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Odor Emission Sources • Livestock buildings• Manure storage
– Stockpiles, basins, lagoons• Land application sites • Method of land application• Feed storage• Mortality storage or
disposal areas
The FIDO Factors in Odor Assessment
Frequency (events/yr)
Intensity (dilutions to threshold)
Duration (hrs/event)
Offensiveness (subjective)
Handling Dairy Manure SOLID/SEMI-SOLID
HANDLINGLIQUID HANDLING
Outdoor lots and pens Free-stall barnFeedlot (barnlot) (manure with minimum or no bedding)
HousingFacility
Collection& Transfer
Gutter cleaningTractor scrape
Bucket loader
Scrape: tractor or cableChain conveyorAuger conveyorPiston pumpGravity channel
Slotted floor
Flush system
Liquid/solid separation
Storage
Stored within pen
Earthen basinConcrete pit or tankSteel tank
Concrete pit
Earthen basin or Lagoon
Plank wallConcrete slabCompost pile
Transport Box spreaderFlail spreader
Agitate
Tank wagon
Irrigation system
Box spreaderFlail spreader
UtilizationField spread on pasture or cropland
solidliquid
Compost pile
Technologies to Control Odor
• Prevent odor generation
• Capture or destroy odors before any release to the atmosphere
• Dispersion or disguise of odors
Buildings = Constant Source
• Land application– Occurs once or twice
a year– Impact is for short
period of time• Storages
– Releases decrease in cold weather
– Management may affect releases significantly
Buildings typically release a relatively constant amount of odors & gases compared to:
Odor Prevention Technologies
• Manure removal• Dust control• Anaerobic treatment• Aeration or Oxidation• Feed additives• Manure pit or lagoon additives• pH control
Frequent Manure Removal
Frequent removal of manure from floor surfaces reduces the generation of odors in a building.
Manure Separation• Why are you separating??• It’s not always about
loading……• Sand, grit, debris• Difficult to remove fine
particles/nutrients• Knowledge of flowrate is
critical• Efficiency?? Don’t believe
what you are told!!
Sources of Odor from Outdoor Lots• Open lots
• Manure stockpiles
• Disposal pits
• Land application areas
• Runoff holding ponds
• Anaerobic lagoons (liquid manure handling)
• DUST
Driver #1: Loose Manure Depth
Deep and soft
Thin and well compacted
Manure harvested within previous 3 days, < 1” deep
Wind
Manure not yet harvested, > 2” deep
Loose manure compounded by evening cow activity (Driver #2)
Driver #3: Manure Moisture Content
Moisture Dynamics Vary Within Corrals
Fee
d ap
ron
1 2 3 4
Water trough
High activity;High moisture
Low activity;Low moisture
Moisture Dynamics Vary Within Corrals (continued)F
eed
apro
n
1 2 3 4
Water trough
High activity;High moisture
Low activity;Low moisture
Raising the moisture content of a loose manure layer by 10% requires 6-9 gal/hd per 1 inch of loose manure depth depending on its bulk density.
Catch-Up Water Requirements
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
5 10 15 20 25 30 35Initial Moisture Content (% wet basis)
Wat
er R
equ
irem
ent
(gal
/hd
)
0.5"
1"
2"
4"
Odorousvolatiles Methane (CH4)
and other gases
Complete Anaerobic Digestion
Volatile
solids
Methane-producing bacteria
Acid-producing bacteria
Odorousvolatiles Methane (CH4)
and other gases
Incomplete Anaerobic Digestion
Volatile
solids
Methane-producing bacteria
Acid-producing bacteria
Limitations:• Design/Construction• Poor Management • Cold Temperatures
Treatment: Anaerobic Digestion
Treatment: High-rate Aeration
Treatment: “Compost” Systems
Chemical Additives to Manure for Odor and Gas Control
• Difficult to determine effectiveness of the many additives that are available
• Relatively few products have been shown to significantly reduce odor or gases like NH3.
• Products are available for addition to either liquid or solid manure.
