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Odorous Compounds in Wastewater Effluent
identification, occurrence and !"#$%&'()'#(&$*+,'-$&,.'.,/0,'!
Eva Agus and David Sedlak!University of California at Berkeley, USA!
"#$$%&'!()*&*+*&!,&*-,*.!/%01$12-3!*4%*0,!1'!.1'$)-&5*.!10,#!-!6#.7!#8!(-,*&!()1$)!'*&+*'!-'!2%631$!.&109105!(-,*&!'#%&$*!-,!-!.#(0',&*-/!3#$-:#0;!!
<*4%*0,=1/2-$,*.>!! <*4%*0,=.*2*0.*0,>!! <*4%*0,=.#/10-,*.>!!! ?&101,7!@1+*&A!B#&,!C#&,)A!?D!EB#0#!*,!-3;A!1234A!FGGHI!! J#%,)!K3-L*!@1+*&A!M*0+*&A!NO!EP&-.3*7!*,!-3;A!5$&6'7,0(/.%,'7,068'QRRSI!! J-0,-!N&%T!@1+*&A!?%$'#0A!UV!EM%&-0!W!J2*0$*&A!25'9:;.(+6'FGGXI!
! @1+*&'!Y%/6*&!-0.!C*-&A!Z053-0.!E[-&+1*!*,!-3;A!2%!6'4(&6'1)<6A!FGGHI!! O'-9-!@1+*&A![-2-0!E\-/-/#,#A!1)<6'=(++68'QRRHI!! C-'9-0-!N&**9A!N-0-.-!EC-1'*&!*,!-3;8'1)<6'4(>6'?@,";A!FGQQI! !
! ]#,(-0*!@1+*&A!P#,'(-0-!E^3-.*0#+!*,!-3;8'1)<6'A()!&(.6'B00,00;A!FGGSI!
! -0.!/-07!/#&*"!!
de facto Indirect Potable Water Reuse
Planned Potable Water Reuse C1,)!!"#!$%&"'()&!(*&$('#8!/%01$12-3!*4%*0,_!!
! )&#&)+&',+*,+-+.'.**2=6*.!`3,&-:#0A!ab!.1'108*$:#0A!-.+-0$*.!#c1.-:#0!2&#$*''*'!dUOK'eA!$)3#&10-:#0!
/-)&%('' ' C10.)#*9A!]-/161-!
0$"-)&%(' '' B0!$'! ! ! J105-2#&*A!f#&*-!' B/0&.$+!$!!! JZ!g%**0'3-0.A!]*($-',3*!d]JCeA!N-06*&&-!
' C2' !! ! J#%,)*&0!N-318#&01-A!]*+-.-A!U&1T#0-A!B3#&1.-!
' 1/.(#,'! ! h#0.#0!dZ053-0.eA!b*%&0*!dP*351%/e!
Incomplete Rejection by RO
]5)1*/!,&'$+;A!ZJW?A!FGGX!
U22-&*0,!i!&*j*$:#0!67!@O!.*$&*-'*'!-&#%0.!-0.!6*3#(!,)*!0#/10-3!^C!$%,#k!#8!lFGG!M-;!! ! ! ! !! ! ! ! P*33#0-!*,!-3;A!5$&6'7,06'!FGGX!
@*2#&,*.!10!,)*!31,*&-,%&*_!
NO^KOa]MJ! ! ! ! ^C!dM-e! ! ! i@!
Z',*01$!)#&/#0*'! ! FmG=nQX! ! ! oGi!!! ]5)1*/!,&'$+;A!ZJW?A!FGGX!
]M^U! ! ! ! ! mX! ! ! ! QG=SGi! C*',!P-'10!^CMA!C@B!FGGH!
?&1)-3#/*,)-0*'! ! ! QQR=FSF! ! ! SG=oGi! U5%'!W!J*.3-9A!C-,*&!@*';A!FGQG!! ! ! ! U5*0'#0!,&'$+;A
DBPs in Pilot Desalination Plant
N-&3'6-.A!NU;!^-7!FGGo!
?&1)-3#/*,)-0*'! !!Y-3#-$*:$!U$1.'! !!!!!Y-3#-$*,#01,&13*'!!!!!!!!!!!!Y-3#2)*0#3'!!!!!!!!!!!Y-3#-01'#3*'!
