OEL manual ECG253.doc

COURSE GEOLOGY COURSE CODE ECG 253 LEVEL OF OPENNESS 0 CATEGORY TRADITIONAL DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%) 0 PERIOD OF ACTIVITY 1 WEEK

TITLE IDENTIFICATION OF MINERALS

PREAMBLE

1.1 Introduction The traditional methods of conducting laboratory activities (assigned as Level0) will not be able to provide the avenue for students to enhance independent learning activities and inculcate creativity and innovation. The traditional method is fully prescriptive where the three elements namely problem, ways & means and answers are provided/ fully given to the students. However, it is still necessary to be implemented as part of the whole laboratory course activity especially to first and second year students. In this laboratory activity student will be exposed to the technique on identifying the physical properties of minerals. 1.2 Objectives The objective of the test is: To determine the physical properties of minerals by laboratory observation. 1.3 Learning Outcomes At the end of the laboratory activities, students would be able to: i. Identify various specimens of mineral by physical testing ii. Identify mineral content in rock formation1.4 Theoretical Background Dana (1985) statesthat each mineral possesses certain physical properties or characteristics by which it may be recognized or identified. Some are subjected to certain simple tests. Physical properties are usefulin mineral identification.

A mineral can be defined as a natural inorganic substance having a particular chemical composition or range of composition and a regularatomic structure to which its crystalline form is related. To study rocks, it is necessary to know therock forming minerals. The physical properties thatimportant to identify a mineral are; i. Colour The colour of the mineral is that seen by eye. Colour may be influenced by impurities in the sample, thelight in the room or strong reflective surfaces. Minerals may vary greatly in colour from one specimen to another. Certain minerals have constants colours, e.g. azurite blue and melachite green. Therefore, colour is a general rather than specific indicator. ii. Lustre Luster is reflected from the surface of a mineral, the amountof light is a function of the state of the surface. Luster is described in terms of the degree of brightness. Table 2.1 : Minerals Luster (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2009) iii. Hardness The resistance of a mineral to abrasion (scratching) is termed hardness (Malzbender, 2003). This property is determined by rubbing the mineral to be identified against another mineral of known hardness. One will stretch the other (unlessthey have the same hardness). Geologists used a standard hardness scale called the Mohs scale developed by a German Mineralogist named Friedrich Mohs (1773-1839) which assigns relativehardnesses to several common and a few rare and precious minerals as given in Table 2.2.

Lustre Characteristics Metallic Like polished metal Submetallic Less brilliant Dull e.g. chalk or clay Vitreous Like broken glass e.g.

quartz or topaz Silky Like strands of fibre parallel

Table 2.2 : Relative Hardness of Minerals (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2009) iv. Streak Streak is the colour of the minerals powder when it is scraped along a roughened surface such as an unglazed pottery. The mark left behind can be a characteristic feature of the mineral. The streak is not necessarily the same as the colour of a mineral, e.g. hematite (black) reddish brown, topaz or corundum no streak at all. v. Transparency Transparency is a measure of how clearly an object can be seen through a crystal. Table 2.3 : Minerals Transparency (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2009) vi. Cleavage / Fracture The way a mineral breaks. Cleavage - The tendency of some minerals to break consistently along distinct planes in their crystal structure. Smooth plane. Fracture - minerals break randomly, with uneven, rough or jagged surfaces because their bonds are equally strong in all directions and are distributed uniformly throughoutthe crystal.

Relative Hardness Minerals Mineralogy 10 Diamond Carbon 9 Corundum Alumina 8 Topaz Aluminium silicate 7 Quartz Silica 6 Feldspar Alkali silica 5 Apatite Calcium phosphate 4 Fluorite Calcium fluoride 3 Calcite Calcium carbonate 2 Gypsum Hydrated calcium

sulphate 1 Talc Hydrated

magnesium silicate

Transparency Characteristics Transparent An object is seen clearly

through crystal Semi- transparent An object is seen with

difficulty Translucent An object cannot be seen,

but the light is transmitted through the crystal

Semi-translucent Light is transmitted only by the edges of a crystal

Opaque No light is transmitted, this includes all metallic minerals

PROBLEM STATEMENT In civil engineering projects, aggregates are used as construction materials and the existence of rock layers contribute to strength and resistance tofoundations and applied pressure. Minerals have different varieties and properties that contribute to the physical and mechanical properties of the rockmass; therefore it is essential to determine the physical characteristics of the minerals. The physical characteristics of minerals include hardness, atomic structure, cleavage, colour and streak. Composition of these minerals formed rocks, and with their existence, these characterize the different rock types based on the crystallizationat depth or near the surface based on Bowens reaction. It is essential to identify the mineral as it contributes to the physical and mechanical properties. You are required to carry out minerals laboratory testing / physical observation by using suggested apparatus available in the laboratory

