Upload
lybao
View
320
Download
19
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
KARNATAKA NEERAVARI NIGAM LIMITED (A Government of Karnataka Enterprise)
DECEMBER, 2016
Consultants Environmental Health & Safety
Consultants Pvt. Ltd Bangalore, Karnataka.
(accredited by QCI-NABET)
Project by The Chief Engineer
Irrigation North Zone, Karnataka Neeravari Nigama ltd.,
Club road, Belgaum Karnataka
FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
OF
VENKATESHWARA LIFT IRRIGATION SCHEME BAGALKOT DISTRICT, KARNATAKA
FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT
OF
VENKATESHWARA LIFT IRRIGATION SCHEME AT
BAGALKOT DISTRICT, KARNATAKA.
PROJECT BY
THE CHIEF ENGINEER
KARNATAKA NEERAVARI NIGAM LTD
IRRIGATION NORTH ZONE
CLUB ROAD, BELAGAVI - 590 001
KARNATAKA
CONSULTANTS
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH & SAFETY CONSULTANTS PVT LTD
# 13/2, 1ST MAIN ROAD, NEAR FIRE STATION, INDUSTRIAL TOWN,
RAJAJINAGAR,BANGALORE-560 010,
QCI NO. 51 REV. 47 November 07, 2016
1
DECEMBER, 2016
1Cover page (front) photo - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sunflower_near_Raichur,_India.JPG
http://oddiant.poatemisepare.ro/the-most-beautiful-butterflies-in-the-world/
DOCUMENT NO. EHSC/KNNL/VLIS
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd ii EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
REVISION RECORD
Rev. No Date Purpose
EHSC/01 24.09.2016 Issued as Final EIA Report for Comments and Suggestions to
Client and experts
EHSC/02 28.09.2016 Issued as Final EIA Report for submission to KSPCB for
conducting Environmental Public Hearing
EHSC/03 16.12.2016 Issued as Final EIA Report for Comments and Suggestions to
Client and experts
EHSC/04 19.12.2006 Issued as Final EIA Report for submission to SEIAA for issue of
Environmental Clearance
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd iii EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd iv EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd v EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd vi EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd vii EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
ABBREVIATIONS
AIS & LUS All India Soil and Land Use Survey
APHA American Public Health Association
BIS Bureau of Indian Standards
BOD Biological Oxygen Demand
BPL Below Poverty Line
BSI Botanical Survey of India
CA Compensatory Afforestation
CAD Command Area Development Plan
CADA Command Area Development Authority
CAT Catchment Area Treatment
CGWB Central Ground Water Board
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
CPCB Central Pollution Control Board
CWC Central Water Commission
dB(A) Decibels - A scale rating
DC Deputy Commissioner
DDP Dry land Development Programme
DG Diesel Generator
DPAP Drought Prone Area Programme
DRSM Dry rubble stone masonry
DWL Depth to Water Level
E-FLOW Environmental/ecological flow
EIA Environment Impact Assessment
EMP Environmental Management Plan
EPA Environment Protection Agency
EPH Environmental Public Hearing
ERDAS Earth Resources Data Analysis System
GBDP Green Belt Development Plan
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GEM Ground Water Estimation Committee methodology
GIS Geographical Information System
GOI Govt. of India
GOK Government of Karnataka
Ha Hectare
HESCOM Hubli Electricity Supply Company
IMD Indian Meteorological Dept.,
IRS Indian Remote Sensing satellites
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Natural Resources
IWDP Integrated Watershed Development Programme
KFD Karnataka Forest Dept.,
KNNL Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd
KPTCL Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Ltd
KSPCB Karnataka State Pollution Control Board
KSRSAC Karnataka State Remote Sensing Application Centre
KWDT Krishna Water Dispute Tribunal
K Kelvin
LA Land Acquisition
LISS Linear Imaging Self-Scanning
M.CUM Million Cubic Meter
MOEF Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change
INZ Irrigation North Zone
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd viii EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
NAAQ National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NBSS&LU National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use
NDMA National Disaster Management Authority
NGO Non Governmental Organisation
NTFP Non Timber Forest Produce
NWDPRA National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas
OFD On-farm Development Works
PAF Project Affected Family
PAP Project Affected Person
PDO Panchayath Development Officer
PDS Public Distribution System
PHC Public Health Centre
PLDB Primary Land Development Bank
PM Particulate Matter
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
PWD Public Works Dept.
R&R Rehabilitation and Resettlement
RET Rare, Endangered and Threatened
RF Reserve Forests
RFCTLARR Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition,
Rehabilitation and Resettlement
RL Reduced Level
SC Scheduled Caste
SHG Self Help Group
SOI Survey of India
ST Scheduled Tribe
TMC Thousand Million Cubic Feet
TOR Terms of Reference
VLIS Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme
WL(P)A Wildlife (Protection) Act
WRD Water Resource Dept.,
WUA Water Users Association
ZSI Zoological Survey of India
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd ix EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1.1
1.1 Project Proponent ..................................................................................................... 1.1
1.2 Brief Description of the Project and its Importance to the Region .................... 1.1
1.3 Need for the Study .................................................................................................... 1.2
1.4 Scope of the EIA........................................................................................................ 1.2
1.5 Components of EIA ................................................................................................... 1.3
1.6 Approach and Methodology ................................................................................. 1.3
Chapter 2. Project Description .......................................................................................... 2.1
2.1 Need for the project ................................................................................................. 2.1
2.1.1 Agro – climatic zones ........................................................................................ 2.1
2.1.2 Hydrology ............................................................................................................ 2.1
2.1.3 The Krishna River and Interstate aspects ......................................................... 2.1
2.1.4 Erratic droughts in command area ................................................................. 2.2
2.1.5 Lack of irrigation facility .................................................................................... 2.2
2.2 Present proposal ....................................................................................................... 2.2
2.2.1 Water availability ............................................................................................... 2.3
2.2.2 Environmental flow ............................................................................................. 2.7
2.2.3 Existing cropping pattern .................................................................................. 2.7
2.2.4 Proposed cropping pattern .............................................................................. 2.7
2.2.5 Crop water requirments .................................................................................... 2.7
2.2.6 Command area ................................................................................................. 2.8
2.2.7 Irrigation planning .............................................................................................. 2.9
2.2.8 Natural Catastrophes in command area ..................................................... 2.10
2.2.8.1 Floods .......................................................................................................... 2.10
2.2.8.2 Earthquake ................................................................................................. 2.10
2.2.8.3 Landslides ................................................................................................... 2.11
2.2.9 Land Requirement ........................................................................................... 2.11
2.2.10 Benefit cost ratio ............................................................................................ 2.11
Chapter 3. Baseline Environment Scenario ..................................................................... 3.1
3.1 Study area .................................................................................................................. 3.1
3.2 Physical Environment ................................................................................................ 3.1
3.2.1 Topography ........................................................................................................ 3.1
3.2.2 Climate & Meteorology..................................................................................... 3.1
3.2.2.1 Meteorology data collected at site ......................................................... 3.1
3.2.2.2 Temperature ................................................................................................ 3.3
3.2.2.3 Rainfall .......................................................................................................... 3.3
3.2.3 Ambient Air Quality ............................................................................................ 3.4
3.2.3.1 Results of Ambient Air Quality .................................................................... 3.5
3.2.4 Ambient Noise Levels ......................................................................................... 3.9
3.2.4.1 Results of Ambient Noise Levels ................................................................. 3.9
3.2.5 Hydrology, Geology and Minerals ................................................................. 3.11
3.2.5.1 Drainage..................................................................................................... 3.11
3.2.5.2 Geology ...................................................................................................... 3.11
3.2.5.3 Structure ..................................................................................................... 3.12
3.2.5.4 Geomorphology ........................................................................................ 3.12
3.2.5.5 Mineral Resources ..................................................................................... 3.12
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd x EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
3.2.5.6 Hydrology ................................................................................................... 3.12
3.2.5.7 Hydrogeology ............................................................................................ 3.12
3.2.5.8 Hydrological surveys ................................................................................. 3.12
3.2.5.9 Depth of Water Level ................................................................................ 3.13
3.2.5.10 Water Table Elevation ............................................................................. 3.13
3.2.5.11 Water quality............................................................................................ 3.13
3.2.5.8 Ground Water Resources ......................................................................... 3.14
3.2.6 Surface and Ground Water Quality .............................................................. 3.18
3.2.6.1 Surface and Ground Water Quality Results ........................................... 3.18
3.2.7 Soil Characteristics ........................................................................................... 3.26
3.2.7.1 Soil types in the study area ...................................................................... 3.27
3.2.7.2 Crops and cropping pattern ................................................................... 3.28
3.2.7.3 Soil status .................................................................................................... 3.28
3.2.7.4 Results of soil quality analysis ................................................................... 3.33
3.3 Land use assessment of study area ...................................................................... 3.41
3.3.1 Approach and Methods ................................................................................. 3.41
3.3.2 Results and Observations ................................................................................ 3.42
3.3.2.1 Project location and Extent ..................................................................... 3.42
3.3.2.2 Land Use and Land Cover ....................................................................... 3.42
3.3.2.3 Soil type and Erosion classification.......................................................... 3.43
3.3.2.4 Drainage and Watershed ........................................................................ 3.43
3.4 Biological Environment ........................................................................................... 3.47
3.4.1 Location of site & study area .......................................................................... 3.47
3.4.2 Common useful trees of the region ............................................................... 3.47
3.4.3 Trees found in Agriculture and Horticulture gardens ................................... 3.49
3.4.4 Common grasses and ferns ............................................................................ 3.49
3.4.5 Approach and Methodology ......................................................................... 3.51
3.4.5.1 Approach ................................................................................................... 3.51
3.4.5.2 Methodology ............................................................................................. 3.51
3.4.5.3 Screening secondary literature ............................................................... 3.52
3.4.6 Observations and Discussion .......................................................................... 3.52
3.4.6.1 Overview of Forest types of the Study Area .......................................... 3.52
3.4.6.2 Bio-diversity Aspects of Flora in the Study Area .................................... 3.52
3.4.6.3 Biodiversity Aspects of Fauna in the Study Area ................................... 3.53
3.5 Aquatic Environment .............................................................................................. 3.53
3.5.2 Methodology .................................................................................................... 3.53
3.5.2.1 Limnological Features ............................................................................... 3.53
3.5.2.2 Biological Features .................................................................................... 3.53
3.5.3 Results and Discussions .................................................................................... 3.54
3.5.3.1 Krishna River Water Quality and its importance .................................... 3.54
3.5.3.2 Planktons .................................................................................................... 3.56
3.5.3.3 Littoral Fauna ............................................................................................. 3.57
3.5.3.4 Summary ..................................................................................................... 3.57
Chapter 4. Anticipated Impacts & Mitigation Measures .............................................. 4.1
4.1 Impacts during construction phase ....................................................................... 4.1
4.1.1 Air Environment ................................................................................................... 4.1
4.1.1.1 Sources of air pollution ............................................................................... 4.1
4.1.1.2 Mitigation measures .................................................................................... 4.1
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd xi EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
4.1.2 Noise Environment ............................................................................................. 4.1
4.1.2.1 Sources of noise pollution ........................................................................... 4.1
4.1.2.2 Roadway Construction Noise Model (RCNM) ......................................... 4.2
4.1.2.2 Mitigation Measures .................................................................................... 4.2
4.1.3 Water Environment ............................................................................................ 4.3
4.1.3.1 Sources of water pollution.......................................................................... 4.3
4.1.3.2 Mitigation Measures .................................................................................... 4.3
4.1.4 Soil Environment ................................................................................................. 4.3
4.1.4.1 Estimation of Soil Loss .................................................................................. 4.3
4.1.5 Solid & Hazardous Environment...................................................................... 4.11
4.1.5.1 Sources of pollution ................................................................................... 4.11
4.1.5.2 Mitigation Measures .................................................................................. 4.11
4.1.6 Impact on Hydrology & Geology .................................................................. 4.11
4.1.6.1 Geological Environment .......................................................................... 4.11
4.1.6.2 Seismic Tectonics ....................................................................................... 4.11
4.1.6.3 Mitigation Measures .................................................................................. 4.11
4.1.7 Impact on Biological Environment................................................................. 4.12
4.1.7.1 Predicted project impacts on Flora and Fauna ................................... 4.12
4.1.7.2 Mitigation Measures .................................................................................. 4.13
4.2 Impacts during Operation phase ......................................................................... 4.13
4.2.1 Application of fertilizers and pesticides ..................................................... 4.13
4.3 Evaluation of Impacts............................................................................................. 4.14
Chapter 5. Analysis of Alternatives ................................................................................... 5.1
Chapter 6. Environmental Monitoring Program .............................................................. 6.1
Chapter 7. Additional Studies ........................................................................................... 7.1
7.1 Social Impact Assessment ....................................................................................... 7.1
7.2 Need for Social Impact Assessment ....................................................................... 7.1
7.3 Villages affected due to the project ..................................................................... 7.1
7.4 Brief history of the districts ........................................................................................ 7.2
7.4.1 Bagalkot District .................................................................................................. 7.2
7.4.1.1 Highlights – 2011 census ............................................................................. 7.2
7.5 Description of Socio Economic Environment ........................................................ 7.3
7.5.1 Demographic profile of the project villages .................................................. 7.3
7.5.1.1 Population details ........................................................................................ 7.3
7.5.1.2 Scheduled caste and scheduled tribe population ................................ 7.4
7.5.1.3 Educational status ....................................................................................... 7.5
7.5.1.4 Health status ................................................................................................. 7.6
7.5.1.5 Occupational status ................................................................................... 7.6
7.6 Land use and land ownership ................................................................................. 7.7
7.7 Religious and cultural institutions ............................................................................ 7.7
7.8 Consultations with the PAPs ..................................................................................... 7.8
7.9 Positive and Negative impact of the Project ........................................................ 7.9
7.10 Land Acquisition Process& Rehabilitation and Resettlement Plan ................ 7.10
7.10.1 Land acquisition process .............................................................................. 7.10
7.10.2 Request for acquisition of land and initial steps ........................................ 7.10
7.10.3 Publication of preliminary notification ........................................................ 7.11
7.10.4. Publication of declaration for acquisition ................................................. 7.11
7.10.5. Land acquisition award ............................................................................... 7.11
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd xii EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
7.11 Valuation of Land ................................................................................................. 7.12
7.12 Land acquisition of the project and rough cost estimates ............................. 7.13
7.13 Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R&R) Plan ..................................................... 7.13
7.14 Land value fixation ............................................................................................... 7.14
7.14.1 Environmental Public Consultation .............................................................. 7.14
7.15 Risks and Hazards associated with the project ................................................. 7.14
7.16 General Trenching and Excavation Rules ......................................................... 7.15
7.17 Work at Height Hazards ........................................................................................ 7.16
7.18 Construction machinery and tools hazards ...................................................... 7.16
Chapter 8. Project Benefits ................................................................................................ 8.1
Chapter 9. Environment Management Plan ................................................................... 9.1
9.1 Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) plan ................................................................ 9.5
9.1.1 Cost Estimates as per Soil conservation treatments suggested ................... 9.7
9.1.2 Reclamation of salt affected soils .................................................................... 9.7
9.1.2.1 Management of saline and sodic soils .................................................... .9.8
9.2 Command area development plan ...................................................................... 9.8
9.2.1 Water Users‟ Association (WUA) ....................................................................... 9.8
9.3 Green belt development plan ................................................................................ 9.9
9.3.1 Agro forestry activities in command area ...................................................... 9.9
9.4 Fisheries Development Plan ................................................................................... 9.10
9.4.1 A matter of concern ........................................................................................ 9.10
9.4.2 Prevention of flow of domestic sewage into the Krishna river ................... 9.11
9.4.3 Over – fishing problem ..................................................................................... 9.11
9.4.4 Occurrence and proliferation of Alien fish species ..................................... 9.12
9.4.5 Presence of exotic Alligator catfish, Atractosteus spatula in the Krishna river
........................................................................................................................... 9.13
9.5 Muck Disposal plan ................................................................................................. 9.13
9.6 Ground Water Management Plan ....................................................................... 9.13
9.7 Public Health Delivery plan .................................................................................... 9.13
9.8 Sanitary and Solid Waste Management Plan ..................................................... 9.13
9.9 Cost for implementing EMP ................................................................................... 9.14
Chapter 10. Summary and Conclusion ......................................................................... 10.1
Chapter 11. Disclosure of Consultants ........................................................................... 11.1
Chapter 12. Compliance to Terms of Reference ......................................................... 12.1
Chapter 13. Photographs ................................................................................................ 13.1
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd xiii EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Drought details project command area Taluks ............................................. 2.2
Table 2.2 Salient Features of the project ......................................................................... 2.2
Table 2.3 Minimum flows recorded between 1990-2010 at Kudachi gauging station
............................................................................................................................. 2.3
Table 2.4 Existing cropping pattern in the command area .......................................... 2.7
Table 2.5 Proposed cropping pattern .............................................................................. 2.7
Table 2.6 Crop water requirements calculations by using Modified Penmens Method
............................................................................................................................. 2.8
Table 2.7 Irrigation system and distribution network details .......................................... 2.8
Table 2.8 List of benefitting villages .................................................................................. 2.8
Table 2.9 Technical details of the project ....................................................................... 2.9
Table 2.10 Benefit-cost ratio for VLIS ............................................................................... 2.11
Table 3.1 Meteorological data of Bagalkot district for the period Jan-2010 to Dec
2010 ..................................................................................................................... 3.2
Table 3.2 Meteorological data collected for the study period .................................... 3.3
Table 3.3 Details of AAQM parameters with analysis methodology ............................ 3.5
Table 3.4 Details of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations ........................................ 3.5
Table 3.5 Results of Particulate Matter (PM10) ................................................................. 3.5
Table 3.6 Results of Particulate Matter (PM2.5) ............................................................... 3.7
Table 3.7 Results of Sulphur di-oxide (SO2) ....................................................................... 3.7
Table 3.8 Results of Nitrogen di-oxide (NO2) .................................................................... 3.8
Table 3.9 Ambient Air Quality Index for dust ................................................................... 3.8
Table 3.10 Ambient Air Quality Index for gases .............................................................. 3.8
Table 3.11 Details of Noise Level Monitoring ................................................................... 3.9
Table 3.12 Details of Noise Level Monitoring locations .................................................. 3.9
Table 3.13 Results of Ambient Noise levels ...................................................................... 3.9
Table 3.14 Geological succession of the study area ................................................... 3.12
Table 3.15 Status of ground water development ......................................................... 3.18
Table 3.16 Details of Water sampling locations ............................................................ 3.18
Table 3.17 Results of Surface Water Quality .................................................................. 3.21
Table 3.18 Results of Ground Water Quality (Post-Monsoon season) ........................ 3.23
Table 3.19 Results of Ground Water Quality (Pre-Monsoon season) .......................... 3.24
Table 3.20 Results of Ground Water Quality (Monsoon season) ................................. 3.25
Table 3.21 Details of soil sampling locations .................................................................. 3.28
Table 3.22 Soil quality analysis results (Post monsoon season) .................................... 3.31
Table 3.23 Soil quality analysis results (Pre monsoon season) ..................................... 3.31
Table 3.24 Soil quality analysis results (Monsoon season) ............................................ 3.32
Table 3.25 Salt affected soil details in the command area ........................................ 3.33
Table 3.26 Rating Chart for Soil Test values and their Nutrient Indices ...................... 3.40
Table 3.27 Land use and Land cover data of study area ........................................... 3.42
Table 3.28 List of commonly found tree species in the study area ............................ 3.47
Table 3.29 List of commonly found shrub species in the study area .......................... 3.49
Table 3.30 Details of plot selected in the study area ................................................... 3.51
Table 3.31 List Shannon - Wiener diversity of plant community structure in the study
area ................................................................................................................. 3.52
Table 3.32 Season Area Simpson index Shannon index Trees Shrubs ........................ 3.52
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd xiv EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Table 4.1 Noise levels of common construction equipments ....................................... 4.2
Table 4.2 Sub catchment/Watershed and codification of study area ....................... 4.8
Table 4.3 Watershed details of Bagalkot district ............................................................. 4.8
Table 4.4 Estimation of soil loss in VLIS command area ................................................. 4.8
Table 4.5 Soil Erodibility Index ............................................................................................ 4.9
Table 4.6 Parameter based ecological sensitivity of the study area ......................... 4.12
Table 4.7 Proposed Fertilizers and Pesticides Usage for Mudhol Command Area .. 4.14
Table 4.8 Criteria for evaluation of impacts .................................................................. 4.14
Table 4.9 Evaluation of Impacts ...................................................................................... 4.15
Table 6.1 Environmental Monitoring Program for Construction phase (2 years) ........ 6.1
Table 6.2 Environmental Monitoring Program for Operation phase (3 years) ............ 6.2
Table 7.1 Details of project impacted villages................................................................ 7.2
Table 7.2 Population and sex ratio of the project impacted villages .......................... 7.3
Table 7.3 SC/ST population in project villages ................................................................ 7.4
Table 7.4 Male- female literacy ........................................................................................ 7.5
Table 7.5 Work participation rate of men and women ................................................. 7.6
Table 7.6 Compensation matrix ...................................................................................... 7.13
Table 7.7 Compensation matrix ...................................................................................... 7.13
Table 7.8 Cost Estimates of land ..................................................................................... 7.14
Table 7.9 Emergency contact numbers ........................................................................ 7.17
Table 7.10 Emergency contact number of KNNL ......................................................... 7.17
Table 8.1 Crop yield details before the advent of irrigation ......................................... 8.2
Table 8.2 Crop yield details after the advent of irrigation............................................. 8.2
Table 9.1 Environment Management Plan ...................................................................... 9.1
Table 9.2 Details of watershed treatment ....................................................................... 9.5
Table 9.3 Cost estimates for Soil conservation treatments suggested......................... 9.7
Table 9.4 Year wise cost estimates for soil conservation practices .............................. 9.7
Table 9.5 Green belt developments Plan around intake canal and jack well .......... 9.9
Table 9.6 Species recommended for plantation ............................................................ 9.9
Table 9.7 Muck disposal plan (cum) .............................................................................. 9.13
Table 9.8 Cost for implementing Environmental Management Plan ......................... 9.14
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd xv EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 2.1 Location map of VLIS ............................................................................................. 2.4
Fig 2.2 Google view of lift point and Krishna River.......................................................... 2.5
Fig 2.3 Schematic diagram of VLIS ................................................................................... 2.6
Fig 2.4 Krishna River and command area photographs................................................ 2.9
Fig 3.1 Wind rose diagram for the study period .............................................................. 3.4
Fig 3.2 Location map of AAQM and Noise Monitoring stations ................................... 3.6
Fig 3.3 Graph showing PM10 trend during the study period .......................................... 3.7
Fig 3.4 Graph showing PM2.5 trend during the study period .......................................... 3.7
Fig 3.5 Graph showing SO2 trend during the study period ............................................ 3.8
Fig 3.6 Graph showing NO2 trend during the study period ........................................... 3.8
Fig 3.7 Over all summary of Noise level trends during day time in the study period 3.10
Fig 3.8 Over all summary of Noise level trends during night time in the study period
................................................................................................................................ 3.10
Fig 3.9 Noise level trends for Post monsoon season (Nov, 2015 – Jan, 2016) ............ 3.10
Fig 3.10 Noise level trends for Pre monsoon season (Feb, 2016 – April 2016) ............ 3.11
Fig 3.11 Noise level trends for Monsoon season (May, 2016 – July 2016) .................. 3.11
Fig 3.12 Drainage Map of the study area ...................................................................... 3.15
Fig 3.13 Depth to water level........................................................................................... 3.16
Fig 3.14 Water table elevation ........................................................................................ 3.17
Fig 3.15 Surface and Ground Water Quality sampling locations ............................... 3.20
Fig 3.16 Types of soil in the study area ........................................................................... 3.29
Fig 3.17 Map showing Soil sampling locations .............................................................. 3.30
Fig 3.18 Land use details of Project site .......................................................................... 3.43
Fig 3.19 Land use/ Land cover map of study area ...................................................... 3.44
Fig 3.20 Slope map of study area ................................................................................... 3.45
Fig 3.21 Soil erosion intensity map of study area........................................................... 3.46
Fig 3.22 Map of 25 Km radius from the boundary of project showing forest areas . 3.50
Fig 3.23 Fish species recorded at Krishna River ............................................................. 3.61
Fig 4.1 Sub watersheds within the study area ................................................................. 4.7
Fig 4.2 Values indicating Soil loss factor ........................................................................... 4.8
Fig 4.3 Estimation of Soil loss in watershed ....................................................................... 4.9
Fig 5.1 Google map showing proposed VLIS command area and surrounding
irrigated areas .......................................................................................................... 5.1
Fig 7.1 Population Sex ratio of the villages ...................................................................... 7.3
Fig 7.2 SC Population in the project villages ................................................................... 7.4
Fig 7.3 ST Population in the project villages ..................................................................... 7.4
Fig 7.4 Male & Female Literates ........................................................................................ 7.5
Fig 7.5 Work participation rate of men and women ...................................................... 7.7
Fig 7.6 Interaction with PAPs .............................................................................................. 7.9
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme at Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd xiii EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
LIST OF ANNEXURES
Annexure - 1 ToRs accorded by KSEIAA
Annexure - 2 Administrative approval accorded by GoK
Annexure - 3 Hydrology related Annexures
Annexure - 4 Ecology and Biodiversity related Annexured
Annexure - 5 Aquatic Ecology related Annexured
Annexure - 6 Socio-economic survey questionnaire
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme at Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 1.1 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1 Project Proponent
“Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Limited (KNNL) has been registered as a wholly owned
Government of Karnataka Company as per the provisions of the Companies act,
1956 with effect from 9th December 1998. The Company is responsible for planning,
investigation, estimation, execution, operation and maintenance of all irrigation
projects. The Company is also entrusted with the responsibility of Rehabilitation and
Resettlement of the people affected by its Projects. The Company is authorized to
sell water and recover revenues from individuals, groups of farmers including those
in the Command Area Development Authority, towns, city municipalities and
industries.
The population in Karnataka is mainly dependent on agriculture. The area though
being subjected to vagaries of the monsoons has highly fertile land. Making
available water for irrigation, the economic picture of the area would be
transformed contributing greatly to the development of the region in particular and
Karnataka State in general.
'Karnataka is the second driest state in India after Rajasthan'2. Large parts of the
state are prone to severe and repeated droughts and 3/4 of all farmland is rain-fed.
As a result, farm productivity is low. Rain Water is only available for 3 to 4 months in a
year in the state and the groundwater tables are falling drastically due to overuse
and over exploitation. Hence there is an urgent need to conserve both soil and
water to raise farm productivity.
M/s Environmental Health & Safety Consultants Private Limited, Bangalore was
entrusted by KNNL to carry out the Environmental Impact Assessment studies &
preparation of Environmental Management Plan for Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation
Scheme (VLIS). KNNL is the employer and executing agency for the project. The
proposed project is categorized as „B‟ project since the command area of the
project is <10,000 Ha and falls under 1(c) of EIA Notification, 2006. Hence, the Terms
of Reference (ToR) for the project was accorded by State Level Expert Appraisal
Committee Karnataka vide letter No. SEIAA 25 IND 2015 dated 13.10.2015
(Annexure-1).
This EIA report presents baseline data collected during three seasons viz, Post
Monsoon (November 2015 – January 2015), Pre – Monsoon (February 2016 – April
2016) and Monsoon (May 2016 – July 2016) for Physical, Biological and Socio-
Economic components of environment, identification, prediction and evaluation of
impacts based on the project activities and to prepare Environmental
Management Plan (EMP) for mitigation of adverse impacts due to the proposed
project.
1.2 Brief Description of the Project and its Importance to the Region
The proposed scheme envisages lifting of 0.75 TMC of water from the Krishna River
near Kulahalli Village, Jamakhandi Taluk, benefitting 6 villages of Jamakhandi Tq
and 4 villages of Mudhol taluk and providing irrigation facility to 7,200 ha of land
during Khariff season only.
The entire population in this region is mainly dependent on agriculture, which in turn
forms the back – bone of economy of this region. Due to lack of rainfall, the region
experiences scarcity and periodical famine. To minimize the dependence of
agriculture on rainfall, VLIS has been proposed by KNNL, Govt. of Karnataka to
provide irrigation to the left out areas of Jamakhandi and Mudhol taluk. The annual
2 http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2009/10/01/india-restoring-the-fertility-of-parched-lands-in-karnataka
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme at Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 1.2 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
average rainfall of Bagalkot district is 585 mm3 and they lie in rain – shadow area.
The project has been accorded administrative approval from Govt., of Karnataka
vide order no. WRD 17 HBP 2013 dated 12.02.2015 and the total cost of the project is
174.42 Crores.
1.3 Need for the Study
"Every anthropogenic activity has some impact on the environment. More often, it is
harmful to the environment than benign. However, mankind as it is developed
today cannot live without taking up these activities for his food, security and other
needs. Consequently, there is a need to harmonize developmental activities with
the environmental concerns. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is one of the
tools available with the planners to achieve the above-mentioned goal.
It is desirable to ensure that the development options under consideration are
sustainable. In doing so, environmental consequences must be characterized early
in the project cycle and accounted for in the project design.
The objective of EIA is to foresee the potential environmental problems that would
arise out of a proposed development and address them in the project's planning
and design stage. The EIA process should then allow for the communication of this
information to:
The project proponent;
The regulatory agencies; and,
All stakeholders and interest groups.
EIA integrates the environmental concerns in the developmental activities right at
the time of initiating for preparing the feasibility report. In doing so, it can enable the
integration of environmental concerns and mitigation measures in project
development. EIA can often prevent future liabilities or expensive alterations in
project design"4.
1.4 Scope of the EIA
The present study includes detailed inventory of existing status of environment in the
Study area for various identified environmental components viz. air, noise, water,
land, biological and socio-economic aspects. Under the scope of EIA, it is
envisaged to study:
To assess the present status of air, noise, water, land, biological
and socio-economic components of the environment.
To identify, predict and evaluate significant impacts due to
project activities on various environmental components during
the Construction and Operational stages of the project.
To delineate proposed pollution control measures and
accordingly formulating Environmental Management Plan
(EMP).
To delineate post-project environmental monitoring
programme to be implemented by KNNL.
3 Agriculture Contingency Plan for District: Haveri, Karnataka (2011), Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India 4 http://envfor.nic.in/divisions/iass/eia/Chapter1.htm
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme at Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 1.3 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
1.5 Components of EIA
The proposed project requires comprehensive EIA. Following components are
included in the EIA report.
Project Description
Baseline Environmental Scenario
Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
Additional Studies - Public Consultation, Risk Assessment, Social
Impact Assessment for Land Acquisition
Project Benefits
Environmental Monitoring Program
Environmental Management Plan
Summary & Conclusion
1.6 Approach and Methodology
The EIA report has been prepared and presented as per requirements of the EIA,
Notification 2006 and its amendments of MoEF under the Environment (Protection)
Act, 1986. The sequence of approach adopted for EIA studies and to obtain
Environmental Clearance for the project is given below in the form of flow chart.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme at Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 2.1 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Chapter 2. Project Description
2.1 Need for the project
2.1.1 Agro – climatic zones
The entire population of this region is mainly
dependent on agriculture, which in turn forms
the back – bone of economy of this region.
Due to lack of rainfall, the region experiences
scarcity and periodical famine. The dominant
soils in this region are black cotton with low
water holding capacity, moderately deep fine
texture and heavy black soil with high water
holding capacity but poor internal drainage.
All these soils are generally suitable for
irrigating “Khariff” crops. The study area
belongs to Jamakhandi and Mudhol taluk of
Bagalkot District and falls under Northern Dry
Zone5.
2.1.2 Hydrology
Bagalkot district is drained by the river Krishna
and its tributaries Ghatprabha and
Malaprabha. All these rivers enter district on
the western side and flow in an easterly
direction to join the Bay of Bengal. Krishna
River enters the district at Terdal village in Jamakhandi taluk and flows in south-easterly
direction and forms the northern boundary of the district separating it from Bijapur
district. The Ghataprabha River flows in the middle part of the district and joins the
Krishna in Chikkasangama village in Bilgi taluk. The Malaprabha flowing in the southern
part joins the Krishna at Kudal Sangama in Hungund Taluk. The Ghataprabha and
Malaprabha canal systems serve the western parts of the district. The Dam across the
Krishna River at Almatti and the canal systems serve the eastern parts. Rainfalls being as
low as 560 mm annually, these canals are the lifelines, providing much needed irrigation
and drinking water to the district6.
2.1.3 The Krishna River and Interstate aspects
Krishna is an Inter - State River and rises in the Western Ghats at an altitude of 1338 m
(4385 ft) near Mahabaleshwar in Maharashtra State. It flows across the whole width of
the peninsula, from west to east, for a length of about 1392 km through Maharashtra,
Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The catchment area of Krishna basin is 2.59 lakh sq. km.
In 1973, the Krishna Water Dispute Tribunal (KWDT) adjudicated on the sharing of Krishna
river water between the three riparian states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra
Pradesh. KWDT – 1 in its final order dated 24.12.1973 has allocated the 75% dependable
flows of 2060 TMC of Krishna waters amongst three riparian states and the share of
Karnataka state aggregated to 734 TMC of water. Water utilization for the propoed
scheme is within the state allocation of KWDT-1 award for the state of Karnataka.
5Soil Erosion in Karnataka (2014), National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Technical Bulletin No. 162, Page 11-15. 6Ground Water Information Booklet - Vijayapura District (2012), Central Ground Water Board, South Western Region, Bangalore,
Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India, Pg 1.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme at Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 2.2 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
2.1.4 Erratic droughts in command area
Proposed command areas Taluks are severely prone to erratic droughts due to lack of
south-west monsoons. The drought details from 2001 to 2015 are given below.
Table 2.1 Drought details project command area Taluks7
Taluk Year 2001 to 2015
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15
Jamakhandi
Mudhol
Drought causes agriculture a risky venture. Due to which people are constantly
translocating to adjoining towns and cities. The people of the region have no other
employment opportunities except agriculture and there is potential land bank to grow
suitable crops in the region. Hence providing irrigation and stabilizing the agricultural
production, provides a much needed relief to the people. It improves the per capita
income and standard of living of the people. Further it utilizes the water and land
resources and substantially improves GDP contribution from agriculture.
2.1.5 Lack of irrigation facility
The proposed command area of the project was surrounded by Jamakhandi Branch
Canal on the west and Ghataprabha Left Bank Canal on the south. However, due to
higher elevation and topographical features, it was impossible to provide irrigation with
the existing projects. Hence, proposed project is of utmost important and nessary for the
region to eradicate regional imbalances.
2.2 Present proposal
The proposed scheme envisages lifting of 0.75 TMC of water from the Krishna River near
Kulahalli Village, Jamakhandi Taluk, benefitting 6 villages of Jamakhandi Tq and 4
villages of Mudhol taluk and providing irrigation facility to 7,200 ha of land during Khariff
season only.
