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CONTRIBUTION OF KASHMIR TO PERSIAN POETRY DURING THE
REIGN OF SHAHJAHAN
ABSTRACT
THESIS
SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
©octor of ^tjilo^opfjp IN
P E R S I A N
BY
GHULAM ABASS
Under the Supervision of
Dr. Mohd. Asif Nairn Siddiqui
(Reader in Persian)
DEPARTMENT OF PERSIAN
ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY
ALIGARH (INDIA)
2006
ABSTRACT
With the conversion of Ranchan to Islam in 726 AH/ 1321 AD and
with the accession of Sultan Shams-ud-Din Shahmiri to throne in the year
743 A.H/ 342 AD. Kashmir become an independent Islamic country. Sultan
Shams-ud-Din's accession known as Shahmiris exercised their authority as
independent Muslim rulers for about two centuries. With the fall of
Shahmiris the Chaks grabbed power and ruled over Kashmir from 962 AH/
1556AD to 992 AH/ 1583AD. The last two rulers Yusuf Shah Chak and
Yaqub Shah Chak were unable to protect the sovereignty of Kashmir. The
lack of administrative ability and the indifferent attitude of the last Chak
rulers towards the affairs of the state gave rise to court rivalries and in
fighting, resulting into political instability. This political instability
prompted Akbar to annex Kashmir as part of his great Mughal Empire.
Akbar sent his expedition to Kashmir and annexed it in 1587 AD. The
political reasons of the annexation of Kabmir to Mughal Empire have been
discussed and analyzed in the Introduction of the Thesis. The first chapter
"A Study of the Persian poetry of Kashmir" has been divided into three
periods namely pre- Mughal, Mughal and post-Mughal. In the first period
(pre-Mughal) the representative poets of the period of Shahmiris and Chaks
have been studied. A brief account of the history of Shahmiris and Chaks
has also been presented. While presenting the history of Shamiris only such
kings have been taken into account who have contributed to the promotion
of Persian language and literature. They are Sultan Shadab-ud-Din, Sultan
Qutab-ud-Din, Sultan Sikandar and Sultan Zainul Abdin. Amir Kabir Mir
Syed All Hamadani's landmark visit to Kashmir occurred when Sultan
Shahab-ud-Din and Sultan Qutab-ud-Din were on the throne. His august
visit furthered the cause of the spread of Islam in Kashmir. Since the
medium of his mission was Persian language, his arrival also resulted in to
the creation of the milieu of Persian in Kashmir. The reign of Zainul Abdin
Badshah is reckoned as the golden period in Kashmir. Badshah besides
patronizing luminaries also adorned the country with fine buildings and
construction. His contribution to the promotion of handicraft and industry is
also comm.e.ndable.
Mulla Ahmad, the court poet of Badshah is recognized as one of the most
important poets of the Shahmiri period. Unfortunately most of his poetry is
lost and only those verses are available which are recorded in Waqate-e-
Kashmir, Tarikh Kashmir and Tarikh Badshahi. The poetry of Syed Ali
Hamdani due to its mystical under Tone has its own identity. Simplicity,
straightforwardness and directness are the qualities with which the poetry of
the Shahmiri period is marked.
The poetr}^ produced during the Chaks is also marked with the above
mentioned quahties but it can be said that on the whole the period shows an
improvement over the preceding period. Shaikh Yaqoob Sarfi and Baba
Talib Isfahan! are amongst the major poets of this period. Baba Talib
Isfahani is known for his ghazals. His ghazals share several common
qualities with those of Amir khusro. Shaikh Yaqoob Sarfi is the first
Kashmiri poet who has tried his talent successfully is the genre of Masnavi
on the pattern of Nazami Ganjavi. The second period of the first chapter
deals with the poetry produced during the eras of Akbar, Jahangir,
Aurangzeb and his successors till the arrival of Afghans along with a brief
account of the political history of these rulers. The historical background of
the period of Shahjahan in Kashmir has also been covered in this chapter but
the study of the poetry produced during the reign of Shahajan in Kashmir
which forms the crux of the Thesis has been discussed separately in the
second chapter. It is strange to note that the poetry produced during the reign
of Akbar and Jahangir in Kashmir is entirely different from the poetry
produced in other parts of Mughal India where the new style known as Sabk-
e-Hindi was getting firmly saddled. The poetry produced in Kashmir during
the period is still marked with directness and simplicity in sharp contrast to
intricaies involved in meanings, indirectness, ambiguity being the chief
characteristics of Sabk-e-Hindi.
Molana Mazhari, Auji Kashmiri and Hubbi Naushari are the
representative poets of the periods of Akbar and Jahangir. Mazhari the poet
of the period of Akbar had also under taken a journey to Iran but his poetry
on the whole is not reflective of Sabk-e-Hindi.