WAYS & MEANS 3.1 Apparatus: i. Minerals Set ii. Mohs Scale of Hardness Set iii. Magnifier 3.2 Procedure: 1. Select the given labelled specimen of minerals. 2. Name the mineral samples and observe the samples to determine the physical properties of minerals 3. Tabulate the result from the observation complete with the pictures of the mineral sample. 3.3 Data Acquisition Observation should be made on the following items: i. Mineral name ii. Colour iii. Lustre iv. Streak v. Hardness vi. Transparency vii. Cleavage / Fracture

RESULTS 4 Results, Analysis, Discussion and Conclusion The group is required to submit the technical report of the laboratory results highlighting the data acquisition process, analysis carried out and the relevancy of the set-out output to achieve the objective. The technical report mustfollow the format in Student Writing Guide. Results & Analysis i. All data recorded must be tabulated in the form given in Appendix 1 ii. Attach the diagram/ picture for each of the sample and label it clearly

Discussion Answer the following question; a) Explain the different between silicate and non-silicates mineral. b) Group your sample into silicate and non-silicates mineral. c) Differentiate between ferromagnesian silicate and non- ferromagnesian silicate. Give an example from your sample for each of them. d) Identify the uses of your mineral sample in civil engineering. The report must be submitted 7 days after the completion of the test.

Appendix 1: Identification of Minerals

Chemical Composition

Cleavage / Fracture

Transparency

Streak

Hardness

Luster

Colour

Name

COURSE GEOLOGY COURSE CODE ECG 253 LEVEL OF OPENNESS 1 CATEGORY PARTIALLY OPEN ENDED DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%) 33% PERIOD OF ACTIVITY 1 WEEK

TITLE IDENTIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

PREAMBLE

1.1 Introduction The traditional methods of conducting laboratory activities (assigned as Level 0) will not be able to provide the avenue for students to enhance independent learning activities and inculcate creativity and innovation. The traditional method is fully prescriptive where the three elements namely problem, ways & means and answers are provided/ fully given to the students. However, it is still necessary to be implemented as part of the whole laboratory course activity especially to first and second year students. In this laboratory activity student will beexposed to the technique on identifying the physical characteristics of igneous rocks. 1.2 Objectives The objectives of this laboratory works is: i. To identify the characteristics of igneous rocks ii. To classify the igneous rocks 1.3 Learning Outcomes At the end of this laboratory session, student should be able to:- 1. Identify the correct apparatus to conduct the laboratory activity. 2. Identify the physical characteristics of igneous rocks. 3. Perform effectively as a team in carrying out the task and produce the relevant technical report. 1.4 Theoretical Background Rocks that are formed by crystallization of a melt are igneous rock and they may be formed at depth (intrusive or plutonic) or on the surface (extrusive or volcanic). In general, igneous rocks that cool rapidly (i.e. volcanic rock) are very fine-grained whereas rocks that cool slowly (i.e. plutonic rocks)are coarse-grained.

PROBLEM STATEMENT Identification of rocks is essential for mineral and earth resources utilization as well as civil engineering works. The ability to characterize available rocks on site will results on knowing the characteristics, behavior and expected strength. Thus, give essential guide to further engineering works. As a group you are given a set of rocks to identify the physical features and textures of igneous rocks. The group must carry out the test following the procedures outline and subsequentlyanalyse the data and present it in a proper technical format.

WAYS & MEANS 3.1 Apparatus i. Magnifying hand lens ii. Labelled specimen of igneous rocks 3.2 Procedures: 1. Select the labelled specimen of igneous rocks given in the list of rocks. 2. Observe the samples to determine the physical characteristics of igneous rocks You can refer toyour lecture notes for the details. 3. Tabulate the result from the observation complete with the pictures of the rock sample. 3.3 Data Acquisition Observation should be made onthe following items: i. Rock name ii. Texture iii. Colour iv. Grain size v. Mineral composition vi. Origin

RESULTS 4 Results, Analysis, Discussion and Conclusion The group is required to submit the technical report of the laboratory results highlighting the data acquisition process, analysis carried out and the relevancy of the set-out outputto achieve the objective. The technical report must follow the format in Student Writing Guide. Results & Analysis i. All data recorded must be organized in the table. ii. Attach the diagram/ picture for each of the rock sample and label it clearly.

Discussion Answer the following questions; a) Explain the formation of intrusive igneous rock and the formation of extrusive igneous rock. Group your rock sample into these type of igneous rock. b) Describe the relationship between the cooling rates of igneous rock with thegrains size of the igneous rock. Identify the cooling rates of your samples. c) Identify the usesof igneous rock in civil engineering The report must be submitted 7 days after the completion of the test.


