Off-road utility trailer

OFF-ROAD UTILITY TRAILER

A thesis submitted to the

Faculty of the Mechanical Engineering Technology Program

of the University of Cincinnati

in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Science

in Mechanical Engineering Technology

at the College of Engineering & Applied Science

by

KEVIN WALLACE

Bachelor of Science University of Cincinnati

May 2011

Faculty Advisor: Amir Salehpour

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to Millennium Metals Inc., Elites-Wholesale. A special thanks to my fiancée,

Elyse for helping me with errands to the store for materials, help painting, and over all

motivation to complete the project. A special thanks to my grandparents for allowing me

garage space to store materials and parts as well as manufacture the project.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

OFF-ROAD UTILITY TRAILER ............................................................................................ 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................... II

TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................... II

LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................................................... III

LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................. IV

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ IV

PROBLEM STATEMENT AND BACKGROUND ................................................................ 1

COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE OPTIONS ........................................................................ 1

ADVENTURE TRAILERS OPTION ........................................................................................................................... 1 OFFROAD TRAILERZ OPTION ................................................................................................................................ 2 TENTRAX TRAILERS OPTION ................................................................................................................................ 3 SIERRA 4X4 TRAILERS OPTION ............................................................................................................................ 3 TRACTOR SUPPLY OPTION ................................................................................................................................... 4 SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................................... 4

CUSTOMER FEEDBACK, FEATURES AND OBJECTIVES .............................................. 5

SURVEY ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................................................. 5 QUALITY ............................................................................................................................................................. 8 PRODUCT FEATURES AND OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................ 8

PRODUCT DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT ........................................................................ 9

FINAL DESIGN .................................................................................................................................................. 12 ASSEMBLY AND DETAIL DRAWINGS................................................................................................................. 14 BILL OF MATERIALS ......................................................................................................................................... 15

CALCULATIONS .................................................................................................................. 15

COSMOS FEA CALCULATIONS – TRAILER FRAME ............................................................................................. 15

FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY ...................................................................................... 19

TRAILER FRAME .......................................................................................................................................... 19

TESTING AND PROOF OF DESIGN .................................................................................. 25

TESTING METHODS AND RESULTS ..................................................................................................................... 25 PROOF OF DESIGN.............................................................................................................................................. 25

PROJECT MANAGEMENT .................................................................................................. 27

SCHEDULE ........................................................................................................................................................ 27

iii

BUDGET ............................................................................................................................................................ 28

BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................... 29

APPENDIX A – RESEARCH .................................................................................................. 1

APPENDIX B – SURVEY AND RESULTS ........................................................................... 1

APPENDIX C – QUALITY FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT .................................................... 1

APPENDIX D - PRODUCT OBJECTIVES ............................................................................ 1

APPENDIX E - SCHEDULE ................................................................................................... 1

APPENDIX F - BUDGET ........................................................................................................ 1

APPENDIX G – ASSEMBLY AND DETAIL DRAWINGS .................................................. 1

APPENDIX H – PURCHASED COMPONENTS ................................................................... 1

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 – Example of an Off-road specific trailer - Adventure Trailers – Chaser……….. 2

Figure 2 – Example of a Off-road specific trailer – Offroad Trailerz ……….……………. 2

Figure 3 – Example of a Off-road specific trailer – Tentrax…………...………………….. 3

Figure 4 – Example of a Off-road specific trailer – Sierra 4x4 Trailers……...……………. 3

Figure 5 – Example of a Off-road specific trailer – Tractor Supply….………………..… 4

Figure 6 - Concept Design One..….................................................................................... 10

Figure 7 – Concept Design Two…..……………………………………………………… 10

Figure 8 – Concept Design Three …………………………...…………………………… 11

Figure 9 – Isometric view – Final Assembly………………………………………….….. 13

Figure 10 – Side View – Final Assembly……………………………………………..….. 13

Figure 11 –Rear View – Final Assembly……………………………………………..….. 14

Figure 12 – Bill Of Material………...………………………………………………..….. 15

Figure 13 – Static Uniform Loading Condition – Stress……………………………..….. 16

Figure 14 – Static Uniform Loading Condition – Factor of Safety…………………..….. 16

Figure 15 – Bending Loading Condition – Stress …………………………………..….... 17

Figure 16 – Bending Loading Condition – Factor of Safety………………………..….… 17

Figure 17 – Bending + Uniform Loading Condition – Stress……………………………. 18

Figure 18 – Bending + Uniform Loading Condition – Displacement…. …………….….. 18

Figure 19 – Fabrication of Frame………………………………………. …………….….. 19

Figure 20 – Frame, Tongue and Axle Fabricated……………………….. …………….….. 20

Figure 21 – Base trailer Fabrication Complete…………………………. …………….….. 20

Figure 22 – 90% Complete Fabrication – 1………………………….…. …………….….. 21

Figure 23 – 90% Complete Fabrication – 2………………………….…. …………….….. 21

Figure 24 – Completed trailer – Left Side Quarter View………………. …………….….. 22

iv

Figure 25 – Completed trailer – Front View………………………..…. …………….….. 22

Figure 26 – Completed trailer – Right Side View …. ………………………………..….. 23

Figure 27 – Completed trailer – Right Side Quarter View …. ……………………….….. 23

Figure 28 – Completed trailer – Rear View …. ……………………………..……….….. 24

Figure 29 – Abbreviated Schedule……...…………………………………………….….. 27

Figure 30 – Budget…………...……...……………………………………………….….. 28

LIST OF TABLES Table 1 – Customer Features Survey- Importance Ratings……...…………………..…… 5

