Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Oils & Fats RefiningCrown Iron Works Company
A CPM Company
OFFICE LOCATION2500 West County Road C, Roseville, MN 55113 USA 05-2008 E
OFFICES:ARGENTINA, BRAZIL, CHINA, HONDURAS, INDIA, MEXICO, RUSSIA AND UKRAINE
NORTH AMERICAN HEADQUARTERSCROWN IRON WORKS
A CPM COMPANYP.O. Box 1364
Minneapolis, MN 55440-1364 USAPh: +1-651-639-8900Fax: [email protected]
EUROPEAN HEADQUARTERSEUROPA CROWN LTD.
A CPM COMPANYWaterside Park, Livingstone Road
Hessle, East Yorkshire, HU13 0EG EnglandPh: +44-1482-640099Fax: +44-1482-649194
Oils & Fats RefiningCrown Iron Works Company
A CPM Company
OFFICE LOCATION2500 West County Road C, Roseville, MN 55113 USA 05-2008 E
OFFICES:ARGENTINA, BRAZIL, CHINA, HONDURAS, INDIA, MEXICO, RUSSIA AND UKRAINE
NORTH AMERICAN HEADQUARTERSCROWN IRON WORKS
A CPM COMPANYP.O. Box 1364
Minneapolis, MN 55440-1364 USAPh: +1-651-639-8900Fax: [email protected]
EUROPEAN HEADQUARTERSEUROPA CROWN LTD.
A CPM COMPANYWaterside Park, Livingstone Road
Hessle, East Yorkshire, HU13 0EG EnglandPh: +44-1482-640099Fax: +44-1482-649194
CHEMICAL REFININGThe Chemical Refining process is used for oils and fats with low FFA and contains three basic steps:
• Neutralizing
• Bleaching
• Deodorizing
Residual soap and gums removal in neutralizing is accomplished by either water washing or using a silicaadsorbent in bleaching.
Oils and Fats Refining
ADDITIONAL PROCESSES
Crown Iron Works Company
PHYSICAL REFININGThe Physical Refining process is used for oils and fats withhigh FFA and contains three basic steps:
• Acid Conditioning or Enhanced Degumming
• Bleaching
• Stripping and Deodorizing
The degumming process used depends on the oil or fat being refined.
CROWN’S ROAD MAP FOR OILS AND FATS REFINING
AcidConditioning
WaterDegumming
LecithinDrying
Neutralizing(Washing)
SoapstockAcidulation
Fatty AcidDistillation
Stripping/Deodorizing
Fractionationor Dewaxing(Winterizing)
Hydrogenation
Interesterification
Bleaching(Filtration)
EnhancedDegumming
GumsCrude
Oil
Spent Earth
Lecithin
Spent Catalyst
Soapstock Acid Water Acid Oil
Filter Cake or Effluent
Fatty Acids
Acid Oil
Finished Oil
Olein/Dewaxed
Oil
Stearin
By-productProcess
ModificationProcess
RefiningProcess
THE “MULTIPURE”DEGUMMING/NEUTRALIZING SYSTEM
The key feature in the “MultiPure” Degumming/Neutralizing system is a reactorwith variable retention time andagitation. The design can be used for acid conditioning, various types of degumming, andneutralizing. The system can bedesigned with either silicaadsorption in bleaching or waterwashing, which requires a second centrifuge.
THE “DOUBLEPASS” BLEACHING SYSTEM
The key feature in the“DoublePass” Bleaching system isa third filter, which is used to pre-bleach the oil. Degummed or neutralized oil is pumpedthrough a filter containing once used bleaching earth utilizing the remaining activity ofthe clay.
THE “MAXEFFICIENCY” DEODORIZING SYSTEM
The two key features in the “MaxEfficiency” Deodorizing system are the double shellpacked column and post deodorizing. This design minimizes energy consumptionand ensures high quality oil.