TITLE IDENTIFICATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

PREAMBLE

1.1 Introduction Level 1 laboratory activity refersto condition where the problem and ways & meansare guided and given to the students. However theanswers to the assignment are left to the students to solve using the group creativity and innovativeness. The activity is hoping to slowly introduce and inculcates independent learning amongst students and prepare them for a much harder task of open-ended laboratory activities. Inthis laboratory activity student will be exposed on identifying the physical characteristics of sedimentary rock. 1.2 Objectives The objective of the test are: i. To identify and classify sedimentary rocks. ii. To recognize the depositional environmental of sedimentary rock based on their physical features. 1.3 Learning Outcomes At the end of the laboratory activities, students would be able to: 1. Identify the correct apparatus to conduct the laboratory activity. 2. Identify the physical characteristics of sedimentary rocks. 3. Perform effectively as a team in carrying out the task and produce the relevant technical report.

1.4 Theoretical Background Sedimentaryrocks are formed by the accumulation of sediments. There are three basic types of sedimentary rocks: i. Clastic Sedimentary rocks such as breccia, conglomerate, sandstone and shale that are formed from mechanical weatheringdebris. These rocks are formed by the lithification of weathered rock debris that has been physically transported and deposited. During the transport process, the particles that make up these rocks often become rounded due to abrasion or can become highly sorted. ii. Chemical sedimentary rocks such as rock salt and some limestones, that form when dissolved materials precipitate from solution; and, iii. Organic sedimentary rocks such as coal and some limestones which form from the accumulation of plant or animal debris. The Sedimentary rocks created either from chemical precipitation and crystallization, or by the lithification of once living organic matter can be identify as non-clastic.

PROBLEM STATEMENT Sedimentary rock is one of the major types of rock. Stable vertical slopes can usually be excavated in well-cemented, horizontally bedded sandstones and limestones (example of sedimentary rocks). Flatter slope angles must be cut for weaker rock types. A particularly important factor in the stability of sedimentary rock slopes is the direction and amount of slope, or dip, of bedding. Tunneling and underground mining in sedimentary rocks are influenced by lithology and structure (orientation of bedding). Special problems occur in limestones and evaporate deposits because these rocks are soluble under the action of flowing groundwater. The soils and rocks overlying underground cavities produced by chemical dissolution may collapse into the voids, damaging or destroying buildings constructed at the surface. As a group you are given a set of rocks to identify the physical features of sedimentary rocks. The group must carry out the test following the procedures outline and subsequently analyse the data and present it in a proper technical format.

WAYS & MEANS 3.1 Apparatus: i. Magnifying hand lens ii. Labelled specimen of sedimentary rocks 3.2 Procedure: 1. Select the labelled specimen of sedimentary rocks given in the list of rocks. 2. Observe the samples to determine the physical characteristics of sedimentary rocks 3. Tabulate the result from the observation complete with the pictures of the rock sample.

3.3 Data Acquisition Observation should be made on the following items: i. Rock name ii. Colour iii Composition of minerals iv. Grain size v. Texture vi. Classification/ Type of sedimentary rock

RESULTS 4 Results, Analysis, Discussion and Conclusion The group is required to submit the technical report of the laboratory results highlighting the data acquisition process, analysis carried out and the relevancy of the set-out output to achieve the objective. The technical report mustfollow the format in Student Writing Guide. Results & Analysis i. All data recorded must be organized in the table. ii. Attach the diagram/ picture for each of the rock sample and label it clearly. Discussion Answer the following questions; a) Describe the factors that can characterize the sedimentary rocks. b) Explain thesedimentary structures (stratification). Identify the sample that has shown any sedimentary structure on the rock surface. c) Identify the uses of sedimentary rock in civil engineering d) Briefly explain the strength and stability of sedimentary rock in construction engineering perspective. The report must be submitted 7 days after the completion of the test.


TITLE IDENTIFICATION OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS

PREAMBLE

1.1 Introduction Level 1 laboratory activity refers to condition where the problem and ways & means are guided and given to the students. However the answers to the assignment are left tothe students to solve using the group creativity and innovativeness. The activity is hoping to slowly introduce and inculcates independent learning amongst students and prepare them for amuch harder task of open-ended laboratory activities. In this partially open laboratory activity students are required to identify the physical characteristics of metamorphic rocks. 1.2 Objectives i. To identify the characteristics ofmetamorphic rocks. ii. To classify the metamorphicrock 1.3 Learning Outcomes At the end of the laboratory activities, students would be able to: 1. Identify the correct apparatus to conduct the laboratory activity. 2. Identify the physical characteristics of metamorphic rocks. 3. Perform effectively as a team in carrying out the task and produce the relevant technical report.

