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×ÀÑÒÜ I
ÀðõèòåêòóðàWindowsServer 2003
×ÀÑÒÜ
I ýòîé ÷àñòè...
Ãëàâà 1Ââåäåíèå â WindowsServer 2003
Ãëàâà 2Windows Server 2003 èActive Directory
Ãëàâà 3Áåçîïàñíîñòü WindowsServer 2003
Ãëàâà 4Ñëóæáû .NET Framework
ÃËÀÂÀ 1
Ââåäåíèåâ WindowsServer 2003
indows Server 2003 — , Windows 2000
.
Windows Server 2003 ., Mi-
crosoft , , -
Windows Server 2003 - Windows.
Windows Server 2003, --
.
Äîáðî ïîæàëîâàòüâ Windows Server 2003!
1996 Windows NT 4.0, -
, -, . ,
:,
,- — -
-? (
) Windows 2000 Server, ,
Active Directory.
ÃËÀÂÀ
1Â ýòîé ãëàâå...Äîáðî ïîæàëîâàòü âWindows Server 2003!
Çíàêîìñòâî ñ àðõèòåêòóðîéWindows Server 2003
ÍóëåâîåàäìèíèñòðèðîâàíèåWindows
W
Ãëàâà 1. Ââåäåíèå â Windows Server 2003 41
, Windows Server 2003 - . -
,, “ ” — Win-
dows NT 4.0 Windows 2000. , - Windows Server 2003 , Microsoft ,
, - Windows 2000.
, Windows Server 2003 “ -”, Microsoft, , -
, -. .NET Framework, IIS 6.0,
Active Directory, DNS- -, .
-, IBM Digital Equipment
Corp. “ ” , -. , , ,
-, .
,. .
,“ ”. .
, , Web- , .
Windows Server 2003. Windows Server 2003,
, “ ” — -. Windows Server 2003 , -
. ,Windows Server 2003 ( , -
), . - Windows NT ( ) -
, , Windows Server 2003. Windows Server 2003 -
,. , , , Windows Server 2003 — -
“ ” ; UNIX, NetWare , -
, -, -
, . Windows Server 2003 . ( ,
. ,.) Windows Server 2003 -
6 12 , ,. — , -
, — - “ ”.
42 ×àñòü I. Àðõèòåêòóðà Windows Server 2003
. -, “ ” ,
, ,Windows NT/2000. , ,
, .,
- . -. -
, ( -, )
., , .
Windows Server 2003.
Active Directory.
.
.
.
.
.
Windows Server 2003, , -
Windows (Zero Administration Windows, ZAW).
Çíàêîìñòâî ñ àðõèòåêòóðîé WindowsServer 2003
-, .
, . -- ,
. ,. , , -
, ,.
, ,.
, , ,. ., .
Ðåæèìû îïåðàöèîííîé ñèñòåìû Windows Server 2003 Windows 2000 Server
, . -,
Ãëàâà 1. Ââåäåíèå â Windows Server 2003 43
-. -
. Windows Server 2003 —
(user mode) (kernel mode). , - Windows Server 2003 . 1.1.
Интег�ральнаяслужба
Подсис�темаWin32
Диспетчерввода�вывода
Диспетчерссылок
дескрипторовбезопасности
Диспетчер объектов
Драйверы устройств Микроядро
Уровень абстракции аппаратного обеспечения (HAL)
Аппаратное обеспечение
Службы управления
Режим пользователя
Службы управления режима ядра
ДиспетчерPC
Диспетчерпамяти
Диспетчерпроцессов
Диспетчерустройств
PnP
Диспетчерэлектро�питания
Диспетчерокон
Файловыесистемы
Драйверыграфи�ческих
устройств
Приложение Win32
Подсис�тема
POSIX
Приложение POSIX
Подсис�темаOS/2
Приложение OS/2
. 1.1. Windows Server 2003 ( )
WindowsServer 2003: Standard Edition, Enterprise Edition, Datacenter Edition Web Edition.
Ïîëüçîâàòåëüñêèé ðåæèì Windows Server 2003, ,
( Microsoft, ), .
API - ..
Ïîäñèñòåìû ñðåäû (environment subsystems) ,
. -
44 ×àñòü I. Àðõèòåêòóðà Windows Server 2003
, API ,, Windows 2003. API -
, . -, -
, , . — Windows 2003,
Windows NT. , Windows Server 2003, , -
. -. , Windows Server 2003, -
, DOS- ,DOS .