The project site (head works) is approachable by Jamkhandi - Banahatti main road and
is at a distance of 4.7 km from Banahatti town. The lift point is 13 km from Jamakhandi
taluk head quarters. Nearest airport is the Belgaum airport that is 130 km and the nearest
railway station is Chinchli railway station which is 32 km. The salient features of the
project along with schematic diagram and location map is given below:
Table 2.2 Salient Features of the project
1. Name of the Scheme Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme
2. Name of the river Krishna
3. Geographical Location of Lift
point
Latitude – 16031′33.8″N
Longitude –75009′26.3″E
4. Location of the Lift point Near Kulahalli village (900 m), Jamakhandi
taluk, Bagalkot district.
5. Type of project Irrigation
6. Mode of Irrigation Gravity Flow irrigation
7. Estimated cost of the project Rs. 174.42 Cr
8. Command Area 7,200 ha
9. No. of villages benefitting 10
10. Allocated water 0.75 TMC
11. Cropping pattern Kharif (June - Sept.)
7 Karnataka State Disaster Management Centre, Govt. of Karnataka
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme at Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 2.3 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
12. Irrigation intensity 100%
13. Submergence area Nil
14. Rehabilitation and
Resettlement
Nil
15. Total Land required 123 Ha (28 Ha head works + 95 Ha canal
network)
16. Total forest land required Nil
17. Protected areas within 10 Km
radius of project components
Nil
18. Power Requirement 4.89 MW (6560 HP) – Hubli Electricity Supply
Company Limited (HESCOM).
2.2.1 Water availability
VLIS is proposed on the upstream of Hipparagi barrage located at a distance of 2.7 Km
and 83 Km from Almatti Reservoir. The inflow and discharge (at Cumecs) at Kudachi
Gauging station located in the upstream of proposed lift location (29 Km) from 1990-
2010 is given below.
Table 2.3 Minimum flows recorded between 1990-2010 at Kudachi gauging station
Year/Month June July Aug. Sept.
1990 9.24 727.27 4854.56 148.29
1991 75.63 326.03 1433.47 293.23
1992 24.09 4.44 519.14 170.04
1993 - 330.24 873.02 284.25
1994 545.67 1682.95 757.61 105.12
1995 - 20.42 39.84 376.57
1996 - - 518.47 112.79
1997 98.08 388.92 1102.06 86.94
1998 - 333.64 338.08 613.84
1999 381.56 281.77 290.15 77.62
2000 - 271.100 57.96 60.58
2001 52.96 278.68 611.88 17.35
2002 716.56 232.04 707.77 663.59
2003 531.9 439.88 682.16 425.27
2004 137.78 407.13 851.67 695.87
2005 292.28 2951.43 6211.69 2218.32
2006 459.11 3953.48 7077.85 848.38
2007 496.49 3239.11 2309.62 1418.77
2008 231.16 655.89 2686.34 1198.79
2009 - 1909.57 630.71 580.57
2010 282.6 1260.26 1599.41 1471.18
Avg. 289.00 984.71 1626.35 565.11
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 2.4 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Fig 2.1 Location map of VLIS
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 2.5 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Fig 2.2 Google view of lift point and Krishna River
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 2.6 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Fig 2.3 Schematic diagram of VLIS
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 2.7 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
2.2.2 Environmental flow
River Krishna being the inter state river, the water utilization for the project is governed by
the award of KWDT. The awards of the tribunal ensures E-flow while allocation. The total
divertible water available at proposed lift point is 0.75 TMC. The proposed project is
planning to utilize the water only during June-Sept. The project is designed keeping in
view of the demand of downstream flow (e-flow). As per the above table, sufficient e-
flow is available for downstream ecosystem services.
2.2.3 Existing cropping pattern
The present agricultural practices including the crops grown are tuned to the rainfall
regime. The crops grown are Khariff crops only which are as under. The estimated
percentage area of these crops and their corresponding yields are given below;
Table 2.4 Existing cropping pattern in the command area
Sl. No. Crops Intensity (%) Crop Area (Ha)
1 Local Jowar 1.00 50.40
2 Hy. Maize 21.00 1058.40
3 Bajra 1.00 50.40
4 Ground nut 23.00 1159.20
5 Jowar 21.00 1058.40
6 Vegetables 13.00 655.20
7 Sunflower 20.00 1008.0
Total 100.00 5040.00
2.2.4 Proposed cropping pattern
In view of introducing flow Irrigation system in the entire command area of 7200 ha, the
following cropping pattern (for Khariff Season) is proposed.
Table 2.5 Proposed cropping pattern
Sl. No. Crops Intensity (%) Crop area (ha)
1 Local Jowar 1.00 72.0
2 Hybrid Maize 21.00 1512.0
3 Bajra 1.00 72.0
4 Groundnut 23.00 1656.0
5 Hybrid Jowar 21.00 1512.0
6 Vegetables 13.00 936.0
7 Sunflower 20.00 1440.0
Total 100.00 7200.00
2.2.5 Crop water requirments
Sl
No Month Fort night
Water Requirement Discharge Required
(Cumecs) In TMC in MCM
1 June I Fort night 0.019 0.53 0.41
II Fort night 0.123 3.48 2.684
2 July I Fort night 0.083 2.35 1.82
II Fort night 0.096 2.71 2.09
3 August I Fort night 0.107 3.04 2.35
II Fort night 0.122 3.46 2.670
4 September I Fort night 0.086 2.43 1.88
II Fort night 0.115 3.26 2.51
Total 0.75 21.26
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 2.8 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Table 2.6 Crop water requirements calculations by using Modified Penmens Method
Crop Intensity
crop
area
Ha.
1-15 16-30 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-31 1-15 16-
31
Total
Water
depth
in mm
at
canal
head
Total
water
req.
in
m
cum
Jun Jun July July Aug Aug Sep Sep
Local
Jawar
1.00% 72.00 7.35 5.94 5.68 27.07 25.46 45.24 45.33 45.33 207.40
0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03
0.15
Hybrid
Maize
21.00% 1512.00 7.35 30.58 36.85 41.74 49.52 55.51 52.95 45.23 319.71
0.11 0.46 0.56 0.63 0.75 0.84 0.80 0.68
4.83
Bajra
1.00% 72.00 7.35 5.94 5.68 27.07 25.46 45.24 45.33 45.23 207.29
0.01 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03
0.15
Ground nut
23.00% 1656.00 7.35 62.78 32.26 36.85 38.29 43.53 23.56 45.23 289.84
0.12 1.04 0.53 0.61 0.63 0.72 0.39 0.75
4.80
Vegetables
13.00% 936.00 7.35 42.89 32.26 36.85 43.90 49.52 34.45 45.23 292.45
0.07 0.40 0.30 0.34 0.41 0.46 0.32 0.42
2.74
Sunflower
20.00% 1440.00 7.35 42.89 32.26 36.85 43.90 49.52 34.45 45.23 292.45
0.11 0.62 0.46 0.53 0.63 0.71 0.50 0.65
4.21
Hybrid
Jawar
21.00% 1512.00 7.35 62.78 32.26 36.85 38.29 43.53 23.56 45.23 289.84
0.11 0.95 0.49 0.56 0.58 0.66 0.36 0.68
4.38
Total 100.00% 7200.00 0.53 3.48 2.35 2.71 3.04 3.46 2.43 3.26
21.26
2.2.6 Command area
The command area of 7,200 ha is spread across Jamakhandi and Mudhol Taluk of
Bagalkot District. 10 villages will be benefitted under this scheme and they are as follows.
Table 2.7 Irrigation system and distribution network details
Sl.No Name of the canal Length of the
canal (Km)
Irrigable command
area (ha)
1 Main canal 3.5 2100
2 Navalagi Canal 12.10 2300
3 Siddapura canal 8.0 2800
Total 23.6 7200
Table 2.8 List of benefitting villages
Sl. no. Benefitting villages Name of the Taluk No. of
households
Population as
per census 2011
1 Kalahalli
Jamakhandi
626 3,441
2 Navalagi 1,498 7,875
3 Bandigani 362 2,140
4 Jagadal 1,389 7,815
5 Chimmada 1,902 10,839
6 Siddapur 1,030 5,058
Total (A) 6,807 37,168
7 Mugalkhod
Mudhol
1,475 8,642
8 Shirol 2,309 12,171
9 Kulali 1,559 8,353
10 Belagali 369 2,048
Total (B) 5,712 31,214
Grand total (A + B) 12,519 68,382
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 2.9 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Proposed lift location (Krishna River) Flow of Krishna River during Monsoon
Command area
Fig 2.4 Krishna River and command area photographs
2.2.7 Irrigation planning
An intake channel (450 m) is proposed to lift the water from Krishna River. A Jackwell
cum pump house will be constructed to pump the water to the Delivery chamber
through a MS rising main of 9 Km length (1.3 m dia). The RL of delivery chamber is kept
at RL 604 m. The distribution network comprises Main Canal taking off from Delivery
Chamber at RL. 602.00 m. the technical details of the project are given below;
Table 2.9 Technical details of the project
A. Lift Location
Name of the river Krishna
Lift Point Near Kulahalli Village, Jamakhandi
Taluk, Bagalkot District
Ground Level RL 518.00 m
CBL 514.50 m
Delivery Level 604.00 m
B. Intake Canal
Length 450 m
Bed width 1.5 m
Side slope 1:01
Free board 0.6 m
C. Jackwell cum pump house
No. of Pumps 3 + 1 standby
Total Power Requirement 4.89 MW (6560 HP)
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 2.10 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Source HESCOM
D. Rising Main
Length 9.0 Km
Diameter 1.3 m
Material Mild Steel (MS)
E. Delivery Chambers
RL of DC-1 604.00 m
Length 11.0m
F. Canals
1.Main canal
Ground level 606.00
Length 3500m
Irrigating area 2100 ha
2.Navalagi Canal
Ground Level 605.00
Length 12000m
Irrigating area 2300m
3.Siddapur Canal
Ground level 605.00
Length 8000m
Irrigating area 2800ha
2.2.8 Natural Catastrophes in command area
2.2.8.1 Floods
Karnataka is facing moderate to severe floods. Floods are associated with cloud bursts,
cyclones or depressions in Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea. In Karnataka, a part of
Krishna basin and Godavari basin experiencing floods even during drought conditions
and in other parts of the state due to heavy discharges from Maharashtra8. The project
location falls in 'low damage risk zone' and hence the risk of flood chances are very less
and do not affect the structural components of
the project.
2.2.8.2 Earthquake
In Karnataka, 22.13% of the total geographical
area is under moderate earthquake damage risk
zone & remaining area of the state is under low
damage risk zone15.The state of Karnataka has
reported more than 500 earthquake tremors in the
last three decades with most of them having low
magnitude.
The Karnataka state is categorized as moderate to
low seismic risk zone. From the zoning map it can
be observed that the project area falls in zone I
(Seismic Map, 1893 – 2002), which means that the
area has very low damage risk. Here the maximum
intensity is estimated as MMV or less. This zone is
comes under category of Very Low Damage Risk
Zone.
8Karnataka State Profile, National Institute of Disaster Management, Govt. of India (http://nidm.gov.in/pdf/dp/Karnataka.pdf)
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 2.11 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
2.2.8.3 Landslides
Hilly regions of Western Ghats in Karnataka are prone to landslides during rainy season.
The project district is part of the northern Karnataka and hence not prone to landslides.
2.2.9 Land Requirement
The total land required for the project is 123 Ha for construction of canal network; Jack
well cum pump house, rising main etc., the compensation will be paid as per Right to
Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition Rehabilitation and
Resettlement Act, 2013.
2.2.10 Benefit cost ratio
The benefit cost ratio has been worked out to 1.14 considering the annual administrative
expenses, depreciation charges and electrical energy charges.
Table 2.10 Benefit-cost ratio for VLIS
A Gross Receipts Before irrigation After irrigation
1 Gross value of farm produce 2491.31 6775.52
2 Dung receipts (at 30% of the fodder
expenditure)
112.11 203.27
3 Total A : Gross receipts(1+2) 2603.42 6978.79
B Expenses
1 Expenditure on seeds 223.03 360.01
2 Expenditure on Manure etc. 223.03 360.01
3 Expenditure on hired labour (human and
bullock)
753.98 1315.80
4 Fodder expenses ( as percentage of gross
value of produce)
(15% 10% of item A.1 ) 373.70 677.555
5 Description on implements (2.7% of item A.1 ) 67.27 182.94
6 Share and cash rent (5% 3% of item A.1 ) 124.57 203.27
7 Land revenue (2% of item A.1 ) 49.83 49.83
8 Total B expenses (1 to 7) 1963.31 3372.95
C Net value of produce
1 Total gross receipts 2603.42 6978.79
2 Minus Total expenses 1963.31 3372.95
3 Net value produce @:(1-2) 640.11 3605.83
D Annual benefits
1 Net value after irrigation 3605.83
2 Minus net value before irrigation 640.11
3 Net annual benefits (D) (1-2) 2965.72
E Annual Costs
1 Interest of capitals at 10% ( estimated total
cost of the projects 10% including cost of land
development @Rs 2000/- per ha
1751.44
2 Depreciation of the project at 1% of the cost
of the project for 100 years life all the project
and at 2% for 50 years life all the projects
348.85
3 Annual operation and maintenance charge
at Rs 1175 per Ha
84.60
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 2.12 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
4 Maintenance of the head works at 1% its cost 63.52
5 Depreciation of pumping system @ 8.33% of
cost
64.50
6 Depreciation of Raising main @3.33% of cost 214.97
7 Power charges for lift irrigation at ( applicable
for lift irrigation)
66.40
8 Total (E) annual costs 1-7 2594.29
Benefits Cost Ratio=D3 Annual Benefits / E.8 Annual Costs 1.14
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.1 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Chapter 3. Baseline Environment Scenario
Collecting the baseline environmental status of the project area helps to predict the
magnitude of impacts that are likely to be caused due to the proposed project on
different environmental components. It also helps to identify critical environmental
attributes required to be monitored during and after the proposed project.
3.1 Study area
In order to assess the baseline environmental status, study area was considered and the
data was collected for Post Monsoon (November 2015 – January 2016), Pre – Monsoon
(February 2016 – April 2016) and Monsoon (May 2016 – July 2016). In addition to the
baseline environmental monitoring, field inspection in the study area, collection of
primary & secondary information for all the environmental components and discussions
with the officials and local public were conducted by the experts. The baseline
environmental status presented below comprises of;
Physical Environment
Land use assessment of study area
Biological (Terrestrial) Environment
Aquatic Environment
Socio – economic Environment
3.2 Physical Environment
3.2.1 Topography
Topography is relatively plain area (13%) with gentle to mild slopes with 1-3% (81%).
Slope map of the project is enclosed in Section 3.3.
3.2.2 Climate & Meteorology
Air borne pollutants is dispersed by atmospheric motion. Knowledge of these motions,
which range in scale from turbulent diffusion to long-range transport by weather
systems, is essential to simulate such dispersion and quality of impacts of air pollution on
the environment. The purpose of EIA is to determine whether average concentrations
are likely to encounter at fixed locations (Know as the receptor), due to the given
sources (locations and rates of emission known) under idealized atmospheric conditions.
Secondary meteorological data is obtained from IMD for Bagalkot, from where the
meteorological data (Temperature, Relative Humidity, Rainfall, Wind speed and Wind
direction etc.) were collected.
3.2.2.1 Meteorology data collected at site
Study period is considered from Nov, 2015 to July, 2016. The site specific meteorological
data was collected from Watchdog 2900 ET installed at site which records Solar
Radiation (SRD) (Watt / sq. m), Relative Humidity (HMD) (%), Temperature (TMP) (°C),
Rainfall (RNF) (mm), Wind Direction (WND) (Deg), Wind Gust (WNG) (km/hr), Wind Speed
(WNS) km/hr), Dew Point (DEW) (°C).
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.2 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Table 3.1 Meteorological data of Bagalkot district for the period Jan-2010 to Dec 20109
Month
Temperature
(⁰C)
Mean Dew Point
Temperature in
(⁰C)
Mean RH % Rainfall (mm)
Mean Station
level pressure in
hPa
Mean of Av.
Wind speed
for 24
hrs.(kmph) Mean
Max
Mean
Min. 0830hrs. 1730hrs. 0830hrs. 1730hrs. Total Heaviest 0830hrs. 1730hrs.
January 27.4 15.8 17.1 21.3 75 70 15.2 15.2 956.6 953.5 3.1
February 29.8 20.0 17.9 20.9 67 58 0.0 0.0 955.7 951.5 2.8
March 34.6 20.7 20.7 20.8 72 46 0.0 0.0 954.6 950.1 2.9
April 36.8 22.9 23.1 21.6 71 44 6.8 4.6 953.3 948.7 4.5
May 37.8 25.9 22.8 22.9 68 45 44.0 19.4 950.2 945.0 5.9
June 30.9 23.6 22.5 22.9 77 64 46.2 13.0 949.4 946.8 8.1
July 28.3 19.6 22.9 232 83 77 41.6 10.6 948.5 946.0 7.0
August 29.0 20.0 21.8 24.1 81 76 77.4 39.6 948.4 946.1 6.2
September 28.4 20.7 22.1 22.7 81 72 95.6 25.6 949.6 947.5 2.9
October 28.4 20.0 22.4 27.7 81 93 64.2 32.6 952.0 947.4 3.1
November 29.0 19.6 21.6 23.2 85 -- 66.8 28.8 952.0 948.5 4.0
December 28.6 17.1 19.1 22.6 79 -- 0.0 0.0 953.0 948.6 3.2
9 Source - IMD
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.3 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Table 3.2 Meteorological data collected for the study period
Wind
speed
(m/s)
Wind
direction
(deg)
Temperature
(deg c)
Precipitation
rate
(mm/hr)
Relative
Humidity
(%)
Surface
pressure
(mb)
Cloud
cover
(tenths)
Nov
2015
Max 7.20 352.00 33.65 1.27 90.00 955.00 8.00
Min 0.00 0.00 16.05 0.00 20.00 945.00 3.00
Avg 2.34 122.55 25.49 0.04 48.57 949.94 4.21
Dec
2015
Max 6.20 360.00 34.05 0.00 87.00 958.00 3.00
Min 0.00 0.00 11.75 0.00 12.00 946.00 3.00
Avg 1.86 141.96 23.63 0.00 48.90 951.37 3.00
Jan
2016
Max 7.20 359.00 34.25 0.00 77.00 958.00 3.00
Min 0.00 0.00 12.05 0.00 12.00 946.00 2.00
Avg 1.87 151.30 23.41 0.00 43.29 951.60 2.54
Feb
2016
Max 7.20 359.00 38.45 0.00 80.00 955.00 3.00
Min 0.00 0.00 15.05 0.00 12.00 944.00 2.00
Avg 2.08 174.04 26.80 0.00 38.51 950.41 2.54
Mar
2016
Max 9.30 360.00 39.45 0.00 76.00 955.00 5.00
Min 0.00 0.00 19.05 0.00 9.00 943.00 1.00
Avg 2.21 185.55 29.88 0.00 33.61 949.05 2.09
Apr
2016
Max 13.90 359.00 41.35 6.35 74.00 952.00 8.00
Min 0.00 0.00 21.95 0.00 8.00 941.00 3.00
Avg 2.58 230.78 32.12 0.18 35.15 946.52 4.29
May
2016
Max 13.40 358.00 40.85 6.10 91.00 950.00 8.00
Min 0.00 0.00 20.85 0.00 9.00 937.00 4.00
Avg 3.74 249.90 31.58 0.16 41.63 945.33 4.76
June
2016
Max 11.30 355.00 37.45 9.91 98.00 950.00 8.00
Min 0.00 0.00 22.25 0.00 23.00 940.00 6.00
Avg 4.29 271.12 27.43 0.33 65.55 944.76 6.72
July
2016
Max 12.30 355.00 32.25 6.10 99.00 950.00 8.00
Min 0.50 91.00 21.45 0.00 34.00 940.00 7.00
Avg 4.54 277.39 25.77 0.31 71.84 944.83 7.22
3.2.2.2 Temperature
During the study period, maximum temperature of 41.350C was observed in April, 2016,
while minimum of 11.750C was recorded in December, 2015 (winter season).
3.2.2.3 Rainfall
During the study period maximum rainfall of 9.91 mm/hr was observed in the month of
June, 2016. An average of 1.14 mm/hr was observed during the study period.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.4 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Fig 3.1 Wind rose diagram for the study period
Windrose shows that the predominent wind direction during the study period is West and
West North West (WNW).
3.2.3 Ambient Air Quality
According to preliminary investigations, the ambient air quality in the study area is found
to be good in the absence of industrial growth in the command area. However, as part
of the baseline data collection and in order to understand the status of ambient air
quality during the study area, two ambient air quality monitoring stations were
established and continuously monitored during the study period. The criteria followed for
selection of ambient air quality monitoring (AAQM) locations and parameters monitored
are given below;
The stations were selected at a place where interferences are not
present.
Height of the inlet was maintained at 3 ± 0.5 m above the ground.
The sampler was kept more than 20 m away from trees.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.5 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
There was unrestricted airflow in three of four quadrants.
The sampling stations selected were away from major pollution
sources10.
Table 3.3 Details of AAQM parameters with analysis methodology11
Pollutants Frequency of
Monitoring
NAAQM
Standards,
2009
Unit Method of analysis
Du
st
PM10 Particulate Matter One month per
season for 24
Hrs at all
stations
100 µg/m3 Gravimetric method
PM2.5 Particulate Matter 60 µg/m3 Gravimetric method
Ga
ses SO2 Sulfur dioxide 80 µg/m3 Improved West and
Geake Method NO2 Nitrogen Di Oxide 80
µg/m3 Jacob & Hochheisser
Modified Method
Table 3.4 Details of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations
Monitoring Station Code Name of the location Geographical Coordinates
A1 Bandigani Village 16°29'25.51"N, 75°11'39.01"E
A2 Shirol Village 16°23'47.60"N, 75°15'51.53"E
3.2.3.1 Results of Ambient Air Quality
The results of ambient air quality reveal that, PM10 was in the range between 60 – 69
g/m3 and whereas PM2.5 was in the range between 21 – 28 g/m3. SO2 and NO2 are in
the range between 2.51 – 9.7 g/m3 and 8.2 – 13.89 g/m3 respectively. The air quality
index in the study area found to be satisfactory for PM10 and PM2.5 and good for gases
(SO2 and NO2).
Table 3.5 Results of Particulate Matter (PM10)
LOCATION MAX MIN AVG SD GM PERCENTILE (PM10)
98 85 50 35
A1 69 48 62.9 5.36 62.67 68.54 68 63 65
A2 69 52 64.7 4.52 64.54 69 68 66 65
10Methods for Measurement of Air Pollution (2005), Part 14 Guidelines for Planning the Sampling of Atmosphere, IS 5182 (Part 14): 2000. 11National Ambient Air Quality Standards - 2009, CPCB, New Delhi.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.6 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Fig 3.2 Location map of AAQM and Noise Monitoring stations
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.7 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Fig 3.3 Graph showing PM10 trend during the study period
Table 3.6 Results of Particulate Matter (PM2.5)
Fig 3.4 Graph showing PM2.5 trend during the study period
Table 3.7 Results of Sulphur di-oxide (SO2)
LOCATION MAX MIN AVG SD GM PERCENTILE (SO2)
98 85 50 35
A1 10 3 5.5 2.37 4.98 9.424 8.3 5.85 5.073
A2 9 3 5.4 2.01 5.05 8.794 7.51 5.845 5.0575
0
20
40
60
80
A1 A2
Re
sult
s in
(µ
g/m
3 )
Monitoring locations
PM2.5
PM2.5
STANDARD
LOCATION MAX MIN AVG SD GM PERCENTILE (PM2.5)
98 85 50 35
A1 28 19 23.9 2.29 23.77 27.54 26 24 23
A2 27 21 23.3 1.76 23.23 26.54 25.55 23 22.05
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.8 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Fig 3.5 Graph showing SO2 trend during the study period
Table 3.8 Results of Nitrogen di-oxide (NO2)
LOCATION MAX MIN AVG SD GM PERCENTILE (NO2)
98 85 50 35
A1 15 8 12.2 1.78 12.08 14.482 13.822 12.735 11.963
A2 14 9 12.0 1.19 11.94 13.7024 13.194 12.18 11.605
Fig 3.6 Graph showing NO2 trend during the study period
Table 3.9 Ambient Air Quality Index for dust
Monitoring locations PM 10 AQI Remarks PM2.5 AQI Remarks
A1 68.54 68.54 Satisfactory 27.54 45.9 Good
A2 69 69 Satisfactory 26.54 44.23 Good
Table 3.10 Ambient Air Quality Index for gases12
Monitoring locations SO2 AQI Remarks NO2 AQI Remarks
A1 9.42 11.78 Good 14.48 18.1 Good
A2 8.79 10.99 Good 13.70 17.13 Good
12National Air Quality Index, Control of Urban Pollution Sources Series, (2015), CUPC/82/2014-15,CPCB, New Delhi.
0
20
40
60
80
100
A1 A2
Re
sult
s in
(µ
g/m
3
Monitoring locations
SO2
SO2
STANDARD
0
20
40
60
80
100
A1 A2
Re
sult
s in
(µ
g/m
3
Monitoring locations
NO2
NO2
STANDARD
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.9 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
3.2.4 Ambient Noise Levels
The study area is not experiencing noise pollution due to least industrial growth and
transportation (vehicles). As part of the baseline environment studies ambient noise
levels were measured at 2 locations using pre-calibrated instrument for 24 Hrs for Leq
(day) and Leq (night)13. The details of the monitoring locations are given below;
Table 3.11 Details of Noise Level Monitoring14
Parameters Frequency CPCB Standards dB(A) Leq
Leq (Day)
Leq (Night) 24 hrs
Category Day Night
Industrial area 75 70
Commercial area 65 55
Residential area 55 45
Silence zone 50 40
Table 3.12 Details of Noise Level Monitoring locations
The command area map showing the monitoring locations is given below.
3.2.4.1 Results of Ambient Noise Levels
The results of ambient noise levels were compared with Residential standards and results
reveal that, the noise levels in the study area ranging from 48.05 – 51.6dB(A) for day time
and 36.06 – 41.77dB(A) for night time during Post - monsoon season. The noise levels
during Pre-Monsoon season is ranging between 47.5 – 48.2d(B)A for day time, 36.2 – 37.4
d(B)A for night time and 49.57 – 50.36 dB(A) for day and 36.7 – 37.4 d(B)A for night time
during Monsoon season. Overall, the noise levels in all the seasons were observed to be
within the CPCB standards.
Table 3.13 Results of Ambient Noise levels
Post – Monsoon (Nov, 2015 – Jan, 2016)
Leq day db(A) Leq night db(A) Std day Std night
Bandigani 48.05 36.06 55 45
Shirol 51.6 41.77 55 45
Pre – Monsoon (Feb, 2016 – April, 2016)
Leq day db(A) Leq night db(A) Std day Std night
Bandigani 48.2 36.2 55 45
Shirol 47.5 37.4 55 45
Monsoon (May, 2016 – July, 2016)
Leq day db(A) Leq night db(A) Std day Std night
Bandigani 49.57 36.7 55 45
Shirol 50.36 37.4 55 45
13Protocol for Ambient Noise Level Monitoring (2015), CPCB, New Delhi 14Noise (Regulation and Control) Rules (2000), MoEF, Govt. of India
Station Code Name of the location Geographical Coordinates
N1 Bandigani Village 16°29'25.51"N, 75°11'39.01"E
N2 Shirol Village 16°23'47.60"N, 75°15'51.53"E
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.10 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Fig 3.7 Over all summary of Noise level trends during day time in the study period
Fig 3.8 Over all summary of Noise level trends during night time in the study period
Fig 3.9 Noise level trends for Post monsoon season (Nov, 2015 – Jan, 2016)
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
SHIROL BANDIGANI
Re
sults
in d
b(A
)
Monitoring locations
Post monsoon Leq
(day)
Pre monsoon Leq
(day)
Monsoon Leq (day)
STANDARD Leq
(day)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
SHIROL BANDIGANI
Re
sults
in d
b(A
)
Monitoring Locations
Post monsoon Leq
(night)
Pre monsoon Leq
(night)
Monsoon Leq (night)
STANDARD Leq
(night)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
N1 N2
Re
sults
in d
b(A
)
Monitoring locations
Leq (day)
Leq (night)
STANDARD DAY
STANDARD
NIGHT
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.11 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Fig 3.10 Noise level trends for Pre monsoon season (Feb, 2016 – April 2016)
Fig 3.11 Noise level trends for Monsoon season (May, 2016 – July 2016)
3.2.5 Hydrology, Geology and Minerals
3.2.5.1 Drainage
The Project site and the command area forms major part of the Krishna River Basin while
the southern portion of the command area falls in the Ghataprabha River catchment.
The lift point is at Kulhalli Village. Hire Halla, Yellatti Halla and Karna Halla are the
tributaries of Krishna River in the study area flowing north. All these are seasonal streams
which drain in to Krishna River. Drainage pattern is observed to be dendritic to sub-
dendritic with drainage density varying between 0.30 to 0.45 Kms. / Sq. Kms. Sparse
drainage is observed all over the command area. All the stream courses flow from
higher reaches to lower levels following topography. The area has a good network of
irrigation canal viz. Ghataprabha Left Bank Canal and its branch canals. Drainage Map
is given below;
3.2.5.2 Geology
The main rock type observed in the command area is Basalt belonging to Deccan Traps
of various flows belonging to Upper Cretaceous to Lower Eocene Age. Geology map is given below.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
N1 N2
Re
sults
in d
b(A
)
Monitoring locations
Leq (day)
Leq (night)
STANDARD DAY
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
N1 N2
Re
sults
in d
b(A
)
Monitoring locations
Leq (day)
Leq (night)
STANDARD DAY
STANDARD
NIGHT
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.12 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Table 3.14 Geological succession of the study area15
Laterite Recent Cainozoic
Basalt As Flows sparsely to
moderately porphyritic
Undifferentiated Flows
Upper Cretaceous to Lower
Eocene
Limestone & Shale Katagiri Formation of Badami
Group
Middle Proterozoic
Dolomite Raidurg formation
Quartzite, Conglomerate
3.2.5.3 Structure
No major faults or any structural disturbances are observed in the buffer zone and
command area of the project excepting, minor Fractures/ Fissures. Lineaments along
the streams are formed and these act as conduits for the movement of surface and
groundwater. The movement and occurrence of groundwater is controlled by these
structures.
3.2.5.4 Geomorphology
Geomorphology of the study area environs is plateau slightly dissected and Plateau
weathered.
3.2.5.5 Mineral Resources
Bagalkote District: Cement grade limestone and Pink Granite of Ilkal are the major
mineral resources in the district. Barytes is reported to occur near Mudhol in association
with Chert bands of Kaladgi group.
3.2.5.6 Hydrology
Bagalkote District: Krishna River forms Western boundary with the Maharashtra State.
Western part of the Bagalkote District forms a catchment area. The command area falls
between both of the Krishna River and Ghataprabha Left Bank Canal's catchment
area. Hire Halla, Karna Halla and Yelhatti Halla are the tributaries of Krishna River.
Drainage pattern is sub-dendritic to sub-parallel in nature. Average rainfall of the district
is 564 mm. Climate varies from 20° C to 42.0°.
3.2.5.7 Hydrogeology
The study area forms a part of Jamkhandi taluk of Bagalkote District which is a part of
Krishna River Catchment / Basin and Ghataprabha Left Canal Catchment. Hire Halla,
Karna Halla and Yelhatti Halla are the tributaries of Krishna River in the study area. Most
of these are seasonal nalas which drain in to Krishna River. Drainage pattern is observed
to be dendritic to sub-dendritic with drainage density varying from 0.30 to 0.45 Kms. / Sq.
Kms.
Water table generally follows the topography of the study area and is at greater depths
in the water divide area and topographic heights but occurs at shallow depth in the
valleys and low lying terrain and therefore groundwater moves down and follows the
gradient from the higher to lower elevations i.e. from recharge area to discharge areas.
The general flow direction of groundwater in the study area is towards North.
3.2.5.8 Hydrological surveys
Hydrogeological survey was carried out in the 10.0 Kms buffer zone of the Jack well /
Intake point of Krishna River and the total command area of the proposed project. 11
Wells were inventoried mostly bore wells and few dug wells for deciphering the
15 Geological Quandrangle Map (1998), Geological Survey of India, GoI
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.13 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
groundwater regime. The details of the locations are marked on hydrology map given
below. Water samples have been collected from 11 wells representing the study area
and subjected to chemical analysis conforming to ISO 10500:2015 standards to know the
quality. The test results are enclosed as Annexure - 3. The aquifer performance test
conducted by the CGWB authorities was referred to and concluded the field data
observed randomly during the field survey.
Groundwater occurs under water table and semi-confined to confined conditions in
weathered and fractured zones in basalts. The vesicular portion of different flows varies
in thickness and has the primary porosity. The nature and the density of vesicles, their
distribution and interconnection, depth of weathering and topography of the area are
decisive factors for occurrence and movement of groundwater in these units. The
weathered and fissured basalts occurring in topographic lows are the main water
bearing formations in the study area. Groundwater occurs in Quartzites in and around
Jamkhandi in the inter connected interstices of weathered residuum and planar
porosities like joints, fractures and shears in unweathered parts. Groundwater occurs
under water table condition in phreatic zone and semi-confined to confined conditions
in fractures at depth.
The Deccan traps / basalts are the major litho-units in the study area i.e. command area
and buffer zone of the proposed project area (Lift Point and Jack well). The basaltic
flows are mostly horizontal to gently dipping. Deccan basalts mostly have low
permeability depending upon the presence of primary and secondary porosity. The
weathered basalt serves as an effective groundwater repository in this region.
Occurrence of red bole at depth ranging between 40-80 m constitutes the major
aquifer in the study area while in quartzites the aquifer is fractured zone ranging
between 30-60 mts.
3.2.5.9 Depth of Water Level
The depth to water level in the study area was measured wherever it was feasible and
recorded as reported during the field study. The depth to water level varied between
3.0 to 40.0m. However at Shirol water was encountered at 76.0mts bgl in a borehole. In
general the water levels are between 5.0 to 60.0m bgl. The depth to water level arrived
corresponds to the well inventory data.
3.2.5.10 Water Table Elevation
Water table elevation in the study area ranges from less than 606 mts to more than 542
mts. Water table less than 4.0 m is observed in Dug Well in and around Chimod and
highest at 76.0mts in Borewell at Shirol from the inventory data during field studies.
The flow direction follows the general topography of the area. The general flow
direction of groundwater in the study area is towards North and south the reason being
the command area is over a drainage divide area.
3.2.5.11 Water quality
Eleven representative samples have been collected from the study area and subjected
to water quality analysis as recommended by BIS for drinking water standards. The result
of the water quality is enclosed as Annexure-3. In total the water quality in the study
area is potable.
Sl.
No.