PROBLEM STATEMENT Metamorphic rocks are formed due to the transformation of pre-existing igneous or sedimentary rocks that have been buried deeply within the crust due to the movement of lithospheric plates. The term metamorphism involves the alteration of existing rocks by either excessive heat or pressure or through chemical action of fluids. Due to metamorphism, rocks may undergo changes in their mineral composition leading to formation of new mineral and changes in texture. Classification of metamorphic rock can be divided into foliated and non-foliated. As a group you are given various samples of metamorphic rocks to make an observation using the appropriate apparatus available in the laboratory.

WAYS & MEANS 3.1 Apparatus: i. Magnifying hand lens ii. Set of sedimentary rocks sample 3.2 Procedure: 1. Select the labelled specimen of sedimentary rocksgiven in the list of rocks. 2. Observe the samples to determine the physical characteristics of sedimentary rocks 3. Tabulate the result from the observation complete with the pictures of the rock sample. 3.3 Data Acquisition Observation should be made on the following items: i. Rock name ii. Colour iv. Composition of minerals v. Grain size vi. Classification (Foliation / granular) vii. Texture .

RESULTS 4 Results, Analysis and Conclusion The groupis required to submit the technical report of the laboratory results highlighting the data acquisition process, analysis carried out and the relevancy of the set-out output to achieve the objective. c Results & Analysis i. All data recorded must be organized in the table. ii. Attach the diagram/ picture for each of the rock sample and label it clearly. Discussion Answer the following questions; a) Describe the all types of metamorphism. b) Explain in details the different textures of metamorphic rock. c) Identify the parent rock of your samples before turn to metamorphic rocks. d) Identify the uses of metamorphic rock in civil engineering. e) Briefly explain the strength and stability of metamorphic rock in construction engineering perspective. The report must be submitted 7 days after the completion of the test.

COURSE GEOLOGY COURSE CODE ECG253 LEVEL OF OPENNESS 0 CATEGORY TRADITIONAL DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%) 0 PERIOD OF ACTIVITY 1 WEEK

TITLE GEOLOGICAL MAP 1 - INTRODUCTION TO CONTOUR AND HORIZONTAL STRATA

PREAMBLE

1.1 Introduction The traditional methods of conducting laboratory activities (assigned as Level 0) will not be able to provide the avenue for students to enhance independent learning activities and inculcate creativity and innovation. The traditional method is fully prescriptive where the three elements namely problem, ways & means and answers are provided/ fully given to the students. However, it is still necessary to be implemented as part of the whole laboratory course activity especially to first and second year students. In this laboratory activity student will beexposed to the technique of producing the cross section profile 1.2 Objectives To plot ground profile and rock formations from geological map. 1.3 Learning Outcomes. At the end of this laboratory session, student should be able to:- i. Identify the correct apparatus to conduct the laboratory activity. ii. Produce the rock strata profile of given geological map iii. Perform effectively as a team in carrying out the task and produce the relevant technical report. 1.4 Theoretical Background A geological map is one which shows in the first place, the occurrence and distribution of the rocks at the surface of the ground. Conventional sign may show certain facts of observation about them. Thegeological map allows the geological structure of the country to be inferred. Beds of rocks are bounded by bedding surfaces, which may be horizontal, tilted or bent in any form or direction. Aseries of beds which have been laid down regularly one on the other, and which may be treated as a whole, form a conformable series. It follows that the lower beds are the older. In such a series of bedding surfaces are parallel. Each bedding surface is usually common to two beds ofrock, being the

top of one and the bottom of the one next above. In the simplest case, these surfaces are planes: bedding planes. Figure 4.1: Geological map of an existing site i. Contours Hills and valleys are usually carved out of layered sequences of rock or strata. In simplest case we can consider strata are horizontal. Rarely are they so in nature, they are frequently found elevated hundreds of metres above their position of deposition and titling has usually accompanied such uplift. The pattern of outcrops of the bed where the strata are horizontal is a function of the topography, the highest beds in the sequence (the youngest) will outcrop on the highest ground and the lowest beds in the sequence (the oldest) will outcrop in the deepest valleys. ii. Section Drawing Draw abase line, the exact length of the line A-B on Map 1 (19 cm). Mark off on the base line the points at which the contour lines cross the line of section: for example 85 mm from A mark the point corresponding to the intersection of the 700m contour. From the base line, erect a perpendicularcorresponding in length to the height of the ground and, since it is important to make vertical and horizontal scales equal wherever practicable, a perpendicular of length 14mm must be erected to correspond to the 700m contour (since 1000m = 2cm and 100m = 2mm). Sections can readily bedrawn on metric squared paper.

PROBLEM STATEMENT A geologic map is a special map made to show special features of earth surface and subsurface. The map is presented by using colour and symbols. The rock units as known as geologic strata, bedding planes and structural features such as faults, folds, foliations, and lineation are shown with strike and dip or trend and plunge symbols which give these features three-dimensional orientations. You are required to carry out map activity to identify geological features and profiling for rock stratification.