Table 2 – Customer Features Survey- Current Satisfaction…………………………….… 6

Table 3 – Planned Satisfaction…………………………………………………………… 7

Table 4 – Acceptable Cost Range……….……..………………………………………… 7

Table 5 – Improvement Satisfaction Ratio / Designer Multiplier ..…………………………… 8

Table 6 – Modified Importance……………………………. ..…………………………… 8

Table 7 – Design Point Scoring……………………………. ..…………………………… 8

Table 8 – Weighted Design Matrix…...……………………. ..…………………………… 8

ABSTRACT

This project focuses on a utility trailer with off-road capability. The limited options of

aftermarket utility trailers and virtually unlimited availability of purpose built off-road

trailers gives a good opportunity for a good all around off-road utility trailer, or hybrid of the

two kinds of trailers. The commercially available options were researched to help determine

the design direction. Customer desires and satisfaction were surveyed to help in the design

criteria. The survey results were then input into a engineering tool to help determine the

greatest opportunity for improvement as well as to create the ideal solution for potential

customers for an off-road utility trailer. The list of features was given a ranking based on the

feedback from the survey and then the list was used to create criteria for the design of the

trailer. During the design process three different designs were developed, each with different

options. Each of the designs was entered into a decision matrix which helped select the best

design based on the design criteria and a weighted average. Calculations were formed using

finite element analysis, in particular, Cosmos. This program was used to select a material as

well as optimize the structure of the trailer, allowing a desired factory of safety be engineered

into the design. A CAD program (SolidWorks) was used to create a working model and

engineering drawings for the end product. The engineering drawings are used for fabrication

and assembly of the product. Some parts that were utilized in the design and assembly of the

final product were purchased from outside vendors. Using outside vendors allows for

purchase of pre existing products to cut down on cost, design and manufacturing time.

1

PROBLEM STATEMENT AND BACKGROUND

Typical utility trailers are not designed for off-road use. Usually a utility trailer is

designed solely for on-road use to transport materials/cargo. The ruggedness required for off-

road use requires a specially designed trailer that integrates ground clearance, rigidity, and

toughness due to the abuse that may result from off-road use. There are commercially

available options, but they are typically geared toward camping or expedition use. In

addition, they are very expensive and lack capacity.

Utility trailers, in general, are used for a broad variety of reasons: to haul firewood, all-

terrain vehicles, motorcycles, to move mulch and other various cargos. There is a wide

variety of uses for a utility trailer. At first glance, a normal utility trailer off-road looks like it

may be able to go off-road, but this risks the integrity of the trailer. The effects would not be

noticeable right away, but over time you could break welds and possibly destroy the trailers

suspension or axle. Immediate signs of damage could possibly break the frame or bend the

vital components.

The purpose of this project is to design an off-road utility trailer that is capable and

worthy of performing off-road without risking breakage, as well as, performing on-road in

accordance with the Department of Transportation guidelines, and, at the same time, keeping

the trailer cost reasonable.

COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE OPTIONS

There are several off-road style trailers available on the market today. Many trailers are

designed specifically toward a specific task and are not a “true utility” trailer. Typically

these off-road trailers are designed specifically for expedition/camping type use. These

trailers are very small and are only designed to carry certain equipment such as a sleeping

tent, or spare drinking water, tools and fuel, and just the bare essentials needed for extended

camping. The following are examples of current commercially available options for utility

trailers, and off-road utility trailers.

ADVENTURE TRAILERS OPTION

Adventure Trailers (1) is a manufacturer of off-road trailers (see Appendix A). Their

trailers are designed for the overland expedition type adventures (see figure 1, pg. 2), which

is fundamentally a camping specific trailer set- up meant for the long self-sustaining camping

trips (see figure 1, pg. 2).

2

The trailers are designed to look similar to the classic military trailers. The problem

with this trailer is that it is very specialized in the use it was designed for and is not very

“utility” driven, as far as being used for a broad spectrum of uses. The second problem with

this trailer is the cost, ranging from $5,900 to $14,000. However, there are some good

aspects to this trailers design. It has great ground clearance and is able to run up to a 35” tall

tire, it has a classic design, compact size (although not big enough for a ATV), and also

offers good storage availability (gas can, toolbox storage).

OFFROAD TRAILERZ OPTION

Offroad Trailerz (figure 2) is a manufacturing facility that creates custom trailers

according to the buyer’s request. This type of business inherently adds cost to the price tag.

The base trailer cost $3,600 dollars. This base trailer has many of the features that are

desired in an off-road utility trailer except size. It is not quite big enough to accommodate an

ATV. The biggest problem with this manufacturer is their price.

Figure 2 - Offroad Trailerz

This picture shows that this trailer is the closest option to a true off-road utility trailer

that is not specifically designed for one task, such as camping. The best quality of this

manufacture’s trailer is utility. This particular trailer pictured has a fold down rear-gate,

storage for extra gas, tools/supplies, and also enough cargo capacity to carry larger objects,

such as an ATV. The negative aspects of this particular trailer are a very high entry cost, no

pass through mesh floor, and it is too short for most ATV’s.

Dedicated Camping set up

Low Cargo Capacity

On-board fuel Storage

Figure 1 - Adventure Trailers - Chaser

3

TENTRAX TRAILERS OPTION

Tentrax(figure 3) took a different approach to the design of their trailers. They make

their trailers out of fiberglass to save weight and give the trailer a cleaner look. Tentrax, like

many of the off-road trailer manufacturers, design their trailers specifically for overland

expedition and camping trips.

Figure 3 - Tentrax

This picture demonstrates that Tentrax has a very clean looking trailer. Their trailers are

light-weight and they mimic the jeep rear-end giving it that factory matching look. Tentrax

trailers have great ground clearance allowing up to 35” tall tires. They have a “roof-rack”

mounted on the fiberglass top which allows for extra storage. It also has a large weight

capacity rating. The negatives of this trailer are: it’s expense (the cost is in excess of ten-

thousand dollars for their entry level trailer), it is purpose built for camping and overland

expedition, small cargo-size capacity.

SIERRA 4X4 TRAILERS OPTION

As one can tell from the name, Sierra 4x4 Trailers (figure 4) specialize in off-road

trailers. They build everything from utility to camping/expedition trailers. Their trailers are

a bit cheaper than the other manufactures, starting at around three-thousand dollars for the

basic trailer and going upwards of ten-thousand an optioned out trailer.

Figure 4 - Sierra 4x4 Trailers

Sierra’s trailers have a very simple design, and they have a very clean finish. They are

styled after older military ¼ ton trailers. They have great ground clearance and are made to

be very durable while performing on and off- road. The downsides are their utility based

trailer lacks the capacity to hold larger objects such as ATV’s. There is no folding rear-gate.

4

TRACTOR SUPPLY OPTION

Tractor supply (figure 5) sells the typical utility trailer that is used today. This trailer is

specifically designed for on-road use. It has a low ground clearance and small wheels/tires.

It also has an easy to use lowering rear gate for easy loading which is typical of road use only

trailers.