Windows Server 2003 . 1.1.
Òàáëèöà 1.1. Ïîäñèñòåìû ñðåäû
Ïîäñèñòåìà ñðåäû Íàçíà÷åíèå
WindowsServer 2003 Win32(32-ðàçðÿäíàÿ)
Ïîääåðæèâàåò ïðèëîæåíèÿ Win32, à òàêæå îòâå÷àåò çà ïîääåðæêó 16-ðàçðÿäíûõïðèëîæåíèé Windows è DOS. Äàííàÿ ïîäñèñòåìà îáðàáàòûâàåò âñå îïåðàöèèââîäà-âûâîäà â ïðèëîæåíèÿõ è ôóíêöèè ãðàôè÷åñêîãî èíòåðôåéñà ïîëüçîâàòå-ëÿ. Ïîäñèñòåìà Win32 áûëà çíà÷èòåëüíî óëó÷øåíà äëÿ îáåñïå÷åíèÿ ïîääåðæêèñëóæá òåðìèíàëîâ
OS/2 Ïîääåðæèâàåò 16-ðàçðÿäíûå ïðèëîæåíèÿ OS/2 (ïðåèìóùåñòâåííî Microsoft OS/2)
POSIX Ïîääåðæèâàåò POSIX-ñîâìåñòèìûå ïðèëîæåíèÿ (îáû÷íî ïðèëîæåíèÿ UNIX)
, Win32, -, Win32, . Windows Server 2003 -
OS/2 POSIX. , -
, POSIX OS/2 . , POSIX UNIX, vi grep.
, POSIX -, Windows Server 2003 UNIX, -
, , UNIX WindowsServer 2003. UNIX.
Windows Server 2003 , ,, .
, - Win32, .
.,
., , ,
, -(Hardware Abstraction Layer, HAL). ( -
, ) . - (handoff processing). Win32 -
,. ,
Ãëàâà 1. Ââåäåíèå â Windows Server 2003 45
. API, -, ,
, -, .
. -.
Windows Server 2003 ,. , — , -
API .
-. -“ ”, -
, Windows Server 2003 -.
Windows Server 2003, Windows 2000, .
;. (virtual memory) — -
, -, -.
, , -, ,
. , -.
Èíòåãðàëüíûå ïîäñèñòåìû (integral subsystems)
. . 1.2.
Òàáëèöà 1.2. Èíòåãðàëüíûå ïîäñèñòåìû
Èíòåãðàëüíàÿïîäñèñòåìà
Íàçíà÷åíèå
Ïîäñèñòåìà áåçîïàñíîñòè Âûïîëíÿåò çàäà÷è, êàñàþùèåñÿ ïðàâ ïîëüçîâàòåëåé è êîíòðîëÿ äîñòóïà êîâñåì ñåòåâûì îáúåêòàì è îáúåêòàì îïåðàöèîííîé ñèñòåìû — êîíêðåòíûìèëè àáñòðàêòíûì. Ýòà ïîäñèñòåìà òàêæå îáðàáàòûâàåò çàïðîñû íà âõîä âñèñòåìó è çàïóñêàåò ïðîöåññ ïðîâåðêè ïîäëèííîñòè ïðè âõîäå ïîëüçîâà-òåëÿ â ñèñòåìó
Ñëóæáà “Ñåðâåð” (Server) Èìåííî ýòà ñëóæáà äàåò ïðàâî íàçûâàòü Windows Server 2003 ñåòåâîéîïåðàöèîííîé ñèñòåìîé. Ñ äàííîé ñëóæáîé ñâÿçàíû âñå ñåòåâûå ñëóæáû
Ñëóæáà “Ðàáî÷àÿ ñòàíöèÿ”(Workstation)
Íàçíà÷åíèå ýòîé ñëóæáû î÷åíü ïîõîæå íà íàçíà÷åíèå ïðåäûäóùåé, îäíàêîîíà áîëüøå îðèåíòèðîâàíà íà äîñòóï ïîëüçîâàòåëÿ ê ñåòè. (Âû ñìîæåòåðàáîòàòü íà êîìïüþòåðå äàæå â òîì ñëó÷àå, åñëè ýòà ñëóæáà îòêëþ÷åíà.)