WAYS & MEANS 3.1 Apparatus i. Geological Map 1 Appendix 5(a) ii. Graph paper/drawing paper - A4 size iii. Ruler iv. Pencils v. Colour pencils 3.2 Procedures : i. Plot the cross-section with the horizontal and vertical scales accordingly to the scale of the geological map on a piece of graph paper or blank sheet. Refer to Appendix 5(a). Thevertical scale is normally exaggerated to improve visibility of the profile. ii. Draw a line to join the line of cross-section on the map, says A - B. iii. Using a blank piece of paper, mark the points of intersection accordingly between the lines with the contours respective to its heights. Transfer thepoints to the cross-section profile respective to the heights of the contours. iv. Join the points to form the profile of the ground elevation. 3.3 DataAcquisition i. Completely colour the geological map 1 given in Appendix 4(a) by referring to Appendix 4(b) for key to shading the map. ii. Produce the cross-section of rock strata

RESULTS 4.1 Result, Analysis and Conclusion The group is required to submit the technical report of the laboratory results highlighting the data acquisition process, analysis carried out and the relevancy of the set-out output to achieve the objective. The technical report must follow the format in Student Writing Guide. By referring to Geological Map 1 Appendix 5 (a) i. Plot the outcrop of each rock - type on the cross-section profile

Figure 4.2 : Plotting format for X-section ii. Colour the rock profile by referring to Appendix 5 (b) for key to shading the rock profile. iii. Conclude the results by analysing the relation between contour line and section profile. The report must be submitted 7 days after the completion of the test.

Appendix 5 (a): Geological Map 1 Cut here (to be attached with your report)

Date Approved by

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Appendix 5 (b): Key to shading widely used on geological maps and text figures

Y


TITLE GEOLOGICAL MAP 2 - INTRODUCTION TO STRIKE AND DIP

PREAMBLE

1.1 Introduction The traditional methods of conducting laboratory activities (assigned as Level 0) will not be able to provide the avenue for students to enhance independent learning activities and inculcate creativity and innovation. The traditional method is fully prescriptive where the three elements namely problem, ways & means and answers are provided/ fully given to the students. However, it is still necessary to be implemented as part of the whole laboratory course activity especially to first and second year students. In this laboratory activity student will beexposed to the technique of producing the cross section profile together with strike and dip. 1.2 Objectives The objective of the test are: i. Toplot ground profile and ground formations from geological map ii. To determine the dip and strike of the rock strata 1.3 Learning Outcomes. At the end of this laboratory session, student should be able to:- i. Identify the correct apparatus to conduct the laboratory activity. ii. Produce the profile of rock strata complete with strike and dip for given geological map iii. Perform effectively as a team in carrying out the task and produce the relevant technical report. 1.4 Theoretical Background The continues lines are the geological boundariesseparating the outcrops of the dipping strata beds, P, Q, R, S, T and U. Examine the map and note that the geological boundaries are not parallel to the contour lines but in fact, intersect them. This show that beds are dipping. StructureContour (Strike lines) Just as it is possible to define the topography of the ground by means of contour lines, so we can draw contour lines on a bedding plane. These we call structure contours or strike lines, the former since they joints pints of equal height, the later since they are parallel to the direction of strike.

Figure (a): Plan showing structure contours Figure (b): Section through contours showing the relationship between dip and gradient. Dip Inclined strata are said to be dipping. The angle ofdip is the maximum angle measured between the strata and the horizontal (regardless of the slope of the ground) Figure (c): Section showing dipping strata. The angle of dip is measured from the horizontal.

PROBLEM STATEMENT A geologic map is a special map made to show special features of earth surface and subsurface. The map is presented by using color and symbols. The rock units as known as geologic strata, bedding planes and structural features such as faults, folds, foliations, and lineation are shown with strike and dip or trend and plunge symbols which give these features three-dimensional orientations. You are required to carry out map activity to identify geological features and profiling for rock stratification. Consequently, determine the dip and strike of the rock strata.

