Office of National Drug Control Policy Executive Office of the President October 2002 CHART BOOK Illicit Drugs and Drug Control

Office of National Drug Control PolicyExecutive Office of the President

October 2002

CHART BOOK

Illicit Drugs and Drug Control

Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP)

PRIMARY MISSION:

To lead national effortsto reduce illicit drug use

and its consequences

7/2002

ONDCP

Created by the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988, as amended

Develops the National Drug Control Strategy and coordinates and oversees implementation

Develops Federal Drug Control Budgets Recommends improvements in management

and organization of drug control efforts Conducts evaluations and performance

measurement to improve program effectiveness

7/2002

National Drug Control StrategyPriorities

Stopping Use Before It Starts: Education and Community Action

Healing America’s Drug Users: Getting Treatment Resources Where They Are Needed

Disrupting the Market: Attacking the Economic Basis of the Drug Trade

7/2002

National Drug Control Strategy Goals

Two-Year Goals: A 10 percent reduction in current use of

illegal drugs by the 12-17 age group A 10 percent reduction in current use of

illegal drugs by adults age 18 and older

Five-Year Goals: A 25 percent reduction in current use of

illegal drugs by the 12-17 age group A 25 percent reduction in current use of

illegal drugs by adults age 18 and older

2/2002

FY 2003

Budget Highlights:

Funding by Major Initiatives

7/2002

Stopping Use Before It Starts: Education and Community

ActionFY 2003 Request

Safe and Drug-Free Schools Program: $644.3 million ($634.3 million drug-related)

National Youth Media Campaign: $180 million

Drug-Free Communities Program: $60 million

Parents Drug Corps Program: +$5 million

Drug-Free Workplace Programs: $3 million

8/2002

HHS Drug Abuse Treatment ProgramsSubstance Abuse Mental Health Services

Administration: Targeted Capacity Expansion Program:

+$109 million Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment

Block Grant: +$60 million

HHS Drug Abuse Treatment Research National Institute on Drug Abuse:

+$80.5 million (Includes planned transfer from the National Cancer Institute)

Healing America’s Drug Users: Getting Treatment Resources Where They Are

Needed FY 2003 Request

8/2002

DOJ Drug Abuse Treatment Programs

Promoting Drug Treatment in the Criminal Justice System

Residential Substance Abuse Treatment:+$7 million ($77 million total)

Drug Courts: +$2 million ($52 million total)

Healing America’s Drug Users: Getting Treatment Resources Where They Are

Needed(continued)

FY 2003 Request

8/2002

Disrupting the Market: Attacking the Economic Basis of the Drug

TradeFY 2003 Request Andean Counterdrug Initiative:

$731 million

Coast Guard’s Deepwater Project: +$500 million

Border Control and Enforcement: +$76.3 million ($11.4 million drug-related)

Southwest Border Prosecutor Initiative:$50 million

8/2002

0

3

6

9

12

The Federal Drug Control Budget, 1988-2003

Dollars, in BillionsFY 2003: President’s Request

FY 2002: Enacted Level

FY 2000-2001: Final Budget Authority

All Other Years: Final Budget Authority/Actual Obligations

8/2002

0

3

6

9

12

The Federal Drug Control Budget, 1988-2003

Constant 2002 Dollars, in BillionsFY 2003: President’s Request

FY 2002: Enacted Level

FY 2000-2001: Final Budget Authority

All Other Years: Final Budget Authority/Actual Obligations

8/2002

0

3

6

9

12

International

Interdiction

Domestic LawEnforcementTreatment

Prevention

Treatment and prevention account for almost half of Federal drug control spending

Dollars, in Billions

8/2002*President’s Request

0

3

6

9

12

International

Interdiction


Prevention

Treatment and prevention account for almost half of Federal drug control

spendingConstant 2002 Dollars, in Billions


0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

International

Interdiction


Prevention

Treatment and prevention account for almost half of Federal drug control

spendingConstant 2002 Dollars, in Billions


$3,377.6

$2,155.8

$1,113.2

$1,988.6

$2,859.5

FY 2003 President’s Request, by Function Total Resources: $11.5 Billion

(Dollars in Millions)

Domestic Law Enforcement

Treatment w/Research

Prevention w/Research

25%

29%

17%

8/2002

19%

10%

Interdiction

International

Treatment57%

Prevention38%

Law Enforcement

5%

National Drug Control Budget forResearch & Development (FY 2002)

Total Dollars = $971.1 (in Millions)9/2002

$554.5

$368.4

$48.2

Restructuring the NationalDrug Control Budget

In the past, the budget has partly been based on imperfect estimation techniques that gauge the portion of a program related to drug control. Under the new approach, all drug programs will tie directly to actual line items in agency budgets – establishing clearer lines of authority and accountability for results.

Principles: All funding items displayed in the drug budget should be

readily identifiable line items in the Budget of the President or agency budget justifications; and

The budget presentation will be simplified by eliminating several supporting agencies from the drug tabulation. Only agencies with a primary demand reduction or supply reduction mission would be displayed in the drug budget.