N)3#&10*!1'!%'*.!-'!2&*,&*-,/*0,!-5-10',!/*/6&-0*!61#8#%3105;!
^#01,#&*.!10,-9*A!8**.A!2*&/*-,*!-0.!$#0$*0,&-,*.!6*,(**0!FGGm=FGGo;!
P&#/10*='%6':,%,*.!MPK'!(*&*!.#/10-0,!.%*!,#!)15)='-3101,7!-0.!P&!$#0,*0,!#8!'*-(-,*&;!
Rejection vs MW
B#&!0*%,&-3!#&5-01$!$#/2#%0.'A!-22-&*0,!@O!&*j*$:#0!&-,*'!.*$&*-'*!6*3#(!,)*!/#3*$%3-&!(*15),!$%,#k!+-3%*!#8!FGG!M-;!
P*33#0-!*,!-3;A!5$&6'7,06'!FGGX!
/12+'34')!$5&6!RX!p!nXX!M-'
U5%'!W!J*.3-9A!5$&6'7,06'!FGQG!
7&,+*-$'^C!q!QoF!M-!
0#!2f-!3#5!f#(!q!F;oS!
D;(.'4@.,0@(+;'E'Q=QG!05rh!
^-07!2#,*0,!#.#&-0,!1.*0:`*.!10!(-,*&!)-+*!$)-&-$,*&1':$'!,)-,!10.1$-,*!10$#/23*,*!&*j*$:#0!67!@O_!!
! 3#(!^CA!%0$)-&5*.!-,!$1&$%/0*%,&-3!2YA!/#.*&-,*37!)7.)#61$;!!!
What are they?
Can we describe their odors?
Can we quantify them?
Can we get rid of them?
Odorants in Potable Water Reuse!
O+*&-33!#.#&!#8!(-,*&!
N)-&-$,*&1':$!#.#&!2*-9'!
?-&5*,!#.#&-0,'!
8$-9$5':!$&;'<=2>?'s-+#&!2&#`3*!-0-37'1'!67!'*0'#&7!2-0*3!2*&!
UCCU!J,-0.-&.!^*,)#.!FQmGP!!
82@A7BA38CD;E''#31.!2)-'*!*c,&-$:#0!8#&!5-'!
$)&#/-,#5&-2)7!(1,)!8%33='$-0!/-''!'2*$,&#/*,&7!-0.!#38-$,#&7!2#&,!.*,*$:#0!
82@A7BA38C803''#31.!2)-'*!*c,&-$:#0!8#&!5-'!
$)&#/-,#5&-2)7!(1,)!'1053*!1#0!/#01,#&105!/-''!'2*$,&#/*,&7!.*,*$:#0!
Framework for Identification
Flavor Profile Analysis
P-'*.!#0!J,-0.-&.!^*,)#.!FQmGP_!
' FAG'()!-$&"':!$&;-+(+''01k!()#3*!'-/23*'!-,!SG#N!,)*0!&*$#&.105!10,*0'1,7!&-:05!-0.!.*'$&12,#&'!-$$#&.105!,#!<$-316&-:#0>!-0.!#.#&!&*8*&*0$*';!
O.#&!&*8*&*0$*'!-&*!6-'*.!#0!FQmGP!-0.!#.#&!()**3;!
#.#&!&*8*&*0$*!%!0Fn=)*c*0=Q=#3!
SGG!µ5rh!!
“ g r a s s y ” '01t05!2-0*3! !!!G!!!!!!!Q! !!!!!F!!!!!!!n!!!!!!!X!
!0#0*!!/-76*!!(*-9!!!/#.!!',!
Water Odor Wheel
+,;#&$('+&H&)'
*&"-%-$!;'
!*-$&'
)!$%-"'
E)!5)!$(' +I;J"&'
5)&&$'
%K;,)-$&'
&!)(KLC*I+(L'
P%&3105-/*!*,!-3;!5$&6'2%!6'4,%@!FGGX!
Drinking Water Odor Wheel
\#%05!*,!-3;!5$&6'7,06'QRRH!!M1-T!*,!-3;!G'?@.("'B'FGGX!