WAYS & MEANS 3.1 Apparatus i. Geological map 2 - Appendix 6 ii. Graph paper iii. Colour pencil (optional) iv. Ruler v. Pencil 3.2 Procedures : i. Plot the cross-section with the horizontal and vertical scales accordingly to the scale of the geological map on a piece of graph paper or blank sheet. The vertical scale is normally exaggerated to improve visibility of the profile. ii. Draw a line to join the line of cross-section on the map, says X - Y. iii. Using a blank piece of paper, mark the points of intersection accordingly between the lines with the contours respective to its heights. iv.Transfer the points to the cross-section profile respective to the heights of the contours. v. Join the points to form the profile of the ground elevation. 3.3 Data Acquisition i. Completely colour the geological map 2 given in Appendix 6 by referring to Appendix 5(b) for key to shading the map. ii. Produce the cross-section of rock strata complete with strike and dip. iii. Measured the dip angle

RESULTS 4. Result, Analysis and Conclusion The groupis required to submit the technical report of the laboratory results highlighting the data acquisition process, analysis carried out and the relevancy ofthe set-out output to achieve the objective. The technical report must follow the format in Student Writing Guide. By referring to Geological Map 2- Appendix 6 i. Plot the outcrop of each rock - type on the cross-section profile

Figure 4.1 : Plotting format for X-section ii. Colour the rock profile by referring to Appendix 5(b) for key to shading the rock profile. iii. Conclude the results by analysing the relation between contour line and section profile. The report must be submitted 7 days after the completion of the test.

Appendix 6: Geological Map 2 Cut here (to be attached with your report)

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Angel of dip T VT


TITLE GEOLOGICAL MAP 3 INTRODUCTION TO TRUE & APPARENT DIP AND THICKNESS OF BED

PREAMBLE

1.1 Introduction The traditional methods of conducting laboratory activities (assigned as Level0) will not be able to provide the avenue for students to enhance independent learning activities and inculcate creativity and innovation. The traditional method is fully prescriptive where the three elements namely problem, ways & means and answers are provided/ fully given to the students. However, it is still necessary to be implemented as part of the whole laboratory course activity especially to first and second year students. In this laboratory activity student will be exposed to the technique of producing the cross section profile together with the strike line and dip direction according to the given outcrop. 1.2 Objectives The objective of the test are: i. To plot the cross section profile to determine the rock strata by referring to the geological map given. ii. To draw the dip and strike of the rock strata iii. To calculate the vertical and true thickness of the rock strata 1.3 Learning Outcomes At the end of the laboratory activities, students would be able to: 1. Identify the correct apparatus to conduct the laboratory activity. 2. Produce the rock strata profile complete with the dip and strike. 3. Performeffectively as a team in carrying out the task and produce the relevant technical report.

1.4 Theoretical Background Dip & Strike Dip is the angle between a horizontal plane and an inclined plane. Dip is always measured perpendicular to strike. Dip angles range from 0 for a horizontal bed to 90 for a vertical bed. Strikeis the compass direction of line formed by the intersection of a horizontal plane and it usually expressed relative to the north. Figure 7.1:Strike and dip direction of rock strata On Map 3, the contour 1100 m for the geological boundary D-E coincides with the 1000 m structure contour for boundary C-D. Thus, along this strike direction, the top of bed D is 100 m higher than its bed. This is the thickness of the bed that would be penetrated by a borehole drilled at point X. Vertical thickness (VT) and True thickness (T) Vertical thickness of inclined bed is greater than the True thickness, since the True thickness is measured perpendicular to the geological boundaries. The angle in between T and VT is equal to the angle of dip. Cosine = Thus, T = VT cosine This mean the T of a bed is equal to the VT multiplied by cosine of the angle of dip. Figure 7.2: Section showing the relationship between the vertical thickness (VT) and true thickness (T) of a dipping bed

PROBLEM STATEMENT A geological map is a special-purpose map made to show geological features. Rock units or geologic strata are shown by color or symbols to indicate where they are exposed at the surface. Bedding planes and structural features such as faults, folds, foliations, and lineation are shown with strike and dip or trend and plunge symbols which give these features' three-dimensional orientations. Stratigraphic contour lines may be used to illustrate the surface of a selected stratum illustrating the subsurface topographic trends of the strata. As a group you are given a geological map to analyse and interpret the strike and dip and also the true vertical thickness of rock strata. The group must carry out the test following the procedures outline and subsequently analyze the data and present it in a proper technical format.

WAYS & MEANS 3.1 Apparatus: i. Geological map 3 (Appendix 6a)ii. Graph paper iii. Colour pencil iv. Ruler v. Pencil 3.2 Procedure: 1. Colour all the outcrop based onthe shading code given (Appendix 6a & 4b). 2. Plot the cross-section with the horizontal and vertical scales accordingly to the scale of the geological map on a piece of graph paper. The vertical scale is normally exaggerated to improve visibility of the profile. 3. Draw a line to join the lineof cross-section on the map, says Y - Z. 4. On the geological map, draw the strike line and mark the points of intersection accordingly between the lines with the contours respective to its heights. Name the intersection line. 5. Transfer the points to the cross-section profile respective to the heights of the contours. 6. Join the points to form the profile of the ground elevation. 7. Fold the geological map 3 to form the Y Z cross section. Locate the X mark which the borehole position. 8. Draw the borehole cross section on the profile of ground elevation. Determine the vertical thickness and true thickness of each rock bed. 3.3 Data Acquisition i. Cross-section profile ii. Borehole cross-section iii. Vertical thickness of each rock bed iv. Angle of dip

RESULTS 4 Results, Analysis and Conclusion The groupis required to submit the technical report of the laboratory results highlighting the data acquisition process, analysis carried out and the relevancy of the set-out output to achieve the objective. The technical report must follow the format in Student Writing Guide.

