adv. aan 'therefrom' adv. akka 'thank' weak 1 angat 'that way, thereto' adv.

annig/annug 'that way, thereto' adv. ar 'there' (not 'thereto') at, OSw. at/t 'it' neut. pers. pron. 'that' neut. dem. pron. au, OSw. 'they' (neut. or masc.+fem.) pers. pron. and dem. pron. efja 'stink' weak 1 egar 'immediately (after), soon (after)' adv., conj. egn 'subject (to a ruler)' masc. a-st. egja 'keep silent' weak 4 ; (pret. aga, perf. agat) egn 'man, subject (of a ruler)' masc. a-st. eir, OSw. er 'they' (masc.) pers. pron. and dem. pron. ekja, OSw. kkja 'cover' weak 2 -i ekkja 'discover, notice' weak 3 -ti iggja 'recieve' strong V ; pret. gu, perf. eginn ing 'thing, assembly' neut. a-st. inn 'your' pron. j, OSw. ju 'people, tribe' fem. i-st. jfr, OSw. juvr 'thief' masc. a-st. jna 'serve' weak 1 jnust 'service' fem. 'though' adv. at 'eventhough' conj. ; also contracted into tt ola 'endure' weak 4 oli ora 'dare' weak 4 ori tt 'eventhough' conj. ; = at

r = reyja rr 'defiant, obstinate' rekr 'power, strength' masc. a-st. rekvirki '' neut. ia-st. reyja/r 'long (for)' weak 3 ; pret. ri, perf. rr ; also reyja at ; w/dat. reyta 'exhaust oneself' weak 3 reytti rii 'third' num. rfa 'grab' strong I rr 'three' num. ; fem. rjr, neut. rj rjta, OSw. ryta '' strong II ; impers. w/acc. rll 'slave' masc. a-st. 'you' (sing.) pers. pron. ungr, OSw. ungr 'heavy' ; comp. yngri yngstr urfa 'need' pret.pres. ; pres. arf urfu, pret. urfti, perf. urft ; w/gen. ; also urfa vi ; w/acc. urs 'a sort of giant' masc. a-st. v, OSw. y 'because' v ... v 'the ... the' vlkr 'such' adj. a 'interpret; mean' ; ea hvat mun etta a? 'or what does this mean?' r '' ykkja weak 3 ; pret. tti, perf. ttr 'seem' ; impers. w/acc. ; also ykkjask (refl.) ; w/acc. ; Sv mun r ykkja 'It may seem like that to you' ('You may think so'), ykkjumst vit n hafa fengit sv gan hsbnda 'It now seems to us that we have gotten such a good master' yrstr 'thirsty' r, OSw. ar

'they' (fem.) pers. pron. and dem. pron. gull 'taciturn' rf, OSw. arf 'need' fem. -st.

U, ulfr (later lfr), OSw. ulvr 'wolf' masc. a-st. um 'around' 'over, through' 'at, in' (in temp. expressions) ; um morgin snemma 'early in the morning' 'about' una weak 4 'be content' ; (pret. uni, perf. unat) ; w/dat. ; also una vi ; w/acc. undir 'under' w/dat. () or acc. (movement) ungr 'young' ; comp. yngri/ri yngstr/str unna 'love', OSw. 'not grudge, grant' pret.pres. 3 ; pres. sing. ann, plur. unnu, pret. unni, perf. unnat ; Konungr unni mikit dtrum snum 'The king loved his daughters very much' unnasta 'mistress, sweetheart' fem. n-st. ; (acc. unnustu &c.) upp 'up' adv. urr 'destiny' fem. i-st. (with the ending -r in nom. sing.!) t 'out' adv. tlagi 'outlaw' masc. an-st. tlgr 'outlawed' ; Fair inn geri mik tlgan 'Your father made me an outlaw' uxi/oxi 'ox' masc. an-st. ; plur. yxn/xn yxna/xna yxnum/xnum yxn/xn!