Figure 5 - Tractor Supply - Carry-On Trailer® Mesh Floor Trailer

This picture shows that the trailer obviously would not survive off-road very long.

However, there are some positives about this type of design. It has an easy to clean mesh

floor that allows debris from to fall through when doing tasks such as, hauling wood or

mulch. The trailer is also designed using angle iron to make up the majority of the frame.

When coupled with the mesh floor, this design layout helps keep the weight of the trailer

down, which is a big benefit for smaller vehicles lacking the power for towing. Another

good design element is the fold down rear-gate for easy loading. This trailer option is also

the cheapest at$ 699.00 dollars.

SUMMARY

The preceding research shows that there are many commercially available options out

there; however these options are not a financially viable option for most people if off-road

capability is desired. Also, these options are specific to a task and not designed for the utility

aspect. The trailers that are designed for the utility aspect are either designed for on-road

use, or are very expensive, starting at $3,000 dollars for the off-road variety and $699.00 for

the on-road variety.

5

CUSTOMER FEEDBACK, FEATURES AND OBJECTIVES

SURVEY ANALYSIS

A survey was constructed on a weighted scale to determine the customer requirements in

order of importance. Nine surveys were distributed to current utility trailer owners, only five

were returned completed. The surveys were set up using a rated scale of one to five, one

being un-important and five being very important. Table 1 shows the customer importance

based on the feedback from the completed surveys.

Customer Importance

Question Surveyed Avg.

Safety 4.8

reliability 4.2

Capacity 4.2

Utility 4.2

Affordability 4.0

Ease of Loading 4.0

maneuverability 4.0

Stability 4.0

Ease of Cleaning 2.4

Appearance 1.8

Table 1- Customer Importance Averages

The second portion of the survey was for the customer to determine their satisfaction

with their current utility trailer if they had one. All potential customers that returned a

completed survey currently owned a utility trailer and were able to give satisfaction rankings

for their current trailers. Table 2 shows the ranking of the customer’s current satisfaction in

descending order.

Customer Satisfaction

Question Surveyed Avg.

Capacity 1.8

Utility 2.8

Appearance 2.8

Affordability 3.0

maneuverability 3.2

Stability 3.2

Safety 3.2

Ease of Loading 3.6

reliability 4.2


Table 2 - Customer Satisfaction Averages

6

The customer satisfaction survey averages were calculated and used to determine a

“planned satisfaction” for each customer feature. The planned satisfaction as shown in Table

3 is what satisfaction average the designer plans to give the customer in the finished product.

Planned Satisfaction

Question Surveyed Planned

Satisfaction

Capacity 2.25

Utility 3.00

Appearance 3.00

Affordability 3.50

maneuverability 3.50

Stability 3.50

Safety 3.50

Ease of Loading 3.75

reliability 4.20


Table 3 - Planned Satisfaction Average

The survey also questioned the acceptable cost for an off-road trailer. This appropriate

cost would include all possible customer features while retaining a reasonable cost. Table 4

shows the acceptable cost range as determined in the customer survey. The bulk of the

customers desire a safe, reliable utility trailer that falls into the $1000-1500 dollar range.

Acceptable Cost Range

Cost Range $500-1000 $1000-1500 $1500-2000 $2000-3000

% 20 60 20 0

Table 4 - Acceptable Cost Range

7

Table 5 shows the improvement satisfaction ratio which is used in conjunction with the

designer multiplier to determine the weight percentages of each customer feature in terms of

design importance for overall satisfaction of the end product. The improvement ratio shows

the relationship between the current satisfaction and the planned satisfaction.

Improvement Satisfaction Ratio / Designer Multiplier

Question Surveyed Improvement ratio Designer Multiplier

Capacity 1.25 1.00

Utility 1.07 1.00

Appearance 1.07 1.00

Affordability 1.17 1.10

maneuverability 1.09 1.00

Stability 1.09 1.00

Safety 1.09 1.10

Ease of Loading 1.04 1.10

reliability 1.00 1.10

Ease of Cleaning 1.00 1.00

Table 5 – Satisfaction Improvement Ratio

After determining the satisfaction improvement ratio; the modified customer importance

values were calculated. These values take into account the designer multiplier, and

Improvement Ratio and determine the actual importance values to be used during the design

process. The modified importance is shown in table 6.

Modified Importance

Question Surveyed Importance

safety 5.78

Capacity 5.25

Affordability 5.13

Maneuverability 4.81

Utility 4.50

Stability 4.38

Reliability 4.20

Ease of Loading 4.17


Appearance 0.96

Table 6 – Modified Imortance

8

QUALITY

The Quality Function Deployment Chart (Appendix C) helps to calculate the Relative

Importance Percentage. The relative percentage takes into account the customer importance,

current satisfaction, designer multiplier, and planned satisfaction. The three most important

features desired by potential customers expressed through interviews and surveys were

safety, affordability and capacity. The quality function deployment chart helps show where

the greatest opportunity to improve over current commercially available options.

PRODUCT FEATURES AND OBJECTIVES

The product features and objectives were derived directly from the customer survey.

The product features and objectives list will be used as a measurable criterion to determine

whether the projects goals and expectations were met from a managerial and customer stand

point. The following is the product features and objectives list is in descending order; this

list is the modified importance by percentage as described in the previous section. Within

each section, there is a list of objectives that will ensure completion of the customer feature

to the fullest extent so to satisfy the customer. To see the Complete Product Features and

Objectives sheet, please see Appendix D.

Safety: (14%)

1.) Tow chain safety system (adequate size)

2.) Spare tire/wheel kept on board trailer (spare tire perch)

3.) All DOT required lights and turn signal indicators will be incorporated

4.) All DOT required reflectors will be incorporated

5.) All DOT safety requirements for trailers will be followed

6.) Vibration resistant fasteners when used (nylon nuts, lock washers, loc-tite)

7.) Axle will be square to frame for safe towing

8.) Gusseted and welded joints

9.) Correct load range tires

10.) Remove Sharp edges

Capacity: (13%)

1.) The trailer will be able to hold a four-wheeler as well as camping gear, tools, extra

fuel cans. The trailer payload will be roughly 3k pounds depending on axle choice (factory

of Safety).

Affordability: (12%)

1.) Will cost at least 10% less than current market off-road utility trailers.

