Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1
제 6 강 자본주의와 경영윤리
강의준비: 교과서(RW) 5-6장
개요:
경영과 그에 관련된 윤리적 함의에 대한 연구의 마지막 장에선 자유시장에 대해서 살펴
보았다. 중요한 것은 시장과 자본주의는 서로 다른 주제라는 것을 이해하는 것이다. 이
장에서는 자본주의에 대해서 살펴본다.
자본주의 이면에 내재하는 원리들은 경영에 대한 윤리적 담론(ethical frameworks) 의 일
부가 되었다. 다른 관점과 정의들도 비슷한 윤리적 체계를 만들어내게 된다. 이 정의들에
대해서는 모두 다 고찰되지는 않을 것이다.
자본주의에 대한 현대적 시각의 한 예는 다음의 정의에서 알 수 있다.
자본주의 : 자본재의 사적 혹은 기업소유, 개인에 의한 투자결정, 그리고 자유시장에
서의 경쟁을 통해 가격, 생산, 재화의 분배가 결정되는 것을 특징으로 하는 경제체제
(http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/capitalism)
이 정의에서 사적 소유는 매우 중요하며 이는 자유시장의 가격결정과 분배에 직결된다.
But capitalism is actually much richer and more impacting to a community. As noted in
chapter 4 Free Markets, no one economic system operates in any economy. 이와 비
슷하게, 여기서 정의된 자본주의도 여러 시대를 관통하여 발견된다. 또한 경제활동은 예
부터 인류 역사의 한 부분이다. 하지만, 단순히 사고파는 활동은 우리가 말하는 자본주
의는 아니라는 것을 알게 될 것이다. 자본주의는 지난 400년간 세계가 경험한 정신적
인 면을 내포하고 있다.
아직 모든 나라가 자본주의를 문화의 한 부분으로 체험하진 않았다. 자본주의의 형식은
어디에서든 발견되지만, 지난 400년 동안의 특징은 자본주의가 정신적인 측면에서 세계
곳곳의 문화 전반에 영향을 끼쳐왔다는 것이며, 이는 자본주의의 영향 없이 세계 여러
지역의 문화가 어떻게 현재까지 변모해 왔을지에 대한 분석에도 영향을 미친다. 현재 세
상에서 일어나고 있는 변화 그리고 경제활동이 앞으로 어떤 방식으로 흘러갈 것인지에
대해 분석하려면 자본주의만의 영향력과 경제활동에 영향을 미치는 다른 요인을 구별할
수 있는 능력이 필요하다.
2
자본주의가 경영활동을 위한 하나의 구조를 형성하기 때문에, 이는 필연적으로 경영윤리
의 한 부분이 될 수 밖에 없다. 그러므로, 앞으로 경영이 어떤 식으로 이루어질 것인가를
알기 위해서는 자본주의적 세계질서 이후에 산업세계가 어떤 모습일지에 대해 아는 것이
매우 중요하다.
일반적으로 자본주의에 관련된 논제가 몇 가지 있다. 자유노동, 부와 빈곤, 모험자본, 그
리고 왜 자본주의가 미움의 대상이 되는지 등이다. 각각의 논제들은 자본주의와 그 기능
에 대해 일련의 이슈들을 생산해 낸다.
CWV를 연구할 때 CWV가 종교적인 시각이라는 것을 기억할 필요가 있다. 그럴 때 하나
님과 하나님의 구원계획에 대한 인간의 거부가 의미 있어진다. 만약 자본주의가 경제활
동에 대한 하나님의 명령에 기초해 있다면, 인간이 자본주의를 거부할 거라고 생각할 수
있다. 이러한 거부는 알게 모르게 이루어질 것이다. 기독교 신학의 대부분은 다양한 인본
주의적인 경제개념들에 침투 당하고 있다. 자본주의의 기초가 잘못 이해되고 있으며 심
지어 교회에서 배척당하기도 한다. 왜냐하면 경제적인 사고가 신학을 오염시킨다고 생각
하기 때문이다. 그래서, 교회의 가르침과 사고조차도 기독교정신이 경제와 상업활동에 남
긴 풍부한 유산을 반영하지 못하고 있다.