K*,*&!*,!-3;!1234'FGGR!U0.*&''#0!*,!-3!H)&'G'I((;'2%!'4,%@'FGGS!P%&3105-/*!*,!-3;!5$&6'2%!6'4,%@!!FGGX!
K1&1#%!*,!-3;!5$&6'2%!6'4,%@!!FGGQ!
+,;#&$('
*&"-%-$!;'
!*-$&'
)!$%-"'
E)!5)!$(' +I;J"&'
5)&&$'
%K;,)-$&'
&!)(KLC*I+(L'
+&H&)'
Wastewater Works Odor Wheel
u#',*3#(!*,!-3;!5$&'7,0'FGGQ!P%&3105-/*!*,!-3;!5$&6'2%!6'4,%@!!FGGX!
h-/6*&,!*,!-3;!5$&6'2%!6'4,%@!!FGGG!J,%*,T!*,!-3;!5$&'7,0'QRRR!
+,;#&$('+&H&)'
*&"-%-$!;'
!*-$&'
)!$%-"'
E)!5)!$('+I;J"&'
5)&&$'
%K;,)-$&'
&!)(KLC*I+(L'
Flavor Profile of Secondary Effluent /%',7!
`')7!
'#-27!+#/1,!
23-':$!
.*$-7!
J')(&'$)'$%&/$+'&.$!),;'#$),+!0&'
/*.1$10-3!
GC-MS/Olfactometry 8%)&&$&"!8#&!-6131,7!,#!'01k!-0.!.*'$&16*!#.#&'_!!! ! 0#0='/#9*&! ! ! 0#!-33*&51*'r'10%'!$#05*':#0!! ! (*-&'!0#!8&-5&-0$*! 8##.!&*',&1$:#0'!!! ! 5##.!+*&6-3!'9133'!! 0#!-0#'/1-r)72*&'*0'1:+1,7!M)!-$&"',#!.*,*$,!#.#&!2*-9'!-,!'2*$1`$!&*,*0:#0!:/*';!
Olfactogram of Reservoir Water!
!&-0$1.!
`')7A!'*-(**.!
*-&,)7A!&-10!
5&**0A!.*$-7*.
!
5&**0A!/
10,7!
wet
dirt
s#
&-3!
/)!;,)KL
,;'
$+M:+$"!),'
H=A=8'N'##&'
NAHO8'PQ'##
&'
/)!;,)KL
,;'
R,(0"!)8'S'##&'
*F!()(
),8TT#
#&''
I=B'.,0/+&U'<*-&,)7r/%',7>! /#.*&-,*!<`')7r-35-*>!! ! (*-9!
@*,*0:#0!:/*!d/10e!
U6%
0.-0$*!
Olfactogram of Secondary Effluent
I=B'.,0/+&0U''''''</%',7>!! ',!!<'#-27>!!! /#.*&-,*!
U6%
0.-0$*!
@*,*0:#0!:/*!d/10e!
5-&31$A!'9%09!EQI!57/!'#$9'A!'(*-,A!&-0$1.!EFI!
/*.1$10-3A!8&*')!2-10,!EnI!
&%66*&A!%&10*A!2%631$!,#13*,!EXI!$-&-/*3A!6%&0,A!0#%5-,!ESI!
$#&0!,#&:33-A!P-&61*?^A!23-':$!ERI!#3.!$%26#-&.A!6-'*/*0,A!/#3.7!EQGI!
'#%&!/139A!8*,-A!+#/1,!EQQI!8&%1,7A!'(**,A!j-'/10*A!'#-2!EQFI!
(*,!.1&,A!&-10!EQnI!
21$01$A!210*A!31v%*%&!EQXI!
$-0.3*A!(-cA!6%&0,!EQSI!
&-10A!5&-''7A!*-&,)7A!/#,)6-33'!EHI!-3$#)#3A!$3*-0A!6-0.-5*'!EmI!
wfZUA!(##.7A!8#&*',!EoI!
'%3`.*EQI!&-0$1.!EFI!
/*.1$10-3!EnI!
-/10*!EXI!8&-5&-0,!ESI!
'#3+*0,!d23-':$e!ERI!/%',7!EQGI!