7/2002

Restructuring the National

Drug Control Budget

Department of Defense

Department of Education Safe and Drug-Free Schools

Health and Human ServicesSAMHSANIDA

Department of JusticeBOPDEAOCDETFINSOJP

ONDCP Department of State

Department of Transportation Coast Guard

Department of TreasuryCustoms ServiceOCDETF

Department of Veterans Affairs

Other Presidential InitiativesDrug-Free Workplace Programs Parents Drug Corps Program

Agencies Included Under Budget Restructuring:

8/2002

FY 2001 FY 2002 FY 2003 FY 02-03 % Final BA Enacted Request Change Change

Treatment (w/ Research) $2,939.0 $3,135.5 $3,325.6 $190.1 6.1%

Prevention (w/ Research) 1,889.8 2,030.4 1,988.6 (41.9) (2.1%)

Domestic Law Enforcement 2,464.5 2,781.9 2,859.5 77.6 2.8%

Interdiction 1,895.3 1,968.0 2,155.8 187.9 9.5%

International 617.8 1,086.0 1,113.2 27.2 2.5%

Total $9,806.32 $11,001.74 $11,442.67 $440.9 4.0%

Federal drug control funding by function ($ in millions)

(Detail may not add to totals due to rounding)

Restructuring the National Drug Control Budget

Modified Pro Forma Drug Control Budget

The Current Drug

Situation

Summary of Current Situation: The 2001 National Household Survey

Overall drug use increased from 2000. The rate of current (past month) illicit drug use rose from 2000, up from 6.3 percent of the population 12 years and older to 7.1 percent in 2001. This represents an estimated 15.9 million current users in 2001.

Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug--77 percent of current illicit drug users used marijuana, and approximately 56 percent consumed only marijuana. There were 12.2 million current users of marijuana in 2001.

The highest rate of use was found among young adults (ages 18-25) with 18.8 percent reporting current use, and among youth (ages 12-17) with 10.8 percent.

Current use of cocaine in the household population is down from its peak of 3.0 percent of the population in 1985 to 0.7 percent, or 1.7 million, in 2001.

There were 4.8 million nonmedical users of a psychotherapeutic drug (2.1 percent). Current stimulant users accounted for 1.0 million users (0.6 percent), with methamphetamine users comprising a subset of 576,000 (0.5 percent).

There were 1.3 million current users of hallucinogens (0.6 percent), including 320,000 users of LSD (0.1 percent). Also included are 786,000 current users of MDMA/ecstasy (0.3 percent).

9/2002

Summary of Current Situation:(Continued)

Estimates of substance abuse initiation in the 2001 NHSDA are:

There were 2.4 million new marijuana users in 2000, relatively unchanged from 2.3 million in 1999 and 2.5 million in 1998. The average age at first use was 17.5 years.

Youths aged 12 to 17 have constituted about two-thirds of the new users of marijuana in recent years, with young adults aged 18 to 25 constituting most of the remaining third.

New cocaine users in 2000 numbered about 926,000, slightly up from 1999 (851,000).

First-time users of hallucinogen (including LSD and PCP) were estimated at 1.5 million, the highest estimate since 1965.

9/2002

Among youth (ages 12-17), the rate of any illicit drug use in the past month is higher by a statistically significant amount, from 9.7 percent in 2000 to 10.8 percent in 2001.

The increase in current use of any drug was fueled by a significant increase in marijuana use, from 7.2 percent to 8.0 percent.

Past year increases were found in the use of any illicit drug (9.7 percent to 10.8 percent), for marijuana (13.4 percent to 15.2 percent) and for nonmedical use of any psychotherapeutic (7.1 percent to 7.9 percent).

The percentage of youth reporting “great risk” in smoking marijuana once or twice a week declined from 56.0 percent to 53.5 percent.

Summary of Current Situation:(Continued)

9/2002

Percent Reporting Past Month Use of Any Illicit Drug

0

5

10

15

1979 1985 1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Source: SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse.

New surveyseries*

*The survey methodology was changed in 1999. Estimates based on the new survey series are not comparable to previous years.

9/2002

For the total population ages 12 or older, there was a statistically significant increase in 2001.

Current Drug Use, Population 12 and Older

Percent Reporting Past Month Use

0

5

10

15

Any I llicit DrugMarijuanaCocaine


DATA BREAK*


9/2002

Past Month Use of Any Illicit Drug, Marijuana, Cigarettes, and Alcohol Among Those Aged 12 and

Older


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70Any Illicit DrugMarijuanaCocaineCigarettesAlcohol


DATA BREAK*


9/2002

15.9 million were current (past month) users of an illicit drug in 2001.

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.6

0.8

0.4

1.7

7.0

12.1

15.9

0 5 10 15 20

Heroin

LSD

Inhalants

Meth

Ecstasy

Crack

Cocaine

Any Illicit Drug

Marijuana

Any Illicit Drug

(other than marijuana)

(incl. crack)

Past Month Users (in Millions)

Source: SAMHSA, 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse.

9/2002

0

10

20

30

40

1979 1985 1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

New surveyseries*

Among youth and young adults, current use of any illicit drug increased from 2000 to 2001.




9/2002

18-25

12-17

20%

56%

25%

Marijuana only

Marijuana and some other

drug

Only a drug other than marijuana

Among current drug users, marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug.