공동체에 대한 성경의 가르침을 버리고 교회가 세상에 제대로 된 기여를 하지 못하고 있
으니, 대학에서 다른 신념체계(faith principles)들을 강의실로 들여오는 것은 놀랄 일이 아
니다. 이러한 시도는 결국 하나님의 법칙의 공공연한 외면으로 이어진다. 그러나 우리는
경영을 연구하는 사람으로서, 이러한 여러 모양의 자본주의에 의해 만들어지는 환경들을
바라봄으로써 cut to the quick 할 수 있다.
인도와 힌두교는 요즘 비즈니스 스쿨에서 뜨거운 관심을 받고 있다. 인도가 중심이 된
소액대출로 노벨상을 받았지만, 그 이후에도 인도는 여전히 세계에서 가장 가난한 문명
권이다. 점점 더 힌두교 색채가 강해지면서, 인도는 다시 가난으로 회귀하고 있다. 자본
주의를 연구할 때 이러한 대조도 빠져서는 안될 것이다.
이 장에 인용된 글들은 많고 길다. 자본주의는 전 세계적으로 중요성을 지닌 거대한 주
제이다. 이는 부와 가난의 문제를 해결하기 위한 노력의 한 부분이다. 읽어 나갈 때, 이
글들이 이러한 문제들에 대한 생각의 스펙트럼을 제공해주기 위해 선택되었다는 것을 기
억해주기 바란다. 또한 그 중 대부분은 CWV에서 빗나가 있다. 그러나 그들이 얼마나 빗
나가 있는지 알기 위해서는 이 영역에서의 CWV를 이해해야 한다.
3
Lecture on Business Environment Framework: Capitalism
Filters
The issue in this topic is whether we can see reality or are there things that get in
the way?
• Does it matter what we think – our beliefs or worldview?
• What are the facts – did they change based upon whomever reported them?
• Did the conclusions change?
1. Filters: Does it matter what we think – our beliefs – our worldview?
1. Is there Hindu capitalism?
2. Is the Islamic capitalism?
3. Is there ….?
4. What happens if we adopt one or the other of the above?
a. Does the world stop?
b. Does no business get done?
c. What does it look like; this business?
1. Filters: What are the facts – did they change?
1. Where did the commercial world we know come from?
2. Why is Europe different from Asia?
3. Where is Asia on the commerce curve?
4. Where is Africa on the commerce curve?
5. Where is South America on the commerce curve?
1. Filters: Did the conclusions change?
1. Do the facts answer why this data exists on the different geographies?
2. See the “is – aught” problem
a. Is = the data,
1. The GDP,
2. The commercial scale
3. The economic middle class
4. The quality of commercial relations
b. Aught = is this the way it should be
1. See the differences in geographies as pointing to differences that
can have meaning
2. See the problem of filtering out the history of cross cultural
influences
3. See the capacity of spinning all data to one end verses another
4
4. See the difficulty of knowing what should be with out an objective
standard – CWV!!!!
3. Also see the inside outside perspective problem
1. Filters: CWV
1. Col 2:8 See to it that no one takes you captive through hollow and deceptive
philosophy, which depends on human tradition and the basic principles of this
world rather than on Christ.
a. Note the warning that Christianity can be made captive to modern
thinking.
b. In business this is a particular worry because of the blending of economics,
business practices and principles
1. Think the problem of the “is – aught.”
2. But now we are adding different cultural frameworks to
philosophical perspective (think a muddle)
c. The solution is clarity anchored in Christ, which is anchored in the
Bible – Ps 1:1-4; Col 2:6-15, I Pet 3:15
• 2. Capitalism defined: CWV
Capitalism: Three components:
1. Privately owned enterprises determine what to produce, how much
to produce, at what price to sell, in order to make a profit.
