田 勇

Email: tiany@sustc.edu.cn

Tel: 13928432418

QQ: 95297626

Office: 慧园二栋412

Homepage：http://ese.sustc.edu.cn/homepage/index.aspx?lid=100000005794726

课程简介

GIS RS

教学周

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

小组作业

10 11 12 13 14 15

小组作业

16

平时

作业成绩

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 6 6 6 6 6 6 15

期末考试

总成绩 = 平时作业成绩× 0.7 + 期末笔试成绩×0.3

1. ArcGIS帮助文档，在安装系统中

2. Erdas 帮助文档，在安装系统中

3. Geographic Information Science and Systems, 4th Edition. Wiley，

ISBN:978-1-118-67695-0

4. Introduction to Remote Sensing, Fifth Edition. The Guilford Press,

ISBN:978-1609181765

5. 地理信息系统原理、方法与应用，北京：科学出版社，邬伦等

6. ArcGIS 地理信息系统空间分析实验教程，汤国安，杨昕

参考书

第一讲 GIS概述

南方科技大学 · 环境科学与工程学院

田 勇

2017年9月13日

地理信息系统与遥感应用

3S Technologies

Remote Sensing

(RS)

Global Positioning System

(GPS)

Geographic Information System

(GIS)

• GPS and Remote Sensing provide data for GI Systems.

• GI Systems allow the effective use of GPS and RS data.

GIS Systems

The Synergism of 3S Technologies

1、What is GIS?

Michael F. Goodchild

美国科学院院士

加州大学圣巴巴拉分校教授

瓦特林·路德国际地理学奖得主（地理学的“诺贝尔奖”）

• GIS uses special information about what is where on the

Earth‘s surface.

• GIS is a special kind of "information system"

What is GIS?

What is Geography?

• The science of location

What is Where and Why

• The Spatial Science

?Where? What? is and Why?

What is Information System?

An information system (IS) is any organized system for the collection,

organization, storage and communication of information.

Storage Relationship Analysis

The Uniqueness of GIS

Uses explicit location on earth’s surface to relate data

• Location

• Attributes

• Spatial Relationships

The evolution of GIS: from PhD to Google Earth

• 1960s: term GIS invented by Roger Tomlinson working for the

Canada Land Inventory

– Big country, few people, needed system to manage its natural

resources

• 1990s: GIS emerged as a tool for researchers

– But a PhD is still needed to use it!

• 2005: GIS goes mainstream

– Release of Google Maps and Google Earth

– GIS for everyone!?

Roger Tomlinson

GIS之父

• Data preparation and interpretation still a complex requirement

• Sophisticated spatial analysis not supported

• Predictive modeling and decision making still requires trained professionals

– Retail site selection

– Identification of sources of environmental pollution

What Google won’t do

Professionals with degrees (BA, BS, PhD) are still needed!

2、What do GIS can do？

Inspirations from John Snow Map

（1813-1858）

• 霍乱——最可怕的传染病之一

• 从1817年首次在印度爆发至今，全球一共有七次霍乱大

流行。前六次大流行中，仅印度就总共死亡了3800万人！

• John Snow首次利用科学方法侦破1854年伦敦霍乱事件

• 为了追查疫情，斯诺博士开始记录每天的死

亡人数和伤患人数，并且将死亡患者的地址

标注在地图上，形成点地图

当局下令拆除了宽街的水泵，霍乱得到了抑制

• 通过这张图，他最终解开了疫情传染背后

的密码。真正传播霍乱的介质是水。

John Snow Map的进一步分析

Theissen Polygons（7号井附近的死亡人数占总死亡人数的比例？）

Density Map（某口井附近的死亡人数密度是多少？）

John Sow被誉为英国历史最伟大的内科医生！

RS + GIS

Environmental Impact of Urbanization

RS + GIS + Hydrological Model

Flood Risk Analysis

Approximately 44 hrs. after breach, flood depth ≈ 4.8 m

Dam break simulation for the Guangzhou City

Big Data + GIS + Social Network

红色联通蓝色移动绿色电信

大小代表运营商主导程度高矮代表4G信号强度

遍地美食还吃得起得地方

蓝色人均消费69元以内黄色人均消费180元以内红色人均消费高于180元

莆田系医院分布

3、GIS Data Models

Geographic Objects

How do we represent real world geographic objects in computers?

• Location

• Attributes

• Spatial Relationships

1. Representations of Geographic Reality

2. Link Attributes to Geographic

Representations

3. Spatial Relationships between

Geographic Representations

Representations of Geographic Reality: Data Models

A data model is the method used to represent world objects in a computer

Two data types:

– Vector data model

– Raster data model

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0 R T

1 R T

2 H R

3 R

4 R R

5 R

6 R T T H

7 R T T

8 R

9 R

Vector RepresentationRaster Representation

Real World

“raster is faster but

vector is more accurate”

Vector Data Model

• Abstract spatial features

– Point

– Line

– Area (polygon)

• Record coordinates

• Good for representing clearly defined

objects

• Spatial relationships can be defined

Example of Vector Data Creation

• You know what is in this image

– the computer doesn’t

• GIS converts dumb images from remote

sensing into smart GIS data

– you and the computer know what’s there

– Enables analysis

Images: dumb raster data

Raster Data Model

• Regular grid of cells

– Each cell represent an area on the

ground

– Spatial resolution

• Value assigned to cell represent

attributes

– Elevation

– Land cover

• Good for representing continuously

changing attributes

• Doesn’t work so well for others such as

land ownership, streets

– human data in general

GIS converts dumb images from

remote sensing into smart GIS data

Smart Raster—land use grids

Smart Vector—Pavement polygons

Dumb Images & smart GIS Data

Spatial Resolution

The GIS Data Model: A layer-cake of information

• Each layer is a different phenomena

• elevation, ownership parcels, land use, air

pollution level

• Layer are related based on common geographic

coordinates

• Latitude & longitude or projected X,Y

coordinates

4、Introduction to ArcGIS

Jack Dangermond Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.

未来仅局限于我们的集体想象 !