Village Name Geo Coordinates Type of
well
Date of
sampling
Code
1 Shirol N16° 25‟ 23.3‟‟ E75° 16‟ 29.5‟‟ BW 10-09-2016 VKT-1
2 Mr. Kanchappa Kodiyal N16° 25‟ 23.3‟‟ E75° 15‟ 51.8‟‟ BW 10-09-2016 VKT-2
3 Shirol N16° 25‟ 23.7‟‟ E75° 15‟ 30.5‟‟ SW 10-09-2016 VKT-3
4 Mr. Hanumanth N16° 25‟ 41.3‟‟ E75° 12‟ 19.4‟‟ BW 10-09-2016 VKT-4
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.14 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Sl.
No.
Village Name Geo Coordinates Type of
well
Date of
sampling
Code
5 New Tank after Sirol N16° 27‟ 49.9‟‟ E75° 10‟ 48.2‟‟ BW 10-09-2016 VKT-5
6 Kudli Mr. Qutubuddin N16° 27‟ 58.9‟‟ E75° 09‟ 31.8‟‟ BW 10-09-2016 VKT-6
7 Navalgi N16° 27‟ 07.1‟‟ E75° 08‟55.0‟‟ BW 10-09-2016 VKT-7
8 Jagdal N16° 27‟ 03.1‟‟ E75° 08‟08.8‟‟ SW Tank 10-09-2016 VKT-8
9 On way to Chimod from
Jagdal N16° 25‟ 48.0‟‟ E75° 06‟53.0‟‟
DW 10-09-2016 VKT-9
10 New Tank N16° 28‟ 16.6‟‟ E75° 06‟ 57.5‟‟ DW 10-09-2016 VKT-10
11 Chimod N 16° 30‟ 00.1‟‟ E75° 17‟ 15.3‟‟ SW 10-09-2016 VKT-11
Conductivity: Conductivity in the study area ranges from 164 micro mhos/ cm to 2,760
micro mhos/ cm. Conductivity having more than 2,000 micro mhos/ cm may be
considered as either brackish or saline. The conductivity is falling within the normal limits
excepting at Rabkavi which is 2,760 micro mhos/ cm.
Chloride: Chloride in water samples in the study area range from 19.99 mg/ltr to 409.8
mg/ltr and this constituent is within the permissible limits. The distribution of chloride is
illustrated in annexure-3.
Constituents like Nitrate and Fluoride levels are well within the permissible limits. The
Government and few social service organizations have installed mineral water plants in
the villages to supply safe water.
3.2.5.8 Ground Water Resources
The resource estimation and categorization is to be carried out as per the
recommendations of Groundwater Estimation Methodology-97(GEM-97) considering
watershed as a unit. Watershed and administrative boundaries do not match with the
administrative boundaries. As a result different parts of taluk fall in different watersheds
having different stages of groundwater development and categorization. Pro-rata
approach to consolidate the watershed data into taluk wise data gives only details on
groundwater resource, draft and additional irrigation potential. Pro-rata approach
cannot be applied to taluk, as a unit, as far as stage of development and
categorization is concerned. However, average stage of development is given to have
an overall idea of the taluk. 16.
Groundwater resources and recharge assessment has been arrived taking in to
consideration of the monsoon and non-monsoon rainfall, command and non-
command area, areas of recharge and discharge, water table fluctuations, specific
yield of rock formations/litho units and normalized monsoon recharge.
As the present project does not involve pumping of groundwater the specific studies
relating to aquifer parameters have not been carried out. However, already published
relevant data was consulted and prepared this report.
The already published data of CGWB in the form of Groundwater information Booklets
for the parts of three districts covering the subject area have been consulted and
arrived at the conclusion. The Groundwater resources for Jamkhandi & Mudhol taluk is
categorized as safe as per the published data of CGWB.
16 Groundwater Information Booklet: Bagakot District (2012), Karnataka, CGWB, GoI
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.15 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Fig 3.12 Drainage Map of the study area
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.16 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Fig 3.13 Depth to water level
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.17 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Fig 3.14 Water table elevation
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.18 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
The percentage of safe area varied from 30% - 40% in Jamkhandi and Mudhol.
Groundwater extraction is more than recharge in Jamkhandi at 68% which is over
exploited due to urbanization while Mudhol stands at 30% over exploited status. This
area requires serious formulation of artificial recharge programes and groundwater
budgeting. Also planning with regard to 68% in Jamkhandi Taluk where exploitation of
groundwater is very high. The district as a whole comes under critical to Overexploited
stage of development. The suitable recharge structures feasible are Farm Ponds, Nala
Bunds, Check Dams besides desilting of tanks and thereby increase the surface storage
capacity will augment the declining levels of groundwater.
Table 3.15 Status of ground water development
Taluk Categorization (%)
Safe Semi-Critical Critical Over Exploited
Jamakhandi 30 -- 2 68
Mudhol 40 -- 30 30
3.2.6 Surface and Ground Water Quality
Any effect on physical, chemical and biological properties of water has direct impact
on the quality of water17.The baseline status of water quality in the command area has
been established through the sampling and analysis of various water quality
parameters. Water samples were collected at 4 locations in the command area during
the study period. The prime objective of the baseline water quality study was to establish
the existing water quality in the study area to evaluate the anticipated impact of the
proposed project on water quality and to suggest appropriate mitigation measures for
implementation. This will also be useful for assessing the conformity to the standards of
water quality during the construction and operation phase of the project. The details of
sampling locations are given below;
Table 3.16 Details of Water sampling locations
Sampling
station code
Name of the sampling
station Geographical Coordinates Source
SW1 Lift point (Kulahalli) 16˚31‟31.45”N 75˚9‟2.37”E Surface water
GW1 Jagadal 16˚28‟13.24”N 75˚9‟51.54”E
Ground water
GW2 Bandigani 16˚29‟25.5”N 75˚11‟39.01”E
GW3 Mugalkod 16˚22‟32.89”N 75˚12‟27.42”E
Surface and ground water samples were collected (grab sampling) at each location as
per CPCB guidelines18. Surface water samples were collected from the river by using a
weighted bottle. Ground water samples from the production tube wells were collected
after running the well for about 5 minutes. Adequate parameter specific preservatives
were added to the samples and collected samples were brought to the laboratory by
maintaining 4oC in the ice boxes. Separate sterilized bottles were used for collection of
water samples for microbial analysis.
3.2.6.1 Surface and Ground Water Quality Results
Post Monsoon season (November 2015 - January 2016)
The Physico-chemical parameters for Krishna River are well within the standards. Total
Hardness was observed to be 200 mg/L. Dissolved oxygen was observed to be 8.1mg/L.
Suspended solids was 18mg/L, Total Coliform was found to be 1CFU/100mL, Fluoride was
found to be 0.08 mg/L and E. coli was nil in the study area.
17Furhan,I., Ali,M., Salam, A., Khan,B.A,. Ahmad,S,. Quamar M and Omer, Kashif (2004), Seasonal variations of physico-chemical characteristics
of river Soan water at Dhoak, Pathan Bridge (Chakwal), Pakisthan, International J. of Agriculture and Biology, 6(1):89-92 18Guidelines for Water Quality Monitoring (2007), MINARS/27/2007-08, CPCB, New Delhi
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.19 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Total Hardness in ground water was ranging from 108 - 504 mg/L, whereas Fluoride
ranged between 0.23 – 0.42mg/L, total Coliform was 1CFU/100mL and E.coli was absent
in all three sampling locations. Overall, the ground water quality was found to be good
and confirming to IS standards.
Pre - Monsoon season (February 2016 - April 2016)
Suspended solids at the locations was found to be 30 mg/L. Dissolved oxygen was
observed to be 6.4 mg/L, total hardness was observed to be 440mg/L, Total Coliform
was found to be 1CFU/100 mL and E. coli were nil in the study area.
The ground water quality analysis results reveal that, the Total Hardness was found in the
range of 240 - 430 mg/L. Fluoride levels are ranging between 0.38 – 0.64 mg/L and E.coli
was absent in all three sampling locations. Overall, the ground water quality was found
to be good and confirming to IS standards.
Monsoon season (May 2016 – July 2016)
Suspended solids was found to be 31mg/L, Dissolved oxygen near lift point was
observed to be 7.5 mg/L. Fluoride was found to be 0.49mg/L, Total Coliform was found
to be 2 CFU/100 mL and E. coli was nil.
The ground water quality analysis results reveal that, the Total Hardness ranged between
120 – 450 mg/L, fluoride ranged between 0.23 – 0.71mg/L. Overall the values were found
to be within standards.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.20 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Fig 3.15 Surface and Ground Water Quality sampling locations
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.21 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Table 3.17 Results of Surface Water Quality
Sl.No Parameters Unit Post - Monsoon Pre - Monsoon Monsoon
1 pH - 7.68 7.09 7.05
2 Temperature ˚C 26 26 29
3 Turbidity NTU 1.92 0.95 1.07
4 Conductivity µs /cm 2.41 2430 1856
5 Suspended solids mg/L 18 30 31
6 Total Hardness mg/L 200 440 460
7 Dissolved Oxygen mg/L 8.1 6.4 7.5
8 COD mg/L ND 12 35
9 BOD( 3 days at 270C) mg/L ND 6 13
10 Alkalinity mg/L 120 112 236
11 Calcium as Ca mg/L 48 84 100
12 Magnesium as Mg mg/L 19.44 55.8 51
13 Sulphate as SO4 mg/L 92.8 142.8 184.5
14 Nitrate as NO3 mg/L 2.16 1.58 1.72
15 Chloride as Cl mg/L 163.9 294.8 239.8
16 Iron as Fe mg/L 0.07 0.23 0.04
17 Chromium Hexavalent mg/L ND ND ND
18 Oil & Grease mg/L ND ND ND
19 Phosphate as PO4 mg/L 0.019 0.06 0.05
20 Potassium -- 2.8 2.2 3.8
21 Silica as SiO2 mg/L 2.07 32.5 26.6
22 Sodium as Na -- 75.6 1010 120
23 Fluoride mg/L 0.08 0.7 0.49
24 Residual Sodium Carbonate mg/L ND ND ND
25 Phenolic Compounds mg/L ND ND ND
26 Mercury as Hg mg/L ND ND ND
27 Lead as Pb mg/L ND ND ND
28 Cadmium as Cd mg/L ND ND ND
29 Arsenic as As mg/L 0.001 ND ND
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.22 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Sl.No Parameters Unit Post - Monsoon Pre - Monsoon Monsoon
30 Zinc as Zn mg/L 0.014 0.06 0.40
31 Copper as Cu mg/L 0.002 0.007 ND
32 Total Chromium mg/L 0.004 0.002 ND
33 Total Coliform CFU/100 ml 1 1 2
34 E - Coli CFU/100 ml NIL AB AB
ND - Not detected
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.23 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Table 3.18 Results of Ground Water Quality (Post-Monsoon season)
Sl.No Parameters Units Bandigani Jagadal Mugalkhod
1 pH - 7.45 7.22 7.21
2 Temperature ˚C 26 26 26
3 Turbidity NTU 0.47 3.06 0.48 4 Conductivity µ s/cm 868 4.25 3.62
5 Suspended Solids mg/L 7 13 11
6 Total Hardness mg/L 108 504 452
7 BOD (3 days at 270C) mg/L ND ND ND
8 COD mg/L ND 44 12
9 Alkalinity mg/L 96 296 232
10 Calcium as Ca mg/L 35.2 102.4 142.4
11 Magnesium as Mg mg/L 4.86 60.2 23.32
12 Sulphate as SO4 mg/L 1.6 78.8 54.1
13 Nitrate as NO3 mg/L 1.38 4.37 5.23
14 Chloride as Cl mg/L 35.9 151.9 129.9
15 Iron as Fe mg/L 0.23 0.1 0.2
16 Chromium Hexavalent mg/L ND ND ND
17 Oil & Grease mg/L ND ND ND
18 Phosphate total mg/L ND 0.03 0.03
19 Potassium -- 1.8 2 1.2
20 Silica mg/L 1.18 2.59 3.7
21 Sodium -- 12.4 68.8 40.8
22 Fluoride mg/L 0.23 0.41 0.42
23
Residual Sodium
Carbonate mg/L
ND ND ND
24 Phenolic compounds mg/L ND ND ND
25 Mercury as Hg mg/L ND ND ND
26 Lead as Pb mg/L ND ND ND
27 Cadmium as Cd mg/L ND ND ND
28 Arsenic as As mg/L ND ND ND
29 Zinc as Zn mg/L 0.366 0.0063 0.190
30 Copper as Cu mg/L 0.002 0.0043 0.006
31 Total Chromium mg/L 0.0069 0.011 0.0102
32 Total Coliform CFU/100mL 1 NIL NIL
33 E - Coli CFU/100mL NIL NIL NIL
ND - Not detected
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.24 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Table 3.19 Results of Ground Water Quality (Pre-Monsoon season)
Sl.No Parameters Units Bandigani Jagadal Mugulkod
1 pH - 7.86 7.38 7.93
2 Temperature ˚C 26 26 26
3 Turbidity NTU 0.65 0.32 0.33 4 Conductivity µ s/cm 784 1179 761
5 Suspended Solids mg/L 2 6 4
6 Total Hardness mg/L 240 430 250
7 BOD (3 days at 270C) mg/L ND ND ND
8 COD mg/L ND ND ND
9 Alkalinity mg/L 128 220 120
10 Calcium as Ca mg/L 64 92 56
11 Magnesium as Mg mg/L 19.4 48.6 26.7
12 Sulphate as SO4 mg/L 51.1 87.9 54.3
13 Nitrate as NO3 mg/L 11 12.5 14.7
14 Chloride as Cl mg/L 56.15 151.9 51.4
15 Iron as Fe mg/L 0.03 0.14 0.08
16 Chromium Hexavalent mg/L ND ND ND
17 Oil & Grease mg/L ND ND ND
18 Phosphate total mg/L 0.003 ND ND
19 Potassium -- 4.6 5 4.8
20 Silica mg/L 39 41.2 45.8
21 Sodium -- 150 580 170
22 Fluoride mg/L 0.4 0.64 0.38
23
Residual Sodium
Carbonate mg/L
ND ND ND
24 Phenolic compounds mg/L ND ND ND
25 Mercury as Hg mg/L ND ND ND
26 Lead as Pb mg/L ND ND ND
27 Cadmium as Cd mg/L ND ND ND
28 Arsenic as As mg/L ND ND ND
29 Zinc as Zn mg/L 0.080 0.043 0.07
30 Copper as Cu mg/L 0.005 0.007 0.005
31 Total Chromium mg/L ND ND ND
32 Total Coliform CFU/100mL ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT
33 E - Coli CFU/100mL ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT
ND - Not detected
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.25 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Table 3.20 Results of Ground Water Quality (Monsoon season)
Sl.No Parameters Units Bandigani Jagadal Mugulkod
1 pH - 7.53 6.84 7.51
2 Temperature ˚C 29 29 29
3 Turbidity NTU 0.90 0.87 0.97 4 Conductivity µ s/cm 1669 386 895
5 Suspended Solids mg/L 2 ND 21
6 Total Hardness mg/L 450 120 160
7 BOD (3 days at 270C) mg/L ND ND ND
8 COD mg/L ND ND ND
9 Alkalinity mg/L 164 80 84
10 Calcium as Ca mg/L 140 40 40
11 Magnesium as Mg mg/L 24.3 4.86 14.5
12 Sulphate as SO4 mg/L 136.0 17.8 102.2
13 Nitrate as NO3 mg/L 16.1 11.8 7.9
14 Chloride as Cl mg/L 148.2 26.2 82.8
15 Iron as Fe mg/L 0.08 0.01 0.08
16 Chromium Hexavalent mg/L ND ND ND
17 Oil & Grease mg/L ND ND ND
18 Phosphate total mg/L 0.04 ND ND
19 Potassium -- 6.4 2 1.4
20 Silica mg/L 25.5 26.5 22
21 Sodium -- 114 12 62
22 Fluoride mg/L 0.23 0.5 0.71
23
Residual Sodium
Carbonate mg/L ND ND ND
24 Phenolic compounds mg/L ND ND ND
25 Mercury as Hg mg/L ND ND ND
26 Lead as Pb mg/L ND ND ND
27 Cadmium as Cd mg/L ND ND ND
28 Arsenic as As mg/L ND ND ND
29 Zinc as Zn mg/L 0.116 0.0958
30 Copper as Cu mg/L ND ND ND
31 Total Chromium mg/L ND ND ND
32 Total Coliform CFU/100mL ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT
33 E - Coli CFU/100mL ABSENT ABSENT ABSENT
ND - Not detected
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.26 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
3.2.7 Soil Characteristics
Major occupation of Mudhol and Jamakhandi taluk of Bagalkot district in Karnataka is
agriculture. Farming in these areas are basically rain fed and farming is a dependent on
the management of soils, crops, animals; use of package of practices, farm techniques,
farm machinery and agricultural implements, marketing, human resources in a
systematic way. To meet the burgeoning population‟s food security, it is planned to
increase food production with an estimated average of 4 tons per hectare from the
present 1.5 tons per hectare. Due to the great dependence and pressure on land and
water resources, obviously, there will be an effect on soil quality and crop productivity.
As per some estimates, the soils have been degrading at the rate of one million a
hectare per year and. 57% of geographical area is affected by various forms of
degradation viz., water and wind erosion, physical and chemical deterioration (NBSS &
LUP 2014). The state department of Agriculture has estimated that about 10% of irrigated
(1.27 lakh ha) command area are affected by problems such as water logging, salinity
and alkalinity (Dep. of Agriculture, 1985). Similarly a depletion of ground water levels has
also been noticed at an alarming rate in recent times through the rapid depletion of the
ground water resources. In this context, it is a great challenge to the scientific
community, to evolve and develop appropriate strategies, to increase food production
on a sustainable basis.
Among various resources, soil is one of the most vital earth resources, on which humanity
depends for shelter and food security. During the management of soil resources it is
important to understand soil distribution, and their characteristics which is a pre-requisite
for appropriate land use practices, based on the suitability of soil for various
applications. Reclamation of degraded soil also needs to be undertaken during the
conservation process.
Irrigation is as much an activity with beneficial impact to begin with and continues to be
beneficial if proper management strategies are adopted. However, it may also pose
problems in terms of change in physico-chemical properties of soil following heavy
application of fertilizers and pesticides to boost agricultural production, water logging,
salinity etc., The objective of this chapter is to document and evaluate the current
characteristics of the Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation scheme, Near Kulahalli village of
Jamakhandi taluk, Bagalkot district, which enables implementers to plan for micro
irrigation management strategies to ensure sustainable production.
Land degradation is rampant and unchecked measures lead to soil loss and low
productivity, intensive agriculture from mono crops and flooding of water may lead to
problems of water logging or condition of short/long term water saturation of top soil,
which results in changes in hydrologic regime, landscape.
The processes leading to flooding are being attributed to increased sedimentation and
reduced capacity of the river drainage system. The adverse effects of water logging are
being reflected severely on overall ecology, reduced agriculture productivity, limited
choice of crops and ageing of soil in the longer term (Woomer and Swift, 1994)
Soil formation a dynamic process but inherent soil properties are also responsible to
maintain the residual capability of assimilating the soil properties. Nutrients and soil loss is
a major problem in black soils, besides continuous cropping, without adequate input of
fertilizers and organic manure. It is more rampant in areas where agriculture is practiced
in poor or moderately fertile soils without application of sufficient quantities manure,
which certainly leads to decrease in agricultural production. Loss of soil organic matter,
following clearing the natural vegetation is also another way of nutrient loss. Plant
nutrients are also depleted from soil through crop removal, run off and soil erosion.
Middelton et al., (1934) noticed that the eroded material is richer than the original soil in
respect of colloidal clay and plant nutrients. The loss of nitrogen by erosion is probably
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.27 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
more serious than loss of any other nutrient (Woolley, 1943), since most of the nitrogen
being lost is combined with soil organic matter, which is under threat of erosion. Actual
nutrient status of tank silt was not found to be much different from that of the soil in the
catchment area studies carried out by the scientists of the Dry land Agriculture project
of the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore and also by the Department of
Agriculture. (1997)
Soils need continuous management and reclamation measures for optimal productivity.
Their sustained use depends more on the economic concerns and identification of
sustainable alternative uses rather than agricultural production (Perspective land use
plan for Karnataka 2025.
Land degradation problems started emerging since the time of man‟s civilization; as he
started cultivating land some 7000 years ago (Lowder milk, 1953) and because of the
ever-increasing population resulting in many environmental problems such as food
deficit, environmental pollution, leading to degraded soil.
The tragedy of land degradation is so alarming more so in Black soils that the food
security of the country will be at stake. In India, a large portion of land resource is under
soil degradation, which in turn, is affecting the country‟s agricultural productivity. Socio-
economic and ecological consequences of land degradation are affecting well over
50 percent of the total geographical area of the country. There is a dire need for soil
reclamation measures of degraded lands to increase soil productivity and more food to
fulfill the demands of food security and also to protect the original land resource from
degradation processes.
Hence, it is important to possess knowledge of various soil degradation processes or
displacement of soil material, through different agents such as water, wind and
accumulation of chemical substances through physical processes. Soil degradation is a
process that lowers the existing and / or future fertility of the soil to produce, food, fiber,
and fuel required in adequate quantities to sustain human day to day activities.
Anthropogenic activities like large-scale irrigation, deforestation, extensive industrial
growth etc., have led to over-exploitation of natural resources, without due
consideration of resulting ecological imbalance. This has led to problems of salinity,
flooding, drought, water logging and enhanced soil erosion processes all of which in
turn directly affect agricultural productivity in the area.
3.2.7.1 Soil types in the study area
The command area covering the taluk of Jamakhandi and Mudhol, taluk in Bagalkot
district receives moderate annual rainfall of around 585mm and the 101 years (1903-
2003) average annual rain fall of the district is 554.13mm and even this is erratic and
unevenly distributed. The region is subject to frequent drought and crop failure,
affecting the life and economic status of the population, whose main stay is agriculture.
The climate of the district is dry. In summer, the temperature is normally high and May is
the driest month. The district is influenced by the south west monsoon. The soil in this
region occurring on sandstone ridges are shallow, excessively drained, loamy soil with
moderately rapid Permeability. Red soils developed on quartzite occurring on uplands
are shallow to deep, well drained loamy to clay with moderate permeability. The black
soils formed on Shale, limestone and basalt is deep, well drained, clay with low
permeability.
The detailed description of the study area with respect to river, climate and vegetation,
cropping pattern are given below.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.28 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
3.2.7.2 Crops and cropping pattern
Many parts of the proposed command area repeatedly experience drought and at
times famine conditions which directly affect the life style and economy of the
population, mainly on agriculture. However various Khariff and Rabi crops that can be
raised in the region by providing irrigation facilities would not only boost production but
improve the socio-economic constituents of the area. The entire population in the
proposed command area is depending on agriculture for livelihood and crops like
Jowar, Maize, Bajra, pulses, and Groundnut etc., which are traditionally grown in the
area.
3.2.7.3 Soil status
A soil survey was conducted in the study area and soil sampling stations were identified
followed by a wide-ranging sampling programme undertaken in the command area.
Soil samples were collected from different agricultural lands of each taluk. A total of 5
sampling sites were identified during preliminary survey.
Standard techniques of soil survey (Jackson and Black 1965 & 1982) were used to obtain
qualitative and quantitative data on the soils. Various soil quality parameters viz., pH,
electrical conductivity, chlorides, available calcium and magnesium, phosphorus,
exchangeable sodium and potassium, available nitrogen etc., were determined
employing standard methods of analyses (Jackson and Black 1965, 1968, 1982).
Table 3.21 Details of soil sampling locations
Location code Location Geographical coordinates
S1 Shirol 16˚23‟47.60”N 75˚15‟51.53”E
S2 Navalagi 16˚27‟47.46”N 75˚ 10‟56.93”E
S3 Belagali 16˚23‟9.17”N 75˚9‟5.41”E
S4 Siddapur 16˚27‟16.60”N 75˚17‟3.29”E
S5 Kulali 16˚23‟48.86”N 75˚13‟18.13”E
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.29 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Fig 3.16 Types of soil in the study area
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.30 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Fig 3.17 Map showing Soil sampling locations
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.31 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Table 3.22 Soil quality analysis results (Post monsoon season)
Sampling
Location pH
Orga
nic
Carb
on
Total
Alkalin
ity
(mg/1
00g)
Condu
ctivity
(µ
s/cm)
Moistur
e
conten
t (%)
Ca
(meq/
L)
Cl
(
meq/L)
Mag
nesiu
m as
Mg
Availabl
e
Nitrogen
as N
(Kg/ha)
Avail.
P2O5
(Kg/ha
)
Avai
K
(mg/
100g)
Sodiu
m
absorp
tion
ratio
Sodiu
m
(mg/1
00gm)
Poros
ity
(%)
Bulk
density
(g/cm
3)
Sali
nity
(µs/
cm
)
Water
holdin
g
capaci
ty (%)
Pottasi
um as
K
Shirol 7.96 2.06 1.84 387 10.21 47.2 142.4 5.4 291.2 22.67 8.8 0.035 4.19 96 0.09 635 12.09 8.8
Navalagi 7.71 2.99 0.96 323 4.24 54.4 106.8 3.8 293.5 ND 2.29 0.03 2.79 97 0.077 655 5.96 2.29
Siddapur 7.93 2.48 0.88 688 9.2 35.2 534 2.2 260.26 11.33 15.6 0.044 4.39 96.9 0.059 874 10.64 15.6
Kulali 8.62 4.96 0.8 594 5.21 28 249.2 5.6 336 ND 8.28 0.276 26.14 97 0.073 623 6.73 8.28
Belagali 7.89 2.6 0.96 147.4 4.79 54 89 1.2 224 ND 4.79 0.016 1.99 97 0.07 298 6.3 4.79
Table 3.23 Soil quality analysis results (Pre monsoon season)
Sampling
Location pH
Orga
nic
Carb
on
Total
Alkali
nity
(mg/
100g)
Co
ndu
ctiv
ity
(µ
s/c
m)
Moist
ure
cont
ent
(%)
Calci
um
as
Ca
(meq
/L)
Chlor
ide
as Cl
(
meq/
L)
Mag
nesiu
m as
Mg
Avail.
Nitrog
en as
N
(Kg/ha
)
Avail
Phosph
orus as
P2O5
(Kg/ha
)
Avai
K
(mg/
100g)
Sodiu
m
absor
ption
ratio
Sodiu
m
(mg/1
00gm)
Poros
ity
(%)
Bulk
densi
ty
(g/c
m3)
Sali
nity
(µs/
cm
)
Wate
r
holdi
ng
capa
city
(%)
Potta
sium
as K
Texture
Hydrauli
c
conducti
vity
(cm/hr)
Shirol 7.96 0.48 97.6 249 5.4 40 2.2 5.4 350.36 67.75 15.5 0.72 79.8 39 1.46 147 26.5 15.5 Loam
Sand 0.52
Navalagi 7.66 0.06 73.2 285 9.12 44 1.34 14 20.5 6.8 32.9 0.43 53.8 52.6 1.16 108 39.3 32.9 LoamS
and 0.19
Siddapur 7.82 0.6 97.6 373 14.2 42.6 6.43 6.4 42.9 231.2 28.9 1.2 141.7 50 1.16 212 59.9 28.9 Sandy
Loam 0.89
Kulali 7.63 0.66 73.2 618 5.24 38 2.49 4 66 714 18.9 0.52 55.8 41 1.5 479 34.5 18.9 LoamS
and 0.54
Belagali 7.92 0.9 122 943 3.91 32.4 2.59 19.6 78.2 598.5 57.8 0.69 81.8 44 1.26 834 51.1 57.8 LoamS
and 0.37
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.32 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Table 3.24 Soil quality analysis results (Monsoon season)
Sampling
Location pH
Orga
nic
Carb
on
Total
Alkalin
ity
(mg/1
00g)
Co
ndu
ctiv
ity
(µ
s/c
m)
Moistur
e
conten
t (%)
Calci
um
as
Ca
(meq
/L)
Chlor
ide
as Cl
(
meq/
L)
Mag
nesiu
m as
Mg
Availa
ble
Nitrog
en as
N
(Kg/ha
)
Availa
ble
Phosph
orus as
P2O5
(Kg/ha
)
Availa
ble
Potassi
um as
K
(mg/1
00g)
Sodiu
m
absor
ption
ratio
Sodiu
m
(mg/1
00gm)
Por
osit
y
(%)
Bulk
densi
ty
(g/c
m3)
Sali
nity
(µs/
cm
)
Wate
r
holdi
ng
capa
city
(%)
Potta
sium
as K
Textu
re
Hydr
aulic
cond
uctivi
ty
(cm/
hr)
Shirol 7.68 0.66 146.4 402 26 23 4.5 5 260.78 24.9 21.8 0.83 71.76 54 1.17 390 63.87 21.8 Clay
loam 0.57
Navalagi 7.43 0.24 97.6 429 21.1 33 7.65 4 242.8 13.6 43.68 0.64 63.7 46 1.31 380 39.5 43.68 Loam 0.25
Siddapur 7.67 0.48 97.6 397 10.04 44 4.95 4 179.3 34 37.83 0.58 65.7 56 1.22 356 41.8 37.83 Loam 0.87
Kulali 7.72 0.72 122 144 9.55 40 5.4 4 191.4 11.33 5.07 0.51 55.6 49 1.45 120 31.3 5.07 Clay
loam 0.54
Belagali 8.13 0.78 244 409 17.8 44 6.3 4 161.4 31.69 19.8 1.22 137.5 60 0.86 386 68.5 19.8 Clay
loam 0.38
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.33 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
3.2.7.4 Results of soil quality analysis
Soil pH
pH of soil mainly depends on the soil water ratio. From experimental data it is seen that
pH of the soil samples in the study area ranged between 7.43 and 8.62 The lowest pH
value of 7.43 was found in sample no.2 which belongs to a agricultural land of Navalagi
village in monsoon season and the maximum pH of 8.62 was observed in Sample No. 4
which belongs to agricultural land of Kulali village during post monsoon.
Electrical conductivity
Electrical Conductivity is the measure of current carrying capacity, gives a clear picture
of the amount of soluble salts present in the soil. The EC values of the soil samples varied
from 144 to 943 μmhos/cm. The highest EC value of 943 μmhos/cm was observed during
pre-monsoon in sample No. 5, which belongs to agricultural land of Belagali village
whereas the lowest EC value of 144 μmhos/cm was noticed in the monsoon soil sample
which belongs to the Agricultural land sample no.4 in Kulali Village.
Salinity: Based on the electrical conductivity of the soil, soil salinity can be classified into
four classes:
CI water is considered as safe without any salinity problems.
CII When used for irrigation, moderate leaching is required.
CIII and CIV cannot be used on soils with inadequate drainage,
since salinity develops.
In the study area four soil samples come under the category of Class-II, which indicates
that the soil samples are under medium salinity. Whereas soil sample no 4 of Belagali
village is of high salinity during pre monsoon indicating salt encrustations on the surface
soil which needs drainage to leach out salts.
However the detailed soil survey has given an indication that soil CII when used for
irrigation, moderate leaching is required. The total medium salt affected area based
on RS and GIS studies is around 6800 hectares representing 94.44 % of the command
as detailed below:
Table 3.25 Salt affected soil details in the command area
Colour
Colour of the soil samples ranged from brown red to black. Some of the soils with greyish
red colour were also noticed.
Water class Electrical conductivity
(micromhos/cm at 25˚ C
Approximate salt
concentration
Class - I - Low salinity 0 to 250 <0.16
Class - II - Medium salinity 250 to 750 0.16 to 0.50
Class - III - High salinity 750 to 2250 0.50 to 1.50
Class - IV - Very High salinity 2250 to 5000 1.5 to 3
Sl.
NO.
Total
Command
Area
(ha)
Saline (ha) Saline-Sodic (ha)
Total Percent Medium High
Very
High Medium High
Very
High
1 7200 6800 400 - - - - 7200 100
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.34 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Exchangeable Calcium
The minimum concentration of Exchangeable Calcium was found to be 23 during
monsoon season in the soil sample No. 1 that belongs to the agricultural land of Shirol
village, while the maximum value is 54.4 during post monsoon (expressed as Ca
meq/100g) in the sample No.2 and the agricultural land belongs to the Navalagi. There
was wide variation in the distribution of Exchangeable Calcium content in the study
area.
Exchangeable Magnesium
The minimum concentration of Exchangeable magnesium is found to be 1.2 m eq/100g
in the sample No.5 of post monsoon which belongs to the agricultural land of Belagali,
and similarly the maximum Exchangeable magnesium value of 19.6 m eq/100g in the
sample No. 5 of pre monsoon agricultural land, which belongs to Belagali village. The
Exchangeable magnesium value found ranged between 1.2 m eq/100g and 19.6
meq/100g.
Percent Organic Carbon
Percent Organic Carbon was found to be in the range of 0.06 to 4.96 and the minimum
value was observed in Sample No.2 which belonged to pre monsoon agricultural land
of Navalagi. While the maximum percent Organic Carbon value of 4.96 was found in
Sample No.4, which belonged to agricultural land of Kulali village during post monsoon.
Exchangeable Sodium
The exchangeable sodium content in the study area ranged between 1.99 to 141.7
mg/100gm as observed. The minimum Exchangeable sodium value of 1.99 mg/100gm
was observed in Sample No.5 of post monsoon which belonged to agricultural land of
Shirol village and the maximum value was found in Sample No. 3, which belonged to
pre monsoon agricultural land of siddapur village.
Exchangeable Potassium
The Exchangeable K values were found to be in a narrow range and ranged between
2.29 to 43.68 Kg/ha. The minimum potassium value was noticed in Sample No.2 of
Navalagi village, while the maximum value was found in Sample No.3, which belonged
agricultural land of Siddapur village
Available Nitrogen (%N)
The available nitrogen ranged between 20.5 to 350.36 Kg/ha and the minimum value
was found in sample No. 2 which belongs to Agricultural land at Navalagi village and
the maximum value was observed in sample number 1 which belonged agricultural
land at Shirol village
Percent Chlorides
The Chloride content of the soil is the measure of salinity of the soil. The Chloride content
of the soil ranged between 108 to 874 u/s/100g. The chloride content was taken as
major factor for the estimation of salinity of the soil samples. The maximum chloride
content was observed in post monsoon Sample no.3 of agricultural land, which belongs
to the Siddapura, where as the lowest chloride of 108 u/s /100g was observed in pre-
monsoon soil sample no 2 in Navalgi village.
Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) and Percent Sodium
The Sodium Absorption Ratio ranged between 0.03 to 1.22. A minimum SAR value of 0.03
was found in Sample no.2 of post monsoon, which belongs to agricultural land of
Navalagi village, and the maximum SAR value was found in sample No. 5 of monsoon
season, which belonged Agricultural of Belagali village.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.35 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Particle Size
Relative proportions of the soil particles of various sizes are an important physical
parameter, which determines the texture of soil. Larger particles help in providing the
physical support to the plants, while smaller size particles determine the capacity of soil
to hold the water and available nutrients. The soil samples have shown varied
composition of coarse sand, fine sand, silt and clay materials and particle sizes ranged
between 0.2 to 2 mm, 0.02 to 0.2 mm, 0.002 to 0.02 mm and less than 0.002 mm.
