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Community of Practice• A group who share a common interest and desire to
learn from and contribute to the community with their varied experiences (after Lave and Wenger, 1991)
Wenger, 1998
Mutual engagement: …establish norms, build collaborative relationships, come together as a social entity
Joint enterprise: …create a shared understanding of what binds the group together (the joint enterprise or domain), which is negotiated by the community
Shared repertoire: group produces a set of communal resources (the shared repertoire) that are used in pursuit of their joint enterprise
Community of Practice
Classic example: Xerox field service technicians informal pooling of service tips and techniques, morphed to Xerox’s Eureka project which supported such interactions globally, saving Xerox ~$100M
Business gains: • Decreased learning curve for new members• More responsive to customers requests, needs• Reduced rework, “reinvention”, and duplication• Forum for new ideas for products and services
Oceans Community of Practice
•Perspectives – a CoP, a pragmatic, focused effort, with positive feedbacks that sustain it existence
•An ocean CoP – toward what end? To help what customer(s)? With what members?
Oceans Community of Practice
•GEOSS, the Global Earth Observing System of Systems, with the
societal reasons for being defined by its themes:
•Disasters•Health•Energy•Climate•Water•Weather•Ecosystems•Agriculture•Biodiversity
Implementing GEOSS, given theses themes, flowed down more specific tasks under each theme.
Oceans Community of Practice
An ocean relevant taskCL-09-02: Accelerating the Implementation of the Global Climate Observing System.
Accelerate the implementation of the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) through enhanced support for the component systems of GCOS: The WMO Global Observing System (GOS) and Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW), the IOC-led Global Ocean Observing System (GTOS), and the global hydrological networks and all relevant satellite systems. Make relevant synergies with Task AR-O0-03 “advocating for Sustained Observing Systems.”
Oceans Community of Practice
•GEOSS committees, such as the Science and Technology Committee, were charged with certain tasks, and committees were staffed with individuals from diverse countries and organizations.
•More recently a number of GEOSS CoP (many were former IGOS themes) have come into existence.
•Biodiversity Observation Network•Coastal Zone Community of Practice•Energy Community of Practice•Geohazards Community of Practice•Global Agricultural Monitoring System
Oceans Community of Practice
GEOSS Community of Practice
Definition: A Community of Practice (CoP) is a user-led community
of stakeholders, from providers to the final beneficiaries of Earth
observation data and information, with a common interest in specific
aspects of societal benefits to be realized by GEOSS
implementation
Oceans Community of PracticeObjectives
Each CoP will have slightly different objectives, however common objectives will include:
1.Identify requirements;
2.Provide a forum for cooperation … coordinate the delivery of some GEOSS targets to enable the realization of societal benefits.
3.Report on progress and provide updates to GEO and other stakeholders;
4.Advise on matters relating to societal benefit, and on cross-cutting issues of interest to the CoP.
5.Provide an informal point of contact for members or other jurisdictions on the specific benefit or interest area;
Oceans Community of Practice
Challenges
In the midst of a paradigm shift: the Cold War and the defense-related investment
in blue water oceans observations and observing infrastructure (e.g., ships) has
faded. Interest in coastal observing has grown but not always generated support.
Establishing clarity on the utility of ocean observations – to a large extent not seen
as a vital or an immediate to most (i.e., of weather time scale need); of greatest
benefit on intraseasonal and longer time scales – so beyond the deterministic
predications, into probabilistic predictions of modest skill, not always tuned to users
Against a non-stationary background – of what utility are climatologies? How good
are ocean or coupled models? Are models coping with the non-stationarity of the
system?
Oceans Community of Practice
Challenges/reasons
Utility of ocean observations – memory, sponge, flywheel, reservoir, food
source (heat and carbon storage, global thermohaline circulation and global
heat balance, species diversity and protein source)
Of greatest benefit on intraseasonal and longer time scales – the ocean as a
source of predictability in oceanic and coupled ocean-atmosphere modes, in
the inertia of the ocean system, in oceanic transports and geographic
teleconnections
Against a non-stationary background – quantifying change in the ocean and
its impacts on ecosystems, weather, climate; catching the ocean as it
changes
IPCC projection of surface temperature change (2090-2099 wrt 1980-1999)IPCC projection of surface temperature change (2090-2099 wrt 1980-1999)
Apparent lack of warming at IrmingerReal or model-generated?
Apparent lack of warming at IrmingerReal or model-generated?
0 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 C°
Anthropogenic CO2 inventory
Observe fluxes and inventory changes,
AND physical/biological processes that determine and modulate them
Total CO2 flux
Global carbon cycle processes and acidification
OceanSITES Vision
OriginOrigin
100%
Total in situ networks January 201062%
59%
80%
62%73%34%48%
100%
100%
Initial Global Ocean Observing System for Climate Status against the GCOS Implementation Plan and JCOMM targets
Original goal: 100% implementation in 2010System % complete
And there are other observations advocated:
Tsunami warning networkSea state and surface wavesPresent state (Mixed layer depth, heat content)Ocean acidficationFisheries stocksHuman health (toxic algal blooms, pollutants)
Yet, the growth of sustained ocean observing has slowed….