Key
CROWN DESIGN ADVANTAGESDegumming/Neutralizing
• Design provides flexibility for switching between the variousdegumming processes and neutralizing, and for processingmultiple feedstocks
• Degumming/Neutralizing Reactor with adjustable retentiontime and agitation
• Silica adsorption and water wash designs for EnhancedDegumming and Neutralizing processes
Bleaching
• Silica adsorption reduces water consumption, effluent treatment and bleaching earth consumption
• Pre-bleaching oil minimizes bleaching earth consumption
Deodorizing
• Innovative, industry proven continuous and semi-continuousdeodorizer designs using low energy
• Continuous deodorizer design uses structured packing forminimum energy consumption and accommodates six stockchanges per day
• Semi-continuous tray deodorizer designed for frequent stock changes and minimal installed cost
WINTERIZING PROCESSESWinterizing is a generic term thatdescribes various processes whichcool oil to remove high melting constituents from the oil.
DewaxingOils such as sunflower, corn, canola,rapeseed and ricebran contain“waxes”; long chain alcohols, sugarsor starches; that create a haze whenthe oil is stored for an extended period or refrigerated. These waxesare typically removed during the refining process if the finished (RBD)oil will be packaged as a salad oil. In the Dewaxing process, filter aid is added to the oil which is quickly cooled to a desired temperature. The oil is agitated at thattemperature for up to 12 hours toensure full crystal formation. The waxes are separated from oilusing a pressure leaf filter. Dewaxingis typically a continuous processthough some specialty oils or small capacity plants dewaxin batches.
WinterizingSome oils such as cottonseed, fish andpartially hydrogentated soybean arewinterized using processes similar toDewaxing. The Winterizing processescool the oil at slow rates and do not use filter aid to promote the crystallization.
OIL MODIFICATION PROCESSESOils are modified to change their melting characteristics.
Dry FractionationOils with high saturation like palm oilsometimes require the higher meltingfractions be separated from the lower
melting fractions. Dry Fractionation isa reversible batch process where higher melting fractions (stearin)form crystals and are separated fromthe lower melting liquid fractions(olein). In the Dry Fractionationprocess, the oil is cooled to a desiredtemperature using a multistep program over a varying range of time.The temperature is decreased at a controlled rate under slow agitation toensure proper crystal formation of the targeted triglycerides. The crystals are removed by speciallydesigned filters.
HydrogenationOils such as soybean, canola and rapeseed are routinely modified toalter their melting characteristics andimprove their oxidative stability.Hydrogenation, which reduces theamount of unsaturation, has been theprimary modification method untilrecent health concerns regarding theconsumption of transisomers wereraised. Hydrogenation is typically a batch process where oil is metered into an agitated pressure vessel and nickel catalyst is added.Hydrogen is then injected into theslurry. When the reaction is finished,the hydrogenated oil is cooled and thecatalyst is removed by filtration.
Chemical InteresterificationAn increasingly common oil modifica-tion process is interesterification, aprocess that rearranges the fatty acids of a triglyceride to change itsmelting characteristics. ChemicalInteresterification is a batch process inwhich an alkali catalyst is blendedwith oil in an agitated pressure vesseluntil the reaction is at equilibrium.Acid is added to stop the reaction andthe resulting soaps are removed by silica adsorption and filtration,
the Bleaching process, or washing and drying.
BYPRODUCT PROCESSES
Oil Filtration and Lecithin DryingLecithin for human consumption canbe produced from the “gums”removed in the Water Degummingprocess. Food grade lecithin is produced by filtering the oil prior towater degumming to ensure a solidsfree feed to the lecithin dryer. In theLecithin Drying process, moisture isevaporated from the wet gums undercarefully controlled conditions toavoid darkening the lecithin. Thelecithin is then cooled as it is discharged from the dyer and sent to storage. Lecithin is sometimesbleached using hydrogen peroxide.
Soapstock AcidulationWhen soapstock cannot be combinedwith meal or otherwise disposed ofeconomically, the soapstock may beacidulated to recover the fatty acids.In the Acidulation process, soapstockis heated and reacted with sulfuricacid, which creates acid oil (crudefatty acids) and acid water. Causticmay be added to fully saponify thesoapstock before heating. The acid oilmay require further processingdepending on its disposition. The acidwater is neutralized before beingtransferred to effluent treatment.
Fatty Acid DistillationAcid oil or deodorizer distillate aredistilled to purify the fatty acids for resale.
Bleached oil
Recoverheat
Heat
Heat bleach
Heat
Cool
Vacuum
Condenseevaporatedmaterials
Evaporatevolatiles
(FFA etc.)
