PROBLEMSTATEMENTS

Design Realization

DesignEvaluation

Problem Analysis

DesignGeneration

CON

CEPTU

AL

SOLU

TION

S

VALI

DAT

ION

APPLIED SOLUTIONS

USE

R EX

PERI

ENC

E D

ESIG

N C

YCLE

THE

BASI

C D

ESIG

N C

YCLE

DRIVING VISIONGround the driving vision in the reality of end-user’s purposes & needs

DRIVING VISIONGround the driving vision in the reality of end-user’s purposes & needs STATE

OF THE ARTDescribe the technological landscape into which the

solution must fit

COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS

STAKEHOLDER INTERVIEWS

EARLY ADOPTER INTERVIEWS

FOCUS GROUPS

TECHNOLOGY SURVEY

MARKET RESEARCH

LITERATURE REVIEW CONTEXT

OF USEDescribe the real-world working

environments in which the

solution must operate

USER PROFILESDescribe the people for whomthe solution must be effective

TASKCHARACTERISTICSDescribe the activities & tasks the users must accomplish

PHOTO-ETHNOGRAPHY

CONTEXTUAL INQUIRY

PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION

CONTEXT MATRIX

PERSONAS

USER STORIES

CHARACTERMATRIX

NEEDS-FINDING

TASKANALYSIS

GOALHIERARCHIES

ACTIVITY MATRIX

SCENARIOSOF USEIllustrate tacit requirements for

case-based reasoning

FORMALREQUIREMENTS

Describe benchmarks foranalytical reasoning

STORYBOARDS

TASK CASES

WORK FLOWSUSER PERFORMANCE

REQUIREMENTS

USER FUNCTIONALREQUIREMENTS

PROBLEMSTATEMENTVERIFICATIONDetermine how well problemdescriptions reflectunderlying realities PERFORMANCE

TESTINGTest aspects of design with

real users performingreal tasks

SIMULATIONTESTING

Test aspects of design with real or simulated users performing

simulated tasks

USA

BILITY

TESTING

A/B

COM

PARISO

N

TESTING

FIELD TESTINGTest implemented design with real users

performing real tasks in

real settings

PERSONA ANDSCENARIO REVIEWS

REQUIREMENTS REVIEWS

MEN

TAL

SIM

ULA

TIO

NS

COG

NIT

IVE

WA

LK-T

HRO

UG

HS

HEU

RIST

IC

EVA

LUAT

ION

S

PILOT STUDIES

USABILITYSTUDIES

USERSURVEYS

CUSTOMERFEEDBACK

EXPE

RTIN

SPEC

TIO

NS

DESIGNREPRESENTATIONSCreate artifacts that demonstrate select dimensions of proposed designs

DESIGNREPRESENTATIONSCreate artifacts that demonstrate select dimensions of proposed designs

DESIGNIMPLEMENTATIONS

Implement parts of or entire design in final form

SOFTWARE CODE

SKETCHES

WIREFRAMES

VARIABLE-FIDELITY MOCKUPS

ICONS

PHYSICAL MODELS

INTERACTIVE PROTOTYPES

SOFTWARE PROTOTYPES

GRAPHICALIMAGERY

DESIGNFRAMEWORKDefine the overarching design concepts and metaphors

DETAILED DESIGN

Describe salient designdimensions in detail

PRODUCTSPECIFICATIONSArticulate specifications and guiding principles of the design

CONCEPTUALDESIGN

SCREEN-FLOW & NAVIGATIONMODEL

PARTICIPATORYDESIGN

INFORMATIONARCHITECTURE

INTERACTIONMODEL

INTERFACEMETAPHORSSTYLE

GUIDELINES

DESIGNSPECIFICATIONS

TEST CASES

VISUALMETAPHORS

YOUR RESEARCHERS TODAY ARE:

Carolanne is an innovative product designer and aprogressive methodologist with over 25 years expe-rience creating highly flexible and responsive userenvironments for complex, data- and technology-intensive systems. She specializes in applying soundresearch methodologies to define users’ goals, tasks,and environments and designing the robust, scala-ble user interfaces, interaction models, and interac-tion architectures needed to support them.

Carolanne earned her Ph.D. in Cognitive Psychologywith a concentration in Computer Science atCarnegie-Mellon University, where she was a Na-tional Science Foundation Fellow. She is currentlythe Chief Design Scientist and Managing Partner atQuintus Design LLC. Her clients include DirecTV,Hewlett Packard, Sun Microsystems, Polycomm,Qwest Communications, and the Department ofDefense.