And in some countries the path to transition transient research investments in observations to sustained ocean observations is unclear…..
OceanObs’09: Vision
Provision of routine and sustained global information on the marine environment sufficient to meet society’s needs for describing, understanding and forecasting marine variability (including physical, biogeochemical, ecosystems and living marine resources), weather, seasonal to decadal climate variability, climate change, sustainable management of living marine resources, and assessment of longer term trends
OceanObs’09: calls for action
(1) Calls on all nations and governments to fully implement by 2015 the initial physical and carbon global ocean observing system originally envisioned at OceanObs’99, and refined at OceanObs'09.
(2) Calls on all nations and governments to commit to the implementation and international coordination of systematic global biogeochemical and biological observations, guided by the outcomes of OceanObs’09, and taking into account regional variations in ecosystems.
OceanObs’09: Vision
Provision of routine and sustained global information on the marine environment sufficient to meet society’s needs for describing, understanding and forecasting marine variability (including physical, biogeochemical, ecosystems and living marine resources), weather, seasonal to decadal climate variability, climate change, sustainable management of living marine resources, and assessment of longer term trends
OceanObs’09: calls for action
(3) Invites governments and organizations to embrace a framework for planning and moving forward with an enhanced global sustained ocean observing system over the next decade, integrating new physical, biogeochemical, biological observations while sustaining present observations. Recommendations on this Framework, considering how to best take advantage of existing structures, will be developed by an post‐Conference working group of limited duration.
(4) Urges the ocean observing community to increase our efforts to achieve the needed level of timely data access, sensor readiness and standards, best practices, data management, uncertainty estimates, and integrated data set availability.
(5) Asks governments, organizations, and the ocean observing community to increase their efforts in capacity‐building and education.
Post OceanObs09 Working GroupWorking toward a framework for sustained Ocean Obs by
late 2010
• …. aligned and responsive to International Framework Conventions and Treaties. Some obvious examples are:– United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change– Convention on Biodiversity– Agenda 21 (Sustainability)
• ….priority for the organizing (high-level international management) effort and our framework development will be sustained, global observing systems.
OceanObs CoP - why not more focus on ……
• Clarity of the need for ocean observations, on the “pull”, on the societal value
• On a broader view of the end to end infrastructure – from ships to observing platforms in-situ and remote, on data management, on data utilization, on ocean data assimilation, on challenging ocean and coupled models, on developing valued products
• On formalization of national and agency commitments to ocean observing, including cooperation (e.g., sharing of ships and platforms)
Community of Practice: OCEANOBS
• Terms of Reference •• I. Purpose • The Community of Practice OCEANOBS (CoP) will bring decision makers from different stakeholder
organisations i.e. coordinators of national observing programs and representatives of the ocean science community together as a forum for providing improved coordination across observing systems and with users of ocean information and for introducing GEOSS principles and goals into the oceans realm. The CP shall address cross cutting issues impacting observing systems and their users, to define common monitoring strategies, scientific objectives and implementation strategies.
•• II. Objectives • 1. Facilitate international coordination of ocean observing programs in regard to common monitoring
goals • 2. Promote capacity building in the field of ocean observations• 3. Encourage harmonization of data collection and dissemination processes• 4. Support the implementation of GEOSS principles by engaging stakeholders in this field to improve
and enable open exchange of data and information following agreed upon data sharing principles. • 5. Assist in ensuring continuity in the operation of observing systems and in access to data and
information.• 6. Facilitate linkages and partnerships between established and upcoming observation system
operators. • 7. Give advice to the GEO Secretariat on issues related to observing the world oceans.•
Community of Practice: OCEANOBS
• III. Approach and Functions • The CoP will work with all ocean observing system operators to ensure that the best knowledge and
information are available to support the implementation of GEOSS in the ocean realm, and to contribute to the realization of benefits through GEOSS. The activities of the CP will be:
• Facilitate continuous information exchange between ocean observing system operators to allow for a truly global monitoring of the status of the oceans.
• Forming task groups to address specific issues and to develop recommendations for cross-cutting issues.
• Work with the science community to identify common goals in observing programs and gaps to be filled• Recommend a mechanism to identify, document, and prioritize requirements of major stakeholders for
current and future ocean observation systems, and review and update these requirements through consultation with stakeholders and in coordination with the GEO Science and Technology Committee and User Interface Committee.
•• IV. Membership• The CoP is open to all practitioners in the field of ocean observations and analyses. The CoP will have
senior representatives of national and international observing systems.•• V. Working Methods• The CoP will meet semi-annually by telephone except where a majority of the members request an in-
person meeting. Meetings will have an agenda defined no less that one week before a meeting; the agenda may be modified at the time of the meeting. Minutes of meetings shall be published within two weeks of the meeting. Minutes shall be available to all CP members.
• The CoP shall report recommendations to relevant GEO committees and other relevant GEO organizations.
Oceans Community of Practice
