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Development of novel Varroa mite control methods from attractants and arrestants isolated from brood host volatiles *Mark J. Carroll USDAARS Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, Tucson, AZ Adrian Duehl and Peter Teal USDAARS CMAVE, Gainesville, FL * formerly of USDAARS CMAVE and University of Florida Department of Entomology

of novel Varroa mite control - pollinator.org · Carl Hayden Bee Research Center *Mark Carroll. Tommy Deeby. Jill Barrow Eli Beren. Nick Brown. and others to come … CMAVE Chemistry

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Page 1: of novel Varroa mite control - pollinator.org · Carl Hayden Bee Research Center *Mark Carroll. Tommy Deeby. Jill Barrow Eli Beren. Nick Brown. and others to come … CMAVE Chemistry

Development of novel Varroa mite control  methods from attractants and arrestants 

isolated from brood host volatiles

*Mark J. Carroll

USDA‐ARS Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, Tucson, AZ

Adrian Duehl and Peter Teal

USDA‐ARS CMAVE, Gainesville, FL* formerly of USDA‐ARS CMAVE and University of Florida 

Department of Entomology

Page 2: of novel Varroa mite control - pollinator.org · Carl Hayden Bee Research Center *Mark Carroll. Tommy Deeby. Jill Barrow Eli Beren. Nick Brown. and others to come … CMAVE Chemistry

Varroa

semiochemicals

(signaling chemical cues)

– a collaborative project

Carl Hayden Bee Research Center

*Mark Carroll

Tommy Deeby

Jill Barrow    

Eli Beren

Nick Brown

and others to come …

CMAVE  Chemistry Unit *Adrian Duehl

*Peter Teal

Steve Willms

Curtis Murphy

and others …

Page 3: of novel Varroa mite control - pollinator.org · Carl Hayden Bee Research Center *Mark Carroll. Tommy Deeby. Jill Barrow Eli Beren. Nick Brown. and others to come … CMAVE Chemistry

mite moves to back of cell  and stops 

(arrestant

behavior)mites emerge with the new adult host

maternal mite feeds on brood, produces 1‐3 daughters

host emerges as adult bee host cell capped by worker bees

mites disperse to other adult bees

maternal mite encounters brood of various 

ages on adult bee (phoretic) host

mite detects and invades capping brood cell 

(attraction

behaviors)

Cell invasion behaviors – brood host acquisition

photos courtesy of USDA

Page 4: of novel Varroa mite control - pollinator.org · Carl Hayden Bee Research Center *Mark Carroll. Tommy Deeby. Jill Barrow Eli Beren. Nick Brown. and others to come … CMAVE Chemistry

Cell invasion by phoretic mites                      A rapid, very infrequent, near‐contact event

• Female mite may take a week to locate an appropriate brood host

• Phoretic mite encounters hundreds of brood while on adult hosts

• Mite must be within ~7 mm of brood host for detection

• Cell invasion occurs in several seconds

• Finds appropriate host despite presence of similar non‐host broodphoto courtesy of  Scott Bauer, USDA

radius of 

detection

Page 5: of novel Varroa mite control - pollinator.org · Carl Hayden Bee Research Center *Mark Carroll. Tommy Deeby. Jill Barrow Eli Beren. Nick Brown. and others to come … CMAVE Chemistry

Compare volatiles from host and non‐host brood

• ~ 120 volatiles from brood comb

• ~ 30 vary consistently with onset of cell capping

• phoretic mites respond to 2 compounds (CA and CB)               

by moving off adult worker hosts

• CA and CB emissions are higher (up to 3x) in preferred hosts

2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00

2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00

2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00

2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00

Observation frames

Page 6: of novel Varroa mite control - pollinator.org · Carl Hayden Bee Research Center *Mark Carroll. Tommy Deeby. Jill Barrow Eli Beren. Nick Brown. and others to come … CMAVE Chemistry

Evaluate mite responses to host‐specific compounds

• mites detect CA and CB volatiles at high concentrations         

(foreleg electrophysiology)

• mites are strongly attracted to both compounds at near 

contact distances (~ 5 to 10 mm)

• mites show arrestant behaviors at high volatile levels

• free

roaming

mites are attracted to CA‐treated cells

• phoretic

mite

cell invasion is partially blocked by               

flooding

the hive airspace with CA volatiles

Page 7: of novel Varroa mite control - pollinator.org · Carl Hayden Bee Research Center *Mark Carroll. Tommy Deeby. Jill Barrow Eli Beren. Nick Brown. and others to come … CMAVE Chemistry

flooded airspacenormal airspace

Flooding –

disrupting behaviors by releasing enough  synthetic semiochemicals to saturate chemoreceptors 

The mite is overstimulated!

Page 8: of novel Varroa mite control - pollinator.org · Carl Hayden Bee Research Center *Mark Carroll. Tommy Deeby. Jill Barrow Eli Beren. Nick Brown. and others to come … CMAVE Chemistry

Developing in‐hive trap/flooding technologies

1.  Identify minor volatile components that act as synergists

EthoVision behavioral choice tests (traps)

observation frame flooding tests (flooding)

2.  Create slow‐release formulations for sustained 

flooding/attracticide activity over time‐

21/42 day release?