, , -. Services ( ) -
Microsoft .
46 ×àñòü I. Àðõèòåêòóðà Windows Server 2003
Ðåæèì ÿäðà (kernel mode) Windows Server 2003 — , -
. - ( . . 1.1).
Èñïîëíèòåëüíàÿ ñèñòåìà Windows 2003 (The Executive) .
- , -, ,
. - ( ), -
( , -). .
- . - -. .
• . , -.
• . ,.
• . - , -- , .
, .
. -.
(Interprocess Communication Manager, IPC)..
., (Local Proce-
dure Call, LPC), , ,
(Remote Procedure Call, RPC), , .
, (Virtual Memory Man-ager, VMM). -
. , -, ,
. ,, (paging).
(“ Windows Server 2003”.)
. -, .
Plug and Play. Windows Server 2003. Plug and Play -
, .
Ãëàâà 1. Ââåäåíèå â Windows Server 2003 47
. -.
API , .
(Graphical Device Inter-face, GDI). Win32K.sys -
.
• .. - ,
.
• .( ) Win16.
-,
.
. -. , ,
, , , -.
( . 1.1), : (device drivers), (microkernel)
- (Hardware Abstraction Layer, HAL).
Äðàéâåðû óñòðîéñòâ, -
.
Ìèêðîÿäðî “ ” ( ,
, — ). -, , ,
. . Windows Server 2003 -, , -
— .
Àïïàðàòíî-çàâèñèìûé óðîâåíü- (HAL)
. , , -, . -
- , -- , . .
Intel Alpha, Windows .
Àðõèòåêòóðà îáðàáîòêè Windows Server 2003 Windows Server 2003
(Symmetric Multiprocessing, SMP). , , - ,
48 ×àñòü I. Àðõèòåêòóðà Windows Server 2003
, - ,.
, , -, , -
.Windows Server 2003 -
. , -, , .
. , , -;
. Windows Server 2003 Standard Edition -
( 4 ). Enterprise Edition 8 , Datacenter Edition — 32, Web Edition — -
. , Microsoft
.
Óïðàâëåíèå ïàìÿòüþ â Windows Server 2003 Windows Server 2003
Windows 2000 Server , Windows NT. 32- -
. Windows Server 2003 . - — (physical) ,
( SDRAM, DDRAM RAMBUS), . - — (virtual) , -
, . (Virtual
Memory Manager, VMM). , ,
, ., -
, ,, DOS Windows.
— — -. ,
Windows Server 2003 . -
. Windows Server 2003 2 Web Edition, 4 — Standard Edition, 64 — Enter-
prise Edition 512 — Datacenter Edition, 64-.
.
,, ,
, -. ,
Ãëàâà 1. Ââåäåíèå â Windows Server 2003 49
, -. , -
, .
,. (paging).
, Windows Server 2003 - 4 , -
, , -. 4 ,
, . 2
, 2 ,, 2 .
(upper) (lower) - 4 , 2 -
., — , .
,.
. - (nonpaged) (paged) .
, , .. 4 .
Ïîäêà÷êà (paging) — -. , -
,, , ,
(paging file)., -
(valid) (nonvalid) . -. ,
, .,
, , (page fault). ,
. -, “ ” , -
., , .
, ..
“ , -”. , , , -
.,
50 ×àñòü I. Àðõèòåêòóðà Windows Server 2003
. , -,
(working set).
, - (fetching), ,
(paging file clustering). , -,
“ ” , ,, ,
. -- .
“ ” , -,
, , -,
.
, ,, .
20, “ ”.
Íóëåâîå àäìèíèñòðèðîâàíèå Windows ZAW (Zero Administration Windows — -
Windows) (Total Cost of Ownership,TCO) Windows .
Windows 2000, Windows Server 2003 Resource Kit, ,
., , , ,
Microsoft.
, Windows Server 2003. , -: -
, Windows Server 2003. -, - Windows Server 2003,
. , : “, ,
, ?” — WindowsServer 2003 - 5000 . -
: WindowsServer 2003, -
, - .,
, . ,Windows Server 2003 — ,
- . , “ -”, “ - ”, “ - ”, “ - ”,
“ - ” “ - ”.
Ãëàâà 1. Ââåäåíèå â Windows Server 2003 51
“ - ”, -, , , -
, Windows XP Pro-fessional, , -
.. ,
, Windows Server 2003, -,
, . -,
, — Active Directory.