Deaerate
Post Deodorize
Recoverheat
Steam
Cool
Filter
Deodorized oil
Distillate
AntiOxidant
Steam
Recoverheat
Heat
Acid
React
WaterCaustic
Acid conditioned oil
Cool
Mix
Mix
React, precipitate
& agglomerate Heat
Separate
Degummed or neutralized oil
Gums or soap
Crudeoil
Surge
Degummed or neutralized oil
Heat
Heat
Heat
Recoverheat
Mix
Mix
Dry
Silica
Bleaching Earth
Water
Vacuum
Carbon
Vacuum
1st pass
2nd pass
Clean & pre-coat
FilterAid
Cool
Filter
React
Mix
Pre-coatrecycle
Waste
Bleached oil
Filter
Surge
CHEMICAL REFININGThe Chemical Refining process is used for oils and fats with low FFA and contains three basic steps:
• Neutralizing
• Bleaching
• Deodorizing
Residual soap and gums removal in neutralizing is accomplished by either water washing or using a silicaadsorbent in bleaching.
Oils and Fats Refining
ADDITIONAL PROCESSES
Crown Iron Works Company
PHYSICAL REFININGThe Physical Refining process is used for oils and fats withhigh FFA and contains three basic steps:
• Acid Conditioning or Enhanced Degumming
• Bleaching
• Stripping and Deodorizing
The degumming process used depends on the oil or fat being refined.
CROWN’S ROAD MAP FOR OILS AND FATS REFINING
AcidConditioning
WaterDegumming
LecithinDrying
Neutralizing(Washing)
SoapstockAcidulation
Fatty AcidDistillation
Stripping/Deodorizing
Fractionationor Dewaxing(Winterizing)
Hydrogenation
Interesterification
Bleaching(Filtration)
EnhancedDegumming
GumsCrude
Oil
Spent Earth
Lecithin
Spent Catalyst
Soapstock Acid Water Acid Oil
Filter Cake or Effluent
Fatty Acids
Acid Oil
Finished Oil
Olein/Dewaxed
Oil
Stearin
By-productProcess
ModificationProcess
RefiningProcess
THE “MULTIPURE”DEGUMMING/NEUTRALIZING SYSTEM
The key feature in the “MultiPure” Degumming/Neutralizing system is a reactorwith variable retention time andagitation. The design can be used for acid conditioning, various types of degumming, andneutralizing. The system can bedesigned with either silicaadsorption in bleaching or waterwashing, which requires a second centrifuge.
THE “DOUBLEPASS” BLEACHING SYSTEM
The key feature in the“DoublePass” Bleaching system isa third filter, which is used to pre-bleach the oil. Degummed or neutralized oil is pumpedthrough a filter containing once used bleaching earth utilizing the remaining activity ofthe clay.
THE “MAXEFFICIENCY” DEODORIZING SYSTEM
The two key features in the “MaxEfficiency” Deodorizing system are the double shellpacked column and post deodorizing. This design minimizes energy consumptionand ensures high quality oil.
Key
CROWN DESIGN ADVANTAGESDegumming/Neutralizing
• Design provides flexibility for switching between the variousdegumming processes and neutralizing, and for processingmultiple feedstocks
• Degumming/Neutralizing Reactor with adjustable retentiontime and agitation
• Silica adsorption and water wash designs for EnhancedDegumming and Neutralizing processes
Bleaching
• Silica adsorption reduces water consumption, effluent treatment and bleaching earth consumption
• Pre-bleaching oil minimizes bleaching earth consumption
Deodorizing
• Innovative, industry proven continuous and semi-continuousdeodorizer designs using low energy
• Continuous deodorizer design uses structured packing forminimum energy consumption and accommodates six stockchanges per day
• Semi-continuous tray deodorizer designed for frequent stock changes and minimal installed cost
WINTERIZING PROCESSESWinterizing is a generic term thatdescribes various processes whichcool oil to remove high melting constituents from the oil.
