Ocean Governance for the United States A New Approach The Project on Ocean Governance School of Marine Affairs University of Washington

Ocean Governance for the United States

A New Approach

The Project on Ocean Governance

School of Marine Affairs

University of Washington

Overview

History Background of the United States Commission

on Ocean Policy Commission Recommendations

The 6 Phases of National Ocean Policy1. 1945-1960: National attention focused on the oceans

2. 1966-1970: The high point of national marine policy development

3. 1970’s: The proliferation of environmental and ocean and coastal legislation

4. 1980’s: International Law of the Sea Development

5. 1990’s: International environmental law emerges

6. 2000 – the present: A renewed approach to nat’l ocean policy

National attention focused on the oceans

Truman Declarations of 1945 Tidelands Controversy 1947 - 53 Submerged Lands Act and Outer Continental

Shelf Lands Act UN CLOS I and II (1958 and 1960)

Post WWII: 1945-1960

The high point

Established by the President Cabinet level council chaired by the Vice

President Issued five annual reports

describing US ocean activities

and expenditures, and

declaring Administration

policy

The Marine Science Council, 1966-1972

Hubert H. Humphrey, Chairman

The high point

Expert panel of 15 commissioners Chaired by non-governmental, academic,

philanthropic leader, Julius Stratton Published influential report "Our Nation and the

Sea" (1969)

The Stratton Commission, 1966-1970

The proliferation of legislation

Coastal Zone Management Act Marine Mammal Protection Act Marine Sanctuary Protection Act Ocean Dumping Act National Advisory Committee on Oceans and

Atmosphere Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act Amendments Magnuson Fisheries Conservation and Management Act Port and Waterway Safety Act Deepwater Ports Act

US Federal Legislation of the 1970s

Law of the Sea Development

LOSC III signed but US does not sign or ratify

Proclamation of 200 mile EEZ, 1983Territorial Sea expanded to 12 miles in

1988

International policy development

UNCED 1992, Agenda 21, GCC and CBD Conventions, LOSC enters into force

International aid, global foundations, and regional action

International scientific collaborations Growth of the NGO sector

The 1990s

Low Water

12 NM

High Seas

Baselin

e

C.Z.

?? NM

T.S.

Continental Shelf

Expansion of ocean jurisdictionThe 1958 zonal approach

Thanks to Craig Allen

Deep Seabed

Hig

h S

eas

Uplands

Internalwaters

*Baselin

e*

*Baselin

e*

12 NM

Tidelands

12 NM

200 NM

EEZ(188 NM wide)

High WaterHigh WaterLow Low WaterWater

Continental Shelf

C.Z.

Submerged Lands

T.S.

Expansion of ocean jurisdictionThe modern regime

Thanks to Craig Allen

The renewal of national ocean policy

1990-1997: heightened academic call for “Stratton II”

1997-2000: Policy debate over a National Oceans Act

2000: The Oceans Act is passed and establishes the United States Commission on Ocean Policy Objective is to develop recommendations to present to the

President and Congress for “coordinated and comprehensive national ocean policy”.

The Oceans Act of 2000

The renewal of national ocean policy

Bi-partisan panel Broad range of

expertise Geographic balance

The U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy

Recommendations of the United States Commission on Ocean Policy

The Final Report

Draft report circulated April 2004 Final report submitted Sept. 20, 2004 titled “An

Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century” Informed by testimony of over 440 presenters in 10

regions of U.S. 9 Parts and 30 Chapters Appendices include:

Inventory of U.S. Ocean and Coastal Facilities Summary of current US ocean and coastal laws and

regulations Testimony received Governor’s comments Other

Presidential response

The President has 90 days to submit to Congress a statement of proposals to implement or respond to the Commission’s recommendations.