2. Free labor sells their services to enterprises for production.
3. Profits are not consumed, but reinvested to expand the enterprise
and produce more profit
2. Capitalism defined: source
Source of definition: Culture Matters, by Huntington
1. “Weber was right.” Landes, is the opening line.
a. Why?
b. Landes further notes the real contribution of Puritanism to
capitalism/industry as we know it is
c. Concept of time: more watches in Calvin lands than elsewhere
d. Concept of accounting: detail records for calculating profits and keeping
track of results.
• 2. Capitalism defined: Weber
Source of definition: Protestant Ethic, Weber
5
1. Looks back at the 1550 to 1750 European commercial market and sees something
in the business environment had changed.
2. Notes the following:
a. Puritan/Calvinists , Reformed protestants, approached life and commerce
differently.
b. There was an ascetic discipline to their business activities.
c. There was a willingness to enhance performance of the factory floor, even
by the laborer.
d. These differences were not shown by non Calvinist groups
1. Lutheran
2. Ana-Baptist
3. Methodist
3. Felt the cause was need to prove salvation.
a. 2. Capitalism defined: contra
Our problem with definition:
1. Hard to go back to 1550 to 1750s.
a. Victory of Reason asserts Puritans had nothing to do with capitalism’s
development
1. It was already in the works before the Puritans came along:
a)
1. ___
b. Various writers critical of Weber’s views:
1. _____
2. _____
2. Modern definitions of capitalism reflect the current market activities, not
necessarily the foundation for capitalism
a. ________________________________________________
b. ________________________________________________
c. The problem with this is _____________________________
1. For example Hindu capitalism? ____________________________
• 2. Capitalism defined: Owners
1. Privately owned enterprises determine what to produce, how much to produce, at
what price to sell, in order to make a profit.
a. Ownership means ___________________
1. CWV and ownership
6
a) God ______________________________________
b) God ______________________________________
c) Do not ____________________________________
b. Who determines what to produce? CWV:
1. ______________________________________
2. Why produce it? _________________________________
3. Risks in the undertaking? _________________________
4. Rewards for the undertaking? _____________________
c. What price? ___________________________
d. How much profit? [more later] _______________
• 2. Capitalism defined: Free labor
2. Free labor sells their services to enterprises for production.
• 2. Capitalism defined: Profits
3. Profits are not consumed, but reinvested to expand the enterprise and produce more
profit.
a. Key is not consumed – CWV
1. Stewardship of God’s world _______________
2. Bought with a price ______________________
3. Storing up treasure in heaven not on earth
4. Deferred consumption –
a. God’s principles on debt
b. Not living for pleasure
b. Reinvested
1. Good stewards creating more for the master
2. No idle – time, assets, talents
3. Creates innovation and initiative
c. Producing more profits
1. God looks for the increase
2. Increase in what? __________________________
a. Purpose of business? _______________________
b. Purpose of production? ______________________
• 2. Capitalism defined: other components?
Other things that are attributed to capitalism can be:
1. Innovation or creative destruction
a. Not really capitalism – more A Smith economics
7
2. Levels of profitability
a. High levels of profitability are attributed to capitalism,
b. Better to see
1. Fallen nature of man leading to greed, exploitation, etc.
2. Natural wealth accumulation tendencies using the capitalistic
system as an opportunity
• 2. Capitalism defined: What is not?
1. Pure finance is not capitalism:
a. Finance supplies capital
b. Finance does not product products or services
2. It can be argued that the renting of capital is a capitalistic activity
a. Service of providing capital is a productive activity
b. But there are issues with capital as a stand alone asset.
1. We will see that motive plays a big role here.
2. Money is not evil, but has a special characteristic that creates risk
dynamics in a capitalistic environment 1 Tim 6:1-17.