Maneuverability: (12%)

1.) Short wheelbase ( 50” – 75” ) (from tongue to axle)

2.) Light weight ( 400-650 lbs)

Utility: (11%)

1.) Ability to be used for many different tasks (carrying different materials such as

9

camping gear, mulch, ATV, etc.)

2.) Integrated tie down points (hinged D-rings, hooks)

Stability: (11%)

1.) Axle will be square (90 degrees) to frame for safe towing

2.) Design so that a 200lb load test does not show more than .50” of frame twist with

static load.

3.) Total payload will be 1500 lbs.

Reliability: (10%)

1.) A appropriate factor of safety will be used to spec the leaf springs and axle

2.) Steel tube construction with mig welded joints (square tube)

3.) Powder-coated finish or Painted finish with clear coat

Ease of Loading: (10%)

1.) Tail gate has integrated ramps for loading quad, tailgate also folds down

2.) Sides will fold down

Ease of Cleaning: (6%)

1.) Steel mesh floor so quad could be cleaned in trailer and mud/debris will fall to the

ground and not get caught on trailer

2.) Powder coat/painted finish allows for easily spraying off dirty surfaces

3.) Sheet metal front, sides, and tailgate for easy wipe down cleaning

4.) Fill all un-welded seems with silicone that could catch dirt

Appearance: (5%)

1.) Will be color matched to vehicle for extra charge, would be powder coated or

painted black standard.

2.) A standard wheel and tire size will be offered which will be included in sale price,

but other wheel and tire combos are able to be purchased for an extra cost

3.) Sheet metal front, sides, and tailgate

PRODUCT DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

During the initial concept design of the trailer three different concept ideas were generated.

The three concepts are; 1. Rigid tongue and single axle, 2. Foldable tongue and single axle, 3.

Foldable tongue and independent suspension. These three different designs were then put

into a decision matrix to help select the best design concept to take through the entire design

and development process. Figures 8, 9, and 10 show the different concept that were initially

developed. Initially the concept design was more narrowed to a single axle and non-

removable, non-foldable tongue. After some discussion some possible options came to light,

one being an independent suspension which would be supported by an air bag system, the

second option was to integrate a removable and foldable tongue, which would allow for

better storage.

10

Concept Design one (above: Figure 8) shows the basic trailer design which consists of

the frame, a fixed tongue and a single straight axle supported by leaf springs. The design is

simplest, cheapest, and most reliable of the three concepts due to the lower amount of parts,

and less moveable parts.

Figure 6 - Concept Design One

Figure 7 - Concept Design Two

11

Concept Design two (above: Figure 9) showed the same suspension set up as design one

but with a removable and foldable tongue. This option will be helpful when storing the

trailer long term in smaller spaces where space is valuable such as in a garage or pole barn,

workshop, etc. Obviously if you are planning on storing outside this option is not necessary.

Concept design three (below: Figure 10) is the most expensive and complex of the three

concepts. The concept shows a independent suspension as well as a removable and foldable

tongue. The suspension would be very expensive because of the use of the airbags and

shocks. The cost of the air bags would be around 700 dollars as well as another 265 dollars

for shocks. Since reliability, safety, and affordability were among the top customer

requirements, this option did not economically make sense since it nearly doubled the price

of the trailer.

Once the concept designs were developed a weight decision matrix method was utilized to

pick the best concept that most completely fits into the customer requirement guidelines.

The matrix was set up with a five point scoring scale as shown in Table 7, ranging from zero

being poor and five being excellent.

Figure 8 - Concept Design Three

12

Design Point Scoring

Pont Scale Description

1 Poor

2 Weak

3 Satisfactory

4 Good

5 Excellent

Table 7 - Design Point Scoring

The weighted decision matrix (Table 8) was developed using the design criteria to factor

in how those criteria will be affected on each design concept. Once the table was configured

the scores and rating were calculated. The design with the highest score is the design that

works best with the customer requirements.

Table 8 - Weighted Trailer Design Matrix

Scoring factors that played a major role in the outcome of the design matrix were

affordability, reliability, and utility. Once a design was selected, the final design was

completed.

FINAL DESIGN

Several sub-assemblies make up the final design. These sub-assemblies are; Frame,

Rear Bumper Tire Carrier, and Tongue. The pre-construction of the sub-assemblies make

construction of the final assembly easier and faster.

Score Rating Score Rating Score Rating

safety 0.14 5 0.7 5 0.7 4 0.56

Capacity 0.13 5 0.65 5 0.65 4 0.52

Affordability 0.12 4 0.48 3 0.36 1 0.12

Maneuverability 0.12 3 0.36 4 0.48 4 0.48

Utility 0.11 4 0.44 5 0.55 5 0.55

Stability 0.11 4 0.44 4 0.44 4 0.44

Reliability 0.1 3 0.3 3 0.3 2 0.2

Ease of Loading 0.1 3 0.3 3 0.3 3 0.3

Ease of Cleaning 0.06 3 0.18 3 0.18 3 0.18

Appearance 0.05 2 0.1 2 0.1 2 0.1

3.95 4.06 3.45

Design CriteriaWeight

Factor

Straight Axle, Non-

folding, Non-

Removable Tongue

Straight Axle,

Folding/Removable

Tongue

Independent Susp.,

Non-Folding, Non-

Removable Tongue

13

Figure 11 Shows the final assembly completed in a isometric view with the removable and

foldable tongue as well as a straight single axle. The camping support bars are not shown in

the view.

Figure 9 - Isometric View of Final Assembly

Figure 10 - Left Side View of Final Assembly

14

Figure 12 shows the final assembly side view with rear bumper tire carrier swing out and

extended tongue for increased articulation so there is not interference with tow vehicle while

off-road.

.

ASSEMBLY AND DETAIL DRAWINGS

Located in Appendix G is the assembly and detail drawings used for fabrication of the

trailer. The detail drawings of each part specify the dimensions for fabrication of the part,

the material, finish and whether or not the part is a purchase part of manufactured part. The

assembly and detail drawings work together to complete the assembly as shown in Figure 14.

In addition to the part and assembly detail drawings, there is an electrical schematic

(Appendix G) for the wiring on the trailer. The wiring harness is used to operate the lights in

accordance with the D.O.T. requirements.

Figure 11 - Rear View of Final Assembly

15

BILL OF MATERIALS

The Bill of Materials as shown in Figure 14 identifies all necessary parts and hardware

to assemble the trailer. The bill of material also provides the quantity of all parts required for

assembly. For the cost estimate see the Budget, Figure 16.

