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http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics
Ocean Accounts
Teerapong Praphotjanaporn.
Statistics Division, ESCAP
http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics
Ocean Science 101
Ecosystems & the Ocean2
The oceanBiophysicalEcosystems
Socio-economicConsumptionAccumulation
AtmosphereClimateWeather
Land & Freshwater
BiophysicalEcosystems +Natural inputs
+Services
-Residuals
-Modification
-Heat
-Acidification
-CO2
+Oxygen
+Water
+Oxygen
-CO2
Impacts:
Climate change
Sea-level rise
Natural disasters
Ecological collapse
Knowns: The ocean is essential.
Known unknowns: How essential?
Unknown unknowns: What if?
http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statisticsEcosystems & the Ocean3
https://oceanaccounts.unescap.org
http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics
SNAOcean economy
Illegal, unreported,unregulated
SEEA
Natural assets & flows Wastes
ExpendituresTaxes & subsidies
SEEA Ecosystems
ExtentConditions
BiodiversityServices & values
Missing
BeneficiariesTechnology
GovernanceManagement
SNA + SEEA + ? = Ocean Accounts
ESCAP Ocean Accounts Partnership4
SNA = System of National Accounts
SEEA = System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics
The OceanA Different kind of “ecosystem”
Ecosystems & the Ocean8
• It’s very large
• Water & species keep moving
• Multi-layer
• All looks the same from a satellite
• Trans-boundary / shared / most outside of national jurisdictions
• Less studied / known / measured
• Interacts with climate, disaster, food…
• Not tested with SEEA
• ESCAP YouTube Video; UN Environment: Ocean Pollution
http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics
Ocean accounts – Map view
National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI)SEEA Ecosystem extent- Land Accounts: Terrestrial and Freshwater ecosystem types- Catchment areas- Coastal communities- Coastal infrastructure- Pollution sourcesOcean spatial units- Ocean ecosystem types- Marine protected areas- Fishery, tourism, mining areas- Water quality / temperatureNational statistics- Emissions, effluents, wastes- Assets: fish stock- Supply/use: catch, beneficiariesGovernance- Mandates Analyses- Main sources of land-based pollution (by whom)- Degraded and pristine “Hot spots”- Cost/benefit of rehabilitation and protection- Value of natural inputs (to whom)- Policy options → values at risk- Capture of “rent” (returns on investment)
ESCAP Ocean Accounts Partnership9
EU01 EU02
EU04
EU05
EU10 EU11
EU09
EU07EU06
EU08
http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statisticsEcosystems & the Ocean10
Ocean accounts – Table view
Ocean Assets:
Drivers Ocean Extent Ocean Services Supply (physical)
Specific units % to ocean hectares
Minerals
(T)
Energy
(MToE)
Fish
stocks (T) Service (specific units)
SEEA Air emissions Beginning of period Provisioning
SEEA Effluents1 + additions Regulating and maintenance
SEEA Solid wastes1 - reductions Cultural1. would benefit from spatial disaggregation End of period Abiotic: Minerals, energy, medium for transport
Ocean governance Ocean Conditions Ocean Services Use (physical)
Specific units Specific units
Minerals
(T)
Energy
(MToE)
Fish
stocks (T) Service (specific units)
Policies, plans and regulations Acidification (pH) Provisioning
Institutions Eutrophication (BOD) Regulating and maintenance
Management practices Plastics (T) Cultural
Technologies Carbon3 Abiotic: Minerals, energy, medium for transport
SEEA Protection Expenditures Biodiversity3 4. Disaggregated by coastal/urban/rural, high/low
- research Temperature (°C) income, male/female
- enforcement Accessibility/quality
SEEA Goods and Services 2. Including critical natural capital areas, settlements, coastal Ocean Services Supply (Monetary5)
- technologies infrastructure, protected areas, fishing zones, designated tourist areas, Service (monetary unit)
coral reefs, mangroves, coastal beaches… Provisioning3 As in the SEEA-EEA, Carbon and Biodiversity could be full accounts. Regulating and maintenance
Cultural
Note: This is a stylistic representation of the SEEA-EEA with additional Abiotic: Minerals, energy, medium for transport
components required for including sources of land-based pollution, 6. Would benefit from 5. Only some services can be valued in monetary terms.