c. See Adventure capitalist discussion below
• 3. Capitalism vs Free Market
1. Free market is about the market place
a. See Lecture 5
b. Capacity of vendors and buyers to set price
c. Limited government regulation on entry, exit pricing and goods
d. No assurance of profit to vendor: risk assumed by vendor
e. No assurance of goods to buyer – caveat emptor
2. Economic principles create some measure of confusion
a. See Lecture 5
3. Capitalists are the vendors in the free market
a. The company and its owner(s)
b. The employee
c. Makes it very confusing
• 4. History of capitalism
1. Wealth accumulation is not capitalism
a. History of wealth is the history of mankind
1. Wealth is the funds, goods and possessions beyond the subsistence
needs
8
2. The obtaining of these has always been for
a. Personal purposes – greed
b. Communal purposes – tribal
c. Anti competitive purposes – you can’t have
b. There are many ways to acquire wealth
1. Government
2. Brigandage: wealth by force
3. Finance: direct equity today
4. Corrupt leaders
a. Totalitarian
b. Democracies gone astray
c. Kings/monarchs
5. Religious groups/programs
a. Tribal rites
b. Religious orders
c. Churches
d. Note that these may not mean that individuals get wealth
for personal enjoyment.
• 4. History of capitalism: church wealth accumulation
1.b.5.Religions as a tool for wealth accumulation: Church in the middle ages
a. Monastic life created great wealth accumulations
1. Vows of poverty
2. Ascetic lives
3. Limited consumption
4. Gifts and benevolences from congregations
5. Thus church continued to accumulate wealth
b. Priests did not exploit for personal gain
1. Many enjoyed good lives
2. Many held to diligent lives of piety
c. Key point: wealth was not used for the congregation or its advancement!
1. See the tribal nature of the church in this case.
2. Effectively, church resources are dedicated to God, but not God’s
people – See Jesus in Mk 7:9-13
• 4. History of capitalism
2. Purpose of wealth historically is consumption
9
a. Capitalism holds that wealth is to be invested not enjoyed.
b. Non-capitalistic wealth is for consumption
1. Governments build edifices
a. Egypt ___________________________
b. Cities
c. Today _____________________________
2. Private wealth
a. Houses of scale = _______________________
b. Toys of scale = _________________________
3. Tribal wealth is complicated
a. Not consumed
b. But not reinvested for the tribe or production
4. Modern use of wealth is redistribution consumption
a. See poor below
b. Not consistent with tribal
c. But similarly destructive and in the end very tribal or
totalitarian.
• 4. History of capitalism
3. Modern picture is confused, but confirms history
a. Confusion is because of the existence of the period of capitalism –
Protestant Ethic
1. See Spirit of capitalism below
b. As the spirit fades, wealth accumulation in its traditional forms becomes
the driving forces
1. Consumption is fundamental activity
2. Wealth control by tribal constituencies
3. Wealth extracted from populations for rulers
4. Brigandage as a basis for wealth accumulation
5. Limited reinvestment activities
6. No middle class development
• 5. Spirit of capitalism
1. Weber definition
a. 1550 to 1750 shift noted in commerce
1. Shift identified with the Reformation
10
2. Called the shift the “Spirit of Capitalism”
3. Key attributes were:
a) Work effort very high
b) Initiative and innovation by all very high
c) Ascetic life – a thriftiness
d) Question of joy and happiness
4. Spirit was found in Reformed Protestants alone
b. Cause of this spirit was based on
1. Protestants no longer could look to the Church for salvation
2. Protestants held that they were elect to salvation
a) Purchased with a great price
b) Owed everything to God
c) Stewards of all they were given by God: wealth, time, energy
d) To prove elect needed to live a life of holiness –
1) Austerity
2) Working diligently as unto the Lord
e) Therefore entrepreneurs were diligent, thrifty, innovative and
productive
f) 5. Spirit of capitalism
2. CWV implications
a. Lack of God’s role in the Weber analysis
1. God as creator and sovereign is in control
2. Rain falls upon the just and unjust
3. Weber completely assumes away any impact of the divine or role of
the HS
4. Yet, God impacts every aspect of business
a) God is part of creativity and entrepreneurship –
1) Calling – what we have been created to do or be
2) Influencing hearts and minds to see needs and meet
them
3) Giving abilities and talents and resources for the
tasks
b) Weber and moderns assume man is static and without
divine influence
11
b. Weber held there was a lack of assurance on the part of Reformed
Protestants
1. No Church to give comfort
2. The individual may be elect, but had to see proof in his life
3. Yet, this is a works based approach to Protestantism
a) Other works based religions exist, but none have lead to a
spirit of capitalism
• 5. Spirit of capitalism
2. CWV
a. Better view
1. The spirit of capitalism is real
2. It is based on the assurance of salvation
a) Protestants view the saved as the elect and are thereby
assured of their salvation
b) This assurance means that they do not prove they are saved,
c) Instead they devote themselves to the service of God out of
1) love and thankfulness of their salvation
2) Anticipation of heaven – eternity with God
d) Creates an immediacy (imminence experience) in the faith
driven conduct.