Discussion on analytical results
pH
pH of soil is the measure of hydrogen ion activity and depends largely on the relative
amounts of the adsorbed hydrogen and other metallic ions present in the soils. pH of soil
mainly depends on the soil water ratio. The pH of the soil samples in the study area
ranged between 7.43 and 8.62. The results have shown that there was neutral range of
soils and are slightly towards the alkaline in nature in the study area. All the soil samples
shown above pH values of 7.06 are slightly alkaline in nature, and this may be due to
high amount of leaching which has led to the leach out of exchangeable anions and
are considered as slightly alkaline.
Variation in pH values has an impact on survivability of soil flora and fauna under various
acidic or highly alkaline soils. However some species of plants may tolerate the pH
fluctuations and it is essential to study the pH of the soil in management practices,
through which it gives the overall status of soil minerals to the plants. In the study area
most of the soil samples were found to be slightly alkaline.
Electrical conductivity
Electrical conductivity, as the measure of current carrying capacity, gives a clear
picture of the amount of soluble salts present in the soil.
It plays a major role in the salinity of soils. There is a relation between electrical
conductivity and salinity, lesser the EC value low will be the salinity value of soil and vice-
versa. The Electrical Conductivity values of the soil samples vary from 144 to 943
µmhos/s, as shown below.
Sl. No. EC values (µmhos/cm)
No. of samples
Pre
monsoons
Monsoon
monsoons
Post
monsoons
1 10 to 500 3 5 3
2 501 to 1000 2 0 2
3 1001 to 1500 0 0 0
4 1501 to 2000 and above 0 0 0
Electrical conductivity values within 800 μmhos/cm are considered as normal nature of
soil, and in the present study about 67 percent of the samples were observed to be in
the normal range. While EC values between 800 and 1600 are considered critical for
tolerant crops, while EC values ranging between 1600 and 2500 are considered critical
for salt tolerant crops, and EC values more than 2500 are not considered safe for most of
the crops. In the study area no samples have crossed 1500, and therefore almost all the
soil samples are found to be suitable for agriculture.
Colour
Soil colour is one of the visual judgment through which the soil type can be classified.
The soil colour may vary from region to region or spatially. Soil derives its colour from the
source of the material. However, the colour may also vary due to,
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.36 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Soil forming process
Moisture content and drainage
Nature and amount of organic matter
Mineral sources
In the study area, the soil samples have shown similarity in colour. Majority of the soils are
Black in color; whereas about 10 percent of the samples were grey to brown colour. The
colour of samples indicated that majority of the samples belong to Black soils.
Organic Carbon
Soil resource is a major anchor to all the life beings, such as plants, animals and
microorganisms in various stages of decomposition process, which gives the end
products in the form of organic matter. The organic substances are a major determinant
of soil structure, moisture content, pH and the soil nutrient status of the topsoil. The
importance of organic matter in the soil is improved soil structure and fertility status of
the soil, which differentiates the soil and other non-fertile soils.
In the study area the amount organic carbon ranged from 0.06 to 4.96, indicating
variable organic matter content and degradability rate. The percentage of organic
matter varied spatially and generally has a higher organic content in the case of thickly
vegetated areas. The requirement of optimum level of organic matter required by the
plants slightly varies between species, as it is not a single nutrient source required for all
the plants and for all the soils. The variation is also dependent on soil type, climate,
existing plant and animal species.
In the study area it was noticed that the percent organic carbon was found to be in
high range in all samples of post monsoon season i.e., all the samples contained more
than 0.75 percent organic carbon. In the pre monsoon season soil samples only soil
sample no 2 of Navalagi village is low in organic carbon and other soil samples are
medium except sample no 5 of Belagali with high organic content(0.9).Similarly during
monsoon season other soil samples are medium except sample no 5 of Belagali with
high organic content (0.78).
Therefore most of the samples in the area appear to possess high content of percent
organic carbon, which benefits the farmer to get a higher yield of crops.
Available Phosphorus
Phosphorus is the second most important macronutrient available in the soil of the
biological systems, which covers more than 1% of the dry organic weight. It is a major
component of nucleic acids, phospholipids and many phosphorylated compounds.
Similarly, it is also a second most limiting factor often affecting plant growth. Chemically,
phosphorus exists in the soil in the form of both organic and inorganic forms. Generally
Plants are dependent on inorganic phosphorus especially in the form of phosphate ions,
whereas organic phosphates are also important sources of phosphorus in almost all
types of soils. Comparatively however the phosphorus is, required in small quantities; but
it may be the most likely limiting element in productivity of the plant. Therefore
ecologically it is very much significant.
Percentage organic carbon Rating No of samples
<0.40 Low 2
0.4 to 0.75 Medium 6
>0.75 High 7
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.37 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Sl. No Grade Concentration
1 Low phosphorus Less than 12.4 Kg/ha
2 Medium phosphorus 12.4 to 22.4 Kg/ha
3 Adequate phosphorus More than 22.4 Kg/ha
4 Abundant phosphorus Still higher
Soils of the study area showed maximum range of low levels of phosphorous i.e.,
Navalagi village soil Sample 2 of pre monsoon with 6.8kg/ha, Siddapura sample no 3 of
post monsoon and soil sample no 4 of Kulali village with 11.33 kgs/ha and in all other soil
samples of pre, monsoon & post monsoon samples, one sample no 2 of Navalagi come
under medium grade and all other samples are adequate range of phosphorus
availability. In general, the soil samples showed lower levels of available phosphorus
content which can be supplemented by the applying phosphorus rich fertilizers as
required by a specific crop.
Exchangeable Sodium and Potassium
The exchangeable sodium values in the study area ranged between 0.1.99 in soil
sample no 5 of Belagali during post monsoon season to 141.7 Kg/ha. The minimum
exchangeable sodium value was observed in Sample No. 5 which belonged to
agricultural land of Belagali village and the maximum exchangeable sodium value was
found in pre-monsoon season Sample No. 3, which belonged to agricultural land of
Siddapur village.
Potassium (K) is the third most essential element required by most of the plants.
Simultaneously there is a negative effect at higher levels as it affects cell division,
formation of carbohydrates, activation of various enzymatic reactions, cell permeability,
while it improves resistance of some plants to some diseases. It also plays an important
role in water balancing of plants or regulation of osmosis. Generally it forms a most
abundant metal cation in plant cell (about 2 to 3 % by dry weight).
Deficient supply of (K) Less than 113 Kg/ha
Doubtful supply of (K) 113 to 280 Kg/ha
Adequate supply of (K) More than 280 Kg/ha
In the study area, the soil samples showed a narrow range of potassium level. About 67
percent samples come under the range of deficient level of exchangeable potassium,
which can be balanced by applying potassium rich fertilizers, whereas about 23 per
cent of the samples have medium range of exchangeable potassium content.
Particle size distribution
The soil particle size is major parameter and a relative proportion of the soil particles of
various sizes are an important physical parameter, which emphasizes the texture of soil
of a particular region. Larger particle size helps in providing the physical support to the
plants, while smaller particles encourage the soil to hold water and availability of
nutrients.
As per the International System of Classification, the range of the particle sizes in the soil
is as under:
Sl.No. Category Particle Size
1 Coarse sand 0.2 to 2.0 mm
2 Fine sand 0.02 to 0.2 mm
3 Silt 0.002 to 0.02 mm
4 Clay <0.002mm
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.38 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Textural class
Soil texture refers to the relative proportion of clay, silt and sand in a sample of soil.
Based on dominancy of the size fraction the soil texture can be classified as various
types, such as clay, sandy clay, silt clay etc, whereas the fine particle fraction of the soil
is used to describe as loam. Soil texture is an indicator parameter, through which the
other soil properties can be studied, but if used alone, it has limited predictive value; viz.,
ability of a soil to adsorb cations from solution depends on the mineralogy of the clay
fraction as well as on the percentage of clay. It also depends on the amount and
nature of the organic matter, the soil holds. The permeability of soil to water depends on
shape, mineral particles and organic matter into structural units with pore spaces
between them. Texture does however; indicate the ease with which the application of
the soil can be recommended. Higher content of clay in soils are often described, as
„heavy‟ and sandy soils are known as „light‟. But clay soils retain more water against
gravity and consequently warm up more slowly in spring. Overall, the soil texture class
ranges from loamy sand to clay loam in the project area.
Water holding capacity (WHC)
Water holding capacity is the amount of water that can be retained by the soil when all
the pores in the soil have been filled with water; soil is saturated with water,
accompanied by very poor drainage. The water retained at zero bar tension, is rarely
utilized by plants as it reduces the respiration rate and creates anaerobic conditions for
the roots.
In the study area the soil samples exhibited a significant correlation between the clay
content and water holding capacity. WHC was more in the surface soil layer where a
greater accumulation of organic matter, litter and root mass etc., existed. Thereby it
supports rather stronger influence of soil organic matter on water holding capacity of
the soil.
Available Nitrogen
Nitrogen is one among the four primary elements essential for the plant tissues. It is the
major component of proteins, nucleic acids and chlorophyll. The atmospheric nitrogen
gets trapped in the soil during electro and photo-chemical fixation and also by the
action of microorganisms. Soil nitrogen is made available through a process of
mineralization. The available nitrogen in soil exists in the form of both organic and
inorganic forms. However, relatively most of the nitrogen content in organic form is at
the most about 90 per cent. Organic content present in the soil decaying by microbial
activity, during process all the organic nitrogen gets converted to ammonium, nitrates
and nitrites. Nitrogen is having a major role in maintaining the fertility of the soil and
nitrogen content in almost all the soils are observed to be very low and is found as
nitrates, nitrite and ammonium. Plants are more dependent upon nitrate nitrogen,
during the aerobic conditions and ammonia nitrogen during anaerobic conditions.
Sl. No Quantity of nitrogen Rating
1 < 272 Kg/ha Low
2 272 to 554 Kg/ha Medium
3 > 554 Kg/ha High
In the study area only in soil sample no 5 of Belagali village of post monsoon, available
Nitrogen is low and the rest are of medium range nitrogen content. Where as in the pre
monsoon season soil samples except in soil sample no 1 of Shirol, all other samples are
with low range of available Nitrogen. In the Monsoon season soil samples except in soil
sample no 5 of Shirol; all other samples are with low range of available Nitrogen. Soil
moisture content is having a major contribution to vary the process and also one of the
important factors affecting nitrification. In water logged areas soil suppresses the
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.39 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
process of nitrification because of deficient oxygen. However it is totally different in the
case of dry soils. As in the case of present study area in the soils however, there will be
enough moisture for the process of bacterial metabolism and such soils posses‟ higher
rate of biosynthesis of nitrogen which also contribute to fertility of the soil.
Salinity
Salt affected problems are commonly seen in arid and semi arid regions, in irrigation
areas and in the regions where the poor drainage and poor quality / contaminated
water is being used for irrigation. Saline soils are those, which dominated/appreciable
quantities of soluble salts to interfere growth and productivity of the crops. Generally,
they are rich in neutral salts including the salts of chlorides and sulphate of sodium,
calcium and magnesium (excluding gypsum) in excess quantities, enough to cause
significant effect particularly on growth of the crop plants. In these saturated soils the
various soil characteristics such as the pH was observed to be less than 8.5 mainly due to
the presence of neutral salts, and the electrical conductivity is more than 4.0 µmhos/cm
(at 25˚c) and the Exchangeable Sodium percentage (ESP) is less than 15. Salinity is
usually measured/expressed in terms of electrical conductivity and expressed in
micromhos/cm (at 25˚C).
Salinity causing factors
The various natural factors affecting salinity are meteorological, drainage pattern,
agricultural practices and soil characteristics
I. Climate: Climate is the most important factor responsible to change and formation
of saline soils in a specific region. They mainly occur in regions with arid and semi arid
climate as where low rainfall is formed to leach and transport the soluble salts
formed during weathering. Arid climate is commonly characterized by maximum
evaporation rates, which leads to more and more concentration of salt in the soil
surface. Whereas in the humid regions the soluble salts formed due to weathering
process are transported downwards to the ground water regime, and, streams finally
reach the oceans. Therefore saline soils are non-existent in humid regions except
when the soil has been subjected to seawater inundation, as in river deltas and near
the sea, where as in the arid regions, leaching and transportation of salts will be very
poor, unlike in the case of humid regions.
II. Controlled drainage: This is another important contributing factor for salinity, during
formation of saline soils, having a direct connection with the deeper ground water table
or low permeability of soils. The depth of the water table often depends upon the
topography of the land. In the case of arid regions of low rainfall area, the surface
drainage ways are poorly developed, and which leads to the drainage basins without
outlets to permanent streams. The salty drainage waters enter from the higher lands of
the basin leading to increase in the ground water level to the soil surface on the low
lands.
III. Low permeability of soils: Poor drainage mainly causes an effect on the downward
movement of water. The low permeability of soil is mainly because of unfavorable soil
texture (very fine) or it could be also due to the presence of hard layers in the form of
clay pans, caliches layer or a silica hard pan, as a result of ploughing with heavy tillage
equipments.
IV. Irrigation practices: This is another important factor which has a bearing effect on
salinity of the region. Expansion of irrigation activities has become one of the key
strategies to achieving higher food production. In India the net irrigated area has
increased from 20 million hectares (1950) to more than 45 million hectares, at present.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.40 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
This extended irrigation activities have been achieved through transported water.
Irrigation practice also contributes to improve the ground water table and when the
ground water table is within 2 m of the surface, it contributes significantly to increase in
the salinity of the soil due to capillary rise of water and its evaporation from the soil
surface. In most of the canal irrigated areas, the problems of salt accumulation is a
matter of serious dimension.
V. Fertility Status of soils: Based on the results and nutrient indices, it is possible to classify
nutrient status of the particular area and classify each nutrient level i.e., low, medium or
high based on a rating chart, which was made use of while rating the soil analysis results,
as follows:
Table 3.26 Rating Chart for Soil Test values and their Nutrient Indices
1. Soil pH
Acidity Neutral Alkaline
Range Below 6 6-8 Above 8
Soil Reaction Index I II III
2. Electrical Conductivity
Normal Critical Injurious
Range (µmhos/cm) below 1000 1000-2000 above 2000
Salt index I II III
3. Organic Carbon
Low Medium High
Range (%) Below 0.5 0.5-0.75 Above 0.75
Nutrient index I II III
4. Available Phosphorus
Low Medium High
Range (Kg/ha) Below 22 22-54 Above 54
Nutrient index I II III
5. Available Potassium
Low Medium High
Range (Kg/ha) Below 123 123-296 Above 296
Nutrient index I II III
6 Nutrient Index
Nutrient Index Range Remarks (OC, N, P, K)
I Below 1.67 Low
II 1.67-2.33 Medium
III Above 2.33 High
The nutrient index values are evaluated for the soil samples analyzed using the following
formula:
Nutrient index= [(1x No. of samples in low category) + (2 x No. Samples in medium
category) + (3 x No. of samples in high category)] / Total number of samples The values
are:
Characteristics Nutrient index Remarks
Organic carbon (OC) 3.0 High
Available Phosphorus (P) 1.077 Low
Available potash (K) 0.88 Low
From the overall results of physico-chemical analysis of the soil samples, it is noticed that
the soil pH values range between 7.43 and 8.62 and most of the values belong to soil
reaction index I and II, which shows that the soils of the study area are under the neutral
range. The electrical conductivity of the soil samples were observed to be in the range
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.41 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
between 144 and 943 µmhos/cm. Based on the rating chart of soil tests, all the soil
samples belong to normal i.e., salt index I, except one sample (Navalagi), whereas
organic carbon content of soil samples were observed to range from 0.0.06 to 4.6
percent. As per the nutrient index, the organic carbon in soil samples was at high level.
Similarly, the available phosphorus values are in low range.
3.3 Land use assessment of study area
Land is a finite and inelastic natural resource and is subjected to all types of
degradation including soil loss of the earth‟s surface. Land is an important medium for all
developmental activities, for natural resources, balanced eco- system, for agriculture.
Burgeoning population, SEZ and for economic development, aquatic live water, food
and other products.
Soil degradation is a tragedy and its environmental impacts are posing a serious threat
and poses increasing pressures on the land resources in many countries of the world.
Proper land use planning and its resources help in optimal use for sustainable
development which meets various needs, including social, economic, environmental
and developmental activities. A modern and scientific agricultural practice coupled
with the community participation capacitates people to take decisions based on the
land capability to produce the need based requirement of the present and future
demands. The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)
meeting in Rio urged all the member countries to assess sustainability and resilience of
land resources of the world. In this regard India too gave much emphasis in assessing the
impacts of developmental projects on land resources. India, though the seventh largest
country in the world, land resource management is becoming very important.
India has over 17% of world‟s population living on 2.4% of the world‟s geographical area.
The spatial distribution of land use/ land cover and its changes are essential inputs for
planning, implementation and management in agriculture and allied activities. With the
increasing population, and consequent pressure on land and continuous land
degradation, the need for optimum utilization of land assumes greater importance.
Land use inventories are assuming increasing importance in various resource sectors like
agricultural planning, urban development and cadastral surveys, environmental studies
and agricultural operations based on agro-climatic zones. Information on land use
cover permits a better understanding of forest, including grazing land, cultivable and
uncultivable waste land, and location of surface water bodies etc., which are vital for
planning.
3.3.1 Approach and Methods
Geo-coded False Colour Composite scenes of IRS P6 LISS III with PAN merged Satellite
imageries of high resolution (scale 1:10,000) were procured from KSRSAC and then
prepared various thematic maps for the study area. The thematic maps generated are
land use / land cover, Slope, Soil, Hydrogeo morphology and drainage map of the
Venkateswara Lift irrigation project command area. The land use/land cover map was
prepared from the digital satellite data using ARC GIS 9.2 and ERDAS IMAGINE 9.1 soft
ware for extracting the land use; land cover classes include agriculture land
(Kharif/Rabi/Double cropped area), forest, waste lands, built-up land, River course,
water bodies etc. SOI topo sheets were consulted for easy interpretation of satellite
imageries.
Apri-ori Maximum likely hood algorithm was used for digital analysis with minimum
ground truth information. The feature classes were identified based on the visual
interpretation of the satellite imagery also coupled with ground truth observations. The
GIS was employed to obtain land use/land cover statistics for the areas under each of
these categories. The study has made use of both primary and secondary data. These
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.42 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
include Survey of India (SOI) topographic sheets of 1:50,000 scale and satellite imageries
of IRS P6 LISS III (PAN merged) geo coded data of 1:10,000 scale.
The Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) data was visually and digitally interpreted by
using the image interpretation techniques (such as Colour,Texture,tone, , shape, size,
pattern, association and Researchers experience of the area.) and Arc GIS software
was used for processing, analysis and integration of spatial data to study the objectives.
Adequate post analysis field checks were made before finalization of the thematic
maps. All these thematic layers were scanned and vectorized using Geographical
Information System (GIS). All the features in the GIS coverage are assigned the attributes
and GIS data base is created as per the required objectives. The coverage‟s are in
polyclonal projection. These values have been projected using co-ordinates
information.
3.3.2 Results and Observations
3.3.2.1 Project location and Extent
The project site is approachable by road and is at a distance of 15 km from the taluk
head quarters. The lift point is near Kulahalli village in Jamakhandi taluk of Bagalkot
district, Karnataka. The command area is spread over in 10 villages of Mudhol (4
villages) and Jamakhandi (6 villages) taluks.
3.3.2.2 Land Use and Land Cover
The dominant land use pattern in the project area is occupied by kharif crops (3152.94
ha) followed by Rabi crops (1534.22 ha). In the valley portion with deep to very deep
black clay to clay loam soils are supporting double crops i.e Bajra and Rabi jowar,
Sesamum and sunflower, Groundnut and sunflower or Grams and Rabi jowar.This is
grown in an area of about 1546.93ha.
Scrub Forest is located in the northern side of Kulahalli (39.04ha) which is adjacent to the
lift point towards southeast direction. Degraded forest is spread over in small patches in
the proposed command area in the north eastern portion of the command (0.17 ha).
The spatial data is dominated by crop lands followed by scrub and degraded forest
area and built-up areas covering an area of 3.45 ha. It also includes water bodies and
shrub land. The ground truth survey revealed that Jowar, Pluses, Groundnut and
Sunflower are the common crops grown in the region. The land use land cover map
details and map is given below;
Table 3.27 Land use and Land cover data of study area
Sl. No Land use classification Area (Sq Km) % corresponding to area
1 Kharif crop 3152.94 3.76
2 Rabi crop 1534.22 0.00
3 Double cropped area 1546.93 24.82
4 Scrub forest 39.04 0.08
5 Degraded forest 0.17 5.59
6 Barren rocky/stony waste/sheet rock/ 266.79 21.32
7 Land without scrub 404.98 0.54
8 Settlement/Village 3.45 0.05
9 Lake/Tank/River/water body 5.44 3.76
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.43 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Fig 3.18 Land use details of Project site
3.3.2.3 Soil type and Erosion classification
The red soils occurring on sandstone ridges are shallow, execessively drained, and loamy
soils with moderate to rapid permeability. Red soils developed on quartzite occurring on
uplands shallow to deep, well drained loamy to clay with moderate permeability. The
black soils on shale, limestone and basalt are deep, are moderately well drained, clay
with slow permeability and is rich in bases (alkaline condition) and has a very high water
holding capacity. The soils in the Krishna project area are mostly black soil, while the red
and mixed soils constitute only 20 percent, and are two to four feet deep, heavy in
texture, with 45 to 55 per cent clay and contain free calcium carbonate throughout the
profile. There is generally a zone of salt concentration in the soil profile at a depth of 18
to 36 inches, the principal salt being gypsum. Below the gypsum layer occurs „murrum‟
which is practically impermeable to water, so that the internal drainage of the soil is
lateral rather than vertical within the profile.
3.3.2.4 Drainage and Watershed
The study area shows different types of drainage patterns. The collective pattern of
streams and their course constitutes drainage pattern. Factors like slope, geological
features, and topography are reflected in the drainage patterns of an area. Bagalkot
district is made up of Deccan traps that include sedimentary and basaltic terrain with
table topped hills. The rivers flow from west to East direction indicating that the district is
elevated in the western part and is sloping towards the eastern .The major part of the
command area is almost gentle sloping from the west direction to east direction. The
major river flowing in the district is Krishna, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha and their
tributaries and Malaprabha confluences river Krishna near Kudalasangama. The
drainage network is dense and oblong in shape. The drainage is mainly influenced by
the south-west monsoon. The relief in the area is normal.
Drainage density is dependent on factors like relief, rainfall intensity, and infiltration
capacity of the soil and vegetation cover. Drainage system of the project area falls
under Krishna river basin.
0
1000
2000
3000
4000A
rea
(Sq
. Km
.)
Land use
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.44 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Fig 3.19 Land use/ Land cover map of study area
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.45 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Fig 3.20 Slope map of study area
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.46 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Fig 3.21 Soil erosion intensity map of study area
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.47 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
3.4 Biological Environment
3.4.1 Location of site & study area
The Krishna River originates in Maharashtra state of India. It flows from North and Western
portions towards East and south eastern directions and enters Belgaum, Bagalkot, Bijapur
and Gulbarga district and joins Tungabhadra River in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh.
Malaprabha, Ghataprabha and Bhima rivers are the main tributaries of Krishna River.
Ghataprabha river joins the Krishna River near Kudala Sangama of Bagalkot District and
Malaprabha river joins Krishna river near Raichur.
The proposed Venkateshwara LIS is planned to utilize 0.75 TMC of water from Krishna River
by lift near Kulahalli village, Bagalkot District. Degraded and scrub forest near kulhalli is
found within the 10 Km radius of lifting component at a distance of about 3 Km and 1 Km
respectively. The predominant soil in the study area is black cotton soil and agriculture is the
main occupation of the people. The major crops grown in the region are Bajra, Sugar cane,
Jowar, Hy. Maize, Hy. Cotton, Ground nut, Chilli, Pulses etc., and the Rabi crops being Rabi
Jowar, Cotton, Bengal gram, Safflower and Sunflower etc.
3.4.2 Common useful trees of the region
The economical trees in the study area are Anogeissus latifolia, commonly called
„Dindaga‟, which has very hard wood used for cart axles and ploughs and any tool for
which strength is required. Tamarindus indica, is commonly known as „hunase‟ has a very
hard and lasting heartwood which is used for sugarcane mills and oil mills and for millet and
rice pounding wares. Its fruits are largely used in Indian curries. Cassia fistula, is commonly
known as „Kakke‟, is notable for its long pods and beautiful hanging clusters of primrose
yellow flowers. The bark is useful as a tanning material. Randia dumetorum is commonly
known as „Karegida‟ is a small shrub with close-grained wood used for walking sticks. Butea
frondosa, commonly known as muttuga, yields a strong fibrous wood which is used locally
for building. The leaves are used as food plates. Albizzia lebbek, is commonly known as
„Baage‟ which furnishes a very strong hard-wood used for rollers and crushers in sugarcane
mills, and in cart-making. It is a useful roadside tree, growing fast and giving good shade.
Dendrocalamus strictus, commonly known as „Bidiru‟ used for agriculture supporting tools.
Table 3.28 List of commonly found tree species in the study area
Sl.
No Common Name Botanical Name
Staus as per Red
data book
IUCN Status
2015-4
1 Karijali Acacia nilotica Common Common
2 Kaggali Acacia catechu Common Common
3 Banni Acacia ferruginea Common Common
4 Anagobli Acacia latronum Common Common
5 Bilijali Acacia leucophloea Common Common
6 Heddi Adina cordifolia Common Common
7 Bilpatre Aegle marmelos Common Common
8 Hebbevu Ailanthus excelsa Common Common
9 Sujjulu Albizia amara Common Common
10 Bage Albizia lebbeck# Common Common
11 Dindaga Anogeissus latifolia# Common Common
12 Halasu Artocarpus integrifolia# Common Common
13 Bevu Azadirachta indica# Common Common
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.48 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Sl.
No Common Name Botanical Name
Staus as per Red
data book
IUCN Status
2015-4
14 Kaduhippe Madhuca indica# Common Common
15 Basavanapada Bauhinia racemosa# Common Common
16 Burga Bombax ceiba# Common Common
17 Mulgojjalu Bridelia retusa# Common Common
18 Murkalu Buchanania lanzan# Common Common
19 Muthaga Butea monosperma# Common Common
20 Kakke Cassia fistula# Common Common
21 Huruglu Chloroxylon swietenia# Common Common
22 Sissoo Dalbergia sissoo# Common Common
23 Bettakanagalu Dillenia indica# Common Common
24 Thupra Diospyros melanoxylon# Common Common
25 Neelagiri Eucolyptus tereticornis# Common Common
26 Bela Feronia elephantum# Common Common
27 Shivane Gmelina arborea# Common Common
28 Thapsi Holoptelea integrifolia# Common Common
29 Mavu Mangifera indica# Common Common
30 Sampige Michelia champaca# Common Common
31 Akash Mallige Millingtonia hortensis# Common Common
32 Karibevu Murraya koenigii# Common Common
33 Honge Pongamia pinnata# Common Common
34 Kare Randia deumetorum# Common Common
35 Geru Semecarpus anacardium# Common Common
36 Nerale Syzygium cumini# Common Common
37 Hunase Tamarindus indica# Common Common
38 Saguvani Tectona grandis# Common Common
39 Alale Terminalia chebula# Common Common
40 Hale Wrightia tinctoria# Common Common
41 Gojjaga Caesalpinia bonducella# Common Common
42 Srigandha Santalum album# Common Common
43 Gobbarada gida Gliricidia sepium# Common Common
44 Subabul Leucaena leucocephala# Common Common
45 Nelli kai Emblica officinalis# Common Vulnerable
46 Copper pod Peltophorum pterocarpum# Common Common
47 Sihihunase Pithecellobium dulce# Common Common
48 Echalu Phoenix sylvestris# Common Common
49 Gulmohar Delonox regia# Common Common
50 Gasagase Muntingia calabura# Common Common
51 Bugari mara Thespesia populnea# Common Common
52 Nimbe Citrus indica# Common Common
53 Shivalinga pushpa Couorupita guianensis# Common Common
54 Rain tree Samanea saman# Common Common
55 Jacaranda Jacaranda mimosifolia# Common Common
56 Pappaya Carica papaya# Common Common
57 Sapota Manilkara zapota# Common Common
# recorded by EHSCPL team
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.49 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
3.4.3 Trees found in Agriculture and Horticulture gardens
The important trees found in the agriculture and horticulture fields are Albizzia lebbek,
Luecaena leucocephala, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Tectona grnadis, Musa sapientum,
Citrus indica, Artocarpus integrifolia, Tamarindus indica, Azadarichta indica, Melia dubia,
Eugenia jamboolina, Mangifera indica, Psidium pomiferum, and Ferronia elephantum. The
common edge plants are Gliricidia sepium, Agave americana, Euphorbia tirucalli,
Euphorbia quandrangularis, Adhatoda vasica, Opuntia dillenia, Jatropa curcas, Moringa
pterygosperma, Acacia concinna and Pithecolobium dulce, Vetiveria Zyzinoides.
3.4.4 Common grasses and ferns
The most common grasses found in the study area are Cyperus cyperoides, Cynodon
dactylon, Lagenocarpus rigidus, Cyperus rotundus, Typha angustifolia, Andropogon
pumilus, Andropogan martini, Saccharum spontaneum, Cyperus digitatus etc. The only fern
found in the study area is Adiantum lunulatum commonly found in the riparian zones.
Table 3.29 List of commonly found shrub species in the study area
Sl. No Species Species Status as per Red data book
IUCN Status 2015-4
1 Adhatoda vasica#
Common
2 Aloe vulgaris#
3 Artaboytrys hexapetalous#
4 Bougainvillea glabra #
5 Cactus spp. #
6 Calotropis gigantea#
7 Carissa caranda#
8 Dodonaea viscosa#
9 Eupatorium rugosum#
10 Euphorbhia tirucalli#
11 Gossypium arboreum#
12 Ziziphus oenophilia#
13 Zizupus mauritiana#
14 Jatropa curcas#
15 Kingeodendron pinnata#
16 Kirganellia reticulata#
17 Premna tomentosa#
18 Prosopis juliflora#
19 Randia dumetorum#
20 Ricinus communis#
21 Vitex nigundo#
22 Woodfordia fruticosa#
23 Xanthium strumarium#
# recorded by EHSCPL team
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.50 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Fig 3.22 Map of 25 Km radius from the boundary of project showing forest areas
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.51 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
3.4.5 Approach and Methodology
3.4.5.1 Approach
A participatory and consultative approach was employed for executing the assignment
on flora-fauna Assessment in command area around 10 Km radius of project
components. A team of experts visited the project area and conducted a detailed
inventory of flora and fauna was carried out in three seasons in 2016. Meetings were also
held during the ecological survey with Forest Officials, Local Community and Revenue
Department Officials. Literature survey included review of forest working plan, census
handbook, Gazetteer and other records related to ecology of the region were referred.
3.4.5.2 Methodology
The methodology specified in the ToR was not suitable to the project site. However, in
the absence of forest inside the command area, the methodology was slightly modified
and adopted for the study. The entire project area was divided into grids of 5x5 km on
GIS domain. Altogether, the entire study area falls in 5 grids and out of which 3 grids
were selected for the study. The number and size of plots in each grid were decided by
species area curves. The number of plots in each grid and the key features of the
selected grids are given in Table below;
Qualitative and quantitative observations were made in the study area to understand
the project area in different ecosystems. Sample plots were demarcated and in each
sample plot all the individuals were recorded separately and the cases of unidentified
specimens were confirmed subsequently by cross checking with the available literature.
Phyto-sociological parameters of the trees and shrubs population, viz., density and
diversity were measured to determine the distribution and ecological aspects of the
species. Density is a measure of species distribution in a given area of quadrants
considered for the study. Further, species, richness, density/ha and importance value
index (IVI) have been worked out to understand the ecology of the area. The
importance value index has been used to calculate species diversity, dominance and
evenness index of biodiversity.
For all the species found in the study area during ecological survey, IUCN, Red Data
Books of the Botanical Survey of India and Wildlife Schedules were referred extensively
to verify their present conservation status.
The area is dominated by Acacia nilotica, Prosopis julifora and patches of
Dendrocalamus strictus is evident on the banks of the river. The area is surrounded by
agricultural lands on either side of the river.
Table 3.30 Details of plot selected in the study area
Locations Total no
of Grids
No of Grids
selected for
Sampling
No of Plots
Herbs
(5mx5m)
Shrubs
(25mx25m)
Trees
(100 mx100 m)
Upstream area of
Krishna river
2 1 1 2 4
Downstream area of
Krishna river
2 1 1 2 4
Command area 2 1 1 2 2
Grand Total 6 3 3 6 10
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.52 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
3.4.5.3 Screening secondary literature
Besides measuring these parameters, other biodiversity aspects, such as species
endemicity (Pascal, 1988; Pascal and Ramesh 1990; FRLHT, 2001), conservation status
and life forms, have been collected from published literature. For all the species found in
the area during ecological survey, IUCN, Red Data Books of the Botanical Survey of
India and Wildlife Schedule, 1 and 2, were consulted extensively, to verify their present
conservation status.
3.4.6 Observations and Discussion
3.4.6.1 Overview of Forest types of the Study Area
There are no reserve forests inside the command area and only Scrub and degraded
forest patches were found nearby to the lift point at Kulhallii and this is found outside the
command area but within the study area. The condition and composition of the crop in
these two areas is poor and consisting mainly of Bandarike (Dodonaea viscosa), Jiggu
(Lantana camara) and Acacia nilotica, Prosopis juliflora and Cassias, are typical
plantations of black cotton soil.
3.4.6.2 Bio-diversity Aspects of Flora in the Study Area
A total of 57 species of trees, 23 species of shrubs, 46 species of herbs and 35 species of
grasses found in the study area. All the species observed / recorded are common and
no rare, endangered, threatened species found in the region. Among 57 species
recorded, Azadirachta indica found abundant compared to other species due to its
close contact with black cotton soil and can withstand maximum temperatures. Acacia
nilotica restricted to bunds of agricultural lands and river banks. Results are enclosed in
Annexure-2.
The other species recorded in the quadrates are Eucalyptus hybrid, Tectona grandis,
Tamarindus indica, Albizzia lebbeck and Pongamia pinnata. Overall, the Shannon
wiener diversity indices indicating lesser diversity of species in the study area. The details
of indices in different seasons are given below.