V vagn

'waggon' masc. vaka 'be awake' weak 4 vaka ; vald neut. a-st. 'power' ; ok er allt nu valdi, at mr til heyrir 'and all that belongs to me is in your power' 'authority' ; eiga vald at 'have the authority to' valda 'cause' strong in pres. and perf. (veldr, valdinn), but weak in pret. (olli (with root ablaut and loss of /v/ before /o/)) ; w/dat. ; Hvat veldr yvarri glei 'What causes your sadness' valkyrja 'valkyrie' fem. jn-st. valr 'the slain warriors' masc. vn 'expectation' fem. i-st. or -st. vandi 'difficulty, problem' masc. an-st. vandi 'habit' masc. an-st. ; Hafi it hr illan vanda upp tekit 'You have picked up a bad habit here' vandr, OSw. vandr 'difficult' vndr, OSw. vandr/ondr 'bad, evil' ; comp. verri verstr vanr 'used to' ; w/dat. ; v at hann var ekki vi vpn vanr 'because he was not used to weapons' vpn 'weapon' vr 'spring' neut. a-st., OSw. fem. i-st. vara weak 1 ; 'warn' varast (refl.) 'watch out for' ; Yngvarr ba varast konurnar 'Y. told them to watch out for the women' vargr, OSw. varghr 'outlaw; wolf' masc. a-st. varla 'hardly' adv. varr '' adj. vrr 'our' pron. vatn

'water' neut. a-st. vaxa 'grow' strong VI ; (pret. x) v 'holy place' neut. a-st. veja 'bet' weak 1 ; Hr skulum vr veja um 'Let's bet about this here' ver, OSw. vr 'wind, weather' neut. a-st. vefr 'bench' masc. i-st. ; gen. vef-jar (old ja-st.) vega strong V ; pret. v vgu 'slay, kill' ; w/acc. ; hvrt hann var sttdaur ea me vpnum veginn 'whether he died from a disease or was killed with weapons' 'fight (with)' ; also veggr, OSw. vggr 'wall' masc. i-st. ; gen. vegg-jar vegr, OSw. vghr masc. a-st. or u-st. 'way, road' ; Fara eir n ann sama veg 'They now go that same way' 'way, manner' ; ok ann veg var markar hans hjalmr ok sull 'and in that way his helmet and saddle were marked' 'way, direction' ; veia 'hunt' weak 3 veiddi veita weak 3 veitti 'inflict' ; ok veitti Strkur honum eitt mikit sr 'and S. inflicted a bad wound upon him', essir menn veittu honum bana '' 'allow, grant' ; N vil ek at veitir mr li 'Now I want you to grant me people/help', Konungr veitti honum at 'The king granted him that', Hann veitti henni sna bn 'He granted her her wish' veizla 'party' fem. n-st. vel, OSw. vl 'well' adv. ; comp. betr bazt vl 'trick' fem. -st. vla 'trick, betray' weak -ti veldi, OSw. vldi 'domination; kingdom' neut. ia-st. velja, OSw. vlja 'choose' weak 2 venja, OSw. vnja 'accustom' weak 2 -di vera

see vesa ver 'value, price' neut. a-st. vera, OSw. vra 'become' strong III vera at 'have to' verr, OSw. vrr 'worth' adj. verr, OSw. vrr/varr 'meal' masc. u-st., OSw. masc. a- or i-st. verja, OSw. vrja 'defend' weak 2 ; w/acc. verk, OSw. vrk 'work, deed' neut. a-st. verpa, OSw. vrpa 'throw' strong III ; used esp. about making burial mounds: eir verpa ar haug eptir smund 'There they throw[?] a burial mound at .' verr 'man' masc. a-st. verr 'worse' adv. comp. to illa verri, OSw. vrri 'worse' adj. comp. to illr and vndr verst 'worst' adv. superl. to illa verstr, OSw. vrstr 'worst' adj. superl. to illr and vndr vesa/vera, OSw. vra 'be' strong V ; (vas/var vru verit, OSw. var vru varit) ; pres. em (later er), est (later ert), es (later er), erum, eru, eru, OSw. m (later r), st, r, rum, rin, ru '' '' vesall 'poor' vestr, OSw. vstr 'west' adv. vtki/vetki 'nothing' indef. pron. vetr, OSw. vintr 'winter' masc. root-noun ; (the /r/ is part of the stem - gen. vetr-ar) vi 'at' 'with' '' vir, OSw. vir 'wood, log; forest' masc. u-st. viskipti