Total Current Users: 15.9 millionSource: SAMHSA, 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse.

9/2002

Among youth (aged 12 to 17), current use of any illicit drug in 2001 increased significantly from 2000 for any

illicit drug and for marijuana specifically.


9.8

7.2

0.51.1

0.2 0.2

9.7

7.2

0.61.0

0.1 0.2

10.8

8.0

0.41.0

0.0 0.20.6

0

3

6

9

12

199920002001


9/2002

10.8

18.8

11.4

6.9 7.5

6.05.3

2.41.4

0.6 0.6

0

5

10

15

20



Young adults have the highest drug use rates.

9/2002


0

5

10

15

20

25

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Age

Overall drug use rates peak at age 19, with almost one in four reporting current use of an illicit drug.


9/2002

11.4

23.3

5.7

10.2

14.3

3.5

0

5

10

15

20

25

12-17 18-25 26 or older

MaleFemale

Males consistently have higher rates of illicit drug use.

Percent Using Any Illicit Drug in the Past Month

Source: 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse9/2002

7.2 7.4

9.9

7.5

2.8

12.6

6.5

0

3

6

9

12

15

Persons of multiple race have the highest rate of current use of any illicit drug.

Percent Using in Past Month (12 and older)


9/2002

7.67.0 7.4 7.0

5.54.8

0

2

4

6

8

Current use of any illicit drug is lowest in rural areas.

Percent Using in Past Month


9/2002

Marijuana accounts for the largest proportion of drug use, both among youth and in the general population.

12.6

7.1

36.9

9.3

5.4

41.7

0

15

30

45

Lifetime Past Year Current

Percent Reporting Use

20.8

10.8

19.7

15.2

8.0

28.4

0

15

30

45

Lifetime Past Year Current

Any Illicit Drug

Marijuana

Age 12 or OlderYouth (12 -17)


10.8

18.8

11.4

6.9 7.5

6.05.3

2.41.4

0.6 0.6

0

5

10

15

20


9/2002

Example of an aging cohort of drug users -- this

group began use in the late 1970s.

Current drug use varies widely by age, but the cohort effect lasts a lifetime.

Percent Reporting Past Month Use of an Illicit Drug

While methamphetamine use is low, it continues to be a major concern due to

the potential for rapid spread.

ADAM data and the 1999 NHSDA State-level data both indicate that methamphetamine use is primarily a problem in Western and Southwestern states, especially in certain key cities.

There are valid concerns about the potential impact and spread of methamphetamine use, especially into the Midwest.

Using treatment admission rates as a proxy for the spread of methamphetamine use shows a dramatic shift over the last five years.

The following slide illustrates clearly the pattern of the spread and the full extent of the problem.

9/2002

Source: SAMHSA, Treatment Episode Data Set.

Methamphetamine Admission Rates (per 100,000)

Since 1994, methamphetamine problems have spread from the Far West to States along the

Mississippi.

> 55

< 3

No data

3-27

28-54

1994

MAINE

MAINE

1996

MAINE

1998

MAINE

1999

Drug Use

Among Youth

Data sources:

National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA)

Monitoring the Future study (MTF)

Youth Risk Behavior Survey

(YRBS)

Among youth (ages 12-17), the rate of any illicit drug use in the past month is significantly higher, from 9.7 percent in 2000 to 10.8 percent in 2001.

The increase in current use of any drug was fueled by a significant increase in marijuana use, from 7.2 percent to 8.0 percent.

Past year increases were found in the use of any illicit drug (9.7 percent to 10.8 percent), for marijuana (13.4 percent to 15.2 percent) and for nonmedical use of any psychotherapeutic (7.1 percent to 7.9 percent), specifically pain relievers (5.4 percent to 6.4.

Lifetime increases were found for any illicit drug (26.9 percent to 28.4 percent) and for marijuana (18.3 percent to 19.7 percent), ecstasy (from 2.6 percent to 3.2 percent), and pain relievers (8.4 percent to 9.4 percent).

A significant decrease in the rate of lifetime use of LSD was noted, from 3.6 percent to 3.1 percent. This is likely due to the movement of some who have tried LSD into the next older cohort of young adults.

Several measures of youth perception of risks of drug use declined significantly from 2000 to 2001. The percentage of youth reporting great risk in smoking marijuana once or twice a week declined from 56.0 percent to 53.5 percent, as did those reporting great risk of using cocaine once a month (from 55.4 percent to 54.1 percent), and those reporting great risk of trying heroin once or twice a week (from 84.1 to 83.1 percent).

9/2002

Summary of Current Youth Situation

2001 National Household Survey

Among youth, 2.6 million were current (past month) users of an illicit drug in 2001.

4.1

3.6

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.1

0.2

0.0

0.1

1.2

1.9

2.6

0 1 2 3 4 5

Alcohol

Tobacco

Heroin

LSD

Inhalants

Meth

Ecstasy

Crack

Cocaine

Any Illicit Drug

Marijuana

Any Illicit Drug

(other than marijuana)

(incl. crack)

Past Month Users (in Millions, ages 12-17)


9/2002

ILLICIT DRUG USE

AND

OTHER RISK BEHAVIORS

65.3

44.5

20.6

5.1

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Heavy Drinker "Binge" Drinker Drinker (Not"Binge")

Non-Drinker

Among youth, there is a clear relationship between the amount of alcohol consumed and

current use of an illicit drug other than alcohol.