By referring to Geological Map 3 Appendix 6 (a)i. Plot the outcrop of each rock - type on the cross-section profile Figure 4.2 : Plotting format for X-section ii. Colour the rock profile by referring to Appendix 4 (b) for key to shading the rock profile. iii. Conclude the results by analysing the relation between contour line and section profile. Show thestrike and dip angle. The report must be submitted 7 days after the completion of the test.

Appendix 7: Geological Map 3

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COURSE GEOLOGY COURSE CODE ECG 253 LEVEL OF OPENNESS 3 CATEGORY FULLY OPEN DEGREE OF OPEN-ENDED (%) 100% PERIOD OF ACTIVITY 3 WEEKS

TITLE THE STRENGTH OF ROCK

PREAMBLE

1.1 Introduction The need for an open-ended laboratory activity is emphasized in enhancing independent learning activities and inculcating creativity and innovation of students. This open-ended laboratory activities is created to provide a platform for students (as a group) to determine the objectives and scopes of the laboratory assignment, identify the necessary apparatus andprepare step by step methodology to carry out thetask to address the given problem. The group will be required to analyse all the technical data obtained and present them in a technical format. 1.2 Objectives The objective of this activity is: Tosolve a given problem using the right laboratory testing equipments and methodology. 1.3 Learning Outcomes At the end of the laboratory activities, students would be able to: 1. Determine the suitable laboratory tests to be conducted to address the given problem 2. Work in a group to produce the relevant technical report. 3. Analyse test data and present the solution to the open-ended problem.

PROBLEM STATEMENT 2 The Problem The potential for instability in the rock surrounding tunnel, underground mine openings and construction sites is an ever-present threat to both safety of men and equipment in construction sites. One of the assessment required for construction site is to classify the rock mass. The development of rock classification for engineering purposes has been provided by Dearman (1974) for assessing rock quality. The strength of rock is the main characteristics to analyse before any civil engineering works could be design and constructed. The crucial information that needs to be address is given below. 1. The strength value of each test that was carried out. 2. The classification of rock strength based on any related standard. 3. Non-destructive strength test on site and classification of weathered rock basedon their characterization.

Each group is required to select a site as research area and find rock samples with adequate size to be used (igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic). The group is required to design and conduct suitable and related laboratory tests to obtain the relevant rock strength parameters to address the three (3) related problems mentionedabove. Two (2) laboratory tests to be designed will be conducted in series in two (2) consecutive weeks. The present of lecturer/ assistant engineer while conducting the test is compulsory to supervise and assist students to operate the apparatus in the laboratory.

WAYS & MEANS 3.1 Apparatus The group must identify the availability of the chosen apparatus in the laboratory before the right procedures can be identified. 3.2 Procedures The group is requiredto search for the relevant procedure to carry out the test based on the available apparatus in your laboratory. The document must be made ready forverification by the instructor before the laboratory activity commences. The procedure in conductingengineering rock testing should refer to the International Society for Rock Mechanics, ISRM (2006) Suggested Method for Rock Characterization, Testing and Monitoring. 3.3 Data Acquisition All data collected and observedduring the test must be tabulated in proper format for easy verification and presentation of the technical report.

RESULTS 4 Results, Analysis, Discussion and Conclusion The group will be required to preparetechnical report of the laboratory results highlighting the procedures of testing adopted, data acquisition process, analysis carried out and the relevancy of the set-out output to address the given problem. The technical report must follow the format in Student Writing Guide. The report must be submitted THREE (3) weeks after the completion of the test and report writing.


TITLE UNAXIAL COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

PREAMBLE

1.1 Introduction Level 2 laboratory activities refer to the condition where only the problem is guided and given. Students are required to find the ways & means and provide the answers to the given assignment using the group creativity and innovativeness. The activity will enable the students to appreciate independent learning and prepare them for a much harder task of open ended laboratory activities. In this partially open laboratory activity the students are required to carry out tests to determine the uniaxial compressive strength of rocks. 1.2 Objectives To measure the uniaxial compressive strength of rock sample in the form ofspecimen of regular geometry. 1.3 Learning Outcomes At the end of the laboratory activities, students would be able to: 1. Identify the correct apparatus and procedure to conduct the uniaxial compressive strength 2. Analyse test data and present the results in propertechnical format 3. Perform effectively as a team incarrying out the task and produce the relevant technical report.