&-0$1.!EQQI!8&-5&-0,!EQFI!*-&,)7!EQnI!
8&-5&-0,!EQXI!
'#3+*0,!EQSI!
*-&,)7!EHI!/*.1$10-3!EmI!
5&**0!EoI!
Secondary Effluent Odor Wheel
+,;#&$('
+&H&)'
*&"-%-$!;'
!*-$&'
)!$%-"'
E)!5)!$(' +I;J"&'
5)&&$'
%K;,)-$&'
&!)(KLC*I+(L'
'%3`.*EQI!&-0$1.!EFI!
/*.1$10-3!EnI!
-/10*EXI!8&-5&-0,!ESI!
'#3+*0,!ERI!/%',7!EQGI!
&-0$1.!EQQI!8&-5&-0,!EQFI!*-&,)7!EQnI!
8&-5&-0,!EQXI!
'#3+*0,!EQSI!
*-&,)7!EHI!/*.1$10-3!EmI!
5&**0!EoI!
EHI!F=/*,)731'#6#&0*#3!
EQGI!FXH=?NU!
EQnI!5*#'/10!
Using the NIST Library: The Good
^-,$)!K-6131,7_!!RHi!!]-/*_!S=)7.&#c7=+-013310!
B#&/%3-_!NoYoOX!
^C_!QHo!!
NUJx_!nRnX=om=G!!
=)!5)!$('!('NOPQ'R'NSPO'*-$''
Using the NIST Library: The Bad
^-,$)!K-6131,7_!!XGi!!
^U]\!NO]uZ]Z@Jy!
]-/*_!]-2),)-3*0*A!Q=/*,)73=!B#&/%3-_!NQQYQG!^C_!QXF!NUJx_!RG=QF=G!
]-/*_!]-2),)-3*0*A!F=/*,)73=!B#&/%3-_!NQQYQG!^C_!QXF!NUJx_!RQ=Sm=H!
2;!+T%UL'!('SQPO'R'SQPF'*-$''
Using the NIST Library: The Ugly
^-,$)!K-6131,7_!!zFGi!
^#&*!,)-0!QG!.1k*&*0,!-3973!-3.*)7.*'!-0.!8-L7!-$1.'!'%55*',*.!!
A$&%@'(;(.';,0%.!#&(.06''
V!$%-"'!('WPO'R'WPN'*-$''
YZDU]Uh!
wJObUhZ@UhMZY\MZ!
KZ]?U]OwN!UNwM!
Odor Descriptor Databases
Kovat’s Retention Index
Q;!N-3$%3-,*!@w!#8!#38-$,#/*,&7!2*-9!
F;!^-,$)!,#!2%631')*.!.-,-!8&#/!]wJ?!C*6P##9!
666!V')(&'#/*+!0@,;'
P-'*.!#0!,)*!&*,*0:#0!:/*'!#8!0=-39-0*!'*&1*'!10!,)*!'2*$1`$!5-'!$)&#/-,#5&-2)7!$#0.1:#0;!!
U6%
0.-0$*!
?1/*!d/10e!
Kovat’s Retention Index
Q;!N-3$%3-,*!@w!#8!#38-$,#/*,&7!2*-9!
F;!^-,$)!,#!@w!#8!&*8*&*0$*!',-0.-&.'!
P-'*.!#0!,)*!&*,*0:#0!:/*'!#8!0=-39-0*!'*&1*'!10!,)*!'2*$1`$!5-'!$)&#/-,#5&-2)7!$#0.1:#0;!!
U6%
0.-0$*!
?1/*!d/10e!
'%3`.*EQI!&-0$1.!EFI!
/*.1$10-3!EnI!
'%3`.*r-//#01-!EXI!8&-5&-0,!ESI!
'#3+*0,!ERI!/%',7!EQGI!
&-0$1.!EQQI!8&-5&-0,!EQFI!*-&,)7!EQnI!
8&-5&-0,!EQXI!
'#3+*0,!EQSI!
*-&,)7!EHI!/*.1$10-3!EmI!
5&**0!EoI!
EHI!F=/*,)731'#6#&0*#3!
EQGI!FXH=?NU!
EQnI!5*#'/10!