9/2002Source: 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse

Percent Using Any Illicit Drug in the Past Month (Age 12-17)

48.0

5.3

0

10

20

30

40

50

Current Smoker Non-Smoker


Among youth, there is also a clear relationship between smoking cigarettes and current illicit

drug use.Percent Using Any Illicit Drug in the Past Month (Age 12-17)

0

5

10

15

20

25

No Use 1 to 11 12 to 51 52 Plus0

5

10

15

20

25

30

No Use 1 to 11 12 to 51 52 Plus

Percentage of those ages 12 to 17 who reported aggressive behavior in the past 6 months, by frequency of marijuana use

Aggressive anti-social behavior among youth is clearly linked to frequency of

marijuana use

Source: NHSDA Household Survey Data, 1994-1996

Percent Who Destroyed Other's Property

Percent Who Physically Attacked People

Number of days used marijuana in the past year

4/2002

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

No Use 1 to 11 12 to 51 52 plus

Percentage of those ages 12 to 17 who reported delinquent behavior in the past 6 months, by frequency of marijuana

use

Marijuana use is also related to other delinquent behaviors

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

No Use 1 to 11 12 to 51 52 plus

Source: NHSDA Household Survey Data, 1994-1996

Number of days used marijuana in the past year

Percent Who Cut Classes

Percent Who Stole

3.2

12.4

2.1

0

5

10

15

12-17 18-25 26 or older

Percent Reporting Driving Under the Influence of an Illicit Drug


Drugged driving is highest among young adults.

6.2

2.2 2.01.3

0.20

2

4

6

8

14 oryounger

15-17 18-20 21 or older Neverused

marijuana

Source: SAMHSA, 1999 and 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (Initiation of Marijuana Use: Trends, Patterns, and Implications).

Percent with Illicit Drug Dependence or Abuse (Past Year)(Dependence Based on DSM-IV Diagnostic Criteria, Age 26 or older)

Drug dependence as an adult is clearly related to the age at which a person starts using marijuana. The younger the age

at first use, the higher the rate of adult drug dependency.

Age at First Use of Marijuana

9/2002

Demand Reduction Strategy Drug use is a preventable behavior

Stop initiation Drug use is responsive to deterrence

Intervene with users Drug dependence is treatable

Improve treatment

Targets:those who have not initiated those who have initiatedthose who are dependent9/2002

Role and Objectives of Drug Prevention

Deter new use and encourage existing users to stop using

Take steps to deter progression into more serious use

Break intergenerational cycle

Reduce risk factors and increase protective factors

Improve knowledge and attitudes

Reduce drug and alcohol problem behaviors4/2002

0

800

1,600

2,400

3,200

4,000

4,800

5,600

19

80

19

81

19

82

19

83

19

84

19

85

19

86

19

87

19

88

19

89

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

Marijuana Cocaine InhalantsHallucinogens Alcohol Cigarettes

Number of new users (1,000s)

Marijuana initiation appears flat, but alcohol is trending upwards while new cigarette users is

down.

Source: SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1991-2001.9/2002

*2000 data on alcohol and cigarettes not available.

0

800

1,600

19

80

19

81

19

82

19

83

19

84

19

85

19

86

19

87

19

88

19

89

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

Cocaine Heroin

Number of new users (1,000s)

Heroin initiation rates are lower than for any other major drug. Cocaine initiation is on a

rising trajectory since the early 1990s.

Source: SAMHSA, National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1991-2001.9/2002

Consequences of Drug Use

•The Social Costs of illicit drug abuse were projected to cost $161 billion in 2000

•U.S. drug users spend about $64 billion in 2000 to purchase drugs

•Cocaine and heroin problems seriously impact our hospital emergency departments: cocaine continues to be the most frequently mentioned illicit drug, followed by heroin and marijuana

•Half of all arrestees test positive for illicit drug use •There is a high correlation between drug use and gang behavior, violence, threats, and carrying a gun to school

•There is a high incidence of property crime among drug users

8/2002

Money Spent on Drugs

U.S. Users Spend $64 Billion in 2000

Billions of Dollars (Projection)

2.4

5.4

10.510.0

35.3

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Other

Source: ONDCP, What America’s Users Spend on Illegal Drugs (December 2001).8/2002

Dollars

, in

Million

s

$0

$20,000

$40,000

$60,000

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

*

2000

*

“Direct” costs include health care costs, costs of goods and services lost to crime, and social welfare costs.

Source: ONDCP (2001)The Economic Costs of Drug Abuse in the United States, 1992-1998.

Direct economic costs of drug abuse in constant 2000 dollars

*Projections

9/2002

Indirect economic costs of drug abuse in constant 2000 dollars

$0

$20,000

$40,000

$60,000

$80,000

$100,000

$120,000

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

*

2000

*


“Indirect” costs are from lost productivity attributable to drug abuse.