CALCULATIONS

COSMOS FEA CALCULATIONS – TRAILER FRAME

Calculating stresses that are entering into a system is important. Not only are the

calculations important to determine whether or not the design is adequate for the forces it

will see in operation, but they are also critical in optimizing the material selection for other

factor such as saving weight and not “over engineering”. The trailer was designed around the

capacity load of 3,000 pounds. This weight is under the axle rating, which is 3,500 pounds.

The max stress is maximized with a 3,000 lb static load applied to the center four bars

(Figure 15) of the frame; this loading condition yielded a max stress of 7,742.5 psi, which

gave a factory of safety of 4.13. The deflection is very minimal, at about .002 inches. Also

note that the frame is NOT round tube, the frame is made from square tube but during the

Figure 12 - Final Assembly Bill of Materials

16

meshing phase the program simplifies the geometry for loading calculations.

The second loading condition simulated in cosmos was the bending of the frame. This

Figure 13 – Static Loading – Center, Stress

Figure 14 - Static Loading - Center, Factory of Safety

17

was simulated by forcing the trailer down on opposite corners with 1500 lbs of force on each

corner. Although it is very unlikely that the trailer would truly ever see this loading

condition is shows the rigidity of the frame. Figure 17 shows the stress caused by this

loading condition. The bending condition yields a maximum stress of 7,602 psi, which

yields a factory of safety of 4.2. The deflection at this loading condition is negligible.

Figure 16 - Bending Loading Ondition - Factor of saftey

Figure 15 - Bending Loading Condition - Stress

18

Figure 19 shows the loading condition of bending coupled with the uniform static

loading condition. The total forces for this loading condition are over the max loading

condition of 3,000 lbs. Ever being over loaded this condition cause a 11,123.5 psi which

yields a factory of safety of 2.88, even under these extreme loading conditions.

Even in these extreme loading conditions the deflection is minimal, the Figure 20 the

displacement is exaggerated by 10.

Figure 17 – Bending and Uniform Static Loading - Stress

Figure 18 - Bending and Uniform Static Overloading Condition - Displacement

19

FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY

TRAILER FRAME

The trailer was manufactured as shown in drawing ORUT_048. All Materials for the

trailer frame, tongue, and floor were purchased from Millennium Metals Inc. located in

Middletown, Ohio. The entire trailer was fabricated as the engineering drawings called for.

The fabrication was very straight forward. Millennium Metal Inc. cut all frame materials to

length; the rest of the fabrication of the individual pieces was done in house. The entire build

process took roughly 30 hours of straight fabrication, including electrical and paint.

Figure 19 - Fabrication of Frame

20

After completion of the basic frame, the axle was then installed; this included mounting

the leaf spring mounting brackets and moving the spring perches to the correct width for

placement of the leaf springs. Once the Axle was installed the tongue was then completed

and slid into place then bolted semi-permanently into place. The trailer was then test fitted to

the jeep.

Figure 20 - Frame, Tongue and Axle Fabricated

At this stage in the build the trailer was mainly tacked together and required full

welding. Once the welding of the frame, tongue and axle components was complete then

sheet metal was then welded into place, the sheet metal included the fenders, front and sides.

Figure 21 – Base Trailer Fabrication complete

21

At this point the basic trailer is completed. It was then decided to paint the basic trailer

and fabricate the wiring harness for the lighting, as well as install a tool box for storage

requirements as required by the customer. The toolbox was a last minute addition to the

trailer, it is mounted on a basic angle Iron frame.

Figure 22 - 90% Complete – 1

Figure 23 - 90% Complete - 2

At this stage roughly 90% of the trailer was complete. The only part left was to fabricate the

rear bumper with the integrated tire carrier and finish installing the lights, reflective tape

(O.D.O.T. required), as well as install the rear license plate holder, light and 3 rd brake light.

Figures 24 through 2x show the trailer in its completed state.

22

Figure 24 - Completed Trailer – Left Side Quarter View

Figure 25 - Completed Trailer – Front View

23

Figure 26 - Completed Trailer – Right Side View

Figure 27 - Completed Trailer – Right Side Quarter View

24

Figure 28 - Completed Trailer – Rear

25

TESTING AND PROOF OF DESIGN

TESTING METHODS AND RESULTS

The testing methods that were used we meant to replicate the trailers daily usage. There

were two methods of testing, they were; 1. On-Road and 2. Off-Road. The On-Road testing

was meant to simulate the average condition of the roads that the trailer may face. The trailer

was loaded with a 700 pound capacity load which consisted of a 4-wheeler, fuel, a tent,

various gear for camping, cooler with food and drinks and a change of clothes. With this

cargo the trailer then experienced a total of 649 Road miles round trip. Most of the miles,

(85%) were highway use; the other 15% were normal city driving condition. The trailer

performed flawlessly over the trip which did include a night driving portion in which the

lighting was tested, which again yielded a great success.

The other portion of the On-Road testing was a unloaded driving test with no cargo in

the bed of the trailer. The unloaded test ran 53 miles, there were two problems that arose

from this test; problem 1: When the trailer is not loaded with cargo the weight of the spare

tire carrier coupled with the weight give the trailer a very low tongue weight resulting in a

more rough ride. The second problem was that spare tire carrier held the spare tire very high

and hindered the view of vehicles behind the trailer in tow. Both problems will be solved by

moving the spare tire perch to the side of the trailer in front of the fender. This quick fix in

the design will shift nearly 75lbs of spare rim and tire weight from the back of the trailer, to

the front of the trailer in front of the axle. This will give the trailer a more favorable tongue

weight for unloaded trailer characteristics as well as solve the rear view issue.

The second part of the testing was the Off-Road portion. The off-road testing was done

at the “Badlands Off-road Park” which is located in Attica, Indiana. The testing was pretty

straight forward. The trailer, with its 700 lbs load was towed around the part and went

through carious obstacles including water (creek and lake), mud, rocks, trail riding and sand

dunes. The trailer did very well off road. The spare tire being mounted up as high as it was

gave an unexpected advantage, from its high the rear of the trailer could be located by simply

looking in the rear view mirror. Over all the Off-Road performance was on point and even

better than expected.