• 5. Spirit of capitalism
2. CWV
a. Better view
3. The result is
a) Two world minded individuals
1) Full service here on earth in anticipation of heaven
2) Full recognition that the true rewards are in heaven,
but thru assurance they are real today
b) No need to prove one is saved
1) But we recog our fallen nature, our inability to be
holy in our own strength,
2) But in the finished work of Christ we are in right
relation with God, the Father, recognizing that full
holiness will be achieved only in heaven
3) Thus we pursue a holy life out of love for God
12
4) Motivation is the distinctive
c) This allows for
1) Long-term perspectives
2) Risk taking, because all is the Lord’s Josh 1:1-9
3) Yet caution in risk taking, because we are stewards
4) Non-consumption, but enjoyment into productive
activity, because we are stewards
5) Consciousness of time, because we have but a short
time on earth to do God’s work. We are stewards of
God’s time and should waste none of it.
• 6. Free labor
1. Free labor is a distinctive of capitalism
a. People who can sell their labor in the market place
b. It is the individual who sell his/her labor, price is set by the market place
1. See the mix up of free market with capitalism
c. What make labor free?
1. Availability of jobs
2. Ability to sell labor in the market place
a) Everyone is a capitalist
b) Produce work against market demand
c) More productive = more to sell = more income
d) Investing in self to get better productivity and returns
1) reinvesting profits rather than consumption
2) 6. Free labor
2. Management vs labor
a. Management has a role in a company
1. Capacity to take enterprise risks
2. Oversight of details, planning, etc.
3. CWV says that different people have these different skills, which are
a blessing – Eph 4
b. Labor plays a role in a company
1. Without labor no goods and services are produced
2. The greater the skills, the greater the production
a) What about replacement with machines?
b) What about raises without production changes?
13
3. Labor and its rewards make for a sense of personal worth and
contribution to society?
a) Is this a standard?
b) Is the right way the motive brought to the work by the
individual?
c) Weber noted this issue existed in the 1600s
d) Col 3:22-4:1 answers the question consistent with Weber’s
observations
• 6. Free labor
3. Problems with existence of free labor
a. Tribalism prevents free labor: unions
1. Tribes hold that “all for the tribe the tribe for all”
a) Sounds good, but means that no one is free
b) One cannot sell one’s own productive efforts outside the
tribe
2. Result is elimination of innovation
a) One is to follow the tribal leader – Things Fall Down
3. Note that unions are tribal
a) Natural that unions define labor as at odds with
management
1) Enforced by NLRA laws and decisions
b) Establish tribal rules
1) New members of the tribe cannot earn higher that
old members – not merit based, relational based
2) Tribe limits reward in individual members
b. Traditions kill free labor
1. Similar to union effects – bind labor to past practices
2. Eliminate innovation
• 6. Free labor
3. Problems with existence of free labor
a. Tribalism prevents free labor: unions
b. Traditions kill free labor
c. Lack of freedom in pricing
1. Caste systems kill pricing – cannot rise above another caste
a) MBA vs undergrads
14
b) Harvard vs Phoenix
2. Apprenticeships and certifications kill pricing
a) Have to pay your dues
d. Homogenizing kills free labor
1. Forces people to be undistinguished means no change in pricing
2. Adam Smith division of labor to get productivity = anyone can step
in on a particular task
a) Makes people freely marketable, but limits their capacity for
self growth
b) Is this correct? This was the argument for unions and for
labor laws.