Table 3.31 List Shannon - Wiener diversity of plant community structure in the study
area
Table 3.32 Season Area Simpson index Shannon index Trees Shrubs
Seasons Area Simpsons index Simpsons index
Trees Shrubs Trees Shrubs
Post -
monsoon
Upstream of Krishna river 0.74 0.65 1.87 1.15
Downstream of Krishna river
Command
0.80 0.71 1.62 1.19
Command area 0.85 0.71 1.46 1.15
Pre - Monsoon
Upstream of Krishna river 0.69 0.68 1.60 1.07
Downstream of Krishna river
Command
0.81 0.72 1.41 1.06
Command area 0.84 0.61 1.22 1.02
Monsoon
Season
Upstream of Krishna river 0.89 0.75 1.73 1.10
Downstream of Krishna river
Command
0.88 0.74 1.65 1.14
Sl no Sample locations Key furniture
1 Krishna River Deep depth with rocky areas
2 Upstream area of Krishna river Agricultural fields with prosopis in gullies
3 Downstream area of Krishna river Agricultural fields with prosopis in gullies
4 Command area Cultivated with Neem and acacia Sp.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.53 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Seasons Area Simpsons index Simpsons index
Trees Shrubs Trees Shrubs
Command area 0.82 0.64 1.48 1.12
3.4.6.3 Biodiversity Aspects of Fauna in the Study Area
The study area has poor diversity of wild animals. 10 species of mammals found in the
region and are common to the region. The avian diversity is fairly good and 34 species
of birds recorded in the region. Of which, Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus) and Black kite
(Milvus migrans) belongs to Schedule-I category and remaining species belongs to
Schedule -IV of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. 12 Species of butterflies found in the
study area and all are common to the region. No rare, endangered and threatened
species found in the region.
3.5 Aquatic Environment
The Krishna river, similar to the Rivers Cauvery and the Godavari, flows almost across
Southern India from West to East and is the largest of the three rivers, The river rises near
Mahabaleshwar at Ondishi village, close to Wei at an elevation of 1372 m from a water
spring and about 64 km east of the Arabian It joins the Bay of Bengal after traversing a
distance of 1349 km; of these, 290 km in Maharashtra, 463 km in Karnataka and 576 km
in Andhra Pradesh. The mean annual discharge of water is 67,305 m.m3 and its drainage
area is 2,68,786 sq. km., of which, 26.80% lies in Maharashtra, 43.80% in Karnataka and
29.40% in Andhra Pradesh. The river traverses the districts of Satara, Sangli, and Kolhapur
in Maharashtra, Belagavi, Vijayapura, Bagalkot and Raichur in Karnataka and
Mahboobnagar, Kurnool, Nalgonda, Guntur and Krishna in Andhra Pradesh.
3.5.2 Methodology
3.5.2.1 Limnological Features
Water
The Physico – Chemical features of the surface water samples such as Air and Water
temperatures, Weather, colour, odour, Turbidity, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Total Hardness,
Total Alkalinity, Free Ammonia, Free Carbon – di – oxide, Phosphate, Nitrate, Silicate,
Iron, Potassium, Calcium and Specific Conductivity were analysed in the field and
laboratory by following the guidelines suggested by the American Public Health
Association (APHA).
3.5.2.2 Biological Features
Plankton
For the assessment of Plankton constituents, 100 lts. Of surface water from representative
portions of the river was strained through plankton net made of 21XXX nylobolt silk cloth
(70 meshes/cm. With aperture size of 0.067mm) in terms of catching efficiency of the
microscopic organisms. The plankton sample so collected were fixed in 5.00%
formaldehyde preservative and were subjected to both qualitative and quantitative
analysed by utilising a Microscope and Sedgewick – Rafter Plankton counting cell.
Littoral Fauna
The littoral organisms were collected by operating a „D‟ frame net in the shallow
marginal areas of the river covering a distance of 20ft. The collecting, along with debris,
was sieved through a No.40 sieve and the fauna segregated, and the samples were
fixed in the formaldehyde solution and were subjected for detailed systematic analysis.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.54 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Fish Species
Fishing was organised in the river Krishna, at the site and also in different pockets in the
down – and the sup stream stretches by engaging the local and migratory fishermen of
the area by employing cast nets, gillnets (mostly fabricated out of synthetic mono –
filament) of varied mesh – sizes, uduvala etc. The fish species so harvested were
systematically analysed. The catch, depending upon the seasons and the quantity is
being marketed locally, but the bulk is being headed over to the fish merchant
stationed at Jamakhandi, from where, depending upon the species and the size, is sent
to Vijayapura mostly.
Fishermen And Fishermen Cooperative Societies
Local and the migratory fishermen are engaged in the fishing activities during different
seasons, all through the year. These fishermen, as reported and observed too, operate
fishing nets at the project site area, as also in other areas all along the river course. Local
fishermen as also the migratory ones, use coracles, and inflated tyre tubes for laying and
hauling of nets.
There is well – organised Fishermen Cooperative society functioning from Kulahalli
village, Jamakhandi taluk, Bagalkot district. There is an office of the Assistant Director of
Fisheries at Jamakhandi.
3.5.3 Results and Discussions
3.5.3.1 Krishna River Water Quality and its importance
The physic-chemical features of the water samples collected from the Krishna river at
one station is appended in Annexure-3.
The river Krishna, at the site, is around 400 – 500m in width, with sloping margins, bottom
being boulder, rock strewn and sandy too. All along the river, good many numbers of
pipes have been laid – down to draw water directly from the river to meet the
agricultural lands located on the margins of the river banks. The river had a very much
reduced water level (14.12.2015) and in the succeeding months (February, March to
June, 2016), receding water level and dried – up conditions were noticed all along the
river course, both in the up and downstream stretches.
Air And Water Temperatures
Of the physical features, heat and light are quite essential for photosynthetic activity
which is related to productivity in an aquatic environment. Water temperature depends
on latitude and altitude, also on the depth, at a given time, of the water column. The
lotic water body, situated in the tropical belt, temperature may not be a constraint for
production.
Air temperature values of 28.2˚ - 36.0˚C were higher that of water temperature
reading of 25.1˚ - 32.3˚C.
Colour and Odour
The river water, during the period of study, was quite clear and odourless too
Turbidity
Light is another physical factor of importance. The penetration of the sun – rays/ lights
into the medium is governed by the turbidity caused mainly by inorganic suspensoids
and shadowing of plankton bloom, if any. The transparency, in the studies carried out
the value ranged between 0.64 and 1.64 NTU, which appears quite normal (Permissible
limit – 5.00 NTU). The two physical factors, and the temperature and transparency, are
favourable for the production of biological health in the system studied, although, the
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.55 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
water temperature on account of advancing summer, was quite “high” coupled with
the impact of reduced water level.
pH
pH in the alkaline side of neutrality between 7.0 – 8.0 is considered to be ideal for the
sound productivity norms. Acidic waters with values between 6.5 and alkaline medium
above 8.5 tend to bear low productive status. The river water studied was alkaline in
nature with values ranging from 7.6 – 8.23.
Dissolved Oxygen
Amongst chemical substances in natural waters the DO is of prime importance as the
regulator of metabolic processes of plants and animals as well and also as indicator of
water quality. Oxygen regime, if monitored over a period of time will provide information
on the nature of the biotope and its productive potential. Oxygen profile in the water
body studied was moderate and ranged between 5.2 – 6.2mg/L, congenial for fish
growth and sustenance.
Free Carbon-di-oxide
Free carbon di oxide values recorded „Nil‟ readings indicating that the medium is free
from pollutional threat of any kind
Free Ammonia
The medium at the site sampled indicated non – pollutional nature of the values being
„Not detected – 0.5mg/L‟ (Permissible limit 0.5mg/L).
Total Hardness
Total hardness refers to the concentrations of divalent metal ions in water expressed as
equivalent to calcium carbonate (CaCO3) which is normally related as the anion of
alkalinity and cation of hardness which usually are derived from solution of carbonate
minerals. The values in the present instance, 204 -580mg/L appears to be quite
favourable as the medium is „Soft‟ in nature (Preferable limits – 200 to 600mg/L).
Total Alkalinity
Alkalinity, the acid combining capacity of natural water, in general, is influenced by
Carbonates (CO3) and bicarbonates (HCO3) of Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg).
With Dissolved Carbon – di – oxide (CO2), carbonate bicarbonate form an equilibrium
which is of prime importance for productivity in a give situation. The water of Krishna
River indicates that it is on the ascending trend, the values ranging from 124 – 170mg/L.
Phosphate and Nitrate
The role and importance of Phosphorus in aquatic productivity has been recognised
adequately. A concentration of 0.05 – 0.2mg/L has been considered to be quite
favourable for „medium - high‟ levels of productivity. The nutrient status of the river water
studied appears to be in the optimum range with values ranging from 0.10 – 0.34mg/L.
Like phosphate, Nitrate a major constituent of protein, occupies an important place in
aquatic systems. A concentration of 0.2 – 0.5mg/L of inorganic nitrogen has been
recognised being quite favourable for „medium - high‟ levels of productivity. The nutrient
status of the medium studied is from 0.82 – 5.36mg/L (Permissible level – 45mg/L)
indicating the values being in the „optimum‟ range only.
Silicate
In natural waters, silicon remains in silicate form which is reactable. Normally, silicate –
silicon (1 – 30mg/L) remains in natural waters. At high temperature and pH the solubility
of silicate as been greatly increased. As Silica as been an important structural
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.56 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
constituent of diatom (Bacillariophyceae), it is able to regulate the growth. In the
present instance, the value recorded being from 3.84 – 7.27mg/L low in status which had
its influence on the diatom population, in negligible forms.
Iron
Iron, with „below detection level to 1.17mg/L (Preferable values 0.3mg/L)‟, indicating
that a lot of iron as been brought into the lotic water body from iron ore rich catchment.
Potassium
Potassium as K, in effect, is a necessary ingredient, „algae‟ and under its „low‟
concentration the growth and photosynthesis are poor and respiration „high‟.
Calcium
Calcium as Ca is normally present in abundant format in good many fresh waters. On an
average, calcium makes up around 14.0% of the total cations present in the soft waters.
In average „hard‟ waters, percentage of calcium amongst the cations increases to
53.0mg/L. Calcium carbonate forms the principle components of shells of molluscs and
in incorporated in the exo – skeleton of the anthropods imparting stiffness to it. The
values recorded in the present instance, 49.6 – 80 mg/L supports its availability in
„optimum‟ format as the Molluscan population in this lotic water body is found to be
quite „high‟.
Specific conductivity
Specific conductivity is an index of the amount of water soluble salts present in the
medium. Measurements of dissolved salts in the medium indicate the total
concentrations of dissolved ions having wide bearing on the over-all productivity. It also
provides symptoms of state of mineralization in any water ecosystem. Its values for fresh
waters, ranges, quite often between 25 and 500 micromhos/cm. In the present case, the
values recorded ranged from 580 to 2330 micromhos/cm, appears to be on the higher
side with good productive trend.
In general, the Krishna river water studied at the Project site is „alkaline in nature,
optimum in nutrient status and is free from pollutional threat‟.
3.5.3.2 Planktons
The plankton population in lotic water bodies such as rivers and hill streams depends on
prevailing conditions, seasons and incidence of discharge of water when precipitation
occurs in the catchment area. The plankton of the Krishna River, inherently, is 'poor' in
representation and is subjected to constant changes (Poor- rich -Poor). As the species
and values indicate, Zooplankton dominated over phytoplankton by both numbers and
percentage (Annexure-5).
The plankton biomass is in moderate concentration with standing crop varying between
0.4 and 0.2 ml/ 100 lts. Total plankton count accounted was at 822 and 441 u/l.
Numerically, Zooplankton dominated over Phytoplankton
The Phytoplankton representative, on the basis of taxonomic criteria, represented by
Blue-green Algae- Myxophyceae (Anacystis cyanes and Oscillatoria princeps): Algae-
Chlorophyceae (Volvox aureus, Cosmarium granatum, Ulothrix zonata) and
Bacillariophycear (Navicula radiosa).
The zooplankton is represented by Protozoa (Arcella mitrata), Rotifers (Brachionus
calcyflorus, Keratella tropics, Filinia longiseta), Cladocera Daphnia magna, Bosmina
longirostris and Cypris subglobosa) and Copepoda (Cyclope and nauplius). The
Miscellaneous group was represented by vegetative parts only.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.57 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
3.5.3.3 Littoral Fauna
An important biological component of a given water body, especially, in a lotic
environment are its faunal elements which are all well adapted to face natural hazards
of considerable impacts such as sudden water- force, occurrence of periodic floods of
varied magnitudes, flash floods and rolling and disturbing actions of stones, gravel,
boulders etc.
The qualitative material collected by operating a „D‟ net in the shallow marginal areas
of the river studied and the molluscan fauna found littered in the exposed river bed at
various points in and around the project site.
The Littoral faunal elements, in the present instance, are primarily represented by adult
stages of insects belonging to order- Hemiptera and Molluscs by Gastropoda and
Bivalves.
Insects are represented by Micronecta merope and Mollusca by Gastropoda- Bellamya
bengalensis, Gabbia stenothyroides, Thiara (Thiera) scabra, Thiara (Melanoides)
tuberculata, Indoplanorbis exustus, Gyraulus convexiusculus and Bivalves by Lamellidens
corianus, Lamellidens marginalis and Corbicula striatelia, Crustacea had a
representative Paratelphusa (Paratelphusa)jacquamontil (Crab).
3.5.3.4 Summary
Detailed Physico-chemical and Biological studies carried-out in the river Krishna, in and
around the project site, presents „optimum‟ features to support/sustain varieties of
aquatic life present. The river is found to be „free‟ from pollution threat.
The Plankton community, Phyto- and the Zooplankton constituents, in effect, presented
„low‟ status, by diversity and numerical density. However, scores of planktivores fish
species recorded subsists on the food available presently which, during the prime
season (monsoon and thereafter) is likely to improve for the resident and migrating fish
germplasm. The littoral fauna also were in „low‟ concentrations, constituted by Insects
and Molluscs: the latter group had a fairly good representation by Castrapods and
Bivalves and members belonging to the Crustacean group.
Fish species constituted by Carps and Predatory fish species presented a „poor‟ picture –
could be on account of the low-level of water in the river and on-set of lean season
when even the fishing activity was quite minimal, as reported. The Immigrant African
Catfish ,Clarias gariepinus, recorded in the upper reaches may migrate to other parts of
the said lotic water body, may establishes itself dominating the fishery as a whole. The
situation is quite alarming which calls for initiating concrete steps for its total elimination
from the area/river as such.
Fish stocking and its augmentation has been highlighted which should be taken-up with
all sincerity and seriousness in order to enhance the fish production to facilitate scores of
local and migratory fishermen to ekk-out their livelihood.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.58 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Fishermen with Uduvala, Krishna river complex, Kulahalli
Fish species – 1. Puntius pulchellus 2. Puntius sarana sarana 3.Labeo bata 4.Labeo fimbriatus
5.Labeo calbasu 6.Labeo potail 7.Cyprinus carpio communis 8.Sperata seenghala 9.Mystus
cavasius 10.Channa orientalis 11.Channa striatus 12.Channa orientalis 13.Heteropneustes
fossilis 14.Glossogobi giuris giuris.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.59 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Fish species – 1.Labeo fimbriatus 2.Cirrhinus reba 3.Glossogobius giuris giuris 4.Labeo calbasu
5. Mystus cavasius 6.Sperata seenghala 7.Neotropius khabalchor.
Fish species – 1.Labeo bata 2.Puntinus sarana sarana 3.Oreochromis mossambica 4.Channa
striatus
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.60 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Specimens of Notopterus notopterus
Fish species – 1.Mastacembelus farmatus 2.Channa striatus
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 3.61 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Fish species - Wallago attu
Fig 3.23 Fish species recorded at Krishna River
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 4.1 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Chapter 4. Anticipated Impacts & Mitigation Measures
Due to the activities of the project, there will be potential impacts on the environment of
varying magnitude. Most of the impacts are likely to occur during the construction
phase of the project. The following section reveals the prediction of impacts due to the
project on the physical, biological and social environment. Impacts have been assessed
based on the information collected from the primary and secondary data.
4.1 Impacts during construction phase
4.1.1 Air Environment
4.1.1.1 Sources of air pollution
Pollution due to fuel combustion in equipments: The operation of
construction equipments requires combustion fuel. Normally, diesel
is used for such equipments. The major pollutant which gets
emitted as a result of combustion of diesel is CO and HC.
Dust pollution: The operation of the trucks carrying construction
materials to the site, batching plants during the construction phase
is likely to generate fugitive emissions, which can move even up to
100 m in predominant wind direction.
Emissions due to usage of firewood for cooking at labor camps.
Due to operation of DG sets and excavation, laborers are prone to
health problems.
4.1.1.2 Mitigation measures
Unpaved roads and disturbed areas in the project construction site
are watered as frequently as necessary to prevent fugitive dust
plumes. The frequency of watering are reduced or eliminated
during periods of precipitation.
Construction equipment vehicle tires inspected and washed as
necessary to be cleaned free of dirt prior to entering paved
roadways.
Vehicles used to transport solid bulk material on public roadways
and having the potential to cause visible emissions provided with a
cover, or the materials sufficiently wetted and loaded onto the
trucks in a manner to provide at least one foot of freeboard.
Vehicles delivering loose and fine materials like sand and fine
aggregates covered by tarpaulin sheets to reduce spills on roads
and to reduce fugitive emissions.
4.1.2 Noise Environment
4.1.2.1 Sources of noise pollution
During construction phase, various sources of noise pollution arise
due to Concrete Batch Plant, Crane, Generator, Tractor, Welder /
Torch, Vibrating Hopper etc.,
Other source of noise pollution includes movement of vehicles for
unloading of construction materials, fabrication, handling of
equipments.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 4.2 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Construction activities are expected to produce noise levels in the
range of 80 – 95 dB (A). Noise levels generated by different
construction equipments are given below;
4.1.2.2 Roadway Construction Noise Model (RCNM)
Irrigation projects are almost similarly like road projects in terms of construction activities.
Hence, RCNM was used to calculate the noise levels for different construction
equipments with respect to the nearby habitation. "The Roadway Construction Noise
Model, Federal Highway Administration, US is a new, state-of-the-art computer program
that enables the prediction of construction noise levels for a variety of construction
operations based on a compilation of empirical data and the application of acoustical
propagation formulas. The program enables the calculation of construction noise levels
in more detail than manual methods while avoiding the need to collect extensive
amounts of project-specific input data"19.
Keeping in view of baseline noise levels near lift location, RCNM model was run for
different construction equipments from the base noise monitoring station. The model
results are given below.
Table 4.1 Noise levels of common construction equipments
Sl. No Equipment
Calculated
(dBA) for N1
Calculated (dBA)
for N2
Lmax Leq Lmax Leq
1. Concrete Mixer Truck 42.5 38.5 48.5 44.5
2. Generator(<25KVA) 36.5 33.5 42.5 39.5
3. Concrete Pump Truck 45.1 38.1 51.1 44.1
4. Drill Rig Truck 42.8 35.8 48.8 41.8
5. Dump Truck 40.1 36.1 46.1 42.2
6. Excavator 44.4 40.4 50.4 46.4
7. Concrete Batch Plant 46.7 38.4 52.7 44.4
8. Blasting 57.7 37.7 63.7 43.7
9. Compactor (ground) 46.9 39.9 52.9 45.9
10. Pickup Truck 38.7 34.7 44.7 40.7
11. Rock Drill 44.7 37.7 50.7 43.7
12. Roller 43.7 36.7 49.7 42.7
13. Tractor 47.7 43.7 53.7 49.7
Based on the model results, it can be concluded that, the noise levels during
construction period are within the CPCB standards and hence, there is no impact on
Kulahalli village which is located at a distance of 900 m from the lift location.
4.1.2.2 Mitigation Measures
PPEs such as, ear plugs and ear muffs will be provided to the
workers.
Periodic maintenance and servicing of construction equipments/
vehicles.
Acoustic enclosures will be provided for DG sets
Construction activities shall be restricted only to day time and
there should not be any construction during evening and night
hours to avoid the psychological effects on surrounding population
and biota.
19https://www.its.dot.gov/environment/noise/construction_noise/handbook/handbook01.cfm
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 4.3 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
4.1.3 Water Environment
4.1.3.1 Sources of water pollution
Improper treatment of sewage from labor camps leads to
infiltration into the subsurface soil and finally affects the ground
water.
There will be creation of unaesthetic conditions in the site, attracts
mosquitoes/flies, thereby chances of deteriorating the health of
the workers in unhygienic conditions.
Improper disposal of construction debris, used oil, diesel for DG
sets, etc will result in ground water contamination and in turn
affecting drainage of the area.
Spillage of excavated earth during construction of intake canal
leads to turbidity of river water.
4.1.3.2 Mitigation Measures
The sewage generated from the labour camps shall be treated in
the Septic Tank and Soak Pits designed and constructed as per IS
2470 Part-I & Part-II.
There will be no open discharge of sewage from labour camps
and the labour camps will be provided with sufficient bathrooms
and toilets. Periodical health check-ups for labors will be done.
Construction debris will be reused at site, used oil generated from
the DG sets will be stored separately and handed over to
authorized recyclers.
During construction of intake canal, the river course and the point
of contact of intake canal will be provided with sand bags
4.1.4 Soil Environment
4.1.4.1 Estimation of Soil Loss
A number of methods for assessing soil loss have been developed. They range from
simple, qualitative models to elaborate watershed simulations. Qualitative models rely
on subjective evaluation of a series of criteria. Watershed simulation models are often
very theoretical. Several empirical models also are available and most models are best
suited for estimating erosion from very large areas (more than 1 sq mile) and lack
precision for use on small sites such as construction sites. The universal soil loss equation
(USLE) is given by,
A = RKLSCP --------- Eqn (1)
Where,
A = is computed Soil loss per unit area expressed in the units selected fork and for the
period selected for R. In practice, these are usually so selected that they compute A in
m tons /ha/year, but other units can be selected.
R = the Rainfall erosivity, is the number of rainfall erosion index units for a particular
location.
K = the Soil erodibility is the soil loss rate per erosion index unit for a specified soil as
measured on a unit plot , which is defined as 21.13 mtr (72.6 ft)length of uniform 9
percent of slope continuously in cleaned tilled fallow.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 4.4 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
L = The Slope Length factor, is the ratio of soil loss from the field slope length to that from
21.13 mtr (72,6 ft) under identical conditions.
S = the slope steepness factor, is the ratio of soil loss from field slope gradient to that from
a 9 percent of slope under otherwise identical conditions.
C = the Cover and management factor is the ratio of soil loss from an area with
specified cover and management to that from an identical area in tilled continuous
fallow.
P = the support practice factor, is the ratio of soil loss with a support practice like
contouring, strip cropping or terracing to that with straight row farming up and down
the slope.
Erosion Index (EI30) Values on Storm Basis
The rainfall erosion index R is a measure of the erosive force and intensity of rain in a
normal year. The two components of the factor are the total energy E and the
maximum 30-minutes intensity (I30) for all the storms in an area during an average year.
Values of R have been computed for the various regions in India and abroad from
rainfall records and probability statistics, and hence R should not be considered as a
precise factor for any given year or location.
The energy of the rainstorm is a function of the amount of rain and all the storms
component intensities. Median raindrop size increases with the rain intensity and
terminal velocities of free falling water drops increases with increased drop size. Since
the energy of the given mass in motion is proportional to velocity-squared, the rainfall
energy is directly related to rain intensity. The relationship in metric units is expressed by
the equation, where KE is the kinetic energy in metre tones / ha-cm and is the rainfall
intensity in cm /hr.
The index values (EI30), for each storm was determined. The product term EI was
expressed as:
EI30 = (KE x I30) / 100 ----------- Equation (1)
Where
EI30 = Erosion Index
KE is Kinetic Energy of the storm
I30 = maximum 30 minutes Rainfall intensity of the storm
For computing Kinetic Energy of Rain storm the equation proposed by Wishmeier (1959)
is KE=916+331
log I -------------------Equation (2)
Where
KE = Kinetic Energy of the storm in foot tons per acre inch and
I = Rainfall intensity in inch per hour
The Equation (2) has been modified into metric units by Wishmeier & Mannering (1965)
and Ranganath,et al., (1970) the equation in metric units is:
KE = 210.3 + 89 log I ---------- Equation (3)
Where,
EI30 is the erosion index
KE is the total storm kinetic energy in tonnes – m/ha
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 4.5 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
I30 is the maximum 30 minutes intensity of rainstorm.
The monthly, seasonal and yearly EI values will be determined by adding the storm EI
values for that length of period.
Soil Erodibility Factor (K)
The soil erodibility factor K is a measure of the susceptibility of soil particle detachment
and transport by rainfall and runoff. Texture is the principal factor affecting K, but
structure, organic matter and permeability also contribute K values ranging from 0.45 to
0.59.
Nomograph Method
The United States Department of Agriculture (1978) has suggested a Nomograph and
the following equation for the determination of soil erodibility for soils containing less
than 70% silt and very fine sand:
100K = 2.1M1.14 x 10-4 (12-a) +3.25 (b-2) +2.5(c-3) -------- Eqn (4)
Where, K is the soil erodibility factor,
M is the particle size parameter which is equal to: (percent silt + very fine sand) / (100%
clay),
„a‟ is the percentage of organic matter content,
„b‟ is the soil structure and
„c‟ is the profile permeability class.
The preferred method for determining K values is the nomograph method. Use of the
nomograph requires a particle size. The soil samples collected from the field were
characterizes carefully for estimating, the K values.
Determination of LS
Since the LS factor has a considerable effect on predicted erosion, care in figuring
values for the factor is warranted. In particular, results of the soil loss calculation will be
more accurate if the USLE is individually applied to portions of a site with similar slopes
(similar gradient and length) and summing the individual soil loss estimates. Slope
gradient is the field or segment slopes, usually expressed as percentage. The
topographic component, LS, was evaluated by using the contour length method for
large watersheds.
LS was calculated base on the following equation
LS = (L)m / 22.1(0.065 + 0.0454S + 0.0065 S2) --------- Eqn (5)
Where,
LS = Average length slope component
L = Slope length in meters
S = Average watershed slope in percent and
m = Exponent (m= 0.2 if slope < 1%)
Evaluation of Cropping Management Factor (C)
The cover factor C is defined as the ratio of soil loss from land under specified crop or
mulch conditions to the corresponding loss from tilled, bare soil. In the USLE, the C factor
reduces the soil loss estimate according to the effectiveness of vegetation and mulch at
preventing detachment and transport of soil particles. On activity sites, recommended
control practices include the seeding of grasses and the use of mulches. These
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 4.6 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
measures are often considered “temporary” -they are designed to control erosion
primarily during the activity period. Permanent landscaping may be added later, or
temporary erosion control plants may be left as a permanent cover. Any product that
reduces the amount of soil exposed to raindrop impact will reduce erosion.
The cropping management factor, C is computed as follows:
C= Σn Ci Ai / A ------- Eqn (6)
Where,
C is the cropping management factor for the watershed
Ci is the cropping management factor for crop i,
Ai is the drainage basin area growing crop i with a particular management level,
n is the number of land use areas in the watershed, and
A is total watershed area.
Evaluation of Support Practice Factor (P)
The erosion control practice factor P is defined as the ratio of soil loss with a given
surface condition to soil loss with up and down hill plowing. Practices that reduce the
velocity of runoff and the tendency of runoff to flow directly down slope reduce the P
factor. In agricultural uses of the USLE, P is used to describe plowing and tillage
practices. In activity site applications, P reflects the roughening of the soil surface by
tractor treads or by rough grading.
In computing the P factor, land cover conditions are considered depending upon the
cultivated and uncultivated area of the watershed. In addition, slope is also considered
as a key factor in assigning the value. For the study area, a P factor considered is 0.6 for
terraced agricultural land having slope lass than 2% and for the rest of the land having a
slope more than 2%, a value of 0.5 is assigned.
The soil loss estimated for the watershed covering under Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation
Scheme is tabulated in the Table below.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 4.7 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Fig 4.1 Sub watersheds within the study area
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 4.8 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Table 4.2 Sub catchment/Watershed and codification of study area
Sl no Watershed Name (Sub-
catchment)
Watershed
Code
1 Kulhalli 4D7D4S
2 Hunnur; 4D7D4T
3 Banahalla 4D7D4U
4 Mudhol 4D7D4R
5 Mallahalli 4D7E1C
6 Nandagoan 4D7E2K
7 Sanganahatti 4D7E2L
Table 4.3 Watershed details of Bagalkot district
Region Basin Catchment Sub catchment Watershed Sub -Watershed
Ba
y o
f B
en
ga
l(4)
Krish
na
(4D
)
Ma
in K
rish
na
ab
ove
co
nflu
en
ce
s w
ith
Bh
ima
(4D
7)
Ghataprabha
(4D7D)
Hirehalla
(4D7D4)
4D7D4S
4D7D4T
4D7D4U
4D7D4R
RB along Krishna upto
confl. And
Panchaganga(4D7E)
R B Krishna 3
(4D7E2)
4D7E2K
R B Krishna 4
(4D7E1)
4D7E1C
4D7E2L
Table 4.4 Estimation of soil loss in VLIS command area
Watershed R K LS C P A(Tons/ha)
4D7D4S 2.68 0.54 0.453 0.258 0.7 5.54
4D7D4T 2.5 0.53 0.491 0.247 0.51 7.94
4D7D4U 2.78 0.49 0.372 0.249 0.52 7.72
4D7D4R 2.89 0.52 0.032 0.236 0.6 7.06
4D7E1C 3.82 0.59 1.425 0.381 0.4 6.56
4D7E2K 2.46 0.52 0.523 0.263 0.6 6.34
4D7E2L 2.718 0.53 0.185 0.263 0.6 6.34
Fig 4.2 Values indicating Soil loss factor
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2.68 2.5 2.78 2.89 3.82
2.46 2.718
0.54 0.53 0.49 0.52
0.59
0.52 0.53
0.453 0.491 0.372 0.032
1.425
0.523 0.185 0.258 0.247 0.249 0.236
0.381
0.263 0.263
0.7 0.51
0.52 0.6
0.4
0.6 0.6
R K LS C P
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 4.9 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Table 4.5 Soil Erodibility Index
Watershed R K LS ( R x K x LS xCxP=T Erodibility Index
( R x K x LS /T)=E I
4D7D4S 2.68 0.54 0.453 0.118398 5.54
4D7D4T 2.5 0.53 0.491 0.081953 7.94
4D7D4U 2.78 0.49 0.372 0.065612 7.72
4D7D4R 2.89 0.52 0.032 0.006809 7.06
4D7E1C 3.82 0.59 1.425 0.489458 6.56
4D7E2K 2.46 0.52 0.523 0.105572 6.34
4D7E2L 2.718 0.53 0.185 0.042054 6.34
Average erodibility index = 6.78
Estimated potential soil erodability is 6.78, which is less than 8 and therefore it is inferred
that this is a moderately erodable land.
Fig 4.3 Estimation of Soil loss in watershed
Sedimentation Studies
Erosion, transportation and deposition of sediments are natural processes controlled by
geological, climatic, physical, vegetative and other related conditions all through the
geological times. However, during the present century, because of deforestation and
urbanization the rate of transport of sediments from the watersheds and siltation pose
substantial environmental problems and before equilibrium conditions are reached,
additional problems are likely to arise.
One of the major problems noticed in agricultural watersheds is that the crop
productivity reduces to zero or becomes uneconomical, because of soil erosion
(Walling, 1988). There are many theories which can be used to evaluate sediment
movements in rivers. It is essential that functional relationship between various physical,
geomorphic and sediment related parameters are developed, such that the
magnitude of sediment eroded from watershed can be estimated. The increase in
sediment yield from the watershed will have an impact on the watershed itself and on
the river system and associated reservoirs. The impact of eroded soil on natural system is
varied and widespread. The sediment particulates eroded from the watershed move in
the downstream directly and in the process influence the drainage channels, flood
plains, river beds, wetlands and lakes. The key factors which affect the sediment yield
from drainage basin are:
0
2
4
6
8
4D7D4S 4D7D4T 4D7D4U 4D7D4R 4D7E1C 4D7E2K 4D7E2L
Estimation of soil loss in Watersheds in the Command Area A(Tons/ha)
Estimation of soil loss in Watersheds in the Command Area A(Tons/ha)
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 4.10 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Hydrology: Rainfall and runoff
Catchment characteristics: Size of the catchment, slope of the
catchment and length of the overland flow.
Soil characteristics: Soil erodibility, soil transportability, soil texture
and structure.
Nature of drainage network and drainage density.
Land use cover: Plant canopy, mulches and plant residues.
Management practices: Tillage, soil conservation structures,
terraces, diversions and bunds.
Of all the factors listed above rainfall and runoff provide the basic energy input to drive
the erosion process. Steepness of slope plays an important role in the process of erosion.
Soil properties such as soil texture, structure and the land cover, i.e., plant residue,
mulches etc have a major role in erosion process.
At the outset, it is clear that, the process of sedimentation is a matter of serious concern
in irrigation projects, because it reduces the storage capacity, water supply capability,
power generation, discharge control etc of reservoirs, rivers/catchments. The erosion of
the catchments changes the ground water regime and results in lowering of water table
in some places and rise at the formation of arid zone and marshes respectively. The
fertility of the soil, its chemical composition also changes due to catchment erosion.
Sedimentation Index
An estimate of sediment index must be developed to provide a basis for comparison
with management induced sediment yield predictions. The best source of this
information is actual long term real data of sediment yield. Another possible source is
data from similar or related watersheds.
Stream Flow and Duspended Sediment load
Although there is a definite variation in sediment transport rate in a natural stream at a
particular location, still there exists a good relationship between the sediment load of
the stream and certain hydro- morphological factors. The factors which are considered
important in estimating sediment yield of a catchment are drainage area, annual water
discharge, relief ratio, mean stream length and total stream length etc.
Regression analysis was carried out to know the relation between discharges and
sediment load in Venkateshwara lift irrigation project area. The relationship has been
found to be,
Y=7.47*10-6 x+3401.28, with r=0.97
Where, Y= suspended sediment load in tones/year
X=stream flow in m3/year (monsoon flow only)
General Sediment Loads
Sediment Types Total load in percent (by weight)
Coarse (Sand)
Medium (silt)
Fine (Clay)
40.2
35.0
24.8
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 4.11 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
4.1.5 Solid & Hazardous Environment
4.1.5.1 Sources of pollution
Improper mainatainence of excavated earth and dumping of
muck, boulders, etc into the river affects natural flow regime.
Improper management of domestic solid waste from labor camps
and dumping near water bodies leads to water pollution.
4.1.5.2 Mitigation Measures
Excavated soil earth shall be fully utilised for various construction
activities such as inspection path, stabilization of embankments,
land leveling, etc.
Labor camps should be 1 Km away from the river course and
domestic solid waste from labor camps will be collected in
different bins and handed over to the Bagalkot Municipal
Authority.
4.1.6 Impact on Hydrology & Geology
4.1.6.1 Geological Environment
The proposed project only involves construction of Jack well and pump house. There is
no structure proposed or disturb the natural course. Only through intake canal water is
drawn in to the jack well where pump sets are installed to raise the water to raising
mains and distribute through canal. As such there is no disturbance or alteration to the
local Geology.