EQXI!S=)7.&#c7+-013310!
EQFI!+-013310!
ERI!/*,)730-2),)-3*0*'!
EXI!F=27&.10#0*!
EQI!$&#,73!/*&$-2,-0!EFI!)*c-0-3!EnI!c73*0*'!
ESI!6%,7-$,#0*'!
EmI!FAH=.1$)3#)*0#3!a]f]OC]!
EQQI!$-2&1$!-$1.!
a]f]OC]!
W!&,.$&/.,'.,<!,-'!;,)KL,;'TX'&$.R,&'#(&,)&'(;(.'%("#(/);0'-!&@'0,)0(.:'&@.,0@(+;'%()%,)&.$K()0'*,+(-'XY')RZW'[$);'N'#.,%/.0(.'%("#(/);0\6!
Compound OTC (ng/L) Description 2-methylisoborneol 5 - 10 earthy, rain, camphor
geosmin 1 - 10 earthy, wet dirt 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine 0.2 - 16 green, floral, decay 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine 1.0 - 16 green pepper !-ionone 7 violet, rose 2,6-E,Z-nonadienal 20 cucumber 2,4,6-trichloroanisole 0.1-2 musty, moldy, old cupboard 2,3,4-trichloroanisole 0.1-2 musty 2,3,6-trichloroanisole 0.2-2 musty
2,4,6-tribromoanisole 0.15-10 musty
iodoform 30 iodine, medicinal
2-bromophenol 30 medicinal 2,6-dibromophenol 0.5 medicinal, hospital
2,4,6-tribromophenol 600 medicinal, [precursor]
2,4,6-trichlorophenol > 5,000 chemical, [precursor]
8I)E!%&'H!(&)'
/-+()-XIT,$'+L+(&*'
/-+-$E&%T,$'XL:),"I%(+'
GC-MS/SIM Target Analytes
&-10!!!!!! ! !!!!6**,!ZU@?Y\!
!!!!!0*(!2#,-,#! ! !6*33!2*22*&!!!!!u@ZZ]!
$%$%/6*&!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! +1#3*,A!&#'*!B@Uu@U]?!
/#3.7A!(*,!.#5A!$#&9!,-10,!!
^aJ?\!)#'21,-3!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!1#.10*!
^ZMwNw]Uh!
]ZC-,*&!%'*.!-'!$##3105!-0.!10.%',&1-3!(-,*&A!10$3%.105!8#&!'*/1$#0.%$,#&!-0.!61#,*$)!
$#/2-01*';!
P*5100105!10!FGQGA!10,&#.%$*.!,#!.&109105!(-,*&!&*'*&+#1&'!-,!%2!,#!Hi!+#3%/*;!
U'!-!')#($-'*A!]ZC-,*&!1'!#T#0-,*.!-0.!'#3.!-'!2&*/1%/!6#L3*.!(-,*&;!
@*$7$3*.!(-,*&!%'*.!10!5&#%0.(-,*&!&*$)-&5*!8#&!6-&&1*&!,#!'*-(-,*&!10,&%'1#0;!!
J#/*!.1&*$,*.!,#!-5&1$%3,%&-3A!$##3105!-0.!&*`0*&7!%'*;!
w0!FGGoA!-!8&-/*(#&9!8#&!-!SG!^uM!&*$7$3*.!(-,*&!2%&1`$-:#0!2&#j*$,!(-'!2%,!10!23-$*;!
M1&*$,*.!8#&!10.%',&1-3!-0.!2#,-63*!%'*;!
Target Analytes in Secondary Effluent N#
0$*0
,&-:
#0!d0
5rhe!
@*3-:+*!O.#
&!w0,*0'1,7
!
FHMPK
!!
F^wP!
!5*#
'/10!!
FXH?NU
!!
FXH?PU
!
FHMPK
!!
F^wP!
!5*#
'/10!!
FXH?NU
!!
FXH?PU
!
@*3-:+*!O.#&!
w0,*0'1,7!!Y'' !
N#0$*0,&-:#0!
O.#&!?)&*')#3.!!
G!
SG!
QGG!
QSG!
FGG!
G!
QGG!
FGG!
nGG!