• Concern over cost per animal per year
Chemical Additives to Manure for Odor and Gas Control
Effectiveness depended on specific irritant • Ammonia reduction in liquid manure
– 39 products were effective– 18 not effective
• Odor reduction– 22 helped– 33 did not
Technologies to Capture and Treat Odors
• Manure storage covers– “Biological” cover– Synthetic cover
• Mechanically ventilated production houses– Biofilters– Biomass filters– Washing walls
Straw cover being installed on a 4-acre lagoon in Iowa
Cross Section of Biological Cover
Effluent Anaerobic Zone
Solution Interface
Aerobic Zone 8 - 12” Straw Cover
Conventional Storage
“Biologically” Covered Storage
Effluent
Straw cover after 1 week
Geotextile Cover ~ $0.15/sq.ft. installed
BioCapTM
“Berm to Berm” Basin/Lagoon Cover$0.63/ft2 installed
Technologies to Disperse Odors
• Site Selection• Ventilation Design• Windbreak/Dustbreak Walls• Vegetated Wind Breaks• Perfumes• Masking Agents
Developed primarily for mechanically ventilated systems … but theory needs to be adopted for
open freestalls and corrals
Windbreak/Dustbreak Walls
Lagoon
LagoonSome dust will be deposited
Plume dispersion and breakup
Red Smoke Candle Showing Fan Airflow Toward Windbreak Wall on Swine Finishing Building
Red Smoke Showing Airflow Out of Windbreak Wall Enclosure
Air Dam: 1,000hd Finishing Barn
Open Face Biofilter: 400-hd Farrowing Barn, MN
Container BiofilterIn-Vessel Food Composting Site, MN
Most Complaints Arise from Land Application
WastewaterIrrigation
• Dilute 1:5 –10 H2O• Maximize droplet size
– Large nozzles– Low pressures
• Minimize distance droplets move through the air– Downward projecting
nozzles– Drops to put nozzles in
canopy or close to ground
• No wastewater irrigation if >10mph
Drop Hoses
Slurry Application
Application Method
Odor Threshold
Broadcast 2818
Plow 200
Harrow 131
Inject 32
Unmanured 50
Drop Hose Toolbar
Aerator Incorporator
Aerator tines
Manure applicators 7.5-inch spacing
InjectionRunning double disk injectors deeper covers manure better but also covers more crop residue.
InjectionDirect injection of manure is the most effective way to minimize gaseous emissions.
Sweep Injector
No Till Injector
Sweep Injector No-Till Injector
Soybean Stubble in SC Coastal Plain Applied at 60,000 gallons per hour
Odor Management Plans
Contents of OMP
• IDAHO– Facility Information– Facility Description
• Vicinity Map– Manure Management System
• Site Plan– Land Application System– Climatic Data– Facility Odor Sources– Tiered Odor Reduction– Public Involvement– Review
Facility Odor Sources• Bulleted List of potential odor sources
– General ranking of sources overall• Discussion of each source
– Why is it a source?– How much does it contribute?
• Justification for ranking
• Ranking– Surface area, frequency, duration, intensity– Other data – chemical comp., location, etc.
Tiered Odor Reduction
• Tiers– Enable facility to assess reduction techniques
“individually”– Prevents facility from spending large amounts
of money all at once• Allows to determine if more is needed
• IDAHO– 3-Tiered process
Tiered Odor Reduction
• 3-Tiers– Each tier identifies
• Odor reduction techniques– Justification – expected result
• How & when implemented• Sources impacted• Monitoring plan for BMP Evaluation
– Tier 1• Typically low cost BMP’s & management changes• Should attempt to address all major issues on facility
– Tier 2 & 3• Build on tier 1 – more expensive and intense
Public Involvement• Discretion of producer• Key item
– If public isn’t impacted, wouldn’t be developed• Prevention, animal & employee health
• Identify– How public will be involved
• Keep them aware of actions taken• How process is going
• OMP will not be successful w/o public satisfied
Review
• The final section of an OMP• Should describe
– How plan will be assessed– Who will assess– When each tier will be evaluated
• OMP is a working document– Should allow for change & flexibility– Should limit the impact on how the facility
functions
Take Home Message• Understanding the waste system is
essential– Can’t select appropriate reduction measures
w/o understanding system• Odor reduction - Operation & Management• Thoroughly investigate reduction
techniques before they are implemented• If public is not satisfied, OMP never truly
successful• Employ PREVENTION, not reaction