PROOF OF DESIGN

When compared to the Proof of Design Agreement as listed in the Product Features and

Objectives list in Appendix D the trailer meets the requirements as follows:

Safety: (14%)

1.) Tow chain safety system of adequate size was used

2.) Spare tire/wheel is installed kept on board trailer (spare tire perch)

3.) All DOT required lights and turn signal indicators were incorporated

4.) All DOT required reflectors are incorporated

26

5.) All DOT safety requirements for trailers was followed

6.) Vibration resistant fasteners were used (nylon nuts, lock washers, loc-tite)

7.) Axle is square to frame for safe towing

8.) All joints are welded and gussets were used where needed

9.) Correct load range tires were incorporated, rated up to 7500 lbs.

10.) Used soft Disk grinder to round and edges

Capacity: (13%)

1.) The trailer was designed for 3k lbs load, which is less than rated axle load capability


1.) Total Cost of the trailer was 1591.66 which is about 20.5% less than the cheapest off

road trailer available on the market today.


3.) Short wheelbase ( 50” – 75” ) (from tongue to axle) – measured in at 68”

4.) Light weight ( 400-650 lbs) – weighted in at 596 lbs

Utility: (11%)


camping gear, mulch, ATV, etc.) - check

4.) Integrated tie down points (hinged D-rings, hooks) - check

Stability: (11%)

4.) Axle will be square (90 degrees) to frame for safe towing - check


static load. - check

6.) Total payload will be 1500 lbs. – beat – Designed for 3k lbs.

Reliability: (10%)

4.) A appropriate factor of safety will be used to spec the leaf springs and axle – lowest is

2.9

5.) Steel tube construction with mig welded joints (square tube) - check

6.) Powder-coated finish or Painted finish with clear coat – Painted gloss black


3.) Tail gate has integrated ramps for loading quad, tailgate also folds down – does not

meet – holds ramps inside cargo area

4.) Sides will fold down – sides do not fold down



ground and not get caught on trailer - check

6.) Powder coat/painted finish allows for easily spraying off dirty surfaces - check

7.) Sheet metal front, sides, and tailgate for easy wipe down cleaning - check

8.) Fill all un-welded seems with silicone that could catch dirt - check

27

Appearance: (5%)


painted black standard. - check


but other wheel and tire combos are able to be purchased for an extra cost - check

6.) Sheet metal front, sides, and tailgate - check

PROJECT MANAGEMENT

SCHEDULE

The Schedule (see APPENDIX E for complete schedule) will be used to keep the design

and assembly process on track so the project can be completed on or ahead of the scheduled

date. This schedule also incorporates important dates and deadlines for report and oral

presentations along the design process. The schedule has anticipated/required completion

dates for the total project completion; this schedule also keeps track of actual completion

dates of the tasks.

Kevin Wallace

Off-Road Utility Trailer -

DATE (begins each Monday)

2/2

8-3

/6

3/7

-3/1

3

3/1

4-3

/20

3/2

1-3

/27

3/2

8-4

/3

4/4

-4/1

0

4/1

1-4

/17

4/1

8-4

/24

4/2

5-5

/1

5/2

-5/8

5/9

-5/1

5

5/1

6-5

/22

5/2

3-5

/29

5/3

0-6

/5

6/6

-6/1

2

Fabrication and Assembly

Testing and Modification

Demo To advisor

Demo to faculty

Final Report and Presentation

Figure 29 - Abberviated Schedule

28

BUDGET

The budget has two parts to it. The first part is the estimated cost of the entire project to

completion, including purchased parts. This initial estimated budget does not include labor

because the off-road utility trailer will be completely built by the designer. The estimated

cost of the project will then be compared to the actual cost after completion of the project

when all purchased parts and services are recorded. The complete budget can also be seen in

appendix E.

Item # Materials Forecasted Amount Actual Amount

1 Trailer Frame materials 350.00 408

2 Wheels and Tires 400.00 260

3 Trailer Suspension Components 325.00 162.84

4 Trailer Hitch components 60.00 74.95

5 Safety chain system 30.00 34.98

6 Paint 100.00 ~

7 trailer lighting system and wiring 60.00 67.14

8 Misc. Parts 150.00 50.85

Total 1475.00 1058.76

Figure 30 – Budget

CONCLUSION

This project helped to create a very functional, durable and marketable off road utility trailer

that can be used for many application including some very hardcore off road situation all the

way down to the most mild mannered road. This trailer can be towed behind and 4x4

vehicles and can go most places that vehicle can go. This broad range of usage increases the

marketability of the trailer. The development was based on consumer needs; this trailer met

or exceeded all equipments on the customer satisfaction list.

29

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Adventure trailer - Chaser. Adventure Trailers. [Online] [Cited: September 20, 2010.]

http://www.adventuretrailers.com/chaser.html.

2. offroadtrailerz. Off Road Trailers. [Online] [Cited: September 18, 2010.]

http://www.offroadtrailerz.com/index.html.

3. Tentrax. Trailers. [Online] [Cited: September 18, 2010.]

http://www.tentrax.com/trailers.html.

4. Sierra 4x4 trailers. Sierra 4x4 trailers. [Online] [Cited: September 19, 2010.]

http://www.sierra4x4trailers.com/.

5. CARRY-ON TRAILER MESH FLOOR TRAILER, 1650 LB. TRACTOR SUPPLY.

[Online] [Cited: September 27, 2010.] http://www.tractorsupply.com/trailers-

towing/trailers/atv-motorcycle-trailers/carry-on-trailer-reg-mesh-floor-trailer-1650-lb-

capacity-1000231.

6. Temple, Herb. Owner - HLC Lawncare. Maineville, September 24, 2010.

Appendix A1

APPENDIX A – RESEARCH

The AT® Chaser trailer is reminiscent of the classic lines of the

military 416 & 101 trailers, but the similarity ends there. The

modernized suspension and high quality craftsmanship yields a

functional trailer that is “Built for Off-Road” ® travel.

The six foot long cargo box provides 46 cubic feet of storage

which is slightly less than an SUV with the seats folded down but

three times that of a Jeep Wrangler®. So there’s lots of room for

all your camping gear, fridge, food and personal gear. When the

lid is closed and locked down all, of your equipment stays dry and

dust free.