/,*-$!$(6'FXH?NU!-0.!5*#'/10! ! !
Variability among Plants
@*3-:+*!O.#
&!w0,*0'1,7
!
' '
' ML:-%!;6'' FXH?NU!.#/10-0,{!5*#'/10!-,!3#(*&!10,*0'1,7;! ! ! ! !' 2;!$('>6'' O037!FXH?NU!
' 2;!$('@6'' 5*#'/10!.#/10-0,{!FXH?NU!-,!3#(*&!10,*0'1,7;! !
G!
SG!
QGG!
QSG!
FGG!
FSG!
nGG!
>' 1' B' /' @' =' 7'
FHMPK!F^wP!5*#'/10!!FXH?NU!FXH?PU!
Anisole Formation in 2o Treatment
' /&%)&!+&',E'U$,H$':)&%I)+,)'FAXAH=,&1$)3#)*0#3!(-'!$#0'1',*0,37!#6'*&+*.!-3#05!(1,)!E,)*!T,$',E'N.F.QA()-%K;,),!$-+,;&P'
precursor product
&-(!'*(
-5*!
F#! *4%*
0,!
&-(!'*(
-5*!
F#! *4%*
0,!
Anisole Formation in 2o Treatment -$:+-,*.!'3%.5*!
A5U'QRm;XS!|!H!74U'QH;mGR!/10!4$.R,&'!()U'/rT!FGFA!FGX!
A5U'FQF;XS!|!H!74U'QH;nGn!/10!
4$.R,&'!()U'/rT!FGQA!FGn!
G!
SG!
QGG!
QSG!
FGG!
G!
SGG!
QGGG!
QSGG!
FGGG!
FSGG!
G! X! o! QF! QH! FG! FX!
SZBANFQMB>
'<$5C[?'
SZBANFQMB2
'<$5C[?'
\,I)+'
Removing Odorants from Wastewater Effluent
V&#&)+&'D+*,+-+6'H!8%33='$-3*!23-0,';!
>%T#!(&"'B!)X,$6'Q!213#,='$-3*!23-0,;!
BK;,)-$&6'H!8%33='$-3*!23-0,'!|!6*0$)'$-3*;!!BK;,)-$&6'P*0$)'$-3*;!
]^6'X!8%33='$-3*!23-0,'!|!6*0$)'$-3*;!]^C\NDN6'F!8%33='$-3*!23-0,'!|!6*0$)'$-3*;!
uN=^JrJw^! !!!!!!!!!!!!!uN=O38-$,#/*,&7!
Odor Peak Category
Retention Time
Secondary Effluent
sulfide 7.0 3 3 3 rancid 7.2 0 2 2
medicinal 7.7 4 4 3 ammonia 11.9, 12.2 4 3 4 fragrant 12.5, 12.7, 12.9 4 2 4 earthy 13.8, 14.0 3 2 3
medicinal 14.3 2 2 3 woody 15.2 0 2 2
chemical 16.3 3 0 2 musty 17.0 2 4 3 rancid 18.0 0 4 3
fragrant 18.2 4 4 4 earthy 18.5 3 4 4
fragrant 20.5 4 4 4 chemical 21.4 2 3 2
g%-0:,-:+*!-0.!'*0'#&7!.-,-!-&*!PO?Y!%'*.!8#&!-''*''/*0,!#8!,&*-,/*0,!*t$-$7;!!
!!F^wP!
!!FXH?NU!
!!5*#'/10!
N#0$*0
,&-:
#0!d0
5rhe!
FHMPK
!!
F^wP!
!5*#
'/10!!
FXH?NU
!!
FXH?PU
!G!
SG!
QGG!
QSG!
FGG!