*Projections

9/2002

Dollars

, in

Million

s

The economic costs of drug abuse in constant 2000 dollars (direct vs. indirect)

$0

$40,000

$80,000

$120,000

$160,000

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

*

2000

*

Direct costs: Indirect costs


“Direct” costs include health care costs, costs of goods and services lost to crime, and social welfare costs. “Indirect” costs are due to lost productivity.

*Projections

9/2002

Dollars

, in

Million

s

$5,479

$6,018

$13,589$10,189

$6,100

$2,084

$6,716

Specialty Treatment

MedicalConsequencesOther Health Costs

Police Protection

Corrections

Fed. Spending toReduce SupplyAll Other Costs

Police protection and corrections account for almost half (47%) of direct costs.

2000 Direct Costs$50.2 Billion

(Millions of dollars)

Source: ONDCP, The Economic Costs of Drug Abuse in the United States, 1992-1998.

“Direct” costs include health care costs, costs of goods and services lost to crime, and social welfare costs.

9/2002

Direct Cost Components

Health Care Costs Goods and Services Lost

to Crime Social Welfare Costs

9/2002

Health Care Cost Components

Community-based specialty treatment Federally provided specialty treatment Support for drug abuse related services Medical consequences of drug abuse

hospital and ambulatory carespecial disease costscrime victim health care costshealth administration costs

8/2002

Goods and services lost to crime

Criminal justice system and other public costs

police protection legal adjudication state and federal corrections local corrections federal spending to reduce drug supply

Private costs private legal defense property damage for victims of crime

9/2002

Indirect Cost Components

Lost productivity from: Premature death Drug abuse related illness Institutionalization/hospitalization Victims of crime Incarceration Crime careers

9/2002

Drug-related murders have declined substantially over the past 10 years.

Source: FBI, Uniform Crime Reports

Murders Related to Narcotic Drug Laws

Number of

Deaths

1,027

1,402 1,367 1,3531,302 1,295

1,239

1,031

843 802

682581 572

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

1,600

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

In 2001, more than 600,000 drug-related ED episodes were reported in DAWN -- cocaine is the most often mentioned

drug.

Number of Drug Emergency Mentions

5,542

3,340

14,923

193,034

638,484

110,512

93,064

0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000

MDMA

GHB

Meth

Marijuana

Heroin

Cocaine

All Episodes

Source: SAMHSA, 2001 Drug Abuse Warning Network.8/2002

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

Cocaine Heroin Marijuana

Since 1990 marijuana ED mentions have been rising. In 2001 they exceeded the number of heroin mentions.

Source: SAMHSA, 2001 Drug Abuse Warning Network.

Number of Drug Emergency Mentions

8/2002

Since 1990, ED mentions of marijuana/hashish have increased by more than 500 percent.

16,251

23,99728,873

40,18345,271

53,789

64,744

76,870

87,150

96,446

110,512

15,706

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

Source: SAMHSA, 2001 Drug Abuse Warning Network.

Number of Emergency Mentions of Marijuana/Hashish

8/2002

Among youth, ED mentions of marijuana/hashish have shown a seven-fold increase since 1990.

2,1303,104

4,247

6,539

7,974

9,98211,056

13,135 12,734

15,683

2,170

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Number of Marijuana/Hashish Mentions (Ages 12-17)

Source: SAMHSA, Drug Abuse Warning Network.

Mentions per 100,000 population for Marijuana

0

20

40

60

80

100

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

12-17 18-25 26-34 35+

Rates for ED mentions of marijuana are highest for young adults and are increasing.


Cocaine emergency episodes by location

Central City80%

Outside Central City

20%


ILLICIT DRUGS AND

THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

Drug-related criminal activity is still a serious problem

Source: NIDA, Drug Procurement Study.

NIDA study of drug users not in treatment found:

-- 46 percent report legal-only sources of income

-- 10 percent report illegal-only sources of income

-- 42 percent report both legal and illegal sources

-- 2 percent report no income

-- 30 percent of illegal income was generated from property crimes; 42 percent was from prostitution

Number of Arrests

0

2,000,000

4,000,000

6,000,000

8,000,000

10,000,000

12,000,000

14,000,000

16,000,000

1980 1985 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Total Arrests Drug-Related Arrests

Total Arrests and Drug-Related Arrests, 1980-2000

Source: Uniform Crime Reports, Federal Bureau of Investigation.

8/2002

11%89%

All other offenses

Drug violation arrests

Drug violation arrests accounted for 11% of all arrests in 2000.

Total Arrests: 13.98 million

Source: Uniform Crime Reports, Federal Bureau of Investigation.9/2002

Adults on parole or supervised release and those on probation have substantially higher rates of current drug use compared to

adults not under criminal justice system (CJS) supervision


20.8

6.5

24.4

6.3

0

5

10

15

20

25

On Parole/Supervised

Release

Not under CJSsupervision

On Probation Not under CJSsupervision

Source: SAMHSA, 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse.10/2002

0

350

700

1,050

1,400

1,750

2,100

1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000

The total number of inmates in State or Federal prisons or local jails reached more than two million in 2000.