• 6. Free labor
4. Free labor and pricing/pay
a. Free market means pay only what is required – market will bear
1. Company keeps the rest
2. Drives to minimum cost for labor
3. Does this work as an allocation of resources?
b. Is there any profit level limit?
1. Free market = no
a) Not a capitalism question as to the employer
b) A capitalism question as to the employee
2. Liberation Theology – yes
a) Labor is the production source
b) Therefore all profits should go to labor not to
1) Management
2) Capital
c) Possible to argue limited ROI on capital, labor the rest
3. What about management compensation limits?
a) OT warns about leaders exploiting workers/less powerful
b) What is the right relationship?
1) Free market = self interest = more for me rules
2) Government falls into self interest and tribalism so it
is not an answer
• 6. Free labor
4. Free labor and pricing/pay
15
c. What about pay for performance vs tenure vs gratuity
1. Jesus talked about with the day laborers
2. Big distributive justice – Liberation Theology issue
d. Minimum wage
1. 2 Thess 3:10-12 does not discuss minimum wage relative to
workers rights
2. Proverbs discusses diligent standing before kings –
a) Does this relate to minimum wage?
b) What about Joseph and minimum wage?
3. What about Job and his trials and minimum wage?
4. What about taking advantage of the poor, the widow, the stranger?
Yet we must see 2 Thess 3 here
• 6. Free labor
5. CWV
a. God creates people different, which is a blessing – Eph 4
b. Service is unto the Lord first – Col 3:22-4:1
c. Employers have a responsibility to reward workers: Col 4:1
1. But even if employers do not, employees are not relieved from
excellence – see Joseph
2. Thus labor and employee are not at odds
d. Because one’s obligation of excellence is to God
1. The increase in one’s skills and productivity is expected
2. God deserves more
3. Thus the individual is an entrepreneur and is expected not to
consume all he/she makes, but should reinvest in self and skills
e. Result is Free market for labor would seem consistent with God’s plan
f. Employer failings do not justify altering God’s plan
• 7. Capitalism and the need for government control
1. Exploitation arguments
a. Great accumulations of wealth attributed to capitalistic activities lead to
several arguments against capitalism
1. Exploitation of underdeveloped countries
2. Exploitation of labor
3. Exploitation of free markets
4. Governments viewed as the only solution to exploitation
16
b. Government role is to protect citizens
c. Government role is to protect country assets
d. Result has been extensive gove. Regulation
• 7. Capitalism and the need for government control
1. Exploitation arguments
2. Governments viewed as the only solution to exploitation
3. Problem
a. Exploitation argument a “red herring”
1. See all natural resource based developing countries look the same
2. Compare to Japan – natural resource lite – and its development
b. Governments are exploitive themselves
1. See the tribal problem
c. Exploitation language has turned business into an evil activity
1. Interesting to see the Middle ages similarity relative to the nobles
1. Regulation review
a. Cannot regulate morality
1. Need to police immorality
b. Do not regulate accidents –
1. Not an accident free world
2. Recognize that bad apples happen and deal with them
c. Strengthen what is right and use that to reduce what is weak
• 8. Wealth and poverty
1. History lesson
a. Wealth always went to the rulers and their friends
1. Typically via unjust systems – Isaiah 1-3
2. Or by noble status
3. The merchant was an outcast
b. Israel was a contrast
1. System showed the injustice of nations around them
a. The average person in Israel had property and a means of
self support
b. This structure was to be protected via the Jubilee
c. All other nations were tribal
2. Yet Israel’s leaders went to the unjust system – why?
a. They wanted to be like everyone else
17
b. Fallen nature of man?