Dilution as Solution
Dil 0x Dil 4x Dil 8x Dil 32x Dil 64x 3 3 3 2 2 3 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 3 3 2 3 3 3 2 2 1 2 0 0 0 4 3 4 2 3 3 3 4 3 2 2 3 1 0 0 4 2 4 3 2 3 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 4 3 4 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 2 2 3 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 3 4 4 4 2 1 2 2 2 3 0 0 0 0 4 3 2 3 3 2 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 1 2 1 0 0 0 3 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 3 1 3 3 0 0 0 4 4 4 4 3 4 2 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
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Aeration 2nd effluent Aeration
3 3 3 4 0 2 0 2 2 3 0 0 4 4 3 4 3 3 4 3 4 3 3 4 4 2 4 1 0 0 3 2 3 4 3 3 2 2 3 4 2 4 0 2 2 2 0 0 3 0 2 1 4 3 2 4 3 3 2 2 0 4 3 4 0 0 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 2 3 3 2 3 2 4 2 4
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I(.'0,"!<(+$K+,08'+(R'T'.,"(<$+',>#,%&,;'$&']]NPM"';(-)0&.,$"6!@-,)6%0!C2^2'QRRo!
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BAC/GAC
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2nd Effluent BAC 3 3 3 0 1 1 0 2 2 0 1 0 4 4 3 2 3 3 4 3 4 2 3 3 3 2 4 2 1 2 3 2 3 2 1 1 2 2 3 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 1 1 3 0 2 2 2 3 2 4 3 0 0 0 0 4 3 2 2 2 4 4 4 1 1 2 3 4 4 1 1 2 4 4 4 1 1 2 2 3 2 2 2 2
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Chlorine Chloramine C*T 0 C*T 200 C*T 1000
1 1 0 3 2 2 2 1 1 3 2 3 2 2 0 1 0 0 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3 4 3 4 2 4 4 3 4 4 4 3 4 2 4 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 1 1 0 4 3 3 1 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 4 2 4 3 2 3 3 2 4 2 2 3 1 1 2 2 4 4 4 2 3 3 4 3 4 3 1 2 2 3 2 4 2 3 3 4 3 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 4
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QFGi!
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B (CB
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C*T 0 C*T 200 C*T 1000 1 2 0 2 3 3 1 2 3 3 2 3 2 2 1 3 2 3 4 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 3 4 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 4 2 3 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 3 3 4 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 4 3 3 4 2 3 2 2 4 3 3 4 2 3 2 2 3 4 2 4 2 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 1 2 3 4 2 4 2 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 3 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4
Gi!
FGi!
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Reverse Osmosis Feed Permeate
4 4 3 2 3 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 4 4 3 1 1 0 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 3 4 2 3 1 2 3 3 2 2 1 2 4 2 2 1 3 3 3 4 1 2 0 2 4 3 2 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 0 3 2 0 2 3 2 3 4 2 2 2 3 3 4 2 3 1 0 4 2 3 1 2 2 4 2 1 0 0
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Ozone 2nd effluent O3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 3 4 2 3 2 3 2 4 4 3 4 3 2 3 0 1 2 2 2 3 1 2 1 0 2 2 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 2 4 3 0 0 0 0 4 3 1 0 1 4 4 4 0 0 0 3 4 4 2 2 1 4 4 4 0 0 0 2 3 2 1 0 0
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Fluence 0
Fluence 500
Fluence 2000
3 3 3 3 3 3 4 2 3 0 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 4 4 3 4 3 2 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 3 3 2 1 4 4 2 4 2 3 3 2 4 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 2 4 3 0 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 0 2 3 3 3 2 0 3 2 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 0 0 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 2 3 2 0 2 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 1 0 2 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 1 2
Gi!
FGi!
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HGi!
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QGGi!
QFGi!
O' GOO' SOOO' SGOO' NOOO'
BCB ,
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Fluence 0
Fluence 500
Fluence 2000
2 0 3 2 2 2 0 1 2 4 4 3 2 3 2 3 0 2 4 4 4 3 2 1 2 2 1 3 3 1 2 3 2 2 0 1 3 2 2 3 4 3 3 3 2 3 4 3 2 2 1 0 0 1 3 2 3 2 2 1 1 0 1 3 3 3 2 3 3 1 0 1 3 2 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 4 4 3 2 2 3 0 0 1 2 4 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 3 4 3 2 3 2 1 2 0 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 0 0 4 4 4 2 2 2 1 1 1 4 2 3 1 1 2 1 1 1
Gi!
