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Fire Safety of Tall Wood Buildings:A Research Review
Robert Gerard, MSc, PE, ,Arup, San Francisco29 January 2014
Copyright Materials
This presentation is protected by US and International Copyright laws ReproductionInternational Copyright laws. Reproduction,
distribution, display and use of the presentation without written permission of the speaker is
prohibitedprohibited.
© The Wood Products Council 2014© The Wood Products Council 2014
“The Wood Products Council” isa Registered Provider with TheAmerican Institute of Architects
This course is registered withAIA CES for continuingprofessional education. As
Continuing Education Systems(AIA/CES), Provider #G516.
such, it does not includecontent that may be deemedor construed to be anapproval or endorsement by
Credit(s) earned on completionof this course will be reported toAIA CES for AIA members
the AIA of any material ofconstruction or any method ormanner ofhandling, using, distributing,AIA CES for AIA members.
Certificates of Completion forboth AIA members and non AIAmembers are available uponrequest
or dealing in any material orproduct.___________________________________________request.Questions related to specific materials,methods, and services will be addressedat the conclusion of this presentation.
Course Description
Recent architectural trends in sustainable urbanRecent architectural trends in sustainable urbandensification have spurred a movement towardincreasingly tall buildings made from mass timberproducts or a combination of wood and other
l ll b b ldmaterials. Many tall timber building concepts aremotivated by their suggested advantages insustainability resulting from the use of wood as arenewable resource and low carbon constructionrenewable resource and low carbon constructionmaterial. However, to ensure occupant safety andthe protection of property, the next step is to fullyassess the fire performance of these buildings. This
t ti ill di lt f i iti l t dpresentation will discuss results of an initial studyperformed in coordination with the Fire ProtectionResearch Foundation, as well as recommendationsfor research and testing.g
Learning Objectives
1. Explain the current state of fire and life safety codes and standards as theyrelate to allowing timber as a structural materialrelate to allowing timber as a structural material.
2. Describe the current understanding of fire performance of tall timber buildings,including results of fire testing and examples of high rise timber buildings.
3 Id tif f f t t ti d h d d t d t t f t i3. Identify areas for future testing and research needed to demonstrate safety intall timber buildings.
4. Understand the importance of effective risk communication with timberbuilding stakeholders.building stakeholders.
AgendaI d i fi f• Introduction to fire safety
• Introduction to timber buildingsTi b b ildi l i• Timber building regulations
• Timber fire performanceG i k l d• Gaps in knowledge
• Risk communication: performance based design and building codescodes
6
Fire SafetyS f f fi• Safety from fire- Occupant evacuation- Emergency operations
• Safety from structural failure- Structural stability
• Safety during building use- Occupation
7
Timber BuildingsN l li i• Non-structural applications- Flooring, linings, facades, finishes
8
Timber BuildingsS l li i• Structural applications- Building materials
9
Timber BuildingsLi h i b f d• Light timber frame products- 2” x 4” studs- “I” joists
10
Timber BuildingsLi h i b f i• Light timber frame construction- Stick framing
11
Timber BuildingsH i b f d• Heavy timber frame products- Engineered wood products
Glue laminated wood (Glulam) Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL)
12
Glue laminated wood (Glulam) Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL)
Timber BuildingsH i b f d• Heavy timber frame products- Engineered wood products
Cross Laminated Timber (CLT)
13
Cross Laminated Timber (CLT)
Timber BuildingsH i b f d• Heavy timber frame products- Composite wood products
Post-tensioned timber
14
Post tensioned timber
Timber BuildingsH i b f d• Heavy timber frame products- Composite wood products
Timber-concrete composite
15
Timber concrete composite
Timber BuildingsH i b f i• Heavy timber frame construction- Panelized construction
16
Timber BuildingsH i b f i• Heavy timber frame construction- Post and beam construction
17
Timber BuildingsH i b f i• Heavy timber frame construction- Post-tensioned timber construction
18
Timber BuildingsHi i l l• Historical examples
Yiangxian Pagoda Urnes Stakirke Leckie BuildingYiangxian Pagoda,China, 1056
Urnes Stakirke,Norway, 1132