DewaxingOils such as sunflower, corn, canola,rapeseed and ricebran contain“waxes”; long chain alcohols, sugarsor starches; that create a haze whenthe oil is stored for an extended period or refrigerated. These waxesare typically removed during the refining process if the finished (RBD)oil will be packaged as a salad oil. In the Dewaxing process, filter aid is added to the oil which is quickly cooled to a desired temperature. The oil is agitated at thattemperature for up to 12 hours toensure full crystal formation. The waxes are separated from oilusing a pressure leaf filter. Dewaxingis typically a continuous processthough some specialty oils or small capacity plants dewaxin batches.
WinterizingSome oils such as cottonseed, fish andpartially hydrogentated soybean arewinterized using processes similar toDewaxing. The Winterizing processescool the oil at slow rates and do not use filter aid to promote the crystallization.
OIL MODIFICATION PROCESSESOils are modified to change their melting characteristics.
Dry FractionationOils with high saturation like palm oilsometimes require the higher meltingfractions be separated from the lower
melting fractions. Dry Fractionation isa reversible batch process where higher melting fractions (stearin)form crystals and are separated fromthe lower melting liquid fractions(olein). In the Dry Fractionationprocess, the oil is cooled to a desiredtemperature using a multistep program over a varying range of time.The temperature is decreased at a controlled rate under slow agitation toensure proper crystal formation of the targeted triglycerides. The crystals are removed by speciallydesigned filters.
HydrogenationOils such as soybean, canola and rapeseed are routinely modified toalter their melting characteristics andimprove their oxidative stability.Hydrogenation, which reduces theamount of unsaturation, has been theprimary modification method untilrecent health concerns regarding theconsumption of transisomers wereraised. Hydrogenation is typically a batch process where oil is metered into an agitated pressure vessel and nickel catalyst is added.Hydrogen is then injected into theslurry. When the reaction is finished,the hydrogenated oil is cooled and thecatalyst is removed by filtration.
Chemical InteresterificationAn increasingly common oil modifica-tion process is interesterification, aprocess that rearranges the fatty acids of a triglyceride to change itsmelting characteristics. ChemicalInteresterification is a batch process inwhich an alkali catalyst is blendedwith oil in an agitated pressure vesseluntil the reaction is at equilibrium.Acid is added to stop the reaction andthe resulting soaps are removed by silica adsorption and filtration,
the Bleaching process, or washing and drying.
BYPRODUCT PROCESSES
Oil Filtration and Lecithin DryingLecithin for human consumption canbe produced from the “gums”removed in the Water Degummingprocess. Food grade lecithin is produced by filtering the oil prior towater degumming to ensure a solidsfree feed to the lecithin dryer. In theLecithin Drying process, moisture isevaporated from the wet gums undercarefully controlled conditions toavoid darkening the lecithin. Thelecithin is then cooled as it is discharged from the dyer and sent to storage. Lecithin is sometimesbleached using hydrogen peroxide.
Soapstock AcidulationWhen soapstock cannot be combinedwith meal or otherwise disposed ofeconomically, the soapstock may beacidulated to recover the fatty acids.In the Acidulation process, soapstockis heated and reacted with sulfuricacid, which creates acid oil (crudefatty acids) and acid water. Causticmay be added to fully saponify thesoapstock before heating. The acid oilmay require further processingdepending on its disposition. The acidwater is neutralized before beingtransferred to effluent treatment.
Fatty Acid DistillationAcid oil or deodorizer distillate aredistilled to purify the fatty acids for resale.
Bleached oil
Recoverheat
Heat
Heat bleach
Heat
Cool
Vacuum
Condenseevaporatedmaterials
Evaporatevolatiles
(FFA etc.)
Deaerate
Post Deodorize
Recoverheat
Steam
Cool
Filter
Deodorized oil
Distillate
AntiOxidant
Steam
Recoverheat
Heat
Acid
React
WaterCaustic
Acid conditioned oil
Cool
Mix
Mix
React, precipitate
& agglomerate Heat
Separate
Degummed or neutralized oil
Gums or soap
Crudeoil
Surge
Degummed or neutralized oil
Heat
Heat
Heat
Recoverheat
Mix
Mix
Dry
Silica
Bleaching Earth
Water
Vacuum
Carbon
Vacuum
1st pass
2nd pass
Clean & pre-coat
FilterAid
Cool
Filter
React
Mix
Pre-coatrecycle
Waste
Bleached oil
Filter
Surge
CHEMICAL REFININGThe Chemical Refining process is used for oils and fats with low FFA and contains three basic steps:
• Neutralizing
• Bleaching
• Deodorizing
Residual soap and gums removal in neutralizing is accomplished by either water washing or using a silicaadsorbent in bleaching.