3. Prophets called Israel to task for this proclivity
• 8. Wealth and poverty
1. History lesson
a. Wealth always went to the rulers and their friends
b. Israel was a contrast
c. Today the same wealth division is happening everywhere in the world
1. The average person is poor and getting poorer
a) India has much development, yet little change in poverty
b) China has much development, yet little change in poverty
c) Africa none of development or poverty relief, yet has more
millionaires in Lagos than any other city
2. Wealth is increasingly being concentrated in a few,
a) Individuals and leaders – Russian oligarchs
b) In governments – China leaders
c) Global companies – India Tata
3. US is heading down the same paths as other countries
d. History cries out that there are fundamentals to this question which are
not answered in modern studies.
a) 8. Wealth and poverty
2. Wealth viewed as divine blessing
a. Righteous wealth generally viewed as divine blessing
b. Especially true until middle ages Europe
c. Then poverty became the more holy standard
d. Middle ages and poverty
e. Poverty became next to godliness
1. Franciscans and the beggar friars
2. Monastic life was more holy because it
a) Was removed from worldly cares
b) Was one of depravation – poor and suffering
3. This was about the “sharing in Jesus’ sufferings”
a) A way to be more holy
b) A way to be more worthy of heaven
c) Clearly a works based faith structure
• 8. Wealth and poverty
18
2. Wealth viewed as divine blessing
3. Middle ages and poverty
a. Poverty became next to godliness
b. Wealth was looked on as less godly, especially non-noble
1. Noble wealth was from God via the natural order of things
2. Merchants were just coming into force
a) Yet, merchants always have existed
b) Joseph being sold into slavery = merchant activity
c. Church has immense wealth,
1. But it is not used for the congregation
2. It belonged to God, not the people – see Jesus in Mark 7:11
• 8. Wealth and poverty
4. Reformation
a. Called begging a sin
1. 2 Thess 3:10-12 is key passage
2. Duty to provide for self and family all noted in NT
b. Wealth was O.K.; just raised temptation problems
1. Problem with wealth was looking to it rather than God
2. Lack of contentment with what you have
a. Key verse 1 Tim 6:1-17
b. Note current studies on happiness point to discontentment
as the major cause
c. Big issue in employee compensation – see day laborers
parable
c. Interest was acceptable
1. Found in parable of talents – put money in the bank
2. Usury was excess interest
3. This opens finance
• 8. Wealth and poverty
4. Reformation
a. Called begging a sin
b. Wealth was O.K.; just raised temptation problems
c. Interest was acceptable
d. Widows and orphans were still poor and to be helped
1. Thus the poor were those who could not provide for themselves
19
a) Level of provision was essentials – food, shelter
b) Parable of the good Samaritan was another example of a
poor in need
2. These were to be aided by those with more
a) Neighbor concept
b) Rich man and Lazarus parable
3. Goal was to restore a person to productivity – self dependence
• 8. Wealth and poverty
6. Today
a. Poverty is elevated over wealth in US
1. This is very much like the middle ages
2. The poor are the responsibility of the rest
a) Those who have more owe it to those who have less
b) Poor are not self responsible to change their condition
c) Definition of poor is very expanded
b. Definition of poor
1. Those who have less
2. Not those who cannot provide essentials for themselves
3. The argument is that those who have less are so because of those
who have more
a) Finite world argument
b) Contrary to CWV
c) Reversal of the Reformation order
4. ,
• 8. Wealth and poverty
6. Today
a. Poverty is elevated over wealth in US
b. Definition of poor
1. Those who have less
2. Not those who cannot provide essentials for themselves
3. The argument is that those who have less are so because of those
who have more
4. Reversal of normal order – result is tribal
a) Tribe keeps all members equal
b) Leaders of tribe are in control of all wealth
20
c) Leaders allocate tribe’s wealth against an equal distribution
d) Leaders may not exploit for selfish gain
e) Because of equal distribution – limit to minimal tribe needs
level
f) This is true throughout history
c. Need to see the modern thinking turning back the clock and its effect on
the business environment
1. Share the wealth via redistribution
2. Kills initiative to create companies.
d. Need to see that the failure of capitalism and Christians is not a reason for
government to step in and regulate for equal distribution, poor protection,
etc.
• 9. Lack of business success
1. All discussions of capitalism speak of success – wealth creation
a. It does indeed work quite well
b. But success is not assured, even for the Christian
2. CWV – what is success?
a. Ps 1:1-2 suggests it is love for God and His Law
b. Jesus says if you love me, you will keep my commandments
c. Many passages warn of lack of success in the Christian life, while there are
also passages talking of blessings.