Ñëóæáà êàòàëîãà Active Directory Active Directory 2, “Windows Server 2003 Active
Directory”, III, “Active Directory”, , -, , , , -
, Active Directory. Windows Server 2003 , Active Directory -
. , -, .
Active Directory . Active Directory Windows Server 2003 . ,
, , Active Di-rectory Windows 2000, .
, Active Directory .
Êîíñîëü óïðàâëåíèÿ Microsoft Microsoft (Microsoft Management Console, MMC) -
Windows NT BackOffice, Exchange, IIS SNA Server ( Host IntegrationServer). Windows Server 2003 Microsoft
. -, (snap-in). -
, .
Microsoft 7,“ Windows Server 2003”.
Ñîäðóæåñòâî êëèåíòà è ñåðâåðà: òåõíîëîãèÿIntelliMirror
Windows Server 2003 . IntelliMirror , -
, ,
52 ×àñòü I. Àðõèòåêòóðà Windows Server 2003
“ ” . IntelliMirror, Windows XP Professional.
-.
(GroupPolicy), 14, “ ,
”. , ,Active Directory. Active Directory -
. , IntelliMirror .
. , -, , . ,
, ,. ,
. , , -,
“ ” . -, , -
, .
. IntelliMirror, -.
, -, .
. -, Windows NT, Windows Server 2003
. - “ ” , .
(Remote Installation Services, RIS). RIS, -
, Windows XP Professional Windows XP Home .
,. Active Directory, -
.
, “Active Directory-IntelliMirror” Microsoft SMS (System Management Server —
). SMS , ( ,
) .,
. SMS BackOffice ,, ,
, .
Ãðóïïîâàÿ ïîëèòèêà Windows Windows Server 2003
(Group Policy).
Ãëàâà 1. Ââåäåíèå â Windows Server 2003 53
, -, . . ,
., Ac-
tive Directory — . . (Group Policy Editor, GPE),
, (Organizational Unit, OU) Active Directory . (Group
Policy Object, GPO) , , NTFS.
14, “, ”.
Ñëóæáû îáåñïå÷åíèÿ äîñòóïíîñòè (availability) -
,. , 24×7 (24 -
), . . 100%- . , ,- ,
99,9%. , -. : , UNIX, NT,
AS/400 , ,.
, -. -
(Service Level Agreement, SLA) , , -
. “ - ”.
, , “ ”. - Internet- , -
, Windows Server 2003. -, . -
, Internet- , ,, .
.,
,. Windows Server 2003 -
. -, Microsoft
:
;
;
;
;
.
54 ×àñòü I. Àðõèòåêòóðà Windows Server 2003
Ñèíäðîì ïàäåíèÿ ñåðâåðà, (bounce) -
, . 1999 , VMS,
DEC VMX. : “
, Coral Gables , .”, , ...
, , “ ” NT, , VMX. -
(Initial Pro-gram Load, IPL). “ ”
, . , -, , “ ” -
. ,, . Windows NT .
. , Windows NT , -
, - -, .
Cancel ( ), Windows NT . -
: , . Microsoft Windows Server 2003, -
, , -. -
— , -. , IP-
(Network Interface Card, NIC). , . -
( , ). -,
,, . , , ,
. , , WindowsServer 2003 .
Êëàñòåðèçàöèÿ è èçáûòî÷íîñòü ñåðâåðîâ Windows Server 2003 Enterprise Server ,
, Cluster Server, Windows NT Windows 2000.
(clustering) — ,, ,
, . - (failover). (
, - Windows Server 2003.)
Ãëàâà 1. Ââåäåíèå â Windows Server 2003 55
, , (load balancing) — , ,
. -, IntelliMirror , ,
. -, -
, Windows Server 2003.
Èçáûòî÷íîñòü õðàíèëèù Windows Server 2003 -
. Windows Server 2003 . - NTFS 5.0
, .
Àâàðèéíîå âîññòàíîâëåíèå (disaster recovery)
(Remote Storage) (Removable Stor-age), .
— (Recovery Console), - NTFS
NTFS. , Windows Server 2003 “ -” (safe mode), , -
.
Áåçîïàñíîñòü Windows Server 2003 . ,
, ., 3,
“ Windows Server 2003”, ,. -
Web- , -. , , -
, Windows Server 2003.