4.1.6.2 Seismic Tectonics
Seismic activity with respect to the proposed jack well site was studied at the possibility
during the post project scenario. It was observed that no major earth quakes occurred
in the region during the past 50 years. However, the recent recorded major earth quake
to the project site was in Latur, Maharashtra. The seismic zoning map has been referred
to know the zone in which the project site is falling. The proposed project site is falling on
Zone-II which has very low risk of damage.
The following are the major impacts on Groundwater;
As the agricultural practices flourish with availability of water usage
of pesticides and application of fertilizers will naturally increase as
such the soil quality deterioration is anticipated.
The recharge to aquifer will be boosted once extensive agriculture
is practiced a portion of water will be infiltrated in to ground
recharging the aquifers.
As the drawl of water is minimized the water table will rise and
many of the boreholes yield substantial water.
4.1.6.3 Mitigation Measures
The sewage generated from the labour camps shall be treated in
septic tank and soak pits designed and constructed as per IS 2470
Part-I and domestic solid waste shall be disposed to nearby
municipal landfills. Frequent monitoring of surface and
groundwater shall be carried out not to deteriorate the water in
the river.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 4.12 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
The discharges and leakages of septic tank and soak pits have to
arrest by regularly repairing and arrest of malfunctioning.
The leakages of oil spills from machinery shall be collected in leak
proof barrels and then disposed off to KSPCB authorized dealers.
BOD and COD limits of the water shall be checked regularly as
part of EMP to monitor eutrophication.
Restrictions on time, method and rate of application of fertilizers
and pesticides shall be imposed to avoid surface run-off and
leaching on to the groundwater regime.
4.1.7 Impact on Biological Environment
A total of 123 Ha of private land is required for construction of canal network, jack well
cum pump house, rising main, cnaal networks, etc. No rare, threathened, endangered
plant or animal species are found in the region as the command area lies in the
semiarid – dry zone of Karnataka. During construction of canals and distributaries felling
of trees are envisaged. The trees on the bunds of agricultural plantations and in
Government lands will be removed with prior approval. Details of trees proposed for
felling for construction of canals will only be ascertained during detailed alignment
survey. During construction phase, the project will have short term negative impact on
flora and fauna of the region. However, no negative impacts are anticipated during
operation phase of the project.
4.1.7.1 Predicted project impacts on Flora and Fauna
The ecological factors that are considered most significant as far as the impact on flora
and fauna concerned are:
Whether there shall be any reduction in species diversity?
Whether there shall be any habitat loss or fragmentation?
Whether there shall be any additional risk or threat to the rare or
endangered or endemic or threatened (REET) species?
Whether there shall be any impairment of ecological functions
such as (i) disruption of food chains, (ii) decline in species
population and or (iii) alterations in predator-prey relationships?
Whether it is possible to attain the global objectives of „no net
loss‟of biodiversity?
Whether it is possible to improve the biological diversity through the
proposed activity?
Parameter based ecological sensitivity score of the core and buffer areas is shown in
Table below. It is evident from the information in Table 1 that neither the core area nor
the buffer area of the project site is ecologically sensitive. The different parameters and
the parameter importance based criteria used for evaluation of impacts are shown in
Table below. Based on the above it may be concluded that no impact from the
proposed project on flora and fauna of the region.
Table 4.6 Parameter based ecological sensitivity of the study area
Parameter Importance scale Weigh-tage Impact of VLIS
Catchment Command
Wildlife
importance
(Threatened
Number of Schedule-I & II (> 20
numbers)
100
Number of Schedule-I & II (10-20 50
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 4.13 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Parameter Importance scale Weigh-tage Impact of VLIS
Catchment Command
species*) numbers)
Number of Schedule-I & II (<10
numbers)
25 25 <25
Endemic
flora
High(>10 species) 100
Medium(5-10 species) 50
Low(<5 species) 25 0 0
Endemic
fauna
High(>10 species) 100
Medium(5-10 species) 50
Low(<5 species) 25 0 0
State of
terrestrial
vegetation
Relatively undisturbed forest
( Govt/private)
100 0
Totally managed estate with three
type of vegetation
50
Totally managed estate such as
coffee and cardamom
25
Agricultural land with crops such as
coconut
0 0
State of
wetland
vegetation
Relatively undisturbed wetland
visited by migratory waterfowl
100
Relatively undisturbed wetland not
known to be visited by migratory
waterfowl
50 25
Other wetlands with frequent
human activity
25 <25
Agricultural land with crops such as
paddy
10 0
Legal status National Park 100
Wildlife sanctuary 50
Reserve forest/wetland 25
Agricultural land 0 0 0
Conservation
importance
Location unique in terms of habitat(
world heritage site) or species
100
Habitat although present elsewhere
is under threat in those places
75
Habitat present elsewhere and is not
under any serious threat
50
Habitat is very common elsewhere 25 25 0
Parameter based sensitivity score out of a maximum of 700 50 50
4.1.7.2 Mitigation Measures
To compensate the tree felling for construction of main canals, canal bank plantaion
and Agro forestry activities will be proposed to improve the biological environment of
the region.
4.2 Impacts during Operation phase
4.2.1 Application of fertilizers and pesticides
The popular pesticides and insecticides, which are being used by farmers of the
command area, are Monocrotophos, Quinolphos, Carbandygium, Pyrathroides
(sinnerin), Malathion dust, Wettable sulphur, Carbaryl and Capton.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 4.14 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Table 4.7 Proposed Fertilizers and Pesticides Usage for Mudhol Command Area
Cropping
Pattern
Proposed*
Cropped
Area
(Ha)
Existing usage Proposed usage
Quantity of*
fertilizer
required
(Tonne)
Quantity of
pesticide
required
(Tonne)
Quantity of*
fertilizer
required
(Tonne/ year
)
Quantity of
pesticide
required
(Tonne/ year)
Kharif 2,500 81 34.99
348
149.77 Rabi 4,700 153 65.78
Two seasonal 3,500 114 48.98
Note: Existing fertilizer usage = 35.2 Kg/acre/year, Proposed usage of Fertilizer = 24
Kg/acre/year, as per Ange, (1992) &; FAO, (1993); *Based on biannual cropping
4.2.2 Mitigation measures
Optimum quantity of nutrients will be provided to the crops as per Package of Practices
(POP) and this will not be increased to the National standards. However, necessary
training will be imparted to water users associations by developing organic farming
demonstration plots with the help of Agricultural scientists for enabling the farmers to
switch over to Organic farming in the long run.
4.3 Evaluation of Impacts
Matrix method was used to identify interactions between various project activities and
environmental parameters and components. Later, a weightage of 1-10 shall be given
to the impacts based on the significance of the impacts. The impacts are quantified
„with‟ and „without‟ EMP.
The criteria adopted for weightage are given below;
Table 4.8 Criteria for evaluation of impacts
Sl.No Criteria Score
1 Minor impact 1-2
2 Medium impact 3-4
3 Significant impact 5-8
4 Major impact 9-10
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 4.15 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Table 4.9 Evaluation of Impacts
Sl.No Environmental
Attributes Project Activities
Nature of Impacts
Ma
gn
itu
de
Re
ve
rsib
le
Irre
ve
rsib
le
Lon
g T
erm
Sh
ort
Te
rm
Dire
ct
Ind
ire
ct
Po
sitiv
e
Ne
ga
tiv
e
With
ou
t EM
P
With
EM
P
A. Construction Phase
1.Impacts on Land Environment
1 Land
Construction of canal
network, jack well cum
pump house, raising main,
canal, etc.
M
Vehicular movement M
2 Change in
Topography
Construction of canal
network, jack well cum
pump house, raising main,
canal, etc.
M - -
3 Loss of
Productive Soil
Construction site, temporary
offices, workers camps,
stockyards
M
Construction of Haul roads L
4 Compaction of
Soil
Site Clearance L
Movement of vehicles L
5 Contamination
of Soil
Machinery and operation of
the Diesel Generator Sets M
labor camps H
2. Impacts on Water Environment
1 Eutrophication Sewage from labor camp H
Muck disposal H
2 Change in
River Water
Construction of canal
network, jack well cum M
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 4.16 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Sl.No Environmental
Attributes Project Activities
Nature of Impacts
Ma
gn
itu
de
Re
ve
rsib
le
Irre
ve
rsib
le
Lon
g T
erm
Sh
ort
Te
rm
Dire
ct
Ind
ire
ct
Po
sitiv
e
Ne
ga
tiv
e
With
ou
t EM
P
With
EM
P
Quality pump house, raising main,
canal, etc.
Diversion of river water H
Decomposition of
sediments and deposition of
organic matter
M
Washing of equipments L
Muck disposal M
3
Change in
surface and
ground water
quality
Sewage from labor camp H
3. Impacts on Air Environment
1
Increase in dust
concentration
Construction equipments,
operation of DG sets, M
Excavation H
2
Fugitive
Emissions from
various sources
Vehicular movement H
Loading and dislodging Use
of sand, fine aggregates M
Batching plant M
3
Increase in SO2,
PM, NOx
Vehicular movement M
Operation of DG sets M
Fuel Combustion in
equipments and Vehicles M
Burning of fuels from
construction workers M
4 Impact on Emission of Dust particles M
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 4.17 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Sl.No Environmental
Attributes Project Activities
Nature of Impacts
Ma
gn
itu
de
Re
ve
rsib
le
Irre
ve
rsib
le
Lon
g T
erm
Sh
ort
Te
rm
Dire
ct
Ind
ire
ct
Po
sitiv
e
Ne
ga
tiv
e
With
ou
t EM
P
With
EM
P
Human Health
4. Impact on Noise Environment
1 Increase Noise
Level
movement of vehicles M
Operation of D.G sets L
Movement of vehicles
carrying raw materials M
5. Impact on Biological Environment
1 Pressure on
existing natural
resources
Immigration of labor
population L
2 Reduced
Photosynthetic
activity, Wilting
of plants
Transportation of
construction materials M
Site Clearance M
3. Impacts on
Fishes and
Aquatic
Ecosystem
Increase in turbidity of
water due to Washing of
machineries
M
Sewage from labor camp H
6. Impact on Socio-economic Environment
1 Land
acquisition Affecting livelihood H
2 Impact on
Human Health
Due to water/air borne
diseases, traffic movement H
B. Operation Phase
1
Impacts on
Land
Environment
Application of natural
fertilizers and pesticides H
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 4.18 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Sl.No Environmental
Attributes Project Activities
Nature of Impacts
Ma
gn
itu
de
Re
ve
rsib
le
Irre
ve
rsib
le
Lon
g T
erm
Sh
ort
Te
rm
Dire
ct
Ind
ire
ct
Po
sitiv
e
Ne
ga
tiv
e
With
ou
t EM
P
With
EM
P
2
Impact on
water
environment
Application of fertilizers and
pesticides M
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 5.1 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Chapter 5. Analysis of Alternatives
The Proposed Command area villages are deprived of irrigation facilities from existing Ghataprabha Left Bank Canal (GLBC) and also by
Jamakhandi Branch Canal, hence it is proposed to irrigate this area by a new LIS which is the only alternative. Thus, Venkateshwara Lift
Irrigation Scheme is conceived to irrigate the left out areas of Jamakhandi and Mudhol taluk of Bagalkot district.
Fig 5.1 Google map showing proposed VLIS command area and surrounding irrigated areas
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 6.1 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Chapter 6. Environmental Monitoring Program
The purpose of the monitoring programme is to ensure that the objectives of the project
is achieved through the mitigation measures and result in desired benefits to
environment and local population of the region. To ensure the effective implementation
of the EMP, it is essential to carryout environment monitoring programme as given
below.
Table 6.1 Environmental Monitoring Program for Construction phase (2 years)
Environmental
Parameters
Parameters to be
Monitored
Frequency
of
Monitoring
Locations Responsibility Estimated
Cost in Rs.
Surface water
quality of
Krishna river
pH, Temperature,
EC, TDS
Alkalinity, TH, DO,
BOD, COD, NO3,
PO4, Cl, SO4, Na, K,
Ca, Mg, Silica, Oil &
grease, MPN, Total
coliform
Fortnightly
once until
completion
of Intake
canal
Near lift point
(1 No.)
Contractors or
agencies
appointed by
KNNL
24,000/-
Ground water
quality
pH, Temperature,
EC, TDS
Alkalinity, TH,NO3,
PO4, Cl, SO4, Na, K,
Ca, Mg, Silica, Oil &
grease, MPN, Total
coliform
Once in a
month
Bandigani
Jagadal
(2 Nos.)
Contractors or
agencies
appointed by
KNNL
1,20,000/-
Soil Quality
pH, EC, Mg, Ca,
Alkalinity, Cl, Na, K,
Organic Carbon, K,
PO4, SAR, N and
Salinity
Once in a
month
Kulahalli
Navalagi
Siddapur
(3 No.)
Contractors or
agencies
appointed by
KNNL
2,16,000/-
Air Quality PM10, PM2.5, NO2 and
SO2 Monthly
Bandigani
Shirol
(2 Nos.)
Contractors or
agencies
appointed by
KNNL
2,88,000/-
Noise Levels Leq Day, Leq Night
in dB(A)
Monthly
once until
completion
of
construction
works
Bandigani
Shirol
(2 Nos.)
Contractors or
agencies
appointed by
KNNL
48,000/-
Aquatic life Limnological and
biological studies
Six monthly
once until
completion
Near intake
canal (1 No.)
Contractors or
agencies
appointed by
KNNL
1,50,000/-
Health check
ups
Spirometry, Pulse
Oxymetry, Blood
Test, Lung Function
Test, Eye test,
Physical fitness tests
Six monthly
once until
completion
Labor camp
(1 No.)
Contractors or
Doctors / PHC
appointed by
KNNL
4,00,000/-
Total 12,46,000/-
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 6.2 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Table 6.2 Environmental Monitoring Program for Operation phase (3 years)
Environmental
Parameters
Parameters to be
Monitored
Frequency
of
Monitoring
Locations Responsibility Estimated
Cost in Rs.
Surface water
quality of
Krishna river
pH, Temperature,
EC, TDS
Alkalinity, TH, DO,
BOD, COD, NO3,
PO4, Cl, SO4, Na, K,
Ca, Mg, Silica, Oil &
grease, MPN, Total
coliform
Quarterly
once for 3
years
Near lift
point
(1 No.)
Agencies
appointed by
KNNL
90,000/-
Ground water
quality
pH, Temperature,
EC, TDS
Alkalinity, TH,NO3,
PO4, Cl, SO4, Na, K,
Ca, Mg, Silica, Oil &
grease, MPN, Total
coliform
Quarterly
once for 3
years
Bandigani
Jagadal
(2 Nos.)
Agencies
appointed by
KNNL
60,000/-
Soil Quality
pH, EC, Mg, Ca,
Alkalinity, Cl, Na, K,
Organic Carbon,
K, PO4, SAR, N
and Salinity
Quarterly
once for 3
years
Kulali
Navalagi
Siddapur
(3 No.)
Agencies
appointed by
KNNL
1,08,000/-
Aquatic life Limnological and
biological studies
Yearly once
for 3 years
Near intake
canal (1
No.)
Agencies
appointed by
KNNL
3,00,000
Total 5,58,000
Based on the above and as per the guidelines of MoEF under the supervision of
Executive Engineer, HBC Division, KNNL, Athani, six monthly compliance reports will be
submitted to Regional Office of MoEF, Bangalore.
In order to verify the effectiveness of monitoring program, Regional Office, MoEF,
Bangalore and Regional Office, KSPCB, Bagalkot will be the enforcing agency to
monitor the project activities.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 7.1 HS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Chapter 7. Additional Studies
7.1 Social Impact Assessment
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme is proposed to irrigate an area of 7,200 Ha by
lifiting 0.75 T.M.c of water from Krishna River during Khariff season. The project aims at
providing irrigation facility to 10 villages of Jamakhandi and Mudhol Taluk.
Agriculture is the major economic activity of this region which is mainly Monsoon
dependent and inconsistent monsoons and erratic rainfall impacts the agricultural
production badly leading to low economy of the region. Government of Karnataka
recognized the need to extend irrigation facilities to these areas and Karnataka
Neeravari Nigam Ltd, Govt. of Karnataka proposed this project to provide stability to
agriculture sector and thereby improve the per capita income and standard of living of
the people here. Benefiting villages include Kulahalli, Navalagi, Bandigani, Jagadal,
Chimmad, Siddapur of Jamakhandi taluk and Mugalkodh, Shirol, Kulahalli and Belagali
of Mudhol taluk.
7.2 Need for Social Impact Assessment
The ToR approved by the Karnataka State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority
clarified the need for conducting social impact assessment studies as part of the
Environmental Impact assessment studies. This chapter attempts to assess the socio
economic conditions of the people in the villages in the project area and possible
impact, both positive and negative, due to the project with mitigative measures and
suggestions for improvement.
No forest land is required for any part of the project and no submergence will be
caused due to the project. Command Area of the project is <10,000 Ha, hence this is
considered as a „B category‟ project and based on the recommendations of the SEAC
of the MoEF, EIA and EMP are prepared vide the ToR specified. Social impact
assessment attempted here is part of this EIA study and the following socio economic
environment specified in the ToR is covered for this study. Human settlements, health
status of the community and existing infrastructure facilities for social welfare including
livelihood, job opportunities, and safety and security of workers and surrounding
population.
This Chapter on Social impact Assessment is a part of EIA report prepared as per the ToR
conditions. As detailed in the ToR and other reference studies on the irrigation projects,
the scope of the socio economic studies includes the following.
Baseline socio-economic profile of the study area.
Demography, social conditions, workers, PAFs, etc.
Land acquisition and mode of compensation
People perceptions on the project.
Social assessment.
7.3 Villages affected due to the project
One of the direct impacts of the project is Land acquisition and this project requires land
from six villages as detailed in the Table No 7.1 below.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 7.2 HS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Table 7.1 Details of project impacted villages
Sl.No District Taluk Impacted villages
1
Bagalkot Jamakhandi
Bandigani
2 Navalgi
3 Kalhalli
4 Chimmad
5 Yallatti
6 Kulhalli
7.4 Brief history of the districts
The project impact‟s Bagalkot district as detailed below. A brief history of the districts is
summarized below.
7.4.1 Bagalkot District
Bagalkot district is home to some of the finest temples of the world, famed for their
architectural splendour and Pattadakal is a magnificent temple complex listed by
UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. Bagalkot, the district headquarters is a commercial
town and major hub of the area. Earlier, Bagalkot was a part of Vijayapura/Bijapur
district, was later carved out as a separate district vide Government of Karnataka
notification, dated 2nd August 1997 .Geographically the district is located in the
northern portion of the Deccan plateau. It comprises of six taluks namely, Badami,
Bagalkot, Bilgi, Hungund, Mudhol and Jamakhandi. Bagalkot is the district headquarters
and is one of the richest places
7.4.1.1 Highlights – 2011 census
Bagalkot with a total population of 18, 89,752accounts for 3.1
percent of the total population of the State and stands in the 11th
position in the State.
The Sex ratio of adults in the district is 989 and among the child
population in the age-group below 6 years, it is 935.
The district has a literacy rate of 68.8 percent with 79.2%male
literacy rate and 58.4% female literacy rate .The male – female
literacy gap in the district is 20.8 percentage points, which is higher
than the male – female literacy gap registered by the State (14.4
percentage points).
The Scheduled Caste population contributes 16.9 percent to the
total population of the district and the Scheduled Tribe population
contributes 5.1 percent.
The district has registered a work participation of 43.3 percent and
work participation rates for Male and Female population are 53.8
and 32.6 respectively.
Among the total workers in the district 82.7 percent are Main
workers and 17.3 percent are Marginal workers. Major work force
of 61.1 percent are engaged in Agricultural sector ie., Cultivators
(24.0 percent) and
Agricultural Laborers (37.1 percent).Agricultural Laborers constitute
37.1 percent of the total workers in the district and the district holds
10th rank in the State.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 7.3 HS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
In the district 5.5 percent of the total workers are engaged in
Household Industry and 33.5 percent are „Other workers”. About
56.7 percent of the total population in the district is non-workers.
The population density for this district is 288 and stands at 16th rank
in the State. There are 624 villages, 12 Statutory Towns and 3
Census Towns in the district.
7.5 Description of Socio Economic Environment
The socio-economic profile of the project impacted area was analyzed through
compilation of primary and secondary data. Primary survey was conducted deploying
a team of qualified surveyors and data was collected from PAPs through designed
questionnaires (Annexure-6) through house visits. The Consultant also visited the project
site and had formal and informal interactions with the various stakeholders. All the
primary data so collected were compiled and documented. The secondary data
sources referred mainly are detailed below:
District Census Handbook, 2011-Bagalkot, series30, part XII B
State Fact sheet-Karnataka 2012-13
Census Data, 2011-Karnataka
Official Websites of Bagalkot and Vijayapura District and
Departments
7.5.1 Demographic profile of the project villages
The total population of the six villages is 35986 out of which 18105 is male and 17881 is
female.
7.5.1.1 Population details
Population of each village, male and female population and sex ratio are furnished in
Table 7.2 below;
Table 7.2 Population and sex ratio of the project impacted villages
Impacted villages Population Male Female
Bandigani 2140 1104 1036
Kulhalli 8353 4269 4084
Navalgi 7875 3924 3951
Kalhalli 3441 1720 1721
Chimmad 10839 5426 5413
Yallatti 3338 1662 1676
Total 35986 18105 17881
Fig 7.1 Population Sex ratio of the villages
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 7.4 HS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
As per the survey, it is seen that in almost all the places Male to Female ratio is found to
be equal, in Kulahalli the male population is little more as when to compared to female.
7.5.1.2 Scheduled caste and scheduled tribe population
The Scheduled Caste population in the project influenced villages contributes 21.28
percent of the population and scheduled tribe population contributes 2.45 percent of
the population (Census, 2011).
Table 7.3 SC/ST population in project villages
Villages SC population Male Female ST population Male Female
Bandigani 585 302 283 210 98 112
Kulhalli 1702 823 879 42 20 22
Navlgi 1689 793 896 516 251 265
Kalhalli 843 427 416 83 42 41
Chimmad 2257 1088 1169 32 16 16
Yallatti 518 260 258 0 0 0
Fig 7.2 SC Population in the project villages
Fig 7.3 ST Population in the project villages
585
1702 1689
843
2257
518
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1 2 3 4 5 6
Total SC population
Male
Female
210
42
516
83 32
0 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Bandigani Kulhalli Navlgi Kalhalli Chimmad Yallatti
Total ST population
Male
Female
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 7.5 HS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Type of family
In the primary survey, it is seen that 91% of the families are nuclear families with 5 or lesser
number of members and 9% are joint families with 6 to 10 members.
Religion and caste
The religious group reported from this area is dominated by Hindus and in some areas
Muslims are also reported. Christians and other religious groups are totally absent here.
As per the primary survey conducted in the project area there are 97.8 % Hindu
community and only 2.2 % are Muslims. Scheduled Caste reported is 43.52 % and 4.70 %
Scheduled Tribes are reported. Among Hindus, 49.41 % of the people belong to Other
Backward category and only 2.35 % are from higher castes. The OBC casts reported
includes Lingayath, Uppara, Maratha, Kuruba and Ganiga their percentage varies from
village to village.
7.5.1.3 Educational status
Average literacy rate of Bagalkot in 2011 was 68.82% compared to 57.30% of 2001. If
things are looked out at gender wise, male and female literacy were 79.23% and 58.40%
respectively (Census, 2011). Total literacy rate in the sampled villages are 58.86 %
constituting 67.97 % male which is considerably higher than female of 51.36 %
respectively (Census, 2011).
Table 7.4 Male- female literacy
Sl.No. Villages Total
Literates
Total literacy
(%) Male % Female %
1 Bandigani 940 44 560 60 380 40
2 Kulhalli 4203 50 2477 59 1726 41
3 Navalgi 3908 50 2231 57 1677 43
4 Kalhalli 1674 49 948 57 726 43
5 Chimmad 5398 50 3073 57 2325 43
6 Yallatti 1787 54 1045 58 742 42
Fig 7.4 Male & Female Literates
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Bandigani Kulhalli Navalgi Kalhalli Chimmad Yallatti
44
50 50 49 50 54
60 59 57 57 57 58
40 41 43 43 43 42
Total literacy (%)
Male %
Female %
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 7.6 HS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
7.5.1.4 Health status
The efficiency of public health delivery system is low and considerable disparities across
districts in terms of per capita availability of hospitals, beds and manpower inputs had
adverse impact on improving the life expectancy in the state. To improve the outcomes
in deficient districts like Bagalkot factorial disparities within the health system need to be
improved, linking with adequate infrastructure facilities like safe drinking water supply
and sanitation. A considerable increase in medical and public health expenditure in
rural areas in the state is required for this purpose. The funds from National Rural Health
Mission (NRHM) and rural sanitation schemes, at present, are adding to improve the
situation in poorer districts.
Besides the significance of factors like rural poverty and disparities in income, overall
skewed distribution of income across rural and urban sectors, changing population
densities in respective districts as well as lack of gender specific focus of public sector
intervention in terms of education and other opportunities should not be overlooked.
These factors have indeed influenced the health outcomes which the direct health
sector inputs have not been able to compensate. Communicable and non-
commendable diseases often impose threat to human Development. The important
non-communicable diseases reported from the District include - heart attacks and
stroke, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes. The important
communicable diseases that affect people in the district include Diarrhea, Dengue,
Malaria, Measles, HIV/AIDS, and TB. Some studies conducted in Bagalkot, district reveals
that the ground water has fluoride concentration but it is below the permissible limits
prescribed by ICMR, WHO and ISI. No dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis is noticed in
study area. However ground water management programme and Environmental
awareness of the health implication of fluoride is emphasized through education of
public and community participation.
7.5.1.5 Occupational status
The work participation status of villagers in these six villages ranges from 55% (Bandigani)
to 38% (Navalagi). Among them, 50 to 71 percentages is the male work participation
while female work participation is 29 to 49 percent only except in where the female
participation almost equals with the male participation i.e. 49 % and 51 % respectively.
The highest work participation reported from Bandigani village is due to this high
participation rate of females. Below table give the details of the work Participation.
Table 7.5 Work participation rate of men and women
Sl.No. Village Population Total workers % Male % Female %
1 Bandigani 2140 1174 55 596 51 578 49
2 Kulhalli 8353 3720 45 2272 61 1448 39
3 Navalgi 7875 2977 38 2114 71 863 29
4 Kalhalli 3441 1423 41 916 64 507 36
5 Chimmad 10839 4881 45 2892 59 1919 39
6 Yallatti 3338 1574 47 907 58 667 42
From the survey, it was noted that, there is almost equal head to head work force
among male and female population in Yallatti, Bandigani villages and the ratio was 2:1
(male: female) at Chimmad, Kalhalli and Kulhalli.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 7.7 HS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Fig 7.5 Work participation rate of men and women
7.6 Land use and land ownership
The proposed project envisages the lifting of 0.75 TMC of water from Krishna River and
providing irrigation facility to 7,200 Ha areas in 10 villages, which in turn improves the
cropping pattern and crop yield. The total land required for the project is 69.18 Acres (28
ha) and the project site is primary an agricultural area. The land use in the proposed
project area is dry land agriculture, subject to vagaries of monsoon rain with low
cropping intensity and low productivity. Majority of the population in the area depends
on agriculture and the major crops cultivated in the region include Jowar, Bajra, Wheat,
Grams and Sugarcane.
7.7 Religious and cultural institutions
Remnants of Chalukyan art and architecture are important tourist attractions in
Bagalkote. Historically, Bagalkot was the capital of the Chalukyan Empire. Pattadakallu ,
a village and an important tourist center in the state is located on the left bank of the
Malaprabha river in Bagalkot district, 22 km from Badami and 514 km from Bangalore, is
a UNESCO World heritage site (aerially 78 Km away from lift point). There are ten temples
here, four are in Nagara style and six are in Dravidian style. The largest of all the temples
in Pattadakal is Virupaksha temple.
55
45
38
41
45
47
51
61
71
64
59
58
49
39
29
36
39
42
0 50 100 150 200
Bandigani
Kulhalli
Navalgi
Kalhalli
Chimmad
Yallatti
Total %
Male %
Female %
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 7.8 HS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
View of Pattadakallu temple
7.8 Consultations with the PAPs
Interactions with the project affected persons during the Social survey and other formal
and informal interactions provided a feedback of their impressions about the project
and expectations as summarized below;
The farmers expressed their happiness saying that this project is a
boon for them especially during dry seasons to cultivate in their
farm lands and increase production. As their main subsistence is
agriculture they look forward to implement this irrigation project
early as possible.
Those who are losing land expect sufficient compensation for their
loss and hope that their dwelling houses won‟t be affected.
Few Respondents expressed their concern about the land value
and are waiting for discussions with the Department officials.
In the interactions villagers expressed their concern about the
construction works and its impacts on them, chances for
employment and also requested to KNNL for following supports:
To develop the linking roads
To provide drinking water and sanitation facilities
To complete the project as early as possible
Consider local people for employment opportunities in the project
sites.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 7.9 HS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Fig 7.6 Interaction with PAPs
7.9 Positive and Negative impact of the Project
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation scheme is proposed to irrigate an
area of 7,200 ha spread across 10 villages of Jamakhandi and
Mudhol Taluk, utilizing 0.75 T.M.C water from Krishna River during
Khariff season only. These villages include Kalahalli, Navalgi,
Bandigani, Jagadal, Chimmad, Siddapur of Jamakhandi Taluk and
Mudhol Taluk –Magalkoda, Shirol, Kulahalli and Belagali.
This will help to increase the agricultural production during kharif
season which in turn will raise their economic status and standard
of living. This will have major impact on the area; especially entire
population in this region depends on agriculture for their
subsistence.
Employment Generation due to the project: During the project
construction phase and operation-management phase additional
employment will be generated and local labourers will be
engaged for works. Around 150 people (25 Technical and 125
construction labourers) are expected to be employed temporarily
for the construction work of intake channel, jack well cum pump
house, raising main, delivery chambers and distribution network.
During operation phase labourers will be appointed for operation
and maintenance of the jack well.
The only negative impact is that 123 ha of agricultural land spread
across 6 villages and owned by some of titleholders will be lost for
the project construction purposes, but they will be sufficiently
compensated as per the Right to Fair Compensation and
Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement
(Karnataka) Rules applicable in the State. None of the residential
or commercial properties are impacted and there is no
displacement of PAPs.
So overall, impact of the project is progressive for the development
of the villages and the agricultural production will increase
contributing to the economy of the region. Villagers generally
welcome such irrigation projects and cooperate with the land
acquisition process. The Department takes due care to consider
Interaction with PAPs
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 7.10 HS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
the development needs of the people and due care will be taken
to avoid all negative impacts.
7.10 Land Acquisition Process& Rehabilitation and Resettlement Plan
7.10.1 Land acquisition process
Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and
Resettlement (Compensation, Rehabilitation and Resettlement, Development Plan)
Rules, 2015 published in the Govt of India Gazette on 18th December, 2015.Government
of Karnataka vide Revenue Secretariat notification no. RD 152 AQB 2013, Bangalore,
Dated 17 Oct 2015 published these rules.
7.10.2 Request for acquisition of land and initial steps
On completion of Social Impact Assessment, the Requiring Body for whom land is to be
acquired shall file the request to the concerned Collector in FORM-I along with the
following documents;
Detailed project report
Sanction letter of project
Three copies of Record of Rights and revenue maps of the
affected areas
Information about the classification of land that is, irrigated multi-
cropped, single cropped, wasteland, etc
Any other information required by the Collector
The Collector, on receiving the request constitute a committee of officers deems
necessary, to make a field visit along with the representatives of the Requiring Body to
make a preliminary enquiry who in turn will submit the report to the collector with the
following details.
(i) That the proposed acquisition of land serves public purpose;
(ii) That the extent of land proposed for acquisition is the absolute bare-minimum
needed for the project;
(iii) That the acquisition of land at an alternate place has been considered and found
not feasible;
(iv) That there is no unutilized land which has been previously acquired in the area;
(v) That the land, if any, acquired earlier and remained unutilized may be used for such
public purpose;
(vi) The recommendations of the committee
On the basis of the report of the committee, the Collector if satisfied that the request is
consistent with the provisions of the Act, shall make a preliminary estimate of the cost of
the acquisition. The Collector shall inform the Requiring Body to deposit the estimated
cost of acquisition or part thereof as specified by the Collector in the designated
account of the office of the Collector before the publication of declaration and the
Requiring Body shall deposit the same within the said period. The balance cost of
acquisition after final estimation as prepared by the Collector or in cases where excess
amount is awarded by the Authority or Court, shall be deposited as and when required.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 7.11 HS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
7.10.3 Publication of preliminary notification
Preliminary notification as per section 11 shall be published in FORM II and will be
affixed at conspicuous places in the affected areas and also informed to the public.
Then the Collector shall ensure completion of the exercise of updating land records as
specified below:
Delete the names of deceased persons;
enter the names of the legal heirs of the deceased persons;
enter the registered transactions of the rights in land such as sale,
gift, partition, etc.;
make all entries of the mortgages in the land records;
delete the entries of mortgages in case the lending agency issues
letter towards full payment of loans taken through registered
reconveyance of mortgaged property deeds;
make necessary entries in respect of all prevalent forest laws;
make necessary entries in case of the Government land;
make necessary entries in respect of assets on the land like
buildings, trees, wells, etc.;
make necessary entries of share-croppers in the land;
Make necessary entries of crops grown or sown and the area of
such crops; and any other relevant entries.
After the publication of 11(1) notification a census of the affected families is
conducted, within a period of two months. For the purpose of the survey to be
conducted and the census of the affected families to be undertaken by the
Administrator, he shall take into account;
The Social Impact Assessment report;
The records of the Panchayat, Municipality or Municipal
Corporation, as the case may be, and other Government records.
The Administrator shall get the data verified by door to door visit of the affected families
and by site visits in case of infrastructure projects in the affected area.
The draft Rehabilitation and Resettlement Scheme prepared by the Administrator shall
be given wide publicity through the Official Gazette and two daily newspapers being
circulated in the locality and shall be uploaded on the website of the appropriate
Government.
An officer authorized shall conduct a public hearing in the affected areas by issuing
advance notice of three weeks on the date, time and venue mentioned in the said
notice in accordance with the provisions of rule.
7.10.4. Publication of declaration for acquisition
The declaration shall be published by affixing a copy thereof in local language at
conspicuous places in the affected areas in FORM V.