1. But material contentment is the clearest message.
2. Note in business contentment is overridden by serving the Master
and producing more for the Master
3. It is also clear that material/natural blessings go to both good and
bad
4. Then there is the passages that say God chastises those He loves,
but those He does not love, He leaves alone!!!
d. Result is material success is not the determining factor for the quality of
the Christian life
e. Can a Christian have success – yes, Abraham, Joseph, Job, etc.
• 9. Lack of business success
1. All discussions of capitalism speak of success – wealth creation
2. CWV – what is success?
3. What about failure?
21
a. Job – more going on that material world, beyond our understanding
b. Joseph – failure served for other’s blessings
c. James 1:1-4 – trials for our growth
d. Heb. 12:6 - God disciplines those He loves
e. Proverbs (many) – consequences of our choices.
• 10. Capitalism vs adventure capitalism
1. Adventure capitalistic:
a. Term of Max Weber: Buccaneers, warlords, financiers who go forth solely
to gain wealth for themselves.
1. Not ulterior motive: self wealth gaining.
b. Can operate/be found in most business environments.
1. Can be found throughout history.
2. Can be found in every type of country
3. Why is this the case?
• 11. Power of capitalism
By way of recap: Capitalism as defined creates tremendous
• Industry by the entire community
• This enables the creation of the middle class
• This strengthens the values of the community
• But it is grounded on heavenly principles and cannot be found anywhere else
• The result is enormously high quality life styles
• 12. Why people hate capitalism
The whole world has experienced the blessings of capitalism and seen its full impact.
The world rejects capitalism:
1. See the God – man – Satan implications
2. See the desire of man to control each other
a. It has been so from the beginning of time
3. The result is a series of approaches to eliminating effectiveness of capitalism, but
understand that business is done at various levels in each of these approaches
a. Totalitarianism
b. Socialism – tribalism
c. Feudalism
d. Anarchy
22
참고 문헌
Baxter, Richard, A Christian Directory: Vol 1 of The Practical Works of Richard Baxter,
Ligonier: Soli Deo Gloria, 1664-5 reprt 1990.
Braudel, Fernand, A History of Civilizations, Trans. Richard Mayne, New York: Pengiun,
1993.
DiLorenzo, Thomas J., How Capitalism Saved America, New York: Crown Forum, 2004.
Fanfani, Amintore, Catholicism, Protestantism and Capitalism, Norfolk: IHS Press, 1934,
reprint 2003.
Friedman, Milton, Capitalism and Freedom, Chicago: U. Chicago Press, 1962, rept. 2002.
Foley, Duncan K., Adam’s Fallacy, Cambridge: Belknap, 2006.
Gilder, George, Wealth & Poverty, San Francisco: Press, 1993.
Hill, Christopher, Society & Puritanism, New York: Schocken, 1964.
Hooper, Kenneth and Willaim, The Puritan Gift, London: IB Tauris, 2007.
Huntington, Samuel P., Who Are We?, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004.
-The Clash of Civiliztions and the Remaking of World Order, New York: Simon &
Schuster, 1996.
- Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress, ed.s Lawrence E. Harrison
and Samuel P. Huntington, New York: Basic, 2000.
Landes, David S., The Wealth and Poverty of Nations, New York: Norton, 1999
O’Brien, George, An Essay On The Economic Effects of the Reformation, Norfolk: IHS
Press, 2003.
Perkins, John, Confessions of an Economic Hit Man, New York: Plume, 2004.
Rajan, Raghuram G. and Luigi Zingales, Saving Capitalism from the Capitalists, Princeton:
Princeton U. Press, 2003.
Schmidt, Alvin J., How Christianity Changed the World, Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2004.
Smith, Adam, The Wealth of Nations, New York: Bantam, 1776.
Stark, Rodney, The Victory of Reason, New York: Random House, 2005.
Tawney, R.H., Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, New York: Mentor, 1947.
Weber, Max, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism,1904 Trans. Talcott Parsons,
New York: Scribner’s, 1958