abiotic services (such as minerals, energy and medium for transport), disaggregation by
expenditures and governance. This is not as comprehensive as described large/small enterprise and Ocean Services Use (Monetary4)
in the text. Much of the data on flows of land-based pollution, ecosystem linkage to employment by Service (monetary unit)
types, and condition would be derived from detailed maps and beneficiary type. Provisioning
aggregated as shown in the tables for reporting. Regulating and maintenance
Cultural
Abiotic: Minerals, energy, medium for transport
Beneficiary type
SEEA-CF Mineral and Energy
Assets; Aquatic resources
Ecosystem Type
Industry
Industry
Ecosystem Type2
Ecosystem Type2 Ecosystem Type
Beneficiary type4
SNA for some services6
http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics
Regional expert workshop (Aug. 2018)
Remaining research issues…
1. Spatial units & ecosystem classification: Delineate units
2. Ecosystem services: Expand existing classifications
3. Disaster risk & climate change: Establish shared standards
4. Social: Identify communities, artisanal fishers, target groups
5. Economic: Standard definitions & valuation of non-SNA
6. Global data: What is available and how to use it
7. Measuring SDG14: Metadata & new indicators
8. Ocean governance: International, regional and national
9. Modelling: Experience and opportunities
10. Priorities for pilot studies and research
Ecosystems & the Ocean11
http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics
What is the ocean economy?
Ocean Accounts - Services Supply and Use12
Where activity occurs
Who depends on it
Who contributes to it
How to define? Scope (Blue economy,
ocean industry, marine…)
How to value non-SNA benefits?
SEEA: exchange value NOT welfare value
Who benefits?
Large/small; local/global
2. Review
http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics
A working definition (China, KMI…)
Ocean Accounts - Services Supply and Use13
SNASEEA
CFSEEAEEA
Activity accounts Service Supply
Services Use
http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics
Ocean Accounts
Status updates on national pilots
http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics
Activities and timelinesActivity Objectives Timeline
Scoping assessment • Review existing ocean-related policy priorities, concerns, stakeholders, institutional mechanisms; existing data; constraints and opportunities
• Suggest options for the pilot
Jan-May 2019
1st national workshop • Ocean accounts/SEEA training• Review/discuss scoping report• Agree on pilot topic and geographical
area• Develop work plan
Jan-May 2019
Pilot implementation • Conduct the pilot project‐ Technical support from local
consultants and ESCAP
May-Oct 2019
2nd national workshop • Review/discuss pilot results Oct 2019
Regional workshop • Present pilot results• Share lessons learned• Discuss next steps
Nov 2019
16
http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics
Thailand
• Lead agency: National Statistical Office
• First workshop held (15 Jan 2019)
• Pilot topic: Sustainable tourism - linkages between tourism, the environment and the ocean• Stage I: TSA-SEEA (water, energy and solid waste accounts)
• Stage II: Mapping land cover, tourism and ecosystem information to identify tourism potentials and sites for conservation
• Stage III: Building scenarios to inform decisions on tourism sustainability
• Geographical scope: five Andaman provinces (PhangNga, Phuket, Krabi, Trang, and Satun)
17
http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics
Malaysia
• Lead agency: Department of Statistics
• First workshop held (4-5 Apr 2019)
• Pilot topic: Living resources in Straits of Malacca• Stage I: Test accounts and change matrix of selected ecosystem
extent and conditions
• Stage II: Test valuation of selected ocean services
• Geographical scope: Straits of Malacca
18
http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics
Viet Nam
• Lead agency: Institute of Strategy and Policy on Natural Resources and Environment (ISPONRE)
• First workshop held (23-24 Apr 2019)
• Pilot topic: Land-based pollution, tourism and ecosystem impacts• Stage I: Estimating and allocating land-based pollution to
drainage basins
• Stage II: Mapping ecosystems (extent, conditions, services) and designated uses
• Stage III: Estimating impacts of tourism on ecosystems
• Geographical scope: Quang Ninh province
19
http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics
Samoa
• Lead agency: Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
• First workshop held (7-8 May 2019)
• Pilot topic: Sustainable tourism - accounting for the environment and selected ocean factors (tbc)• Stage I: Developing a test Tourism Satellite Account (TSA)
• Stage II: TSA-SEEA (water, energy, solid waste and possibly land)
• Geographical scope: national
20
http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics
China
21
• Lead agency: Fourth Institute of Oceanography
• First workshop held (15-16 May 2019)
• Pilot topic: Ecosystem mapping in Beihai Bay• Stage I: Creating change matrix of key ecosystem types
(mangroves, coral reefs, etc.)