Length - 120”

Width - 64”

Cargo Area dimensions (50”W + 40”W) x 26.5”H x 72”L

Cubic Capacity – 46 Cubic Feet

Very Expensive

even base trailer

without add-ons

Not quite big

enough to hold

an ATV

Specialized to

camping/off-road

Not really a

Utility trailer

Rugged

Great ground

clearance

Ability to run

larger tires (35”)

http://www.adventuretrailers.com/chaser.html

9/26/10 CHASER TRAILER, Adventure trailers

Interview with customer, Sep. 24, 2010

Herb Temple, Business and ATV Owner, 6304 Maple Grove, Morrow Oh 45152.

Has a need for a utility trailer with off road capability for his business as well as for

personal use hauling his ATV.

Could use trailer on job site to move materials around where the maneuverability and

durability of the trailer would be useful.

Currently hauling ATV on a larger trailer that is hard to store and maneuver, and for

work use, currently carries supplies to job site from truck or larger trailer which could

be on street when the supplies may be need in back yard.

Light weight and durable as well as ground clearance would be good features.

http://www.adventuretrailers.com/fridges.html

http://www.adventuretrailers.com/chaser.html

Appendix A2

Very expensive

Light weight

Purpose built

Good quality

High capacity

rating

Large tire size

Many options

available

http://www.offroadtrailerz.com/page2.html

9/27/10 OFF ROAD TRAILERS FROM SCRATCH,

WWW.OFFROADTRAILERZ.COM

http://www.offroadtrailerz.com/page2.html

Appendix A3

STANDARD FEATURES

Tongue Deck: The tongue deck is 1/8” Plate.

Trailer includes 20 tie down hooks, , 6 inside and 14 outside

2000lb Swivel Jack is used to keep the lifting to a minimum.

Since they use receivers for the tongue of there trailers, one

can use either a 2″ ball coupler or a 10 ton pintle ring or Max-

Coupler

Trailers can be customized with coupler of personal choice.

Very expensive

Light weight

Purpose built

Good quality

High capacity

rating

Large tire size

Many options

available

Customizable

Tow hooks

2”ball coupler

Pintle ring

coupler

http://www.sierra4x4trailers.com/

9/27/10 Sierra 4x4 Trailers

WWW.Sierra4x4Trailers.COM

http://www.sierra4x4trailers.com/

Appendix A4

Off Road A/T - Terrain Rated off road camping trailers for

backcountry adventure.

Is it possible to go miles into the wilderness far from civilization

and still enjoy some of the comforts of home with off road tent

trailers? Yes, it’s possible and the manufacturer of the only

Terrain Rated lightweight camping trailers makes it possible

while offering unlimited adventure in camping experiences in 4x4

trailers, Jeep camping trailers, FJ Cruiser trailers, Nissan trailers,

and other models of the fiberglass camping trailers class.

Off road trailers are very popular and allow the freedom to go

anywhere, anytime and enjoy the greater outdoors. These

lightweight camping trailers can easily be towed to remote off

road camping areas on far less fuel and trouble, while focusing on

the fun and adventure. Tentrax Off Road A/T trailers have been

used in a number of areas including the New England states, the

Pacific Northwest, California, Texas and Baja, and everywhere in

between.

Very expensive

Light weight

Purpose built

Good quality

Fiber Glass

construction

High capacity

rating

Large tire size

Many options

available

Customizable

http://www.tentrax.com/OffRoadAT_Trailer.htm

l#thumb 9/27/10 Tentrax off road A/T

WWW.TENTRAX.COM

http://www.tentrax.com/trailers.html

http://www.tentrax.com/OffRoadAT_Trailer.html#thumb

http://www.tentrax.com/OffRoadAT_Trailer.html#thumb

Appendix A5

The Carry-On Trailer® Mesh Floor Trailer has a payload capacity

of 1650 lb. and a 2000 lb. GVWR (Gross Vehicle Weight

Rating).

Main frame 2 in. x 2 in. angle

Wire mesh floor

Fully lighted to D.O.T. requirements

1-7/8 in. coupler with safety chains

2000 lb. cambered axle

Removable tongue

Wire protected in conduit tubing

4-flat electrical plug

9 in. Side Height

1 year limited warranty

Brand: Carry-On Trailer®

Tire Size: 12 in.

Tire Dimensions: 4.80-12

Outer Width: 63 in.

Outer Length: 128 in.

Inner Width: 49 in.

Inner Length: 84 in.

Gate/Ramp Width: 46 in.

Gate/Ramp Length: 38 in.

Gross Vehicle Weight Rating: 2,000 lb.

Empty Weight: 350 lb.

Inexpensive

Light weight

Mesh Floor and

Gate

Small Axle

Low ground

clearance

Small tires

Regular ball

hitch (not desired

for articulation)

Desired Size

Low side height

http://www.tractorsupply.com/trailers-

towing/trailers/atv-motorcycle-trailers/carry-on-trailer-reg-mesh-floor-trailer-1650-lb-capacity-

1000231 9/27/CARRY-ON TRAILER MESH

FLOOR TRAILER, 1650LB CAPACITY,

WWW.TRACTORSUPPLY.COM

http://www.tractorsupply.com/trailers-towing/trailers/atv-motorcycle-trailers/carry-on-trailer-reg-mesh-floor-trailer-1650-lb-capacity-1000231




Appendix B1

APPENDIX B – SURVEY AND RESULTS

OFFROAD UTILITY TRAILER

CUSTOMER SURVEY

The purpose of this off-road utility trailer is to give users the capability to go off-road

without sacrificing the trailer or any of its components. This trailer will also be designed to

take the abuse of the off-road environment and will also cost more than 15% less than

current off-road trailers available on the market today.

How important is each feature to you for the design of a new Off-road Utility trailer?

Please circle the appropriate answer. 1 = low importance 5 = high importance Avg.

Safety 1 2 3 4(1) 5(4) N/A 4.8

Affordability 1 2 3(1) 4(3) 5(1) N/A 4.0

Reliability 1 2 3 4(4) 5(1) N/A 4.2

Ease of Cleaning 1 2(3) 3(2) 4 5 N/A 2.4

Ease of Loading 1 2 3(1) 4(3) 5(1) N/A 4.0

Maneuverability 1 2 3(2) 4(1) 5(2) N/A 4.0

Capacity 1 2 3(1) 4(2) 5(2) N/A 4.2

Utility 1 2 3 4(4) 5(1) N/A 4.2

Stability 1 2 3(2) 4(1) 5(2) N/A 4.0

Appearance 1(2) 2(2) 3(1) 4 5 N/A 1.8

How satisfied are you with your current utility trailer?