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UV UV & H2O2
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Fluence 0 Fluence 500 Fluence 2000
2 0 3 2 2 2 0 1 2 4 4 3 2 3 2 3 0 2 4 4 4 3 2 1 2 2 1 3 3 1 2 3 2 2 0 1 3 2 2 3 4 3 3 3 2 3 4 3 2 2 1 0 0 1 3 2 3 2 2 1 1 0 1 3 3 3 2 3 3 1 0 1 3 2 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 4 4 3 2 2 3 0 0 1 2 4 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 3 4 3 2 3 2 1 2 0 3 4 3 3 3 2 2 0 0 4 4 4 2 2 2 1 1 1 4 2 3 1 1 2 1 1 1
]^A2@VDe0/@'
B\[DV>30c@'C*T 0 C*T 200 C*T 1000
1 1 0 3 2 2 2 1 1 3 2 3 2 2 0 1 0 0 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 3
4 3 4 2 4 4 3 4 4
4 3 4 2 4 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 1 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 1 1 0 4 3 3 1 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 4 2 4 3 2 3 3 2 4 2 2 3 1 1 2 2 4 4 4 2 3 3 4 3 4 3 1 2 2 3 2 4 2 3 3 4 3 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 4 4
B\[DV0c@'C*T 0 C*T 200 C*T 1000
1 2 0 2 3 3 1 2 3 3 2 3 2 2 1 3 2 3 4 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 4 3 4 3 3 4 3 4 4
4 3 4 3 4 4 2 3 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 3 3 4 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 4 3 3 4 2 3 2 2 4 3 3 4 2 3 2 2 3 4 2 4 2 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 3 1 2 3 4 2 4 2 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 3 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4
Inlet Stripping 3 3 3 4 0 2 0 2 2 3 0 0 4 4 3 4 3 3
4 3 4 3 3 4 4 2 4 1 0 0
3 2 3 4 3 3 2 2 3 4 2 4 0 2 2 2 0 0 3 0 2 1 4 3
2 4 3 3 2 2 0 4 3 4 0 0 4 4 4 3 4 3 3 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 2 3 3 2 3 2 4 2 4
>@V>M0Dc'Inlet no-O3 & BAC
3 3 3 0 1 1 0 2 2 0 1 0 4 4 3 2 3 3 4 3 4 2 3 3 4 2 4 2 1 2 3 2 3 2 1 1 2 2 3 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 1 1 3 0 2 2 2 3 2 4 3 0 0 0 0 4 3 2 2 2 4 4 4 1 1 2 3 4 4 1 1 2 4 4 4 1 1 2 2 3 2 2 2 2
1>BC7>B'Feed Permeate
4 4 3 2 3 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 4 4 3 1 1 0 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 3 4 2 3 1 2 3 3 2 2 1 2 4 2 2 1 3 3 3 4 1 2 0 2 4 3 2 2 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 0 3 2 0 2 3 2 3 4 2 2 2 3 3 4 2 3 1 0 4 2 3 1 2 2 4 2 1 0 0
VD'=0[MV>M0Dc'
Fluence 0 Fluence 500 Fluence 1000 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 2 3 0 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 4 4 3 4 3 2 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 3 3 2 1 4 4 2 4 2 3 3 2 4 3 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 2 4 3 0 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 0 2 3 3 3 2 0 3 2 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 0 0 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 2 3 2 0 2 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 3 3 1 0 2 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 1 2
]^'2\DMD[f808'
Inlet Ozonated 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 3 4 2 3 2 3 2 4 4 3 4 3 2 3 0 1 2 2 2 3 1 2 1 0 2 2 0 0 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 2 4 3 0 0 0 0 4 3 1 0 1 4 4 4 0 0 0 3 4 4 2 2 1 4 4 4 0 0 0 2 3 2 1 0 0
Treatment Summary DdDc@'
Multiple Barrier Treatment
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secondary effluent
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secondary effluent
secondary effluent
Take home messages… K#,*0,!#.#&!$#/2#%0.'!10!&*$7$3*.!(-,*&!'#%&$*'!
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Singapore Public Utility Board ^#05!Y##!h1/A!V)-05!h18*05!2,)0(.:'&,$"U'g1-0!D1-#v105A!C%![105/105A!D1-#!\#05j%0A!Z/137!J**A!C*0!C*1!J)*A!@-7!?-0!BD='R/./_!^73*0*!u#/*T!
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