Ðàñïðåäåëåííàÿ áåçîïàñíîñòü Microsoft Windows Server 2003 , .
128-, .
Windows Server 2003 Kerberos 5.0, , - Internet
,(Single Sign-On, SSO).
Windows Server 2003 ( 3, “ Windows Server 2003”).
56 ×àñòü I. Àðõèòåêòóðà Windows Server 2003
Ñëóæáû âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ è èíòåãðàöèè — ,
World Wide Web Microsoft .- -
, , , -
. Windows 2000, WindowsServer 2003, UNIX, AS/400 , , . -
NetWare, - , ( ), OS/2, -
XX , 31 1999 . Microsoft
UNIX. , Win-dows Server 2003 UNIX- ( ,
, - ...). Win-dows 2000,
. Windows Server 2003 UNIX “ ” TCP/IP, -
UNIX, ,, Windows UNIX.
Ïîääåðæêà àïïàðàòíîãî îáåñïå÷åíèÿ, Windows
Server 2003, — . , , , Windows NT , -, Windows 95. Windows Server 2003 Windows 98
. , Windows Server 2003 , ,
Windows 2000. Windows
Server 2003 Windows 98 WDM (Windows Driver Model — Windows). Windows 98 “ ” Windows Server 2003, WDM,
, -.
, , -, WDM. , -
, — -, Microsoft.
WDM , , , ,
. .
Ñëóæáû õðàíèëèù è ôàéëîâûå ñëóæáû Windows Server 2003 -
Windows 2000. ,
Ãëàâà 1. Ââåäåíèå â Windows Server 2003 57
, . -, -
:
;
Removable Storage ( );
Remote Storage ( );
Microsoft Dfs;
NTFS 5.0.
Àäìèíèñòðàòîð äèñêîâWindows Server 2003, Windows 2000, ,
. - RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks — )
Disk Management ( ), Microsoft. -
RAID, -. , -
Microsoft , . — !
Ñëóæáà Removable Storage (Removable Storage)
( , ) , -. -
. NTBackup (ntbackup.exe) - Microsoft Backup ( , Veritas
Backup Exec). ,. , Removable Storage
, -.
Ñëóæáà Remote Storage (Remote Storage) ( )
, -. -
. , Remote Storage ,, . -
, -. ,
, , — .
Ðàñïðåäåëåííàÿ ôàéëîâàÿ ñèñòåìà Microsoft Dfs Microsoft Dfs (
DFS) NFS UNIX,, -
. , -
58 ×àñòü I. Àðõèòåêòóðà Windows Server 2003
-,
Windows NT.
Ôàéëîâàÿ ñèñòåìà NTFS 5.0 Windows NTFS 5.0 ,
, -, . . , -
, NTFS 5.0 ,, Windows 2000.
- ( )
-.
Internet-ñëóæáû Internet Information Server 6.0 Windows Server 2003.
FTP, IIS SMTP NNTP. , Internet- IIS
. IIS Windows Server 2003 Web-
IP- . , -, DNS.
Êîììóíèêàöèîííûå ñëóæáû? Windows Server 2003
. Internet -
(chat), NNTP, -.
Outlook Express, -. Windows Server 2003.
, Windows Server 2003 (Virtual Private Network, VPN), -
, Internet. - (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol — “ -
”) L2TP (Layer Two Tunneling Protocol — ).
Ñëóæáû òåðìèíàëîâ Windows NT
, , -. , -
, pcANYWHERE CarbonCopy. , Win-dows Server 2003
. (Terminal Services), Windows NT 4.0 TerminalServer Edition, Windows Server 2003
Ãëàâà 1. Ââåäåíèå â Windows Server 2003 59
- Remote Desktop ( ).
- , -, . , -
“ - ”, “ ”,
. , WindowsServer 2003 “ ”Windows Server 2003, ,
. Windows Server 2003
Win32, , -. , -
Win32 “ ” , “ ”. . 1.1.
Win32, .
. , --
, ., ,.
Ðåçþìå Windows Server 2003. -
Windows Server 2003. - Windows 2000 , ,
.Windows Server 2003 -
. ., , , Windows Server 2003,
Windows Server 2003, .
,. ,
, 29 ., , , —
. , Windows 2000 , , , —
.NET Framework, Active Di-rectory .
,Windows Server 2003, !