Please circle the appropriate answer. 1 = very UNsatisfied 5 = very satisfied Avg.

Safety 1 2 3(4) 4(1) 5 N/A 3.2

Affordability 1(1) 2 3(2) 4(2) 5 N/A 3.0

Reliability 1 2 3 4(4) 5(1) N/A 4.2

Ease of Cleaning 1 2 3 4 5(5) N/A 5.0

Ease of Loading 1 2 3(3) 4(1) 5(1) N/A 3.6

Maneuverability 1 2 3(4) 4(1) 5 N/A 3.2

Capacity 1(1) 2(4) 3 4 5 N/A 1.8

Utility 1 2(3) 3 4(2) 5 N/A 2.8

Stability 1 2 3(4) 4(1) 5 N/A 3.2

Appearance 1(1) 2(1) 3(1) 4(2) 5 N/A 2.8

How much would you be willing to pay for this trailer?

$500-$1000 (1) , $1000-$1500 (3), $1500-$2000 (1), $2000-$3000 ~ Avg. - $1250

Thank you for your time.

Appendix C1

APPENDIX C – QUALITY FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT

Appendix D1

APPENDIX D - PRODUCT OBJECTIVES

Product Objectives

Off-Road Utility Trailer

The following is a list of product objectives and how they will be obtained or measured to

ensure that the goal of the project was met. The product objectives will focus on newly

design off-road utility trailer. The trailer is intended to be used on and off-road, and not be

limited the paved road only.

Safety: (14%)

11.) Tow chain safety system (adequate size)

12.) Spare tire/wheel kept on board trailer (spare tire perch)

13.) All DOT required lights and turn signal indicators will be incorporated

14.) All DOT required reflectors will be incorporated

15.) All DOT safety requirements for trailers will be followed

16.) Vibration resistant fasteners when used (nylon nuts, lock washers, loc-tite)

17.) Axle will be square to frame for safe towing

18.) Gusseted and welded joints

19.) Correct load range tires

20.) Remove Sharp edges

Capacity: (13%)

1.) The trailer will be able to hold a four-wheeler as well as camping gear, tools, extra

fuel cans. The trailer payload will be roughly 3k pounds depending on axle choice (factory

of Safety).


1.) Will cost at least 10% less than current market off-road utility trailers.


5.) Short wheelbase ( 50” – 75” ) (from tongue to axle)

6.) Light weight ( 400-650 lbs)

Utility: (11%)


camping gear, mulch, ATV, etc.)

6.) Integrated tie down points (hinged D-rings, hooks)

Stability: (11%)

7.) Correct wheelbase for good trailer-ing characteristics (50”-75”)

8.) Axle will be square (90 degrees) to frame for safe towing


static load.

10.) Total payload will be 1500 lbs.

Appendix D2

Reliability: (10%)

7.) A appropriate factor of safety will be used to spec the leaf springs and axle

8.) Steel tube construction with mig welded joints (square tube)

9.) Powder-coated finish or Painted finish with clear coat


5.) Tail gate has integrated ramps for loading quad, tailgate also folds down

6.) Sides will fold down



ground and not get caught on trailer

10.) Powder coat/painted finish allows for easily spraying off dirty surfaces

11.) Sheet metal front, sides, and tailgate for easy wipe down cleaning

12.) Fill all un-welded seems with silicone that could catch dirt

Appearance: (5%)


painted black standard.


but other wheel and tire combos are able to be purchased for an extra cost

9.) Sheet metal front, sides, and tailgate

Appendix E1

APPENDIX E - SCHEDULE

Kevin Wallace

Off-Road Utility Trailer -

DATE (begins each Monday)

11

/22

-11

/28

11

/29

-12

/5

12

/6-1

2/1

2

12

/13

-12

/19

12

/20

-12

/26

12

/27

-1/2

1/3

-1/9

1/1

0-1

/16

1/1

7-1

/23

1/2

4-1

/30

1/3

1-2

/6

2/7

-2/1

3

2/1

4-2

/20

2/2

1-2

/27

2/2

8-3

/6

3/7

-3/1

3

3/1

4-3

/20

3/2

1-3

/27

3/2

8-4

/3

4/4

-4/1

0

4/1

1-4

/17

4/1

8-4

/24

4/2

5-5

/1

5/2

-5/8

5/9

-5/1

5

5/1

6-5

/22

5/2

3-5

/29

5/3

0-6

/5

6/6

-6/1

2

Concept Development

3-D Modeling / Design

Engineering Drawings

Calculations

Material Selection

Order/Recieve Materials

Fabrication and Assembly

Testing and Modification

Demo To advisor

Demo to faculty

Final Report and Presentation

Appendix F1

APPENDIX F - BUDGET

Item # Materials Forecasted Amount Actual Amount

1 Trailer Frame materials 350.00 940.00

2 Wheels and Tires 400.00 260.00

3 Trailer Suspension Components 325.00 162.84

4 Trailer Hitch components 60.00 74.95

5 Safety chain system 30.00 34.98

6 Paint 100.00 ~

7 trailer lighting system and wiring 60.00 67.14

8 Misc. Parts 150.00 50.85

Total 1475.00 1591.66

Appendix G1

APPENDIX G – ASSEMBLY AND DETAIL DRAWINGS

Appendix G2

Appendix G3

Appendix G4

Appendix G5

Appendix G6

Appendix G7

Appendix G8

Appendix G9

Appendix G10

Appendix G11

Appendix G12

Appendix G13

Appendix G14

Appendix G15

Appendix G16

Appendix G17

Appendix G18

Appendix G19

Appendix G20

Appendix G21

Appendix G22

Appendix G23

Appendix G24

Appendix G25

Appendix G26

Appendix G27

Appendix G28

Appendix G29

Appendix G30

Appendix G31

Appendix G32

Appendix G33

Appendix G34

Appendix G35

Appendix G36

Appendix G37

Appendix G38

Appendix G39

Appendix G40

Appendix G41

Appendix G42

Appendix G43

Appendix G44

Appendix G45

Appendix G46

Appendix H1

APPENDIX H – PURCHASED COMPONENTS

Documents

Off-road utility trailer