Final Report Contents

Coordinated andComprehensiveNational Ocean

Policy

Advancing our understanding

Education

America’s Coasts: Living on the Edge

Water Quality and Pollution

International role

Ocean Value & Vitality

The new ocean governance framework



Policy


Education



International role


The new ocean policy framework

K-12 Higher Ed & the

workforce Informal ed

Education and the workforce

Education coordination and development are key functions within the National Ocean Council

Align education with workforce needs Develop diverse ocean-related education at all post-

secondary levels Promote federal stipends for ocean-related education at the

post-secondary level Encourage cross-disciplinary courses of ocean study



Policy


Education



International role



Watersheds Natural hazards Restoration Shorelines Commerce

Coastal management

Managing Coasts and their watersheds

Protecting people and property from natural hazards

Conserving and Restoring Coastal Habitat

Managing Sediments and Shorelines

Supporting Marine Commerce and Transportation

“A new generation of coastal management”

Coastal management

Upgrade management of increasingly crowded shores (e.g. smart growth, cumulative impacts)

Link coastal and watershed management and improve federal support for watershed initiatives

Improve performance and procedures of coastal management programs

Consider merging area-based ocean and coastal resource programs

Managing Coasts and their Watersheds

Coastal management

Address growing costs of coastal hazards and data needs

Eliminate federal incentives that encourage inappropriate development

Better incorporate hazard risk into federal project analysis

Improve awareness of hazard risks Improve the National Flood

Insurance Program Improve hazard mitigation planning

Protection from natural hazards

www.ecy.wa.gov

Washaway Beach, WA

Ocean Shores, WA

www.ecy.wa.gov

Coastal management

The need to conserve and restore

Conserving coastal habitat Habitat conservation programs Funding for Habitat

Conservation Restoring coastal habitat The need for better

understanding The special case of wetlands

Conserving and restoring coastal habitat

Restore America’s Estuaries, seagrass transplant-ation

NOAA CRP, salmon restoration

Coastal management

Sediments Federal role Human intervention

Changing quantities Changing quality (coping

with contaminated sediments)

The need for management Costs and benefits of

dredging Research gaps

Managing sediments and shorelines

Twelve Mile Creek receiving flow from Birch Creek which is carrying a heavy sediment load, central Alaska.

http://www.cerc.cr.usgs.gov

Coastal management

Importance of US Marine Transportation System (MTS)

Improve coordination between MTS components

Link MTS to National transportation infrastructure

Meet information needs for planning future growth

Enhance emergency preparedness

Marine commerce and transportation

Port of Seattle



Policy


Education



International role



Coastal pollution Monitoring Vessel

pollution

Invasive species Marine

debris


Coastal waters under siege

Managing point sources of pollution

Managing nonpoint sources of pollution

Managing atmospheric sources of pollution

Addressing coastal water pollution

EPA office of water


Limiting vessel pollution and improving vessel safety

Flag state oversight, port state control, controlling pollution, research

Preventing the spread of invasive species Current approaches, major vectors, prevention,

improving management Reducing marine debris

Current efforts, derelict fishing gear, port reception facilities



Policy


Education



International role



FisheriesMammals

AquacultureOffshore non-living resources

Ocean Value and Vitality

Upgrade scientific input and separate scientific and management decisions

Strengthen research that supports management of commercial and recreational fishing

Clarify fishery management jurisdictions and upgrade interstate fishery organizations

Broaden Fishery Council membership

Achieving Sustainable Fisheries


Authorize use of dedicated access privileges Repeal programs that promote overcapitalization Improve fishery enforcement through cooperation

and technology Move toward ecosystem based management

through habitat protection, by-catch reduction, and multi-species management

Upgrade management of international fisheries

Achieving Sustainable Fisheries, cont’d


Threats to marine mammals

Improving marine mammal protection

Meeting research and education needs

Applying ecosystem-based management

Protecting Marine Mammals

www.noaanews.noaa.gov

www.yoto98.noaa.gov

www.ucsc.edu


Coral ecosystems The existing management

framework International coral reef

protection Improving understanding of

corals

Preserving Coral Reefs

FKNMS

Marine Archaeology


Challenges to expansion

Developing and implementing national aquaculture policy

Increasing the knowledge base

International concerns and cooperation

Marine aquaculture

www.photolib.noaa.gov

Offshore Pacific threadfin (Moi) pen, HI


Links between oceans and human health Beneficial uses of marine-derived bio-products Negative health impacts of marine organisms Increasing federal coordination of oceans and

human health research

Connecting oceans and human health

www.wdfw.wa.gov


Non-living resources in federal waters

Oil and gas Methane hydrates Renewable energy Other marine minerals

Development of offshore energy and other mineral resources

Wave Dragon – a large offshore wave energy converter

www.wavedragon.net

Oil and Gas Development

Trend toward deepwater developmentOCSLA vs. CZMAFederal-State relations

Oil and Gas Development



PolicyAdvancing our understanding

Education



International role



Research Observing systems Technology Data

Advancing Our Understanding

Ocean science and technology The need for a national strategy Advancing research Building a national ocean exploration program Coordinating and consolidating marine operations