'transactions, [?]' neut. ia-st. ; N er at segja fr viskiptum konunga '' vf, OSw. vif 'woman' (poetic word) ; neut. a-st. vg, OSw. vigh 'battle; slaying' neut. a-st. vgja, OSw. vighja 'sanctify' vgr, OSw. vighr 'able to fight' vgvllr 'battlefield' masc. u-st. vk 'bay' fem. root-noun ; gen. vk-r vika, OSw. wika 'week' fem. n-st. vkja 'move, change direction'[?] strong I vking 'viking raid' fem. -st. vkingr 'viking, sea warrior' masc. a-st. vili 'will' masc. jan-st. vilja 'want' weak 2 ; perf. part. viljat ; 2nd pers. sing. pres. vill but also vilt (from pret.pres. verbs) villa 'confound' weak 3 -ti villask (refl.) 'be lost' vintta 'friendship' fem. n-st. vindr, OSw. vindr 'wind' masc. a-st. vinna strong III ; (pret. plur. unnu, perf. unninn) 'win' 'defeat' 'conquer, obtain' ; Hann vann undir sik mrg konungarki 'He conquered many kingdoms' vinr 'friend' masc. i-st. vinsll 'popular' viring 'dignity, reputation, prestige' fem. -st. viruligr 'honourable' vsa

'song' fem. n-st. vsa 'show' weak 1 vss 'sure, certain' ; vera vss 'get to know, be sure' ; w/gen. vist 'accomodation, lodging' fem. i-st. or -st. vit 'wit, sense' neut. a-st. vita 'know' pret.pres. ; pres. veit vitu, pret. vissi, perf. vitar vitja 'visit' weak 1 vitni 'witnes' neut. ia-st. vitr, OSw. vitr 'wise' stem vitr- gen. vitr-s vnn 'likely' 'beautiful' vnta/vtta 'expect' weak 3 ; w/gen. vtta 'at all' adv. vttr 'weight' fem. i-st. (with the ending -r in nom. sing.!) vvi 'muscle' masc. van-st. vllr 'field' masc. u-st. vlva '' fem. vn-st. vrr, OSw. warr 'guard, keeper' masc. u-st. ; Atli helt vr inn fyrra hluta ntrinnar 'A. kept watch the first part of the night' vxtr, OSw. vxtr/vaxtr 'growth, size' masc. u-st., OSw. u-st. or i-st. ; Hann var mikill vexti ''

Y, yvarr 'your' pron. yfir 'over' ; w/acc. or dat. ykkarr 'your' pron.

miss 'different' ; syncopated or not masc. plur. either missir or msir

'always' adv. ra 'fear' fem. n-st. ; Sv vru eir allir hraustir at engi talai ruor 'So brave were they all, that noone spoke words of fear' gir 'sea' (poetic word) masc. ia-st. tla weak 1 'think, consider, have the opinion' 'intend' ; tlaa ek at stinga r henni augun 'I intended to sting out her eyes' tt 'clan' fem. i-st. vi 'life, career' neut. ia-st.

, ngi see engi pa (> pa) 'yell' weak 3 -ti ri 'younger' adj. comp. to ungr rindi see erindi ska (> ska) 'youth' fem. n-st. ; Konungr tti hann sku sinni 'The king had him in his youth' x 'axe' fem. i-st.

"Hooked O" (here written "") ruvs 'differently, in a different way' adv. fund, OSw. afund

'envy' fem. l, OSw. l 'ale, beer' neut. va-st. ld, OSw. ald 'age, era' fem. i-st. nd, OSw. and 'spirit' fem. i-st. ndvegi/ndugi 'seat of honour' neut. ia-st. ; Konungr ba hann fara til ndvegis gegnt sr 'The king asked him to go to the seat of honour opposite of him' ndverr 'opposite' ; r, OSw. arf 'arrow' fem. v-st. (gen. rvar), OSw. -st. rn, OSw. rn 'eagle' masc. u-st. xl, OSw. axl 'shoulder' fem.

Peter Pettersson updated 000827