State Prisons1,236,476

Local Jails621,149

Federal Prisons145,416

Number of inmates (millions)

Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2001.

All Other Federal Prisoners

4%

Federal Drug Offenders

6%

State Drug Offenders

19%

All Other State Prisoners

71%

Total State and Federal Prisoners: 1.4 million

Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1999.10/2002

The majority of state and federal prisoners are not incarcerated for drug

offenses.

75%

25%

State Prisons

Federal prisons

Estimated drug offenders in custody, 1999

Total Estimated Drug Offenders: 336,400

Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics.4/2002

Drug

Treatment

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

19

80

19

82

19

87

19

89

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

Clients in Specialty Treatment for Drugs and Alcohol (one-day census of active clients)

More than 1 million personsare in treatment, every day

Source: Uniform Facility Data Set, DHHS/SAMHSA, 1995-98

DSM-IV checklist for substance abuse

Substance Abuse

A definite diagnosis of abuse is made when any one of A and both B and C are “Yes.”

A. Has the client experienced the following? No Yes

1. Recurrent failure to meet important responsibilitiesdue to use?

2. Recurrent use in situations when this is likely to be physically dangerous?

3. Recurrent legal problems arising from use

4. Continued use despite recurrent problemsaggravated by the substance use

B. These symptoms have occurred within a 12-monthperiod

C. Client had never met the criteria for dependence8/2002

DSM-IV checklist for substance dependence

Substance DependenceA definite diagnosis of dependence is made when any three of A and both B are “Yes.”

A. Has the client experienced the following? No Yes

1. Tolerance (needing more to become intoxicated or discovering lesseffect with the same amount)

2. Withdrawal* (characteristic withdrawal associated with type of drug)

3. Using more or for longer periods than intended

4. Desire to or unsuccessful efforts to cut down

5. Considerable time spent in obtaining the substance or using, or recovering from its effects

6. Important social, work, or recreational activities given up because of use

7. Continued use despite knowledge of problems caused by or aggravated by use

B. Have these positive items been present during the same 12 month period?

Are three or more of the above positive?*A clear cut withdrawal syndrome is not present with some classes of drugs: caffeine, marijuana, phencyclidine, or

hallucinogens.8/2002

More than half those in treatment are being treated in outpatient settings

Percentage of Clients in Treatment, by Facility Setting

Source: Uniform Facility Data Set, DHHS/SAMHSA, Dec 97

54.7

20.2

12.8

8.3

4.1

0 20 40 60

Per

cent

Community Settings

Correctional Settings

Physical Health

Mental Health

Free Standing

Referral source for treatment admissions, by primary

substance

63.9

35.1

16.326.8

12.0

26.657.1

45.6

18.3

24.811.5 11.4

5.814.9 16.213.5

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

Heroin Smoked Cocaine Marijuana Methamphetamines

Individual Criminal justice Alc./ Drug or health care provider Other

SOURCE: SAMHSA, Treatment Episode Data Set, 19998/2002

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

Heroin Smoked Cocaine Marijuana Methamphetamine

Other

DUI/ DWI

Prison

Diversionary program

Other legal entity

Formal adjudication

State/ Federal Court

Probation/ Parole

Criminal justice treatment referrals, by primary substance


43.8%

29.1%

27.1%

Alcohol OnlyDrugs OnlyDrugs & Alcohol

Presenting problems can include both alcohol and other drugs, but illicit drug use is present

for 73 percent of those in treatment


Treatment Admissions by Primary Substance of Abuse (Ages 12 and

Older)

20%

16%

14%14%

5%

4%

26%

Alcohol only

Alcohol w/drug

Opiates

Cocaine

Marijuana

Stimulants

Other/None


Treatment Admissions by Primary Substance of Abuse (Ages 12 - 17)

18%

60%3%

2% 2%

8%

8%

Alcohol only

Alcohol w/drug

Opiates

Cocaine

Marijuana

Stimulants

Other/None

SOURCE: SAMHSA, Treatment Episode Data Set, 1999

9/2002

A total of 16.6 million persons were drug or alcohol dependent or abusers in the past year.

Number of Dependents or Abusers (in 1000s)

16,579

13,398

5,604

2,423

0 3,000 6,000 9,000 12,000 15,000 18,000

Alcohol or AnyIllicit Drug

Alcohol

Any Illicit Drug

Alcohol andAny Illicit Drug


9/2002

5.6 million persons reported substance abuse or dependence on an illicit drug in 2001.

0.1

0.2

0.5

1.0

1.4

3.5

5.6

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Inhalants

Heroin

Hallucinogens

Cocaine

Psychotherapeutics

Marijuana

Any Illicit Drug

Past year substance abuse or dependence (in Millions)


(Nonmedical use)

9/2002

Dependence or abuse is based on the definition found in the 4th Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)

Abuse35%

Dependence65%

Of those diagnosed with drug dependence or abuse, two out of three

are drug dependent.


9/2002

Among current users, about one in three are considered to be in need of treatment; less than

one-fifth received treatment in the past year.