Leckie Building,Vancouver, Canada, 1908
19
Timber BuildingsC l• Contemporary examples- Post and beam construction
Life Cycle Tower One, Austria 2012
Bullitt Center, Seattle, Washington 2013
20
Austria, 2012 Washington, 2013
Timber BuildingsC l• Contemporary examples- Post and beam construction
Wood Innovation Design Centre, Prince George, Canada, 2014
21
Timber BuildingsC l• Contemporary examples- Panelized construction
Stadthaus,London UK 2009
Via Cenni, Milan Italy 2013
22
London, UK 2009 Milan, Italy, 2013
Timber BuildingsC l• Contemporary examples- Panelized construction
Forte Building, Melbourne, Australia, 2013
23
Timber BuildingsF ibili di• Feasibility studies
40-story office building, CEI Architecture 2013
Timber Tower,SOM 2013
24
CEI Architecture, 2013 SOM, 2013
Timber BuildingsF ibili l• Feasibility examples- Case for Tall Wood
30-story high-rise,i h l G A hi 2012
25
Michael Green Architecture, 2012
Building Regulations in TimberI i l l i• International regulations
26
Building Regulations in TimberI i l l i• International regulations
Country Applicable Building Code Maximum # of StoriesS i kl d U i kl dSprinklered Unsprinklered
Australia 2013 Building Code of Australia (BCA) 3 3
Austria Austrian Building Codes 8 (*72 feet) 3
Canada 2010 National Building Code of Canada (NBCC)
4 3
Germany 2012 Federal Building Code 8 (*59 feet) 3
Sweden 2013 Planning and Building Act 8 2
UnitedKingdom
2010 Building Regulations 5** 4**
* Indicates a height limit in addition to a maximum story limit
27
Building Regulations in TimberUS l i• US regulations
Applicable Building Code Maximum # of StoriesS i kl d U i kl dSprinklered Unsprinklered
2013 International Building Code (IBC) 5* 4*
2012 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 5000
6* 5*(NFPA) 5000
* Number of heavy timber stories permitted
28
Timber Fire PerformanceCh i• Charring- Well-understood- Predictable
- ~0.03 in/min [0.7mm/min]
29
Timber Fire PerformanceFi R i• Fire Resistance- Sacrificial char layer- Post-fire stability
30
Timber Fire PerformanceFi f• Fire performance- Light timber
31
Timber Fire PerformanceFi f• Fire performance- Heavy timber
32
Timber Fire PerformanceFi f• Fire performance- Composite members
33
Timber Fire PerformanceFi f• Fire performance- Connections
34
Timber Fire PerformanceFi i• Fire protection- Light timber
35
Timber Fire PerformanceFi i• Fire protection- Heavy timber
Sacrificial char layerSolid “cold” timber
36
Timber Fire PerformanceFi i• Fire protection- Connections
37
Timber Fire PerformanceTi b F 2000 (TF 2000)• Timber Frame 2000 (TF 2000)- Cardington, UK, 1999- Fire resistance mid-rise timber building
38
Timber Fire PerformanceN l fi i F i d F 2005• Natural fire testing, Frangi and Fontana, 2005- CLT structure- Sprinklered vs. non-sprinklered- Exposed wood vs. gypsum lining
Sprinkler protectionExposed CLT Gypsum board
39
lining
Timber Fire PerformanceLi h i b bli• Light timber assemblies- Improved fire resistance with gypsum board layers and
thickness- Design equations (Just, Schmid and Konig, 2010)
40
Timber Fire PerformanceCLT bli (O b D i B i h 2012)• CLT assemblies (Osborne, Dagenais, Benichou, 2012)- Charring rate consistent with wood (~0.03 in/min
[0.7mm/min])- Predictable behavior- Improved performance with gypsum board protection
41
Timber Fire PerformanceTi b i bli (O’N ill 2012)• Timber composite assemblies (O’Neill, 2012)- Fire performance based on testing- Up to 2-hour ratings for assemblies
42
Gaps in KnowledgeS l l i• System-level testing- Exposed steel testing
43
Gaps in KnowledgeC i bli• Composite assemblies
44
Gaps in KnowledgeC i• Connections
45
Gaps in KnowledgeD l i i• Delamination
46
Gaps in KnowledgeP i• Penetrations- Fire-stopping
47
Gaps in KnowledgeE i• Economics- Fire protection- Life cycle costs
48
Risk CommunicationT h i l d di• Technical understanding- Foundation for demonstrating safe design
49
Risk CommunicationP f b d d i• Performance based design- Alternative solution to prescriptive codes
50
Risk CommunicationI i i i h• Initiating change- Model building codes
51
Risk Communication
• We cling to the myth that timber construction presents risks, while concrete and steel do not. Nonsense. Every materialwhile concrete and steel do not. Nonsense. Every materialpresents risks, but we manage them in different ways…
- Russell Fortmeyer, Arup Structures
52
AcknowledgementsFi P i R h A i i• Fire Protection Research Association
• National Fire Protection AssociationW dW k• WoodWorks
53
Q ti ?Questions?
This concludes TheThis concludes TheAmerican Institute ofArchitects ContinuingEd i SEducation SystemsCourse Robert Gerard, MSc, PE
A S F iArup, San [email protected]