7.10.5. Land acquisition award
The land acquisition award referred to in section 23 shall be made in FORM VI and FORM
VII annexed in the rules.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 7.12 HS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
7.11 Valuation of Land
In determining the amount of compensation to be awarded for land acquired under
this Act, the Collector shall take into consideration the market value as determined
under section 26 and the award amount in accordance with the First and Second
Schedules:
Secondly, the damage sustained by the person interested, by reason of the taking of
any standing crops and trees which may be on the land at the time of the Collector's
taking possession thereof;
Thirdly, the damage (if any) sustained by the person interested, at the time of the
Collector's taking possession of the land, by reason of severing such land from his other
land:
Fourthly, the damage (If any) sustained by the person interested at the time of the
Collector's taking possession of the land by reason of the acquisition injuriously affecting
his other property, movable or immovable, in any other manner, or his earnings; in
consequence of the acquisition of the land by the Collector, the person interested is
compelled to change his residence or place of business, the reasonable expenses (if
any) incidental to such change; the damage ( if any) bona fide resulting from dim
inution of the profits of the land between the time of the publication of the declaration
under section l9 and the time of the Collector's taking possession of the land: and
seventhly, any other ground which may be in the interest of equity, justice and
beneficial to the affected families.
29(1) The Collector in determining the market value of the building and other
immovable property or assets attached to the land or building which are to be
acquired, use the services of a competent engineer or any other specialist in the
relevant field, as may be considered necessary by him.
(2) The Collector for the purpose of determining the value of trees and plants attached
to the land acquired, use the services of experienced persons in the field of agriculture,
forestry, horticulture, sericulture, or any other field, as may be considered necessary by
him.
(3) The Collector for the purpose of assessing the value Of the standing crops damaged
during the process of land acquisition, may use the services of experienced persons in
the field of agriculture as may be considered necessary by him.
30. The Collector having determined the total compensation to be paid, shall, to arrive
at the final award, impose a 'Solatium,' amount equivalent to one hundred per cent of
the compensation amount.
Explanation.-For the removal of doubts it is hereby declared that solatium amount shall
be in addition to the compensation payable to any person whose land has been
acquired.
(2) The Collector shall issue individual awards detailing the particulars of compensation
payable and the details of payment of the compensation as specified in the First
Schedule.
(J)In addition to the market value of the land provided under section 26, the Collector
shall, in every case award an amount calculated at the rate of twelve percent per
annum on such market value for the period commencing on and from the date of the
publication of the notification of the Social Impact Assessment study under sub-section
(2) of section 4, in respect of such and, till the date of the award of the Collector or the
date of taking in possession of the land, whichever is earlier.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 7.13 HS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
7.12 Land acquisition of the project and rough cost estimates
The Project does not displace any houses or shops for the project activities. Only land is
required to the extent of 123 ha and the agricultural land will be acquired, as per the
conditions of “Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition,
Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act” (RTFC&LARR Act), 2015. The compensation matrix
as per this rules are summarized in Table 1.9 below;
Table 7.6 Compensation matrix
Compensation/eligibility Value/ rates
Compensation for Land value
Rural -market value of land x 2
+ 100% solatium of compensation
Value of structures Value of structures and assets like wells, few
pump houses etc may have to be paid
Residential PDPs
House owners/ affected family
staying in the area for more than
3 years ,if displaced
No residential structures impacted. Hence
not applicable
Land for land option (in case of
irrigation projects)
Provision for Land for land –as far as possible
one acre of land in the command area
For SC/ST 2.5 acres land.
not applicable in the case of this project
Income tax and stamp duty Stamp duty/registration fee to be paid by
the requiring body and not from the PAP
7.13 Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R&R) Plan
The Project does not displace any houses or shops for the project activities. Only land is
required to proposed project (123 ha) and the agricultural land will be acquired, as per
the conditions of “Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition,
Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act” (RTFC&LARR Act), 2015. The compensation matrix
as per this rules are summarized below;
Table 7.7 Compensation matrix
Compensation/eligibility Value/ rates
Compensation for Land value Rural -market value of land x 2
+ 100% solatium of compensation
Value of structures Value of structures and assets like
wells, few pump houses etc may have
to be paid
residential PDPs -House owners/ affected
family staying in the area for more than 3
years ,if displaced
No residential structures impacted.
Hence not applicable
Land for land option (in case of irrigation
projects)
Provision for Land for land –as far as
possible one acre of land in the
command area
For SC/ST 2.5 acres land.
not applicable in the case of this
project
Income tax and stamp duty Stamp duty/registration fee to be
paid by the requiring body and not
from the PAP
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 7.14 HS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
7.14 Land value fixation
As detailed above, the District Collector fix up the market value of the land in each
village considering the land transactions in the area for the last three years and on
mutual discussion with the land owners. Realistic cost estimation can be done only on
the basis of this. But to work out rough estimation of the cost, the market value of the
land is considered as detailed in Table below;
Table 7.8 Cost Estimates of land
Market value of land Approximate area Cost as per
market value
Market value x 2
x 100% solatium
Dry land (1,05,300/-per acre) 303.81
123 Ha
Rs 3.19 Cr Rs 12.79 crores
Wet land (1,75,500/- per ace) nil
Two yield per year Wet land
(2,23,300/-per acre)
nil
There are no R&R costs involved other than the ex gratia payments, as detailed above
which need to be further worked out, based on the actual status of the PAPs. Land for
land and compensation for some PAPs in the area need to be discussed further to
arrives in to consensus but most of them prefer monetary compensations than other
supports.
Cost of compensation for the crops under cultivation, trees and plants in the acquired
land etc will be worked out at the time of acquisition process to add to the above costs.
The Department has already initiated action to initiate the land acquisition process in
association with the District Collector.
7.14.1 Environmental Public Consultation
As per ToRs, Karnataka State Pollution Control Board has conducted Environmental
Public Consultation at Bhandigani village, Bagalkot district on 06.12.2016. The
proceedings, photographs and compliance to public hearing proceedings are
enclosed in the Executive summary of the EIA report.
7.15 Risks and Hazards associated with the project
It is the major construction activity that includes majority of work of excavation ,followed
by civil construction activity, pumping installation duly integrated with power supply
installation infra and command area network infrastructure. All activity will be
coordinated in staggered manner and in sync. All activities are hazardous in nature due
to major construction having inherent risk. Catastrophic events like cloud bursts and flash
floods, earthquake or any act of god, arson, sabotage, etc which is beyond control of
KNNL management shall be in the purview of District administration to control and
mitigate. They will assess and appraise the offsite DMP prepared by KNNL and hence
take lead at times with discretion. Under NDMA 2007 guideline district authority shall be
well equipped to deal with aforesaid eventualities, they mobilize resources and enact all
stakeholders to perform with due diligence. In project when conceived and technically
through w.r.t statutory clearance
Subsequent activity in field work will be planned and arranged. In the irrigation project
major activities are likely as under;
Excavation for intake canal and for construction of jack well cum
pump house
Pumping to lift water to upper level for proposed command area.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 7.15 HS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Dedicated power supply grid for pumping.
Network for command area for flow irrigation.
Management for safety, Health and environment.
Towards hazard mapping in this project, summarily following hazards are being
identified;
7.15.1 Physical hazards
Exposure to strong and continuous noise in work areas (emanating from compressors,
pneumatic hammers, vibrators, and similar sources) Exposure to various environmental
factors, inc. extreme heat or cold, strong solar radiation, heat-load, drying, excessive
moisture content, increased or reduced environmental air-pressure, etc.
7.15.2 Chemical Hazards
Potential hazard of being exposed to noxious dust when staying on the work site.
Dermatitis caused by contact with irritating and allergenic materials (e.g. –cement dust).
While visiting the work site an engineer may be exposed to hazards created by other
workers – for example: exposure to organic solvents, thinners and paint removers when
at the same time a paint job is being performed at the site.
7.15.3 Biological Hazards
There are no specific biological hazards, except potential exposure to infectious
diseases, like influenza, as a result of close contact with construction workers that
contracted such diseases; or development of dermatitis and irritation as a result of
drinking polluted water at the site, contact with allergenic vegetation or with insects
(inc. wasps and bees), snakes and similar creatures located on the work site.
7.15.4 Protective systems
There are different types of protective systems. Sloping involves cutting back the trench
wall at an angle inclined away from the excavation. Shoring requires installing aluminum
hydraulic or other types of supports to prevent soil movement and cave ins. Shielding
protects workers by using trench boxes or other types of supports to prevent soil cave ins.
Designing a protective system can be complex because to consider many factors: soil
classification, depth of cut, water content of soil, changes due to weather or climate,
surcharge loads (eg., spoil, other materials to be used in the trench) and other
operations in the vicinity.
7.15.5 Competent Person/ Safety Engineer
As per standards require that trenches be inspected daily and as conditions change by
a competent person prior to worker entry to ensure elimination of excavation hazards. A
competent person is an individual who is capable of identifying existing and predictable
hazards or working conditions that are hazardous, unsanitary, or dangerous to
employees/labors and who is authorized to take prompt corrective measures to
eliminate or control these hazards and conditions.
7.15.6 Access and Egress
It requires safe access and egress to all excavations, including ladders, steps, ramps, or
other safe means of exit for employees working in trench excavations 4 feet (1.22
meters) or deeper. These devices must be located within 25 feet (7.6 meters)
7.16 General Trenching and Excavation Rules
Keep heavy equipment away from trench edges.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 7.16 HS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Keep surcharge loads at least 2 feet (0.6 meters) from trench
edges.
Know where underground utilities are located.
Test for low oxygen, hazardous fumes and toxic gases.
Inspect trenches at the start of each shift.
Inspect trenches following a rainstorm.
Do not work under raised loads.
7.17 Work at Height Hazards
Cranes are remarkable and invaluable tools for hoisting and carrying, but they are
heavily represented in the industrial injury and fatality statistics. Most of them occur
in the construction industry. Crane fatalities occur in the construction industry. An
identified five crane-related hazards:
(1) Overturning of a crane or the structural failure of its parts;
(2) Dropping of the suspended load;
(3) Electrocution;
(4) Trapping of people; and
(5) Accidents during erection and dismantling as well as loading and unloading.
The causes of different crane failures have been infers that the overturning of a crane
or parts of it occur due to overloading, differential settlement of the crane support or
foundation, operating on slope (for mobile cranes) and/or operating method. It has
been reported that basic causes of dropping the load are overloading and improper
maintenance of the crane and its parts. Finding also infers that electrocution and
trapping are caused due to lack of communications between the operator, slingers and
flagman/supervisor whereas erection and dismantling injuries are caused by unsafe
work practice of erectors and lack of supervision.
7.18 Construction machinery and tools hazards
Of all the construction industry fatalities may also occur with construction machinery
The types of machinery involved in accidents include excavators and shovels,
earthmoving equipment (i.e. crawler tractors and bulldozers, scrapers and graders),
dumpers and dump trucks, forklift trucks, road rollers and lorries. Accidents in
construction machinery usage occur in one of the following modes;
Workers being run-over or struck by machinery moving forward or
reversing;
Collision between machinery or with fixed objects such as false
works or scaffoldings;
Overturning of machinery while in operation; and
Workers falling from machinery.
These accidents are caused by the following major factors:
Failure of machinery- inoperative back-up alarms, brake failures,
etc
Inadequate site planning resulting in poor visibility, inadequate
man oeuvre space, inadequate signboards and poor site traffic
control;
Lack of supervision and training of workers and operators; and
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 7.17 HS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Construction noise that masks the sound of back-up alarms and
the sound of plant.
It is also observed that in the some of event in accidents the
primary external factor was hand-held tools as sorted construction
tools in descending order of hazard, viz: (1) Knife; (2) Hammer,
sledge hammer, etc.; (3)Grinding/cutting machine; (4)
Jackhammer; (5) Drill; (6) Manual saw; (7) Crowbar, spit, etc.; (8)
Tools for screwing; (9) Welding equipment – gas; (10) Axe; (11)
Spade/excavation tools; (12) Gripping, holding, pinching, pulling
tools; (13) Chainsaw; (14) Nail gun; (15) Compass saw, hole saw,
etc.; (16) Welding equipment –electrical; (17) Circular saw; (18)
Cutting tools; and (19) Other tools. Use of construction tools cause
injuries and fatalities to workers by the following ways;
Eye injuries caused by foreign objects getting into eyes by
operations such as grinding, welding, cutting, drilling and breaking;
Finger/hand injuries by cut and burns;
Injuries caused by moving/broken machine parts;
Electrocution; and Vibration from powered hand-held tools,
causing a group of diseases. One of them is blood circulation
disturbance known as “vibration white finger”.
Specialty systems. Most of the hazards are the result of faulty tools
and/or unsafe handling of tools. Moreover, the type of tools and
duration of use also dictate the hazard.
Major hazards and mitigation measure shall be delineated and shall be considered in
OHS management towards safety in all respect due to multidiscipline activity. It also
need extremely well coordination and sync in activity under project leader. All
contractors, team, stakeholders shall comply with OHS policy prepared exclusively. It will
be a duty of employer to get all employees aware of hazards and risk they may be
vulnerable and ensure that it to be his conscious decision as being instrumental in part
of project activity.
We have considered all hazards and risk associated with project. However it can be
checked and stalled with OHS plan in place before and during execution. It should be
specific to this particular activity and shall be evaluated at regular interval during
construction as well as after construction. Post installation an offsite DMP shall be
prepared in line with district authority requirement and shall be approved.
Table 7.9 Emergency contact numbers
Sl.No Name of the Dept. Contact No.
1 Police 100
2 Fire 101
3 Ambulance 108
4 DC Office, Bagalkot 08354-235091
Table 7.10 Emergency contact number of KNNL
Sl.No Name of the Dept. Contact No.
1 Office of the Secretary, WRD, Bangalore 080-22255524
2 Office of the Managing Director, KNNL, Bangalore 080-22386016
3 Office of the Chief Engineer, INZ, KNNL, Belgaum 0831-2422887
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 8.1 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Chapter 8. Project Benefits
The VLIS is proposed to provide economically viable and socially acceptable irrigation
practices for the command area. Irrigation is important to the health of the agricultural
industry. Improving the viability of individual farming and increasing the efficiency and
economic stability of the command area taluks and also contributing to the economic
and social objectives of the Karnataka State are the expected outcomes of the
proposed scheme. Some of the important project benefits are given below:
Agricultural linkages will be considerably improved.
The project improves total farm output and hence raises farm
income.
Project improves yields through reduced crop loss due to erratic,
unreliable or insufficient rainfall. The details before and after the
advent of irrigation is given below.
Extensive agricultural production supplies raw materials to the
nearby small scale industries thereby increasing the economy in
the region.
Increased benefits from flood control, soil erosion, etc
Altogether, 68382 populations will be benefitted directly under the
scheme.
Employment opportunities for 150 members, 25 technical staff and
125 construction labourers. Further, indirectly labor opportunities will
be substantially improved since irrigation facility is made available.
It improves fodder crops and in turn dairy farming in the command
area.
The project requires only 123 Ha for implementation of the scheme
and does not envisage rehabilitation and resettlement.
No tree cutting involved and no forest land required for
implementation of the scheme.
Agro forestry shall be taken up in command area and it improves
the ecosystem services.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 8.2 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Table 8.1 Crop yield details before the advent of irrigation
Sl No Crops
Intensity
(%) Area in
Ha
Produce
per Ha
(Qtls)
Rate per Qtl
(in Rs)
Input per Ha (Rate in Rs) Hired Labour
(Human & Bullocks)
(Rs in Lakhs) Seeds Manure
1 Local Jowar 1.00 50.40 10.0 2100.00 0.189 2.52 5.292
2 Hy.Maize 21.00 1058.40 25.0 1575.0 43.659 79.38 127.008
3 Bajra 1.00 50.40 5.0 1600.0 0.07 3.024 3.78
4 Groundnut 23.00 1159.20 12.0 8000.0 115.92 86.94 243.432
5 Jowor 21.00 1058.40 12.0 2100.0 3.969 52.92 111.132
6 Vegetables 13.00 655.20 10.0 5000.0 32.76 65.52 81.9
7 Sunflower 20.00 1008.0 10.0 3500.0 26.46 80.64 181.44
100 5040.00 223.02 370.94 753.28
Table 8.2 Crop yield details after the advent of irrigation
Sl No Crops
Intensity
(%) Area in
Ha
Produce per
Ha (Qtls)
Rate per
Qtl (in Rs)
Input per Ha (Rate in Rs) Hired Labour
(Human & Bullocks)
(Rs in Lakhs) Seeds Manure Chemicals &
Pesticides
1 Local Jowar 1.00 72.0 12.5 2100 0.27 4.32 0.252 8.64
2 Hy.Maize 21.00 1512.0 62.5 1575.0 62.37 151.2 6.3504 272.16
3 Bajra 1.00 72.0 15.0 1600.0 0.1008 4.32 0.216 7.56
4 Groundnut 23.00 1656.0 20.0 8000.0 207 124.2 5.796 447.12
5 Hy. Jowor 21.00 1512.0 30.0 2100.0 5.67 90.72 4.536 204.12
6 Vegetables 13.00 936.0 18.0 5000.0 46.8 93.6 28.08 117
7 Sunflower 20.00 1440.0 16.0 3500.0 37.8 115.2 4.032 259.2
100 7200.00 360.01 583.56 49.42 1315.80
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 9.1 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Chapter 9. Environment Management Plan
Although agriculture is usually associated with its positive impacts on human life, irrigation practices may be associated with impacts on
environmental conditions, which may eventually curtail the sustainability of irrigation projects. For this reason, Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) has been recognized as an integral part of the early planning studies of irrigation projects in order to identify any
expected negative impacts and suggest the necessary mitigation plans to curb these impacts through formation of Environmental
Management Plan (EMP). It would consist of all mitigation measures for each project activity to be undertaken during the construction,
operation of the project to minimize adverse environmental impacts.
Table 9.1 Environment Management Plan
Project Activity Impacts Mitigation measures Advantage Location Responsibility &
Monitroing Agency Time frame
A. Construction Phase
1. Air Environment
Fuel combustion
from
construction
equipments
Emission of
pollutants (PM,
SO2)
High speed Diesel
with low sulphur
content will be used
for the construction
equipments/
vehicles which has
low ash content
Reduction in
pollutants level
Intake canal, jack
well cum pump
house
Contractor & KNNL
Thorough out the
construction
period (24
months)
Vehicular
movement and
operation of
batching plants
Dust pollution
Water sprinkling and
vehicles should be
covered with
tarpaulin, speed
limit restrictions
Reduction in
fugitive
emissions
Intake canal, jack
well cum pump
house, access
roads, around
construction site,
disnets
Contractor & KNNL Water sprinkling –
3 times/day
Burning of fire
wood
Emission of
pollutants (C,
SO2)
Labor camps
supplied with LPG
facility
Reduction in
emission levels Labor camp Contractor & KNNL
Thorough out the
construction
period (24
months)
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 9.2 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Project Activity Impacts Mitigation measures Advantage Location Responsibility &
Monitroing Agency Time frame
Operation of
DG sets,
excavation
Health
problems to
labors
Usage of Nose
masks
Healthy
working
environment
Intake canal, jack
well cum pump
house, access
roads, around
construction site,
disnets
Contractor & KNNL
Thorough out the
construction
period (24
months)
2. Noise Environment
Operation of
DG sets and
usage of
construction
equipments
Increase is noise
levels
PPEs such as, ear
plugs and ear muffs
will be provided to
the workers,
Acoustic enclosures
for DG sets
Reduction in
noise levels
Intake canal, jack
well cum pump
house, access
roads, around
construction site,
disnets
Contractor & KNNL
Thorough out the
construction
period (24
months)
Vehicular
Movement
Increase is noise
levels
Construction
activities shall be
restricted only to
day time
Reduction in
noise levels
Intake canal, jack
well cum pump
house, access
roads, around
construction site,
disnets
Contractor & KNNL
Thorough out the
construction
period (24
months)
3. Water Environment
Sewage from
labor camps
Surface and
ground water
pollution
Treatment through
septic tank and
soak pit
Reduction in
pollution load Labor camps Contractor & KNNL
Thorough out the
construction
period (24
months)
Stagnation of
water
Mosquito
breeding
grounds
Providing proper
sanitary facilities
Healthy
environment Labor camps Contractor & KNNL
Thorough out the
construction
period (24
months)
Excavation and
operation of DG
sets
Muck
generation,
blockage of
natural drains
and
Reuse of muck at
site, disposal of used
oil KSPCB authorized
preprocessors
Reduction in
surface and
ground water
contamination
Intake canal, jack
well cum pump
house, disnets
Contractor & KNNL
Thorough out the
construction
period (24
months)
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 9.3 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Project Activity Impacts Mitigation measures Advantage Location Responsibility &
Monitroing Agency Time frame
contamination
of ground water
Construction of
intake canal
Increase in
turbidity levels
in river
Provision of sand
bags
Healthy
aquatic
ecosystem
Intake canal
Contractor & KNNL 4 Months
4. Soil Environment
Construction of
labor camps,
stock yards
Loss of fertile soil Waste land will be
used for erection of
labor camps
Land resource
optimization
Waste land
Contractor & KNNL
Thorough out the
construction
period (24
months)
Mantainance of
DG sets and
construction
machineries
Soil
contamination
Maintenance at
service centres
Reduction in
soil
contamination
Intake canal, jack
well cum pump
house, access
roads, around
construction site,
disnets
Contractor & KNNL
Thorough out the
construction
period (24
months)
5. Solid and Hazardous waste Environment
Excavation Change in
hydraulic
regime
Reuse of excavated
earth
Natural
drainage
pattern
maintained
Intake canal, jack
well cum pump
house, disnets
Contractor & KNNL
Thorough out the
construction
period (24
months)
Improper
dumping of
solid waste from
labor camps
Water pollution Labor camps at 1
km away from river,
Disposal to
Municipal
Authorities
Reduction in
siltation and
eutrophication
Intake canal and
river course
Contractor & KNNL
Thorough out the
construction
period (24
months)
6. Biological Environment
Construction
activities
Wilting of plants Water sprinkling Normal
photosynthetic
activity
Intake canal, jack
well cum pump
house, access
roads, around
construction site,
Contractor & KNNL
Thorough out the
construction
period (24
months)
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 9.4 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Project Activity Impacts Mitigation measures Advantage Location Responsibility &
Monitroing Agency Time frame
disnets
Labor camps Riverine water
pollution
Labor camps at 1
km away from river,
restrictions for not
using the river water
Zero water
pollution
Labor camps
Contractor & KNNL
Thorough out the
construction
period (24
months)
Use of fire wood Cutting of trees LPG for labor camps Positive
ecosystem
services
Labor camps and
its surrounding Contractor & KNNL
Thorough out the
construction
period (24
months)
Washing of
construction
equipments
Reduced DO
levels
Washing at
authorized service
stations
Aquatic system
maintained
Krishna river
Contractor & KNNL
Thorough out the
construction
period (24
months)
7. Socio-economic environment
Land acquisition Affecting
livelihood
Compensation as
RFCLA&TRR Act 2013
Sustainability
for livelihood
opportunities
Kalahalli,
Bandigani,
Kullahalli, Navalagi,
Chimmada, Yallatti
KNNL 6 months
Vehicular
movement
Health
problems
Water sprinkling and
movement of
vehicles carrying
raw materials only
during night time.
Healthy
environment
Kullahalli village Contractor & KNNL
Thorough out the
construction
period (24
months)
B. Operation phase
Excess
application of
fertilizers and
pesticides
Soil and water
contamination
Awareness on
organic farming
practices
Reduction in
pollution load
Command area KNNL and Water user
Associations
3 years
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 9.5 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
9.1 Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) plan
Karnataka is a pioneer state in implementing watershed programmes since 1983.Dry
land development boards were constituted at in the divisional level, model watersheds,
district level macro watershed programs, DPAP, DDP, IWDP, WGDP, RVP, NWDPRA and
more recently from April 2008 Integrated Watershed Development Programme (IWMP).
A state level perspective and Strategic Plan (SPSP) is prepared for the state and entire
area (120.85 lakh ha) is contemplated to be treated by the end of XIV the plan period,
on 90:10 ratio between centre and state.
In the district of Bagalkot, 850 of 1163 micro watersheds have been treated covering an
area of 425000 ha have been treated under Central and State sector area Protection
works. Till the end of the sixth five year plan, nearly Rs. 22,000 million was spent on
improvement of about 29.3 m ha of the land with various soil and water conservation
measures.
Table 9.2 Details of watershed treatment
Micro
Watersh
ed
No.
Sub
Sub
watershed
Code Treatable
Area
Area
already
Treated
(Ha)
Area
proposed
for
treatment
(Ha)
No. of.
Check
dams
(ha)
Contour
bunding/Bench
terracing (ha)
Farm
forestry
(ha)
1 Kulhalli 4D7D4S 3800 815 2985 2 350 3
2 Hunnur; 4D7D4T 1550 250 1300 2 850 3
3 Banahalla 4D7D4U 500 350 150 3 100 5
4 Mudhol 4D7D4R 8250 450 7800 2 3800 8
5 Mallahalli 4D7E1C 750 700 50 4 50 6
6 Nandagoan 4D7E2K 550 400 150 1 150 9
7 Sanganahatti 4D7E2L 1800 450 1350 1 1000 5
Total 7200 3415 13785 15 6300 39
Some of the methods suggested for soil conservation for VLIS catchment area are given
below.
Gully plugging: This prevents the eroding and down-cutting of
gully beds headwords while they encourage the deposition of silt
load and create a micro-environment for the establishment of
vegetative covers. Gully plugs act as grade stabilization structures.
The specifications for gully plug are as follows
Slope of gully
bed (off)
Width of gully
bed (m) Location Type of gully
plug
Vertical interval
(m)
0-5%
Upto 4.5 Gully bed Brush wood Upto 3
4.5 – 10.5 Gully bed & ride
branch Earthen 2.25 to 3.0
7.5 to 15.0
At the
confluence of
two gullies
Sand bags 2.25 to 3.0
10-20%
Upto 4.5 Gully bed Brush wood Upto 3.0
4.5 to 6.0 Gully bed Earthen and
side branch Bet 1.5 to 3.0
The gullies would be treated with engineering/mechanical as well as vegetative
methods. Check dams are recommended for some areas to promote growth of
vegetation that will consequently lead to the stabilization of the slopes area and
prevent further deepening of gullies and consequent erosion. For controlling the gullies,
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 9.6 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
the erosive velocities are reduced by flattening out the steep gradient of the gully. This is
achieved by constructing a series of check dam which transform the longitudinal
gradient into a series of steps with low risers and long flat treads. Different types of check
dams would be required for different conditions comprising different materials,
depending upon the site conditions and by using the locally available materials. This is
often the most acceptable soil conservation measures that can easily establish and
should form a dense thicket near the ground level when planted in close vicinity. The
following materials are recommended for the purpose.
Brushwood check dam
Dry rubble stone masonry (DRSM)
Check dams with stones available at the site
Combination of DRSM and crate works – for moderate to deep
gullies with locally available stones at sites
The advantage of brushwood check dams is that they are quick and easy to construct
and are inexpensive as they are constructed by using readily available materials at the
site. In addition to the vegetative measures used for stabilization of gullies, temporary or
permanent mechanical measures are used as supplementary measures to prevent the
washing away of young plantations by large volume of run off. The gullies get stabilized
over a period of time with the establishment of vegetative cover. With passage of time
mechanical structures weaken and vegetative measures get strengthened.
The drainage basin of the river, usually referred to as catchment area needs some kind
of treatment in the overall interest of the development of the area extending along the
river with a view to improve land management through biological and engineering
measures, with the objective of arresting soil erosion and improve its vegetation, and
control over grazing by cattle.
The catchment area treatment involves intensive and highly technical measures, which
require the expertise of technical skill. The watershed committees have to be constituted
at the panchayath level in the Panchayaths covered in the proposed command areas
of Venkateswara LIS spread over in the jurisdiction of Mudhol and Jamakhandi taluks of
Bagalkot Districts with the objective of an integrated approach involving multi
disciplinary experts dealing with forest, agriculture, horticulture, watershed, sociologists,
besides local panchayat members and community members. The area under each
watershed has been planned on the basis of Landuse / land cover and topographic
conditions. The total area proposed for treatment is 7000 ha, in the Venkateshwara
project basin.
Soil conservation measures recommended for Krishna River at Venkateshwara lift
irrigation scheme catchment area is as follows.
Sl.
No. Type of soil conservation
Practices recommended
1 Contour bunds with
open ends
<750mm Rain fall, Black soil areas;, slopes of 1-6%
2 Zing terraces with raised
waste weirs(15 to 23
cms)
Black soils (Medium and Deep)
Rain fall 600-750 mm
Land slopes, 1-5 %
Infiltration rate >6 mm h‾⅓
3 Water ways Surplus storm water due to high intensity rains
4 Compartment bunds For medium Black soils
5 Broad Bed and Furrow Deep black soil, with rain fall upto 750 mm
6 Land leveling Low (bottom) flat deep areas leveled.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 9.7 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Bench terraces are also leveled by cut and fill.
7 Check dams/Nala
bunds/Percolation tanks
Gully sites having restricted width and
considerable depth, all types of soils.
Gullies with low permeability stable beds.
Rain fall of 600-1200 mm
8 Farm ponds Areas with high intensity rains.
Low permeability locations
9 Plantations Horticulture and timber value seedlings as block
plantations..
9.1.1 Cost Estimates as per Soil conservation treatments suggested
Area to Treated (ha) – 7000
No. of Check dams (ha) – 15
Cost (Rs. Lakhs) – 75
Contour bunding/ Benching terracing (ha) – 6300
Cost (Rs. Lakhs) – 453.60
Plantations (ha) – 39
Cost (Rs. Lakh) – 12.58
Table 9.3 Cost estimates for Soil conservation treatments suggested
Area to Treated
(ha)
No. of
Check
dams
(ha)
Cost
(Rs.
Lakhs)*
Contour
bunding/Bench
terracing (ha)
Cost (Rs.
Lakhs)**
Plantations
(ha)
Cost (Rs.
Lakhs)***
13785 15 75 6300 453.60 39 12.58
Total 541.18 Lakhs
*Cost of each check dam being Rs.5.00 Lakhs
**Cost of Contour bunding (ha) construction is Rs. 7,200/ha
***Cost for Agro Horticulture is Rs. 32249/ha.
Total cost for catchment area treatment is = 541.18 Lak
Table 9.4 Year wise cost estimates for soil conservation practices
Year Physical (ha) Financial Outlay (Rs. In Lakhs)
2016-17 1260 108.236
2017-18 1260 108.236
2018-19 1260 108.236
2019-2020 1260 108.236
2020-21 1260 108.236
Total 6300 541.18
9.1.2 Reclamation of salt affected soils
Lying of lateral drains in the proposed command area, the water
table should be lowered if it is high and water should be at least 3
to 4 meters below the surface.
The land should be level or contour farmed so that the surface of
the soil will be soaked uniformly by water.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 9.8 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
9.1.2.1 Management of saline and sodic soils
Selection of crops or crop varieties that have higher tolerances for
salt or sodium
Use of special planting procedure that minimise salt accumulation
around the seed otherwise lowers Germination percentage.
Use of the appropriate irrigation method for the root characteristics
of the crop
Use of sloping beds and other special land preparation procedures
and tillage methods to provide a low salt environment
Use of canal or surface irrigation water to dilute the salts and to
leach out the salts from the root zone for good germination.
Application of amendments such as manure, compost, etc. for
improving soil structure and tilt. Conservation tillage to incorporate
crop residues will help create drainage.
Deep ploughing of soil to break up sodic and other hardpans or
other impervious layers to provide internal drainage.
Use of chemical amendments as described.
Good, sound agronomic farming practices and careful need
based fertilizer management.
9.2 Command area development plan
9.2.1 Water Users’ Association (WUA)
The modern irrigation management aims at high efficiency of water conveyance and
appropriate methods of water application, through participatory irrigation
management at each stage of irrigation development. In Karnataka, it is essential to
promote and implement the theme of participatory irrigation management in all the
Irrigation projects through formation of Water Users‟ Association. The construction of OFD
works will be taken up after formation of WUAs under the supervision of CADA, Belgaum.
The efficient management of irrigation water for maximizing productivity requires, firstly
the efficient on farm water management and secondly the optimization of the use of
water and land, through appropriate methods of water application. The efficient on-
farm water management is related to water delivery system and allied works in the
command area, which distributes the water to each farm. The items of works pertaining
to on farm water management are termed as “On Farm Development Works”.
The On Farm Development works comprise of the following,
Mainatainence of disnets, sumps
Control structures
Mainatainence of Automation
Surface Drainage system
Farm roads
Land forming (Smoothening / grading/leveling)
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 9.9 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
9.3 Green belt development plan
9.3.1 Agro forestry activities in command area
Agro-forestry refers to the practice of Agriculture and Forestry in the same piece of land.
The Karnataka Forest Department (KFD) has accorded high emphasis on farm forestry as
a component in the afforestation programmes. The sector of Agro-forestry or Farm
Forestry has a good potential as most of the agriculture lands are devoid of any trees, in
the district. The trees if planted on the bunds and on the boundary of the lands protect
the crops from the desiccating high winds and also provide additional income from the
trees to the farmer apart from providing him fodder and fuel as well.
Silvi-Pasture refers to the planting of the trees in a predominately grassland so as to
provide fodder all the year round. This afforestation is aimed at not only addition of tree
species, but also addition of highly nutritive and palatable grass species in the area,
thereby providing much needed nutritious fodder to the livestock population.
Table 9.5 Green belt developments Plan around intake canal and jack well
Area proposed for
Green belt
No. of
saplings
Source for
saplings Time frame
Responsible
agency for
implementation
Intake canal 30 Bagalkot KFD
Nursery
After completion of
inspection path works KNNL
Jack well cum
pump house 80
Bagalkot KFD
Nursery
After completion of
site works KNNL
Command area 10/ ha Bagalkot KFD
Nursery
First 2 years - 36000
Next 2 years - 36000 KNNL and KFD
Canal bank
plntation 4720
Bagalkot KFD
Nursery
After completion of
Canal and inspection
path works
KNNL and KFD
Table 9.6 Species recommended for plantation
Sl.No Local Name Botanical Name Sl.No Local Name Botanical Name
1 Ala Ficus bengalensis 17 Kadugeru Semecarpus anacardium
2 Basari Ficus infectoria 18 Kadivala Stephegyne parviflora
3 Beete Dalbergia latifolia 19 Kadnugge Moringa pterygosperma
4 Buruga Bombax ceiba 20 Kakke Cassia fistula
5 Dindiga Anogeissus latifolia 21 Kanagalu Dillenia pentagyna
6 Godda Lannea coromandclica 22 Kaval Careya arborea
7 Goni Ficus mysorensis 23 Mathi Terminalia tomentsa
8 Halasu Artocarpus heterophyllus 24 Muthuga Butea monosperma
9 Honne Pterocarpus marsupium 25 Nandi Lagerstroemea lanceolata
10 Hunalu Terminalia paniculata 26 Nelli Emblica officinalis
11 Ippe Madhuca Indica 27 Neralu Syzygium cumini
12 Jagalaganti Diospyros montana 28 Shivani Gmelina arborea
13 Jambe Xylia xylocarpa 29 Tadasalu Grewia tilaefolia
14 Saguvani Tectona grandis 30 Tare Terminalia bellerica
15 Yethiga Adina cordifolia 31 Hunase Tamarindus indica
16 Mavu Mangifera indica 32 Honge Pongamia pinnata
Further, to obtain sustainable results in the green cover management, it is suggested
that the green belt development be handed over to the Horticulture Department,
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 9.10 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Government of Karnataka and canal bank and agro-forestry program shall be handed
over to the Forest and Agriculture Department, Government of Karnataka.