15.9

6.1

1.10

4

8

12

16

Current DrugUser

NeedTreatment

ReceivedTreatment

Number in Millions (12 or Older)

. Source: SAMHSA, 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse.10/2002

Most of those in need of drug treatment did not seek specialty

treatment.

Did not feel need for treatment

76%

Received treatment17%

Sought but did not get treatment

2%

Felt need but did not seek treatment

5%

Total in need of treatment = 6.1 million

. Source: SAMHSA, 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse.10/2002

One year after treatment

Illicit drug use decreased 50 percent

Illegal activity decreased 60 percent

Drug selling fell by nearly 80 percent

Arrests by down more than 60 percent

Trading sex for money or drugs down by nearly 60 percent

Homelessness dropped by 43 percent and receipt of welfare by 11 percent

Employment increased 20 percent

Source: Drug Abuse Treatment Outcome Study (DATOS) National Treatment Improvement Evaluation Study (NTIES)

THE EFFECTS OF DRUG TREATMENT LAST

FIVE YEARS AFTER TREATMENT

Users of any illicit drugs reduced by 21 percent Cocaine users by 45 percent Marijuana users by 28 percent Crack users by 17 percent Heroin users by 14 percent

Numbers engaging in illegal activity significantly reduced 56 percent fewer stealing cars 38 percent fewer breaking and entering 30 percent fewer selling drugs

23 percent fewer victimizing others 38 percent fewer injecting drugs

34 percent fewer homeless

THE EFFECTS OF DRUG TREATMENT LAST

(continued)

Source: Services Research Outcome Study (SROS)

In summary

Drug dependent people who participate in drug treatment

decrease their drug usedecrease their criminal activityincrease their employmentimprove their social and intrapersonal functioningimprove their physical health

Drug use and criminal activity decrease for virtually all who enter treatment, with increasingly better results the longer they stay in treatment.

Supply Reduction

Interdiction must be included as a key element in a comprehensive approach

Interdiction alone cannot greatly impact the drug flow. It must be supported by other programs and approaches, if it is to have the desired impact.

Without production control at the source, with every interdiction the producers can simply increase production. We must focus attention on destroying the source of drugs in the prime source countries.

Targeted interdiction based on solid intelligence data will have the greatest longterm impact.

The Source Country Focus Provides for better intelligence, so interdiction assets can be

strategically placed and efficiently used

Focuses attention close to where drugs are produced, increasing the leverage from each action

Limits production to maximize the impact from interdiction and eradication

Interdiction is most effective when it occurs closest to the source because alternative supplies of coca leaf and base are limited

Thus, stopping the flow before the drugs can be moved into the broader expanse of the transit zone is the most effective strategy

Breaking Up the Delivery System

Our strategy also focuses on breaking up the delivery system, at all levels

The air bridge between Peru and Colombia has historically been seen as the weakest link, and, over the years, there has been some success there

Peru and Colombia end game participation is key to success

Successfully attacking the air bridge and other key supply routes can cause backups all the way back to the sources of coca leaf, depress the price, and impact profits

The Worldwide Cocaine ThreatA Hemispheric Perspective

U.S. Portion of Worldwide Consumption

Declining 1990 = 350 MT 2000 = 250

MT

Worldwide Consumption Increasing

1990 = 200 MT 2000 = 400 MT

All coca is grown in theAndean Region

8/2002

Interdiction Rate by Number of Events (Air and Maritime)

0

50

100

150

200

250

97A 97B 98A 98B 99A 99B 00A

Nu

mb

er o

f C

on

firm

ed a

nd

S

ub

stan

tiat

ed E

ven

ts

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Inte

rdic

tio

n R

ate

Source: Performance Assessment Review, US Interdiction Coordinator, June 2000

Seizure Rates Air and Maritime

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

97A 97B 98A 98B 99A 99B 00A

Am

ou

nt

of

Pri

mar

y F

low

in

Met

ric

To

ns

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Sei

zure

Rat

e: A

mo

un

t S

eize

d

Div

ided

by

Pri

mar

y F

low


Disruption Rate by Number of Events (Air and Maritime)

0

50

100

150

200

250

97A 97B 98A 98B 99A 99B 00A

Nu

mb

er o

f C

on

firm

ed a

nd

S

ub

stan

tiat

ed E

ven

ts

0%5%

10%15%

20%25%30%

35%40%

45%50%

Dis

rup

tio

n R

ate


Removal Rates Air and Maritime

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

97A 97B 98A 98B 99A 99B 00A

Am

ou

nt

of

Pri

mar

y F

low

in

Met

ric

To

ns

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Rem

ova

l R

ate:

Am

ou

nt

Rem

ove

d

Div

ided

by

Pri

mar

y F

low


365 MT Left South America- 45 MT to POEs or did not enter AOI

5 MT7 aircraft

181 MT + 1MT64 vessels

320 MT of “Actionable” PrimaryMovement, 22 MT of

Subsequent Movement

21 MT + 4 MT19 vessels

3 MT6 aircraft

50 MT56 vessels

14 MT29 aircraft

7 MT24 vessels .1 MT

1 aircraft

44 MT + 9 MT70 vessels

186 MT + 1 MT

24 MT + 4 MT64 MT

2 MT4 aircraft

46 MT + 9 MT

7 MT

Distribution of CocaineMovement and Targets

JAN - JUN 00

1 MT2 aircraft

1 MT

UNCLASSIFIED

UNCLASSIFIED


Andean Region Coca & Poppy Cultivation1995-2000 Success and Displacement

BOLIVIA• Coca cultivation decreased 70% to 15K hectares• Alternative development and forced eradication• Sound economic policies but slow growth