Sabk-e- Hindi which reached its peak in 16'* and l?'* century made its
mark in Kashmir during the reign of Shahjahan. The poetry produced in
Kashimr during this period developed its own identity. This period is chiefly
the period of the development of ghazal in Kashmir. The ghazal writing
which developed in Kashmir during this period is unprecedented. Kaleem,
Saleem and Ghani being the major exponents of Sabk-e-Hindi belong to this
period. Kaleem and Saleem, though not essentially Kashmiri, had settled
down in Kashmir and died there. Ghani was a native of Kashmir. Kaleem
and Saleem are regarded as great Manayab. Both are known for Mazmun
bandi and Mana Afreni. Kaleem had a great command over creating
multisided metaphors. The metaphors of Kaleem bear the quality of sublime
imagination. The artifact of Daleel-o-Dawa was given a new dimension by
Ghani. Ghani is well known for his precision. His poetry is precise yet it is
laden with deep meaning. We can say that the poetry particularly ghazal
4
produced in Kashmir during the reign of Shahjahan stands out with the
characteristics of Mazmun Afrini, Mana Afrini, creation of new metaphors,
search for new meaning and production of multi meanings in one subject
matter. From this point of view this period is unique and different and
distinct from the preceding and succeeding periods. The tradition of Sabk-e-
Hindi in Kashmir initiated and introduced in the reign of Shahjahan was Icept
ahve in the period of Aurangzeb and his successers. Nafay, Joya, Goya and
Raza Mushtaq are amongst the fine ghazal writers of this period. (In
comparison to the poets belonging to the period of Shahjahan they stand no
match).
The poetry produced during Afghan, Sikh, and Dogra periods has
been discussed in the third part of the f ^ chapter along with a brief
introduction of the history of these periods. Afghans ruled over Kashmir
fi-om 1758AD to 1819AD. They were tyrant and on the whole their rule is
indeitified with cultural decline but from literary point of view particularly
in poetry writhing the period does not show much decline.
Sukh Jivan Mai the representative of Afghan rulers was a great patron
of literature and himself wrote poetry. It was he who during his reign invited
the poets to versify the history of Kashmir under the title of "Shahname of
Kashmir". The period is also well know for some best masnavis composed
by Mohd. Jan Sami, Abdul Wahab Shaiq and Mohd. Taufiq Lalajo. These
and other poets of the period also wrote ghazals. It is strange to note that the
ghazals produced during this period did not adhere the tradition of Sabk-e-
Hindi. The poets rather adopted the style and mode of poetry writtings that
was prevalent before the period of Shahjahan.
In general the diction of the poetry of the period is simple and registers a
departure from the complexity of Sabk-e-Hindi.
The period of Sikh and Dogra is also marked with the development of
Masnavi writing. Akhoon Grami, Mula Hameed uUah are among the fine
Masnavi writers of this period. The Chay nama and Akbar nama of Hameed
Ullah Shahbadi are regarded as the best Masnavi vwitten in this period. The
poetry v^itten during Sikh and Dogra is marked with simplicity and
directness. This period is also a period of departure fi"om Sabk-e-Hindi.
The second chapter "contribution of Kashmir to Persian poetry during
the reign of Shahjahan" is the core chapter of the thesis. This chapter deals
with the poetry produced in Kashmir during the period of Shahjahan. The
period opens a new vista in the history of poetry produced in Kashmir by
bringing about in a change in the style. This change is marked with the
adherence to pecularities of Sabk-e-Hindi particularly in ghazals.
Complexity of meaning, love for new ideas, and ambiguity. Reait-e-lafzi,
Mana Afrini, Mazmun Afrini are amongst the chief characteristics of the
poetry produced during this period and the poets belonging to this period in
Kashmir such as Ghani Kashmiri. Elahi Hamdani, Saleem, Kaieem and
Qudsi added new dimentions.
The poetic output of these poets has made the contribution of Kashmir
to Persian poetry rich, immense and everlasting, Particularly in the field of
ghazal.
A critical analysis of the poets of Kashmir during the reign of
Shahjahan along with a note on the salient features of Sabk-e-Hindi has been
presented in this chapter to highlight and determine, the contribution of
Kashmir to Persian poetry under Shahjahan.
CONTRIBUTION OF KASHMIR TO PERSIAN POETRY DURING THE
REIGN OF SHAHJAHAN
THESIS
SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
Boctor of f)ilo5Sopl)p IN
P E R S I A N
BY
GHULAM ABASS
Under the Supervision of
Dr. Mohd. Asif Nairn Siddiqui
(Reader in Persian)
DEPARTMENT OF PERSIAN
ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY
ALIGARH (INDIA)
2006
DEPARTMENT OF PERSIAN ALIGARH MUSLIM UNrVERSITY
ALIGARH—202002 (INDIA)
Dated. f:f:.>^.^
i 0 Whom It May Concern
This is to certify that Mr Ghulam Abass has worked for his PhD Degree
under my supervision on "Contribution Of Kashmir To Persian Poetry During
The Reign Of Shahjahan"
The PhD Thesis is his original work to the best of my knowledge and is fit
for the submission for the PhD Degree in Persian Literature.