Oils and Fats Refining
ADDITIONAL PROCESSES
Crown Iron Works Company
PHYSICAL REFININGThe Physical Refining process is used for oils and fats withhigh FFA and contains three basic steps:
• Acid Conditioning or Enhanced Degumming
• Bleaching
• Stripping and Deodorizing
The degumming process used depends on the oil or fat being refined.
CROWN’S ROAD MAP FOR OILS AND FATS REFINING
AcidConditioning
WaterDegumming
LecithinDrying
Neutralizing(Washing)
SoapstockAcidulation
Fatty AcidDistillation
Stripping/Deodorizing
Fractionationor Dewaxing(Winterizing)
Hydrogenation
Interesterification
Bleaching(Filtration)
EnhancedDegumming
GumsCrude
Oil
Spent Earth
Lecithin
Spent Catalyst
Soapstock Acid Water Acid Oil
Filter Cake or Effluent
Fatty Acids
Acid Oil
Finished Oil
Olein/Dewaxed
Oil
Stearin
By-productProcess
ModificationProcess
RefiningProcess
THE “MULTIPURE”DEGUMMING/NEUTRALIZING SYSTEM
The key feature in the “MultiPure” Degumming/Neutralizing system is a reactorwith variable retention time andagitation. The design can be used for acid conditioning, various types of degumming, andneutralizing. The system can bedesigned with either silicaadsorption in bleaching or waterwashing, which requires a second centrifuge.
THE “DOUBLEPASS” BLEACHING SYSTEM
The key feature in the“DoublePass” Bleaching system isa third filter, which is used to pre-bleach the oil. Degummed or neutralized oil is pumpedthrough a filter containing once used bleaching earth utilizing the remaining activity ofthe clay.
THE “MAXEFFICIENCY” DEODORIZING SYSTEM
The two key features in the “MaxEfficiency” Deodorizing system are the double shellpacked column and post deodorizing. This design minimizes energy consumptionand ensures high quality oil.
Key
CROWN DESIGN ADVANTAGESDegumming/Neutralizing
• Design provides flexibility for switching between the variousdegumming processes and neutralizing, and for processingmultiple feedstocks
• Degumming/Neutralizing Reactor with adjustable retentiontime and agitation
• Silica adsorption and water wash designs for EnhancedDegumming and Neutralizing processes
Bleaching
• Silica adsorption reduces water consumption, effluent treatment and bleaching earth consumption
• Pre-bleaching oil minimizes bleaching earth consumption
Deodorizing
• Innovative, industry proven continuous and semi-continuousdeodorizer designs using low energy
• Continuous deodorizer design uses structured packing forminimum energy consumption and accommodates six stockchanges per day
• Semi-continuous tray deodorizer designed for frequent stock changes and minimal installed cost
WINTERIZING PROCESSESWinterizing is a generic term thatdescribes various processes whichcool oil to remove high melting constituents from the oil.
DewaxingOils such as sunflower, corn, canola,rapeseed and ricebran contain“waxes”; long chain alcohols, sugarsor starches; that create a haze whenthe oil is stored for an extended period or refrigerated. These waxesare typically removed during the refining process if the finished (RBD)oil will be packaged as a salad oil. In the Dewaxing process, filter aid is added to the oil which is quickly cooled to a desired temperature. The oil is agitated at thattemperature for up to 12 hours toensure full crystal formation. The waxes are separated from oilusing a pressure leaf filter. Dewaxingis typically a continuous processthough some specialty oils or small capacity plants dewaxin batches.
WinterizingSome oils such as cottonseed, fish andpartially hydrogentated soybean arewinterized using processes similar toDewaxing. The Winterizing processescool the oil at slow rates and do not use filter aid to promote the crystallization.
OIL MODIFICATION PROCESSESOils are modified to change their melting characteristics.