PERU• Coca cultivation decreased 70% to 34K hectares• Air-bridge denial and abandonment• Alternative development and forced eradication• Democratic transition, economy slow

COLOMBIA• Coca cultivation increased 166% to 136K hectares• Cocaine yield per hectare increased 250%• Opium poppy cultivation reached 2500 hectares• Displaced cultivation from Peru and Bolivia• Violence increasing as peace process falters and economy lags

Nature of the Problemand the Interdiction

Response

0

50

100

150

200

250

CO

CA

INE

SE

IZE

D (

MT

)

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Source Zone Transit Zone Arrival Zone

1990 2000CHANGES IN THREAT

• World consumption dominated by US•Transit movement via aircraft•Cultivation primarily from Peru and Bolivia

• Increasing European consumption•Transit movement via maritime vessels•Cultivation primarily from Colombia

TRANSIT ZONE

SOURCEZONE

ARRIVAL ZONE

50%

3% direct

16%

21% 10%

SOURCE: Annual Interagency Assessment of Cocaine Movement, April 2001ONDCP/DEC 01

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

PeruColombiaBolivia

METRIC TONS HCl930 950 875 825 782 847

ANDEAN POTENTIAL COCAINE PRODUCTION 1995 - 2001

8/2002

930 TOTALS

Source: U.S. Department of State. Interagency Narcotics Control Strategy Report, (1998-2001)

72 %

Mexico/CentralAmerican Corridor

2001 Estimate of Cocaine Flowfrom South America

26 %Caribbean Corridor

2 %Direct to

U.S.

Source: Interagency Assessment of Cocaine Movement, ONDCP, 22nd edition, March 20028/2002

EUROPE 97%

AFRICA < 1%

CANADA <1%

ASIA < 1%

2000 COCAINE FLOW DIRECT TO NON-U.S. MARKETS -- 104 MT TOTAL

UNKNOWN 2%

Source: Interagency Assessment of Cocaine Movement, ONDCP, 21st edition, February 20018/2002

Colombia - Crisis in 1999

DRUGS• Colombia producing 74% of world coca leaf -- and 90% of all cocaine HCl shipped to U.S.• Cultivation exploding and concentrating in isolated, guerrilla-dominated areas east of Andes

GUERRILLAS• Especially FARC, moving heavily into Colombia’s expanding drug production• Becoming stronger and more capable of attacking government

PARAMILITARIES• Maintaining some links with COMIL, at least at local level• Challenging FARC in the south, and vying for access to drug revenue

ECONOMY• Going into deep recession, first in 50 years• Foreign investment drying up• Domestic capital fleeing• World bank seeking austerity budget

PEACE PROCESS• Began in 1998• DMZ established• Process moving slowly• FARC unwilling to make concessions

Widespread Effects of Narcotrafficking

• Adversely impacts democracy and social development

• Destabilizes governments

• Undermines rule of law

• Exacerbates corruption

• Distorts legitimate economies • Inhibits investment and economic growth

0

1,000

2,0003,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

ME

TR

IC T

ON

S O

PIU

M G

UM

Mexico

Colombia

Vietnam

Thailand

Laos

Burma

Pakistan

Afghanistan

World Potential Opium Production1991-2001

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

ME

TR

IC T

ON

S O

PIU

M G

UM

Rest of World

Afghanistan

Afghanistan vs. the World Opium Production 1992-2001

FEDERAL-WIDE DRUG SEIZURE SYSTEM

ANNUAL SEIZURES, BY FISCAL YEAR

Source: DEA's Federal Drug Seizure System

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Cocaine(MetricTons)

107 111.7 137.9 110.8 140.6 106.2 115.4 114.5 120.7 132.6 106.5

Cannabis(MetricTons)

227 304.3 357.2 362.5 472.9 607.6 663.1 699.2 806.5 1,052.7 1,187.8

Heroin(Kilos)

773 1,391.3 1,157.4 1,594.8 1,312.8 1,347.5 1,530 1,415.7 1,587.2 1,239.4 1,414.5

Marijuana seizures along Southwest Border rising dramatically

Note: 1. Prior to Oct. 1995, EPIC used a 100 kg. seizure threshold. 2. Investigation seizures are within 150 mi of US/Mx border 3. Effective Oct. 2001, 25 kg minimum threshold*Calendar year estimates based on data thru June 2002

Data source: El Paso Intelligence Center (EPIC)Presented by: ONDCP, OPB, Aug 2002

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002*

CALENDAR YEAR

SE

IZU

RE

S (

KIL

OG

RA

MS

)

Investigations

Checkpoints/Traffic Stops

Between POEs

At POEs

9/2002

Documents

Office of National Drug Control Policy Executive Office of the President October 2002 CHART BOOK Illicit Drugs and Drug Control