National strategies for research, exploration, and marine operations

Research/ Education

Hydrothermal vent

ROV Tiburon

R/V Western Flyer

Monterey Bay Aquarium/ MBARI


Taking stock of existing ocean observing systems Examining the current state of IOOS Enumerating the elements of a successful IOOS Achieving the vision of a national observation

network Looking beyond IOOS Strengthening international partnerships

A National integrated ocean observing system

Ocean Research/Observing Systems

The Neptune Project

Ocean Observing SystemsCoastal Ocean Observing Lab

Ocean Observing SystemsU.S. Coastal Observing SystemsNE Atlantic Coast

NOAA CSS


Advancing ocean and coastal science w/ modern tools

Need for improved infrastructure and tech development

Funding the modernization of critically needed assets

Creating virtual marine technology centers

Enhancing infrastructure and technology development

S-PALACE float dive profilewww.htp.whoi.edu/floats/spalace


The importance of data and information management

The current US data management structure The imbalance between incoming data and current

management capabilities A new generation of data and info management Meeting the challenges of a new century

Managing data and information



Policy


Education



International role



International ocean policy and science

The U.S. Role in the International Community

International importance of oceans Evolution of the international ocean regime Developing and implementing international policy Enhancing international ocean science Building international ocean science and

management capacity

Advancing international ocean policy and science



Policy


Education



International role


The new ocean governance framework National Council

Regional Approach Offshore management Consolidation

Governance framework

National Ocean Policy CouncilStimulating Regional ApproachOffshore ManagementConsolidation as appropriate

A phased approach

Governance frameworkThe national level initiative

Executive Office of the President

National Ocean CouncilChair: Assistant to the

Presidentfor Ocean Affairs

Ocean Policy

Advisors(non-federal)

Scientific and Technical Advisors

Committee on Ocean Resource Management

Committee on Ocean Science, Applications and Technology

National Ocean Council

Develop goals for national ocean governance Recommend and oversee national ocean policy Coordinate/ integrate activities of federal ocean agencies Stimulate regional approaches to ocean management Identify redundancies Guide use of science for policy Support partnerships: agency/NGO, private/public Expand agency outreach Assess state of nation’s oceans and coasts

Functions

The regional approach

Take the initiative on ocean management Set agenda and determine organizational

structure Receive federal support Define regions (initially based on fisheries

management regions)

“Bottom-up” policy development

The regional approach

Characterize the region Develop goals and objectives Facilitate regional research Coordinate collaborative ocean

management Build awareness Develop regional ecosystem

assessments Monitor and evaluate regional

performance Identify opportunities for offshore uses (e.g.

renewable energy, MPA’s)

Potential functions

USGS

Improving governance of the offshore

Meet Growing Need

Clarify Offshore Responsibilities

Ensure fair return from use of resources

Use Marine Protected Areas as Appropriate

A coordinated management regime

Renewable ocean energy Offshore wind farms: Horns Rev, Denmark

www.hornsrev.dk

www.hornsrev.dk

Renewable ocean energyMassachusetts wind farm sites

Marine Protected Areas

Strengthening Federal Structure

Phase 1: Create an organic act for NOAA that strengthens its structure and ability for:

Science, assessment, and prediction of ocean, coastal, and atmospheric environments

Management of marine areas and resources

Research and Education

Consolidation

Strengthening Federal Structure

Phase 1: Address cross-cutting issues (e.g. education and international) at a higher level within NOAA

Phase 2: Consolidate as appropriate -- for example, in the coastal zone, consolidate “area management programs”

Phase 3: Create a Natural Resources Agency that brings terrestrial, atmosphere and ocean agencies together

Consolidation, cont’d

Prerequisites for Implementation

Leadership at all levels of government-- Executive, Congress, the states, locals, tribes

Collaboration among governmental and private stakeholders

Investment by the federal government-- $3.9 Billion per year after five years

An Ocean Blueprint for the 21st Century

Thank you

The Project on Ocean Governance

School of Marine Affairs

University of Washington

Documents

Ocean Governance for the United States A New Approach The Project on Ocean Governance School of Marine Affairs University of Washington