Dr. Mohd Asif Nairn Siddiqi
(Supervisor)
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^^\^{\jtJ^^,iM'JCj^jt/J^Oi^\'C^\r Walter Roper Lawrence
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The replacement of Persian by Urdu, it must be noted, was
as disastrous to tiie people of the state at the time as the
replacement of Persian by English to the Muslims of India.
It meant economic ruin, then, of several indigenous
families, since it opened the door mostly to Punjabi Hindus,
who came in large number to supplant the subjects of the
state in official employment. Bitterness between Kashmiris
and Non-Kashmiris ensued. This bitterness led to strong
agitation, which had to be stopped by defining the term
'state subject' to whom alone the bulk of employment was
thenceforth restricted. "^
m
G.M.D. Sufi, Kashir vol. ii, Light & life Publishers New Delhi - r
Jammu Rohtak Lucknow, 1974, P. 720
G.M.D. Sufi, Kashir vol. ii, Light & life Publishers New Delhi -
Jammu Rohtak Lucknow, 1974, P. 730
G.M.D. Sufi, Kashir vol. ii. Light & life Publishers New Delhi -A
Jammu Rohtak Lucknow, 1974, P. 751
G.M.D. Sufi, Kashir vol. ii. Light & life Publishers New Delhi - i r
Jammu Rohtak Lucknow, 1974, P. 802
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Publication, 1984,P. 187-188
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The Dabistan-i-Mazahib, one of the monumental
works of the period, has been ascribed to this very Fani; but
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this is incorrect. A number of biographers have mentioned
Fani; but not a single tazkira writer or historian has ascribed
the Dabistan to him.
There are innumberable reasons for believing that this
book has nothing to do with Fani. The style of Fani's prose
is different from that of the Dabistan ... . Again, out of the
three hundred and ninety-five pages of the Dabistan one
hundred and thirty - four pages deal with the various
Iranian religions and sects, especially the Parsi and Sapasi
faiths, and in fact the book opens with this chapter, while
the sixth chapter of only thirty eight pages is reserved for
Islam and its various sects. There also, the whole
information of the author is secondhand, based on what the
Muslim scholars had told him, while we know that Muhsin
Fani was a great Muslim scholar. His mathnawi,
Masdarul-Athar, reveals his profound Isnowledge of Islam.
Again, in dealing with the contemporary sufis, the author
has not mentioned Muhibbullah Allahabadi, whom his
devout disciple, Muhsin Fani, could never have omitted.
The author of the Dabistan had lived in Kashmir; but
he never claimed it as his home, while Fani is proud of
belonging to that pleasant valley. William Jackson writing
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about the author of the Dabistan says, "he was apparently of
Iranian extraction ... writing of India he says that "in
constant fortune had torn him from the shores of Persia and
made him associate of the behevers of transmigration and
those who addressed their prayers to idols and images and
worshipped demons."
Finally the author of the Dabistan had lived in Patna
in his infancy, while Patna has never been mentioned in
connection with Fani. On the other hand Fani is said to have
lived m Balkh, which does not figure in the Dabistan as a
place visited by its author.*^
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Jammu Rohtak Lucknow, 1974, P.365
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Mian Mir, West of the Multan Railway line. Dara Shekoh embellished
the tomb of his Pir with Marble stones and other precious materials, the
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surrounded by high walls of solid masonry, was originally the garden
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1. Abu-1- Fazl, Akbar Nama Vol. Ill (Tr.by H.Beveridge), Low
Price Publications, 1993
2. Agha Hussain Shah Hamadani, The life and works of Sayyid
All Hamadani (A.D.1314-1385),Public Book Depot sopore
Kashmir 1984.
3. Charles Rieu, The British Museum catalogue of the Persian
Manuscripts, Vol. II, Trustees of the British Mueum, 1966.
4. G.M.D. Sufi, Kashmir, Vol. I&II, Light & life Publishers
New Delhi Jammu Rohtak Lucknow, 1974.
5. Mohd. Qasim Farishta, History of the Rise of the
Mahomadan Power in India, Vol.IV (Tr.by John Briggs),
Low Price Publications Delhi, 199.
6. Mohibbul Hasan, Kashmir Under the Sultans, Calcutta, 1959.
7. Nooruddin Mohd Jahangir, Tuzuk-1-Jahangiri (by Alenander
Rogers), Low Price Publications Delhi, 1999.
8. Syed Muhammad Latif, Lahore, New Imperial Press Lahore,
1892
9. Waris Kirmani, Dreams Forgotten, Aligarh Muslim
University, Publication, 1984.
![6] Takwim Sabk May 2009](https://img.dokumen.tips/doc/110x75/5572008e49795991699fa4c3/6-takwim-sabk-may-2009.jpg)