• Stage II: Analyzing important ecosystem conditions
• Stage III: Calculating changes in essential ecosystem services
• Geographical scope: Beihai Bay, Guangxi province
http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics
Good news!
• Ocean Accounts don’t need to be complete to be useful
• Growing international interest and support• Special Envoy, Oceans Conference, UNSC, COP23, GEO
• Partnerships, platforms and pathways
• Evidence for good governance; Blue Financing…
• ESCAP support for partnerships for governance & statistics• Horizontal (topic, country) & vertical (international, regional)
• We can learn from each other• Progress on SEEA (capacity & guidance)
• Interest in data and statistics
Ecosystems & the Ocean22
http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics
Take home points
• Ocean Accounts are an extension and adaptation of the SEEA to the ocean and SDG14
• The SNA could provide more detail on the ocean economy
• The SEEA Central Framework could be spatially detailed to give information on• Solid wastes, wastewater, water emissions
• Fish stocks and catch
• Seafloor mineral assets, energy potential
• SEEA Ecosystems needs:• Spatial infrastructure and classification of marine ecosystems
• (Environmental) accountants can save the ocean!
Ecosystems & the Ocean23
http://www.unescap.org/our-work/statistics
References: The Ocean
European Environment Agency. 2016. Workshop on options for marine ecosystem accounts, March 2016.
GESAMP. 2016. “Sources, fate and effects of microplastics in the marine environment: part two of a global assessment” (Kershaw, P.J., and Rochman, C.M., eds). (Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection). Rep. Stud. GESAMP No. 93, 220 p. http://www.gesamp.org/data/gesamp/files/file_element/0c50c023936f7ffd16506be330b43c56/rs93e.pdf
IMO (International Maritime Organization). 2012. International Shipping Facts and Figures – Information Resources on Trade, Safety, Security, Environment. http://www.imo.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/ShipsAndShippingFactsAndFigures/TheRoleandImportanceofInternationalShipping/Documents/International%20Shipping%20-%20Facts%20and%20Figures.pdf
Jambeck, J.R. et al. 2015. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean. Science, 347(6223), pp.768-771.
Mcleod, E. et al. 2011. A blueprint for blue carbon: toward an improved understanding of the role of vegetated coastal habitats in sequestering CO2. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 9(10), 552-560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/110004
Neumann, B. et al. 2015. Future coastal population growth and exposure to sea-level rise and coastal flooding-a global assessment. PloS one, 10(3), p.e0118571. http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0118571
SANBI. 2013. National ecosystem classification system. Concept note. http://gsdi.geoportal.csir.co.za/projects/national-biodiversity-assessment-of-2018
Sayre R, et al. 2017. A three-dimensional mapping of the ocean based on environmental data. Oceanography. 30(1):90–103.
Sayre R., et al. 2018. A new 30 meter resolution global shoreline vector and associated global islands database for the development of standardized ecological coastal units, Journal of Operational Oceanography, DOI: 10.1080/1755876X.2018.1529714
Spalding, M. D., Fox, H. E., Allen, G. R., Davidson, N., Ferdaña, Z. A., Finlayson, M. A. X., ... & Martin, K. D. (2007). Marine ecoregions of the world: a bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. AIBS Bulletin, 57(7), 573-583.
Statistics Canada, 2013. Human Activity and the Environment: Measuring Ecosystem Goods and Services 2013. 16-201-XWE. Ottawa: Government of Canada. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/16-201-x/2013000/aftertoc-aprestdm1-eng.htm
United Nations. 2016. First Global Integrated Marine Assessment. www.un.org/Depts/los/woa
United Nations. nd. UN Atlas of the Oceans. http://www.oceansatlas.org/home/en/
Ecosystems & the Ocean24