PROBLEM STATEMENT The uniaxial compressive strength of a rock is oneof the simplest measures of strength to obtain. It may be regarded as the highest stress that a rock specimen can carry when a unidirectional stress isapplied, normally in axial direction, to the end of a cylindrical specimen. In other words the unconfined compressive strength represents the maximum load supported by the specimen during the test divided by the cross-sectional are of the specimen. The behaviour of rock in uniaxial compressive is influenced to some extent by the test conditions. The most important of these is the length-diameter ratio of specimen.

As a group you are required to collect the rocks sample and conduct the uniaxial compressive strength with supervision by an assistant engineer to operate the appropriate apparatus available in the laboratory.

WAYS & MEANS 3.1 Apparatus: The group must identify the availability of the chosen apparatus in the lab before the right procedures can be identified. 3.2 Procedure: The group is required to search for the relevant procedure to carry out the test based on the available apparatus in your laboratory. The document must be made ready for verification by the instructor during the laboratory activity. The procedure in conducting uniaxial compressive strength test should referring to the International Society for Rock Mechanics, ISRM (2006) Suggested Method for Rock Characterization, Testing and Monitoring. 3.3 Data Acquisition All data collected and observed during the test must be tabulated in proper format for easy verification and presentation of the technical report.

RESULTS 4 Results, Analysis, Discussion and Conclusion The group is required to submit the technical report of the laboratory results highlighting the data acquisition process, analysis carried out and the relevancy of the set-out output to achieve the objective. The technical report mustfollow the format in Student Writing Guide. Results & Analysis i) The data should properly organize in the table. ii) Show all the calculation have been made iii) Neatly sketch the mode of failure. Discussion Answer the following question in the discussion part. i) Identify and explain the types of rock that have been selected for the experiment including the source of sample (geographic location, depth and environment) ii) Predict the weathering grade of rocks based on the compressive strength obtained from the experiment. iii) Evaluate and comment the stability and durability of your sample in civil engineering works according to the weathering grade determined in (ii) and strength value. The report must be submitted 7 days after the completion of the test.


TITLE SLAKE DURABILITY TEST

PREAMBLE

1.1 Introduction Level 2 laboratory activities refer to the condition where only the problem is guided and given. Students are required to find the ways & means and provide the answers to the given assignment using the group creativity and innovativeness. The activity will enable the students to appreciate independent learning and prepare them for a much harder task of open ended laboratory activities. In this partially open laboratory activity the students are required to carry out tests to determine the durability of rocks. 1.2 Objectives To determine the resistance offered by a rock sample to weakening and disintegration when subjected to drying and wetting cycles. 1.3 Learning Outcomes At the end of the laboratory activities, students would be able to: 1. Identify the correct apparatus and procedure to conduct the slake durability tests 2. Analyse test data and present the results in proper technical format 3. Perform effectively as a team in carrying out the task and produce the relevant technical report.

PROBLEM STATEMENT The slake durability test, proposed by Franklin andChandra (1972), is a standardized measurement of the weight loss of rock lumps when repeatedly rotated through an air water interface. An abundant class of rock materials, notably with those with high clay content are prone to weakening or disintegration when exposed to short term weathering process of a wetting and drying nature. So, index test should carry out to stimulate the natural process. As a group you are required to collect the rocks sample and conduct the slake durability test using the appropriate apparatus available in the laboratory.

WAYS & MEANS 3.1 Apparatus: The group must identify the availability of the chosen apparatus in the lab before the right procedures can be identified. 3.2 Procedure: The group is required to search for the relevant procedure to carry out the test based on the available apparatus in your laboratory. The document must be made ready for verification by the instructor during the laboratory activity. The procedure in conducting slake durability test should referring to the International Society for Rock Mechanics, ISRM (2006) Suggested Method for Rock Characterization, Testing andMonitoring. 3.3 Data Acquisition All data collected and observed during the test must be tabulated in proper format for easy verification andpresentation of the technical report.

RESULTS 4 Results, Analysis, Discussion and Conclusion The group is required to submit the technical report of the laboratory results highlighting the data acquisition process, analysis carried out and the relevancy of the set-out output to achieve the objective. Follow the format in Student Writing Guide. Results & Analysis i) Thedata should properly organize in the table. ii) Show all the calculation have been made Discussion Answer the following question in the discussion part. i) Describe the rock parameters/ properties that influence the durability of rock. ii) Identify and briefly explain the types of rock that have been selected for the experiment. iii) Explain the relationship between the slake durability index (Id2) obtained from the experiment with the weathering grade of rocks. iv) Evaluate and comment the stability and strength of your sample in civil engineering works according to the weathering grade determined in (ii) The report must be submitted 7 days after the completion of the test.

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OEL manual ECG253.doc