(formulation chemists)

3.  Develop in‐hive deployment devices

cheap and effective, but not disruptive to the bees

devices bees tolerate (won’t destroy, avoid, or wall over)

4.  Deployment ‐

field tests on phoretic mites inside full‐size colonies

Page 9: of novel Varroa mite control - pollinator.org · Carl Hayden Bee Research Center *Mark Carroll. Tommy Deeby. Jill Barrow Eli Beren. Nick Brown. and others to come … CMAVE Chemistry

Looking for improvements in  semiochemical activity

Provisional application for Varroa semiochemical  patent granted August 2010 –

becomes final August 

2011

Page 10: of novel Varroa mite control - pollinator.org · Carl Hayden Bee Research Center *Mark Carroll. Tommy Deeby. Jill Barrow Eli Beren. Nick Brown. and others to come … CMAVE Chemistry

85% of selected mites now respond to brood odors     (~30% normal observed response rate)

Selecting mites that consistently

respond to               native brood odors in behavioral assays (Adrian Duehl)

Page 11: of novel Varroa mite control - pollinator.org · Carl Hayden Bee Research Center *Mark Carroll. Tommy Deeby. Jill Barrow Eli Beren. Nick Brown. and others to come … CMAVE Chemistry

EthoVision bioassays ‐ Video analysis of mite responses (movements) to volatiles

mite tracks in user‐defined 

arena & odor zones

Page 12: of novel Varroa mite control - pollinator.org · Carl Hayden Bee Research Center *Mark Carroll. Tommy Deeby. Jill Barrow Eli Beren. Nick Brown. and others to come … CMAVE Chemistry

What are the odor sources for the major and

minor                    

volatile cues?  Larvae, adult worker bees, food,                

secretions,  wastes, or hive components?

Are the volatile cues microbial

in origin?

Identifying the odor source(s) (GC and HPLC)

Page 13: of novel Varroa mite control - pollinator.org · Carl Hayden Bee Research Center *Mark Carroll. Tommy Deeby. Jill Barrow Eli Beren. Nick Brown. and others to come … CMAVE Chemistry

Examining differences in volatile emissions between       Varroa‐resistant and non‐resistant honey bees

Resistants

Russians, Africanized bees, local “non‐treated”

lines

Susceptibles

– island honey bees (pre‐invasion)

Page 14: of novel Varroa mite control - pollinator.org · Carl Hayden Bee Research Center *Mark Carroll. Tommy Deeby. Jill Barrow Eli Beren. Nick Brown. and others to come … CMAVE Chemistry

photo courtesy of  Scott Bauer, USDA

Increasing the margins in our favor A 2‐3x more attractive synthetic mix will probably outcompete brood 

odors

Page 15: of novel Varroa mite control - pollinator.org · Carl Hayden Bee Research Center *Mark Carroll. Tommy Deeby. Jill Barrow Eli Beren. Nick Brown. and others to come … CMAVE Chemistry

Increasing the margins in our favor A 2‐3x more attractive synthetic mix will probably outcompete brood 

odors

photo courtesy of  Scott Bauer, USDA

Page 16: of novel Varroa mite control - pollinator.org · Carl Hayden Bee Research Center *Mark Carroll. Tommy Deeby. Jill Barrow Eli Beren. Nick Brown. and others to come … CMAVE Chemistry

August 2011

Page 17: of novel Varroa mite control - pollinator.org · Carl Hayden Bee Research Center *Mark Carroll. Tommy Deeby. Jill Barrow Eli Beren. Nick Brown. and others to come … CMAVE Chemistry
Page 18: of novel Varroa mite control - pollinator.org · Carl Hayden Bee Research Center *Mark Carroll. Tommy Deeby. Jill Barrow Eli Beren. Nick Brown. and others to come … CMAVE Chemistry
Page 19: of novel Varroa mite control - pollinator.org · Carl Hayden Bee Research Center *Mark Carroll. Tommy Deeby. Jill Barrow Eli Beren. Nick Brown. and others to come … CMAVE Chemistry

Observation frames  Fits inside the perimeter of any frame

Page 20: of novel Varroa mite control - pollinator.org · Carl Hayden Bee Research Center *Mark Carroll. Tommy Deeby. Jill Barrow Eli Beren. Nick Brown. and others to come … CMAVE Chemistry

Examining differences in volatile emissions between the  original host (Apis cerana) and Apis mellifera

Phoretic Varroa mites invade the cells of worker and drone brood

in Apis mellifera, but only drone brood in Apis cerana.  

Why the difference (from a mechanistic

point of view)?

Page 21: of novel Varroa mite control - pollinator.org · Carl Hayden Bee Research Center *Mark Carroll. Tommy Deeby. Jill Barrow Eli Beren. Nick Brown. and others to come … CMAVE Chemistry

vacuum line    

(pull)air line 

(push)

glass plate

Observation frames Collection and manipulation of headspace volatiles

a highly controlled push‐pull airflow system

Page 22: of novel Varroa mite control - pollinator.org · Carl Hayden Bee Research Center *Mark Carroll. Tommy Deeby. Jill Barrow Eli Beren. Nick Brown. and others to come … CMAVE Chemistry

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1 to 5 1 to 100 1 to 1000 1 to 10,000 Blank

EAG amplitud

e (‐mV)

odor concentration  (in solution)

Mite forelegs respond only to high concentrations of CAForeleg electrophysiology (EAG‐like)(Adrian Duehl)

a

b bb

b

p<0.05, one‐way ANOVA

mite pit organs on forelegs

Page 23: of novel Varroa mite control - pollinator.org · Carl Hayden Bee Research Center *Mark Carroll. Tommy Deeby. Jill Barrow Eli Beren. Nick Brown. and others to come … CMAVE Chemistry

Flooding the brood comb airspace with synthetic CA reduces     

cell invasion by mites without disrupting normal colony functions

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

control flooded

% of recently

‐capped brood infested

observation frame airspace treatment

p=0.028, t‐test

capillary release                    

(supplementation)