9.4 Fisheries Development Plan
The richness of the wide spectrum of native flora and fauna, especially, in the lotic and
lentic water bodies is governed by their zoogeographical locations. Majority of the rivers
in the country, on account of such precise demarcations, inherently, do not harbor the
fast – growing fish species of commercial importance. Thus, in order to auger
enrichment of indigenous fish species and to boost recognizable fish production from
such biotopes, efforts to transplant several indigenous as also exotic fish from one river to
the other are in practice. Often, selected fish species are transplanted from one river to
the other or from rivers to the tanks, rivers, lakes and reservoirs. Farm – grown fish
fingerlings of Indian major carp – Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mirgala and the
exotic carp ctenophatyngodon idella, Hypopthalmichyta molitrix & Cyorinus carpio
commuins are also introduced in lotic and lentic water bodies in order to boost fish
production, improve the stock and to retard the extinction of existing fish species.
To a large extent, it is possible to enhance the productivity if a water mass by
introducing and acclimatization process may be carried – out through „supplanting‟ a
more valuable and compatible fish species of commercial importance into the water
body which, based on its feeding habits, uses the same food web as the less valuable
member of the indigenous fauna. This leads to establishment of new food niches, finally
resulting in high to very – high fish yield.
Transplantation of indigenous and exotic fish species in rivers system in the state,
however, is not so common, but, whatever little has been accomplished by the
department of fisheries in Karnataka in the recent past, has produced quite
encouraging results. Proper attention in this sphere has to be directed towards large –
sized indigenous fish species, sport – fish, cold – water fish after studying the preferable
environmental facts and zoogeographical distribution patterns of each.
So, as a follow – up to this „Objective‟, around 10 Lakhs fish fingerlings comprised of
Gangetic carp, Catla catla, Cirrhinus mirgala and Labeo rohita accounting to 40.00%,
30.00% and 30.00% respectively and in the size of over 75mm are to be introduced
annually in the Krishna river, in and around the project site. Fisheries Division of the State
functioning there in their respective fish farms at Narayanpur reservoir complex,
Vijayapura district, Tungabhadra Dam area, Bellary district and Bhadra reservoir zone,
Shivamogga district will be quite happy and supportive to meet the requirement. The
project authorities related to this project could also contribute their services in this
regard. Indents/ requests for fish seed supply are to be made well –in – advance, say,
during January – February of each year to the respective officers at these fish farms
who, on their part, will make sure to effect the supply around August – September of
each successive year. The process helps in increased fish production from the Krishna
river and related impounded water areas. The entire exercise will positively help scores
of poor fishermen engaged in the profession since years, generation after generation, to
modestly and honourably ekk – out their livelihood.
9.4.1 A matter of concern
Perhaps no other area of aquatic ecology requires a serious and more inter –
disciplinary approach than stream/ river ecology. Geology, geomorphology, fluid
mechanics, hydrology, bio – geochemistry, nutrient dynamics, microbiology, botany,
invertebrate zoology, fish and fish biology, food – web analysis, bio – production and bio
– monitoring are but a few of the disciplines from which stream/ river ecology draws
scientists have felt keenly aware of stream/ river ecology as an integrative science that
can help societies and the like around the globe grappling with environmental
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 9.11 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
degradation of their water resources. Indeed, streams and rivers are fundamental to the
human, floral and faunal part of the Biodiversity‟s existence and many institutions and
user groups have come to common platform to common platform to protect these
unique habitats that are so vital to global biodiversity and its sustainability. Needless, to
add that, of late, lotic and lentic waters, all over the areas of their existence,
ecologically, have experienced many instances of rapidly advancing degradation
prompting research, methodologies with coupled technologies in order to put them
again on the right tract adhering to the quality and hygiene standards.
In order to maintain desirable ecological/ biological, as also the aquatic life prevailing in
the Krishna River at the site (also elsewhere), attention is being drawn to the following
points for long – term benefits.
9.4.2 Prevention of flow of domestic sewage into the Krishna river
The human population explosion and the rapid industrialisation in the country have
resulted in generation, correspondingly, greater volume of domestic sewage and
industrial wastes. These being discharged indiscriminately into the rivers, streams, lakes,
tanks and other inland waters, alter the physical, chemical and biological quality of
waters by the addition of substance or mixture of these which interfere by hampering
the use of that water by creating a condition known as „Pollution‟. Besides, flow of
industrial and municipal wastes/ domestic sewage, all the time and the extensive use of
pesticides for greater yield of crop and protection of food grains and their entry into the
rivers, streams and such other water masses during monsoon seasons in particular, also
cause pollution of both water and solid.
A small stream from the village Kulahalli carrying untreated domestic and other waste
products is draining these directly into the river Krishna located just a few meters away
from the village proper, causing pollutional and health – hazards conditions of the river
water as such. The matter has been brought to the notice of the Village Panchayat by
the villagers and the fishermen community in particular, yet „no action‟. Needs urgent
„damage control‟ process from the village Panchayat and the project authorities.
Every water body affirms certain inbuilt capacity of „self - cleaning‟ and self –
purification within which, it is perfectly capable of cleaning itself. However, ever –
increasing population, consumption of the elixir of life, and land – usage are causing
increased water pollution and thus, the amount of polluted water discharge in the
systems are constantly exceeding their self – purification capacities and being so, the
external purification process cannot effect treatment of the water entirely. Caution
should be exercised to release only the treated waters into the rivers and such other
water sheets.
9.4.3 Over – fishing problem
All animals produce a greater number of offspring than would be necessary to
perpetuate them, as all these have a natural tendency to increase their respective
populations. In fact, of course, no single kind of animal has the world to itself and its rate
of increase is modified by the presence of other, compatible/ complimentary or other –
wise inn nature. Most of these merely compete for the food, water, breeding grounds
and the like that makes life possible. There are no animals existing that are free from
„adversaries‟ or competitors, and, as a rule, in fact, normally the population of any kind
of animal is in equilibrium. But when the enemies, need – based or selfish, are so
powerful that there is a decrease each year of the number of specimens reaching
„maturity‟, then, the stock is threatened with destruction.
Fish like all other animals, show a natural tendency to increase in numbers and some
species produce as much as 10,000,000 eggs at each spawning. But life is very
dangerous for fish, particularly when young and in certain cases as much as, around
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 9.12 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
99.99% of the eggs may perish, due mostly to pollutional or ecological imbalances.
Amongst the many animals which are the enemies of fish, is the fisherman himself.
Although the, in oceans and such other expansive water areas, he may only be a slight
nuisance to fish and its habitat; in small and larger fluviatile and impounded water
bodies, he is often the worst enemy who can destroy, at will, the entire stock. If one is
good fishermen, - an autodidact-, he will farm the stock by taking a rational yield only so
that his supply of fish lasts for days to come. If he is a bad professional, he will grab all he
can get, and, if there are many others like him, they will, between themselves, over – fish
the stock, result being, ultimately, the natural or farmed gets harvested faster that it can
be replenished by the natural reproduction. If persisted to continue in this format,
rapidly, the numbers gets reduced and may, in extreme cases, the entire fish stock gets
destroyed.
Over – fishing may be brought about simply by fishing so intensively that not enough
numbers are left to produce young ones to make good the loss. Or, it may be caused
by exploiting the available stock of all sizes by unsuitable, unethical and unscientific
methods like poisoning, dynamiting, operation of small – meshed gillnets etc., so that a
large proportion of young specimens, (Juveniles) are taken out which have not yet had
time to reproduce themselves. This is precisely, what is being done by the local and
migratory fishermen at the site and close – by locations of the Krishna river. In such
instances, as soon as the power of reproduction of the stock is reduced, of deduces as
an act of over – fishing. Farming of fish in nature (Fish sanctuaries), other than the fish
farms, is possible for long – term gains. Nevertheless, it can be done as in fish sanctuaries
located across many rivers in the country, though, of course, the results are slower to get
recognition and appreciation for the over – all benefits of the society at large. For this
very reason, however, if for no other, there is nearly, always, intense opposition to any
scheme to save the stock by declaring the “Breeding season” as „closed - season‟ to
facilitate fish to breed and to improve its stock. This opposition, most unfortunately,
invariably, comes from the fishermen themselves and others like fish merchants, fish
contractors directly concerned in the fishery and is the reflection of their own ignorance,
conservatism and also inability to look into the future.
In order to derive life – long benefits, one has to, as Martin.H.Fisher (1879 – 1962) puts
“just go into partnership with nature, she does more than half the work and asks none of
the fee”.
9.4.4 Occurrence and proliferation of Alien fish species
The exotic fish species, Orechromis mossambica (South America), Oreochromis nilotica
(Egypt) and Claraias gariepinus (Africa) are recognised, world – over, as “Flag - ship”
species in aquatic ecosystems due to their progeny which multiplies at will and
dominates the systems in a very short – time ever. Their total extermination becomes a
“very serious challenge”, especially, in larger water bodies where these are already well
established. The species have been recorded/ reported to occur in the river Krishna
located close to the site situated. Their total extermination becomes a „very serious
challenge‟, especially, in larger water bodies where these are already well established.
The species have been recorded/ reported to occur in the river Krishna located close to
the site studied. Their inadvertent/ accidental entry in majority of the water bodies and
the serious influence – Negative – on the piscine – and other faunal elements is well –
documented. Very serious and concrete efforts are to be made for their total
annihilation in order to secure all other fish species present in this lotic and lentic water
bodies; as also other aquatic faunal elements. The species may be a cause for good
many aquatic organisms loss – permanently – from here. It is on record that
„unequivocal scientific evidence exists to prove the ill –effects of culture of alien species,
be it floral or faunal, on the biodiversity of a given system. It is to be noted seriously that,
“once a species becomes extinct, it is lost to the society together with its potential
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 9.13 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
contributions to sustainable development”. The precautionary principle is therefore an
important part of the rationale for CONSERVATION.
The State, with its expensive area holding number of rivers, reservoirs, minor lotic and
lentic water bodies, additionally, vast western ghat locations from where number of
rivers and streams originates and which, as data indicates, supports wealth of World‟s
Biological Diversity, is home to many of the known and, hopefully, yet – to – be
discovered animal and plant life. It will be quite interesting to continue collecting the
knowledge of these explored and unexplored areas by making in – depth studies.
Complete „Inventories‟ need to be done at the earliest before the best approach can
be mapped out as to its/ their role in our lives – present and future.
9.4.5 Presence of exotic Alligator catfish, Atractosteus spatula in the Krishna
river
As if the devastating influence of the African catfish and the Tilapias was not enough,
there is another very shocking revelation (Ref: Deccan chronicle, Saturday, August
06,2016 – Alligator fish „spread in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh water bodies) that the
Alligator Gar, Atractosteus spatula, a largest freshwater fish in Texas (NA), considered as
threat to sport fishes in the United States of America, has been recorded in ponds, rivers
and other natural biotopes located in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh sates. Its source
of supply and clandestine entry into the river Krishna is from aquarium outlets in the
states, as reports indicate. It is a highly predatory fish; like the Clarias gariepinus, it is high
time, urgent preventive measures are to be initiated by the concerned department
towards its absolute elimination as the alarming reports indicate it to breed and
establishes itself in water – sheets where it exists creating insurmountable problems in the
days to come for all – purpose these lotic and lentic water bodies are being recognised
– aesthetic, religious, recreation, sport – fisheries, fisheries development etc.,
9.5 Muck Disposal plan
Table 9.7 Muck disposal plan (cum)
Total
excavated
quantity
Service Road
and Inspection
Path
Formation of
embankment
Filling
trenches
Land
levelling
Construction of
CD works
540000 162000 81000 216000 54000 27000
9.6 Ground Water Management Plan
Due to the provision of flow irrigation facilities to individual farmers the drawl of
groundwater is likely to decrease and vast areas will be put to use for cultivation. The
crop acreage is increased substantially. As such the groundwater levels will increase
and further exploitation will be minimized. After a few years the monitoring programme
should be envisaged to study the potential of groundwater and conjunctive
management could be planned.
9.7 Public Health Delivery plan
Periodical health check ups (once in 6 months) is proposed for construction labors. Taluk
Health Hospital, Jamakhandi is located at a distance of 10 Km from the construction site,
necessary arrangements will be done to consult the Hospital.
9.8 Sanitary and Solid Waste Management Plan
Solid waste generated at the labor camps will be collected in
different bins and the recyclable waste will be handed over to the
Jamakhandi Municipal authority.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 9.14 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Provision of toilets and bathrooms will be provided at labor camp
to avoid open defecation.
The domestic waste water will be treated with septic tank and
soak pit.
9.9 Cost for implementing EMP
Table 9.8 Cost for implementing Environmental Management Plan
Item Particulars Estimated Cost in Rs.
I. Construction Phase
A. Air Pollution Control
Water sprinkling 400/- x 2 tractors x 3 trips
per day x 24 months X 25
days (excluding rainy
season and holidays)
14,40,000.00
Personnel protective equipments Lumpsum 10,000.00
Chimney to DG sets Lumpsum 15,000.00
LPG as cooking fuel 4 cylinders per unit x 25 units
x 550 x 2 years
55,000.00
Sub-total A 15,20,000.00
B. Noise Pollution Control
Personnel protective equipments Lumpsum 10,000.00
Sub-total B 10,000.00
C. Water Pollution Control
Septic and soak pit Lumpsum 50,000.00
Sand bags Lumpsum 20,000.00
Sub-total C 70,000.00
D. Solid & Hazardous Waste Management
Solid waste collection bins with
shed
Lumpsum 25,000.00
Hazardous waste collection area
with shed
Lumpsum 25,000.00
Sub-total D 50,000.00
E. Biological Environment
Plantation around intake canal
and jack well
110 saplings x Rs. 1990/- 2,18,900.00
Agro forestry development 72,000 saplings x Rs.10 7,20,000
Fisheries development Lumpsum 10,00,000
Canal bank plantation 23.6 Km x 1 sapling per
every 5 m=4720 samplings x
Rs. 1990/-
93,92,800.00
Sub-total E 1,13,31,700.00
F. Socio-economic Environment
Land acquisition 1,05,300/- X 2X 100%
Solatium x 303.81
12,79,64,772.00
Awareness and Training 3 lakhs per year x 3 years 9,00,000.00
Sub-total F 12,88,64,772.00
G. Environmental Monitroing during construction period
Sub-total G 12,46,000.00
Total (A-G) 14,30,92,472.00
II. Operation Phase
Environmental Monitoring for 3 years 5,58,000.00
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 9.15 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Green Belt mainatainence for 3 years 10,00,000.00
Awareness and Training for 3 years 5,00,000.00
Soil conservation measures and implementation of CAT plan for
5 years
5,41,18,000.00
Total 5,61,76,000.00
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 10.1 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Chapter 10. Summary and Conclusion
The proposed Venkateshwara Lift irrigation scheme envisages
lifting 0.75 TMC of water from Krishna River near Kulahalli village in
Bagalkot district to provide irrigation facility for 7200 Ha of
agricultural lands of Jamakhandi and Mudhol taluk.
The proposed irrigation is only during Khariff season and the
intensity of irrigation is kept at 100%
The annual normal rainfall of Jamakhandi Tq is 664 mm and
Mudhol Tq is 562 mm and region lies in rain-shadow area.
Therefore, providing irrigation to these areas is important to
improve the crop yield.
The proposed area is located on upstream side of the
Ghataprabha Left Bank Canal and hence deprived of the
irrigation facility.
According to EIA Notification, 2006 and its amendment dated
25.06.2014, the project is categorized as „B‟ in view of proposed
command area is <10,000 Ha.
Project does not involve submergence and no forest land is
required for the project.
There are no protected areas, wildlife sanctuaries, eco sensitive
areas around 10 Km from the boundary of the command area.
An intake canal (450 m) is proposed to lift water from river Krishna.
A jack well cum pump house will be constructed to pump water to
the Delivery chamber through a MS rising main of 9.5 km (1.3 m
dia). The RL of Jack well is at 518.00 m, and Delivery chamber is
kept at RL 604.00 m. water is supplied through a main canal of
length 3.5 km, followed by siddapura canal of length 8000 m to
irrigate 2309 Ha. And Navalagi canal of length 12000m to irrigate
2288 Ha. Of land.
There are 10 benefiting villages of which 6 villages belong to
Jamakhandi and 4 villages belong to Mudhol.
The proposed project requires 123 Ha. of land for construction of
canal network, Jack well cum Pump house and rising main. The
required land will be acquired as per the Right to Fair
Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition,
Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act” (RTFC&LARR Act), 2013.
The benefit cost ratio has been worked out to 1.14 considering
annual administrative expenses, depreciation charges and
electrical energy charges.
The estimated potential soil erodibility is 6.78 in the command area,
therefore it is inferred that this is a moderately erodable land.
Banahatti RF is located within the study area, but no forest land is
required for the project.
A total of 57 species of trees, 23 species of shrubs, 46 species of
herbs and 35 species of grasses found in the study area. All the
species observed / recorded are common and no rare,
endangered, threatened species found in the region
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 10.2 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
10 species of mammals found in the region and remaining are
common to the region. The avian diversity is fairly good and 34
species of birds recorded in the region.
The environmental impact is conferred only to the construction
phase which is short term, temporary in nature. No major structures
are proposed in the project except Jack well; pump house, intake
canal and distributary canal.
EMP cost for construction phase is worked out to be Rs. 14.30 crores
and for operation phase is Rs.45.6 crores.
Direct employement for 150 members during construction phase of
which 25 technical and 125 construction labourers.
Overall, the project will have minor impacts during construction
phase but the project will bring substantial improvement on
environment due to the availability of water and helps in improved
yield during operation phase of the project.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 11.1 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Chapter 11. Disclosure of Consultants
M/s Environmental Health and Safety Consultants Pvt. Ltd is located at Rajajinagar,
Bangalore have been involved in obtaining environment clearances for various
developmental projects from the Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change
(MoEF), New Delhi since 2002.
In accordance with the orders and notifications of the MoEF, Govt. of India, the
organisation is ISO 9001:2008 certified and accredited as 'A' category organisation from
National Accreditation Board for Education and Training (NABET) in seven sectors viz.,
River Valley and Hydroelectric Projects, Metallurgical Industries, Roads and Highways,
Sugar Industries, Distilleries as well as building & construction projects and townships.
The company comprises of highly dynamic and well qualified team of Environmental
Engineers and subject experts, both in-house and empanelled in various fields such as
Ecology and Biodiversity, Socio-economics, Soil Conservation, Land Use studies,
Hydrology, Geology, Risk Assessments, etc.
The organisation has state of art in-house environmental laboratories at Bengaluru and
Belgaum capable of conducting all types of sampling and analysis related to Air, Water,
Noise and Soil. Bangalore laboratory is accredited by National Accreditation Board for
Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL) for 310 parameters and recognized from
MoEF under the E(P) Act, 1986 and also certified for ISO 9001:2008, 14001:2004 and
OHSAS 18000:2007. Whereas, the Belgaum Laboratory is recoginised from MoEF under
the E(P) Act, 1986.
EHS Group – Corporate Office, Bangalore EHS Group - Belagum Office
Monitoring Vehicles Sophisticated instruments
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 12.1 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Chapter 12. Compliance to Terms of Reference
Sl. No. TORs Compliance with respect
to final EIA Report
1. Scope of EIA
The EIA Report should identify the relevant
environmental concerns and focus on potential
impacts that may change due to the construction
of proposed project. Based on the baseline data
collected for three (3) seasons (pre-
monsoon/summer, Monsoon and Post Monsoon) of
the existing environment in the area and capacity
to bear the impact on this should be analyzed.
Based on this analysis, the mitigation measures for
minimizing the impact shall be suggested in the
EIA/EMP study.
Complied
2
Details of the Project and Site
General introduction about the proposed project Chapter 1.
A map of boundary of the project site giving
details of protected areas in the vicinity of project
location.
Chapter 3.
Location details on a map of the project area with
contours indicating main project features. The
project layout shall be superimposed on a contour
map of ground elevation showing main project
features (viz. location of dam, Head works, main
canal, branch canals, quarrying etc.) shall be
depicted in a scaled map.
Chapter 2.
Layout details and map of the project along with
contours with project components clearly marked
with proper scale maps of at least 1 :50,000 scale
and printed at least on A3 scale for clarity
Chapter 2.
Existence of National Park, Sanctuary, Biosphere
Reserve etc. in the study area, if any, should be
detailed and presented on a map with distinct
distances from the project components
Chapter 3.
Soil characteristic and the map of project area Chapter 3.
Geological and Seismo-tectonic details and maps
of the area surrounding the proposed project site
showing location of dam site and canal sites
Chapter 3.
Remote Sensing studies, interpretation of satellite
imagery, topographic sheets along with ground
verification shall be used to develop the land
use/land cover pattern of the study using
overlaying mapping techniques viz. Geographic
Information System (GIS), False Color Composite
(FCC) generated from satellite data of project
area
Chapter 3.
Land details including forests, private and other
land. Chapter 3.
3 Description of Environment and Baseline Data
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 12.2 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Sl. No. TORs Compliance with respect
to final EIA Report
To know the present status of environment in the
area, baseline data with respect to environmental
components air, water, noise, soil, land and
biology & biodiversity (flora & fauna), wildlife,
socioeconomic status etc. should be collected
within 10 km radius of the main components of the
project/site i.e. dam site and power house site. The
air quality and noise are to be monitored at such
locations which are environmentally & ecologically
more sensitive in the study area. The baseline
studies should be collected for 3 seasons (Pre
Monsoon, Monsoon and Post Monsoon seasons).
Flora-Fauna in the catchment and command area
should be documented.
The study area should comprise of the following:
Command area
Project area or the direct impact area
should comprise of area within 10 Km radius
of the main project components like Jack
well, pump house, etc.
Complied
4 Components of EIA study
A. Physical an d Chemical Environment
Physical geography, Topography and Regional
Geological aspects Chapter 3.
Tectonics, seismicity and history of past earthquake
in the area. Chapter 2
Landslide zone or area prone to landslide existing
in the study area should be examined. Chapter 2
Justification for location and execution of the
project in relation to structural components. Chapter 2
Impact of project on geological environment Chapter 3
Meteorology, Air and Noise
Meteorology (viz. Temperature, Relative humidity,
Rainfall, Wind speed and direction etc.,) to be
collected from nearest IMD station
Chapter 3
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring parameters viz.,
Particulate Matter (PM10), Respirable Suspended
Particulate Matter (PM2.5), Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) within the study area
at 2 locations.
Chapter 3
Existing Noise levels in the study area at 2 locations Chapter 3
Soil characteristics
Soil studies, Physical parameters (viz., Texture,
Porosity, Hydraulic conductivity, Bulk density and
water holding capacity) and chemical parameters
(viz pH, Electrical conductivity, Magnesium,
Calcium, Total alkalinity, Chlorides, Sodium,
Potassium, Organic Carbon, Available Potassium,
Available Phosphorus, SAR, Nitrogen and salinity) at
5 – 6 locations.
Chapter 3
Remote sensing and GIS studies
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 12.3 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Sl. No. TORs Compliance with respect
to final EIA Report
Generation of thematic map, drainage map, land
use and land cover map etc., based on these
thematic maps, an erosion intensity map should be
prepared.
Chapter 3
Water Quality
History of the ground water fluctuation in the study
area Chapter 3
Water quality for both surface and ground water
for physical parameters (pH, EC,TDS), chemical
parameters (Alkalinity, Hardness, BOD,
COD,NO3,PO4,Na,K,Ca,Mg,Silica,Oil and grease,
Phenolic compounds, residual sodium carbonate),
Bacteriological parameter (MON, Total Coliform)
and Heavy metals (Pb,As,Hg,Cd,Cr6,total Cr,
Cu,Zn,Fe)at minimum 4 – 5 locations
Chapter 3
Delineation of sub and micro watersheds, their
locations and extent based on the soil and land
use survey of India (SLUSOI), Department of
Agriculture, Government of India, erosion levels in
each micro – watershed and prioritization for micro
– watershed through silt yield index method of
SLUSOI.
Chapter 4
B. Water Environment and Hydrology
Water allocation agreement between Karnataka
and Andhra Pradesh is to be provided/ submitted
while submitting EIA/EMP reports.
Complied
Hydro – Meteorology of the project viz.,
precipitation (rainfall), temperature, relative
humidity etc.,
Chapter 3
Run – off, discharge, water availability for the
project etc., Chapter 2
Basin characteristics Chapter 2
Catastrophic events like cloud bursts and flash
floods, if any, should be documented. Chapter 2
For estimation of Sedimentation Rate, direct
sampling of river flow is to be documented. Chapter 3
Flow series, 10 daily with 90%, 75%, and
dependable years discharges.
Chapter 3
A table of 10 daily water discharge in 75%
dependable year showing the intercepted
discharge at the barrage, diversion for irrigation,
environmental and other flow releases at the
barrage, diversion for irrigation, environmental and
other flow releases d/s of the lift point shall be
included in the EIA report
Chapter 3
Norms for release of Environmental flows, i.e., 30%
in monsoon season, 20% in lean season and 25% in
non – monsoon and non – lean season to be
followed corresponding to 90% dependable year.
Chapter 3
C. Biological Environment
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 12.4 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Sl. No. TORs Compliance with respect
to final EIA Report
Flora
Characterization for forest types in the study area
and extent of each forest type Chapter 3
General vegetation pattern and floral diversity
covering all groups for flora including Bryophytes,
Pteridopytes, lichens and orchids. A species to be
provided.
Chapter 3
Assessment of plant species with respect to
dominance, density, frequency, abundance,
diversity index, similarity index, importance value
index, importance value index IVI, Shannon Weiner
Index etc of the species to be provided.
Methodology used for calculating various diversity
indices along with the details of locations of
quadrates, size quadrates etc., to be reported
within the study area in different ecosystem
Chapter 3
Existence of national park, Sanctuary, Biosphere
reserve etc., in the study area, if any should be
detailed
Chapter 3
Economically important species like medicinal
plants, timber, fuel woods etc,. Chapter 3
Details of Endemic species found in the project
area Chapter 3
Flora under RET categories should be documented
using IUCN criteria and Botanical survey of India‟s
red data list along with economic significance.
Species diversity curve for RET species should be
given.
Chapter 3
The command area of the proposed project is
adjacent to RF and hence NOC from the
respective Deputy Conservator of Forest (DCF),
forest department has to be provided (if required)
along with EIA/EMP report
Not applicable
Fauna
Fauna study and inventorisation should be carried
out for all groups of animals including reptiles and
nocturnal animals in the study area. Their present
status along with schedule of the species
Chapter 3
Information on Avi – Fauna and wild life in the
study area
Chapter 3
Status of avifauna their resident/migratory/passage
migrants etc.,
Chapter 3
Documentation of butterflies, if any, found in the
area
Chapter 3
Details of endemic species found in the project
area
Chapter 3
Existence of barriers and corridors, if any, for wild
animals
Chapter 3
D Aquatic ecology
Documentation of aquatic fauna like micro –
invertebrates, zooplankton, phytoplankton, Chapter 3
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 12.5 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Sl. No. TORs Compliance with respect
to final EIA Report
benthos etc.,
Fish and fisheries their migration and breeding
grounds Chapter 3
Fish diversity composition and maximum length
and weight of the measured populations to be
studied for estimation of environmental flow.
Chapter 3
Conservation status of aquatic fauna Chapter 4
E. Irrigation and cropping pattern
Cropping pattern and horticultural practices in the
study area Chapter 2
Collection of primary data on agricultural activity,
crop and their productivity and irrigation facility
component.
Chapter 2
Details of conjunctive use of water for irrigation Chapter 2
F Socio-Economic
Collection of Baseline data on human settlements,
health status of the community and existing
infrastructure facilities for social welfare including
sources of livelihood, job opportunities and safety
and security of workers and surrounding
population.
Chapter 7.
Collection of information with respect to social
awareness about the developmental activity in
the area and social welfare measures existing and
proposed by project proponent.
Chapter 7.
Collection of information on sensitive habitat of
historical, cultural and religious and ecological
importance.
Chapter 7.
The Socio-economic survey/profile within 10 Km of
the study area for Demographic profile; Economic
Structure; Development Profile of the area
Chapter 7.
Information on Agricultural practices, Cultural and
aesthetic sites, Infrastructure facilities etc Chapter 7.
Information on the dependence of the local
people on minor forest produce and their cattle
grazing rights in the forest land.
Chapter 7.
List of all the Project Affected Families with their
names, education, land holdings, other properties,
occupation, source of income, land and other
properties to be acquired, etc.
Chapter 7.
5 Impact Prediction and Mitigation Measures
The adverse impact due to the proposed project
should be assessed and effective mitigation steps
to abate these impacts should be described.
Chapter 4.
Air Environment Chapter 4.
Changes in ambient and ground level
concentrations due to total emissions from point,
line and area sources
Chapter 4.
Effect on soils, material, vegetation and human
health Chapter 4.
Impact of emissions from DG sets used for power Chapter 4.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 12.6 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Sl. No. TORs Compliance with respect
to final EIA Report
during the construction, if any, on air environment.
Pollution due to fuel combustions in equipments &
vehicles Chapter 4.
Fugitive emissions from various Sources. Chapter 4.
Impact on micro climate. Chapter 4.
Water Environment
Changes in surface & ground water quality. Chapter 4.
Steps to develop pisci-culture and recreational
facilities. Chapter 9.
Changes in hydraulic regime and down stream
flow. Chapter 4.
Water pollution due to disposal of sewage. Chapter 4.
Water pollution from labour colony/camps and
washing equipment. Chapter 4.
Land Environment
Adverse impact on land stability, catchment of soil
erosion, reservoir sedimentation and spring flow (if
any) [a] due to considerable road
construction/widening activity [b) blasting for
excavation
Chapter 4.
Changes in land use/land cover and drainage
pattern. Chapter 4.
Immigration of labour population. Chapter 4.
Quarrying operation and muck disposal. Chapter 9.
Changes in land quality including effects of waste
disposal Chapter 4.
River bank and their stability NA
Biological Environment
Impact on forests, flora, fauna including wildlife,
migratory avi-fauna, rare and endangered
species, medicinal plants etc.
Chapter 4.
Pressure on existing natural resources Chapter 4.
Deforestation and disturbance to wildlife, habitat
fragmentation and wild animal's migratory
corridors
Chapter 4.
Compensatory afforestation-Identification of
suitable native tree species for compensatory
afforestation & green belt
Chapter 4.
Impact on fish migration and habitat degradation
due to decreased flow of water Chapter 4.
Impact on breeding and nesting grounds of
animals and fish Chapter 4.
Socio-Economic Aspects
Impact on local community including
demographic profile.
Chapter 4.
Impact on socio-economic status. Chapter 4.
Impact on economic status. Chapter 4.
Impact on human health due to water / vector
borne disease.
Chapter 4.
Impact on increases traffic. Chapter 4.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 12.7 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Sl. No. TORs Compliance with respect
to final EIA Report
Impact on Holy Places and Tourism Chapter 4.
Impacts of blasting activity during project
construction which generally destabilize the land
mass and lead to landslides, damage to
properties and drying up of natural springs and
cause noise pollution will be studied. Proper record
shall be maintained of the base line information in
the post project period.
Chapter 4.
Positive as well as negative impacts likely to be
accrued due to the project are to be listed.
6 Environment Impact Analysis
Environmental Impact Analysis due to the project
on the above mentioned components should be
carried out for construction and operation phases
using qualitative or quantitative methods.
Chapter 4.
7 Environment Management plan(EMP)
Environmental Management Plan aimed at
minimizing the negative impacts of the project
should be given in detail. The mitigation measures
are to be presented for all the likely adverse
impacts on the environment, The following
suggestive mitigating plans should be included:
Chapter 9.
Command Area Development (CAD) Plan giving
details of implementation schedule with a sample
CAD plan.
Chapter 9.
Biodiversity and Wild Life Conservation &
Management Plan for conservation and
preservation of endemic, rare and endangered
species of flora and fauna to be prepared I
consultation with State Forest Department.
Chapter 9.
Plan for Green Belt Development along the
periphery of reservoir, colonies, approach road,
canals etc. to be prepared in consultation with
the State Forest Department. Local plant species
suitable for greenbelt development should be
selected.
Chapter 9.
Plan for Land Restoration and Landscaping of
project sites. Chapter 9.
Fisheries Conservation & Management Plan-Fish
fauna inhabiting the affected stretch of river, a
specific fisheries management plan should be
prepared for river and reservoir.
Chapter 9.
Muck Disposal Plan- suitable sites for dumping of
excavated material should be identified. Chapter 9.
Plan for Restoration of quarry sites and
landscaping of colony areas, working areas,
roads, etc.
NA
Water and Air Quality & Noise Management Plans
to be implemented during construction and post-
construction periods.
Chapter 9.
Mitigating measures for impacts due to Blasting on Chapter 9.
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 12.8 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Sl. No. TORs Compliance with respect
to final EIA Report
the structures in the vicinity.
Ground Water Management Plan Chapter 9.
Public Health Delivery Plan including the provisions
for drinking water facility for the local community. Chapter 9.
Labour Management Plan for their Health and
Safety. Chapter 9.
Sanitation and Solid Waste Management Plan for
domestic waste from colonies and labor camps
etc.
Chapter 9.
Local Area Development Plan to be formulated in
consultation with the Revenue Officials and
Village Panchayats.
Chapter 7.
Energy Conservation Measures. NA
Environmental Monitoring Programme with
physical & financial details covering all the
aspects of EMP. A summary of cost estimate for all
the plans, cost for implementing all Environmental
Management Plans including the cost for
implementing environmental monitoring
programme should be given. Provision for an
Environmental Management Cell should be made
Chapter 6.
8. Additional ToRs
Details of area through which power transmission
line for this project is passing.
Power for lifting the water
will be traversed from
Satti 100 KVA line, Athani
Taluk.
Sources of materials used in the project All construction materials
will be procured from
Govt. authroised
agencies from
Jamakhandi.
Water quality of the command area to be
considered in EIA report Complied, Chapter 3
Provision of strip plantation all along the bank on
either side Complied, Chapter 9
Width of land and total area proposed for
acquisition
40 m for Main canal and
30 m for distributories.
Overall, 123 Ha of land is
required for the project.
Chapter 7
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 13.1 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Chapter 13. Photographs
Expert Field visit
Soil sampling
Surface and Ground Water Collection
Venkateshwara Lift Irrigation Scheme in Final EIA Report
Bagalkot District, Karnataka
Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd 13.2 EHS Consultants Pvt Ltd, Bangalore
Noise level monitoring Meteorological station
Preparation for AAQ monitoring
Consultants
Environmental Health & Safety Consultants Pvt. Ltd
No. 13/2, First Main Road, Near Fire Station,
Industrial Town, Rajajinagar, Bangalore - 560010,
Karnataka.
(accredited by QCI - NABET)
P +91 80 23012100 I W www.ehsc.in