CAROLANNE FISHER, PhD

Susanne is User Experience Strategist for OOI-CI,where she also advises on and supports team col-laboration and communication. She brings a richand varied background to the project, including 20years of experience in user interface research, designand development, ranging from usability testing forYahoo! to design of sms-based public health systemsin rural Cambodia. Her research interests and con-sulting activities aim to develop effective practicesand support for time-critical problem-solving anddecision-making in ambiguous situations and col-laborative leadership in emergent teams.

Susanne holds a PhD in Computer Science, special-izing in Human-Computer Interaction, from theUniversity of Michigan. She was a National ResearchCouncil Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Pacific DisasterCenter in Hawaii, and is current Vice-Chair of IS-CRAM (the International Association for the Studyof Information Systems for Crisis Response andManagement).

SUSANNE JUL, PhDSJul@acm.org

who

areyou?

wha

t do you do?

whe

re

do you work?

wha

t tools do you use?

how

do you work? A DESIGN SCIENCEDesign is, inherently, both a science andan art. A science because it is a system-atic process based on collection of datathrough observation and experimenta-tion, and formulation and testing of hy-potheses. An art because the processcontains steps that are entirely subjec-tive, and its outcomes are unique. Theformer allows specific design domainsto develop and apply scientific princi-ples and methods, while the lattermakes the human factor essential. Thecombination reflects the wicked natureof design problems.

10 CHARACTERISTICS OF“WICKED” PROBLEMSParaphrased from Rittel, H. W. J., Webber, M. M.(1973). Dilemmas in a General Theory of Plan-ning. Policy Sciences, 4, 155-169.

1. There is no definitive formulation of awicked problem; the problem canonly be understood in terms of pos-sible solutions.

2. There is no way of knowing when awicked problem has been solved.

3. Solutions to wicked problems are notright or wrong, but good or bad.

4. It is not possible to define a definitetest for whether a solution solves theproblem.

5. Every attempt at a solution is uniqueand unrepeatable.

6. A wicked problem has an infinitenumber of possible solutions.

7. Every wicked problem is essentiallyunique.

8. Every wicked problem can be consid-ered to be a symptom of anotherproblem.

9. Every solution depends on subjectivedecisions.

10. Every attempt at a solution incurs acost; being wrong is unacceptable.

DESIGNING USER EXPERIENCES FOR A NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE IS DAUNTING!Designing user experience for a single product, product line or family of products entailsunderstanding the end users, their tasks and contexts, and is difficult. Designing user ex-perience for an infrastructure adds a need to understand the products and services the in-frastructure must support, the providers of such services as well as their tasks and contexts,and is challenging. Designing user experience for a national infrastructure increases the di-versity of people, tasks, and contexts to be understood by many orders of magnitude, andis daunting.

And yet, while the number of users and uses is multiplied manifold, we believe that thenumber of designers is also multiplied. By leveraging participatory design approaches,crowd-sourcing techniques, and collaborative technologies, we aim to allow end users tocontribute to design activities and participate in design decisions directly. We also aim toenlist participation from the design and educational communities so that OOI CI can bea truly national scientific effort.

We look forward to working with you!

Ocean Observatories Initiative Cyberinfrastructure

Human beings are wonderfully imaginative, flexible and innovative. Unfortunately, theirperformance, productivity and creativity depend on their state of mind, which, in turn, issensitive to wide range of factors including their physical well-being, emotional circum-stances, intellectual background and surrounding environment. The User Experience is "aperson's perceptions and responses that result from the use or anticipated use of a prod-uct, system or service” [ISO 9241-210], in other words, the state of mind induced by an ar-tifact or design.

OOI CI is committed to providing a user experience that is intellectually stimulating, sci-entifically productive, and conducive to transformative innovation. To achieve this goal, weapply the science of user experience design, which, like all design sciences, draws on a stronginterdisciplinary context, including theories and methods from diverse fields such as ar-chitecture, art, behavioral, social and cognitive sciences, business, computer science, engi-neering, life sciences, and product design.

participatory design

visual metaphor

design guidelines

interactionm

etaphor

screen flow

requ

irem

ents

revi

ew

men

tal s

imul

atio

n

a/b

test

ing

usab

ility

stud

y

cust

omer

feed

back

software code

interactive prototype

physical model

wireframesketch