Dry FractionationOils with high saturation like palm oilsometimes require the higher meltingfractions be separated from the lower
melting fractions. Dry Fractionation isa reversible batch process where higher melting fractions (stearin)form crystals and are separated fromthe lower melting liquid fractions(olein). In the Dry Fractionationprocess, the oil is cooled to a desiredtemperature using a multistep program over a varying range of time.The temperature is decreased at a controlled rate under slow agitation toensure proper crystal formation of the targeted triglycerides. The crystals are removed by speciallydesigned filters.
HydrogenationOils such as soybean, canola and rapeseed are routinely modified toalter their melting characteristics andimprove their oxidative stability.Hydrogenation, which reduces theamount of unsaturation, has been theprimary modification method untilrecent health concerns regarding theconsumption of transisomers wereraised. Hydrogenation is typically a batch process where oil is metered into an agitated pressure vessel and nickel catalyst is added.Hydrogen is then injected into theslurry. When the reaction is finished,the hydrogenated oil is cooled and thecatalyst is removed by filtration.
Chemical InteresterificationAn increasingly common oil modifica-tion process is interesterification, aprocess that rearranges the fatty acids of a triglyceride to change itsmelting characteristics. ChemicalInteresterification is a batch process inwhich an alkali catalyst is blendedwith oil in an agitated pressure vesseluntil the reaction is at equilibrium.Acid is added to stop the reaction andthe resulting soaps are removed by silica adsorption and filtration,
the Bleaching process, or washing and drying.
BYPRODUCT PROCESSES
Oil Filtration and Lecithin DryingLecithin for human consumption canbe produced from the “gums”removed in the Water Degummingprocess. Food grade lecithin is produced by filtering the oil prior towater degumming to ensure a solidsfree feed to the lecithin dryer. In theLecithin Drying process, moisture isevaporated from the wet gums undercarefully controlled conditions toavoid darkening the lecithin. Thelecithin is then cooled as it is discharged from the dyer and sent to storage. Lecithin is sometimesbleached using hydrogen peroxide.
Soapstock AcidulationWhen soapstock cannot be combinedwith meal or otherwise disposed ofeconomically, the soapstock may beacidulated to recover the fatty acids.In the Acidulation process, soapstockis heated and reacted with sulfuricacid, which creates acid oil (crudefatty acids) and acid water. Causticmay be added to fully saponify thesoapstock before heating. The acid oilmay require further processingdepending on its disposition. The acidwater is neutralized before beingtransferred to effluent treatment.
Fatty Acid DistillationAcid oil or deodorizer distillate aredistilled to purify the fatty acids for resale.
Bleached oil
Recoverheat
Heat
Heat bleach
Heat
Cool
Vacuum
Condenseevaporatedmaterials
Evaporatevolatiles
(FFA etc.)
Deaerate
Post Deodorize
Recoverheat
Steam
Cool
Filter
Deodorized oil
Distillate
AntiOxidant
Steam
Recoverheat
Heat
Acid
React
WaterCaustic
Acid conditioned oil
Cool
Mix
Mix
React, precipitate
& agglomerate Heat
Separate
Degummed or neutralized oil
Gums or soap
Crudeoil
Surge
Degummed or neutralized oil
Heat
Heat
Heat
Recoverheat
Mix
Mix
Dry
Silica
Bleaching Earth
Water
Vacuum
Carbon
Vacuum
1st pass
2nd pass
Clean & pre-coat
FilterAid
Cool
Filter
React
Mix
Pre-coatrecycle
Waste
Bleached oil
Filter
Surge
Oils & Fats RefiningCrown Iron Works Company
A CPM Company
OFFICE LOCATION2500 West County Road C, Roseville, MN 55113 USA 05-2008 E
OFFICES:ARGENTINA, BRAZIL, CHINA, HONDURAS, INDIA, MEXICO, RUSSIA AND UKRAINE
NORTH AMERICAN HEADQUARTERSCROWN IRON WORKS
A CPM COMPANYP.O. Box 1364
Minneapolis, MN 55440-1364 USAPh: +1-651-639-8900Fax: [email protected]
EUROPEAN HEADQUARTERSEUROPA CROWN LTD.
A CPM COMPANYWaterside Park, Livingstone Road
Hessle, East Yorkshire, HU13 0EG EnglandPh: +44-1482-640099Fax: +44-1482-649194
