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Occupational Health: The Anna Baetjer CourseBruce Lippy, Ph.D., CIH, CSP
Director of Safety Research CPWRDirector of Safety Research, CPWR5/5/12
Topics we will cover:Topics we will cover:
1. Fatality and injury data for the construction industry
2. Major hazards on construction sites3. Managing and controlling construction3. Managing and controlling construction
exposures4 Safety of green construction4. Safety of green construction5. Construction workers during disaster
responsesresponses
Topic OneTopic One
Fatality and injury data for h i i dthe construction industry
Rate of deaths from injuries in construction, selected countries, 2005selected countries, 2005
14.0ItalyDeaths per 100,000 workers
11.1
14.0
United States
Spain
7.0
9.8
Norway
Finland
5 9
6.0
Australia
Germany
No w y
4 8
5.0
5.9
S it l d
Canada (Ontario)
Australia
4.4
4.8
Sweden
Switzerland
Rate of work-related deaths from injuries, by major industry 2005 (All employment)by major industry, 2005 (All employment)
30 9A i lt
Rate per 100,000 full-time workers
12 7
20.7
30.9
Transportation
Mining
Agriculture
4 5
11.1
12.7
Public admin
Construction
Transportation
2 3
3.0
4.5
Manufacturing
Wholesale and Retail
Public admin
1 0
2.1
2.3
Finance
Services
Manufacturing
4.2
1.0
All industries
Finance
Rate of nonfatal injuries and illnesses with days away from work, by major industry, 2005 (Private wage-and-salary workers)
292.8TransportationRate per 10,000 full-time workers
210.8
239.5
292.8
Agriculture
Construction
Transportation
146 2
146.3
147.1
Mining
Retail
Manufacturing
131.9
145.9
146.2
Utilities
Wholesale
Mining
25 9
74.7
110.7
Finance
Information
Services
135.7
25.9
All industries
Finance
Rate of work-related deaths from injuries, selected industries 1992-2005 (All employment)industries, 1992-2005 (All employment)
30
35
Why does agriculture lead?25
30
ime
wor
kers
Why does agriculture lead?
15
20
100,
000
full-
ti
5
10
Rat
e pe
r 1
01992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
YearYear
Construction Agriculture Mining Manufacturing
Rate of nonfatal injuries and illnesses with days away from work , selected industries, 1992-2005 (Private , , (wage-and-salary workers)
600
500
me
wor
kers
300
400
0,00
0 fu
ll-tim
200
Rat
e pe
r 10
1001992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
YYear
Construction Agriculture Mining Manufacturing
Distribution of construction employment and work-related deaths from injuries byand work-related deaths from injuries, by establishment size, 2005
Employment(n=6,781,327)
27%
Work-related deaths(n=724)
21%
39%
55%
24%
34%
1-19 20-99 100+
Percentage of injuries and illnesses resulting in days away from work, by ethnicity and establishment size, 20052005
43.4%
50%
37.9% 36.9%40%
ases
Hispanic
White, non-Hispanic
24.8%27.5%
20%
30%
f non
fata
l ca
9.0%
15.6%
10%
20%
% o
f
0.6%
4.1%
0.2%0%
1 10 11 49 50 249 250 999 10001-10 11-49 50-249 250-999 1000+Establishment size
Latino crew at the leading edge
Photos courtesy of Robert Carr
Distribution of deaths from injuries in construction, by age group, 1992 versus co st uct o , by age g oup, 99 e sus2005
30%
20%
25%
ths
10%
15%
% o
f dea
t
5%
0%16-19 20-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+
Age group
1992 2005
Distribution of nonfatal injuries and illnesses resulting in days away from work in construction, bby age group, 1992 versus 2005
40%
25%
30%
35%
juri
es
15%
20%
25%
of n
onfa
tal i
nj
5%
10%% o
0%16-19 20-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+
Age group
1992 2005
Rate of work-related deaths from injuries, selected t ti ti 2003 2005construction occupations, 2003-2005 average
57 368.9Ironworker
Number of deaths per 100,000 full-time workers
25.526.5
29.657.3
LaborerTruck driver
RooferPower installer
11.116.3
20.121.0
ForemanOp engineer
HelperWelder
8.78.89.1
11.0
Construction managerBrickmason
Heat A/C mechElectrician
5 67.27.68.5
DrywallCarpenter
PlumberPainter
Construction manager
11.65.6
All constructionDrywall
Number of work-related deaths from injuries, j ,selected construction occupations, 2003-2005
884LaborerNumber of deaths
202220
297316
ElectricianConstruction manager
ForemanCarpenter
152159
198202
Op engineerTruck driver
RooferElectrician
7098108
143
Heat A/C mechIronworker
PlumberPainter
53546565
B i kPower installer
WelderHelper
3653
DrywallBrickmason
Topic Two
Major Hazards on
Topic Two
Major Hazards on Construction Jobs
Have you heard of the Focus Four hazards? Why does OSHA single them out?single them out? 1. Falls2. Struck By3. Caught in Between 4 El i l4. Electrical
IUOE National Training Fund
Out of 2,355 total construction fatalities, 79% were Focus Four hazards!
El t i l Caught
All Others 21%
Electrical11%
Caught in
Between
St k BStruck By24% Fall 34%
IUOE National Training Fund
1,856 Focus Four fatalities in 2003/2004 (BLS)
Leading causes of work-related deaths, construction, 1992-2005construction, 1992 2005
400
450
300
350
eath
s
200
250
Num
ber
of d
e
100
150
N
501992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Year
Fall to lower levelContact with electric currentHighway accidentStruck by object
What happens h f ll?
0.33 sec./2 feet
when you fall?• It takes most people
0.67 sec./7 feet
p pabout 1/3 of a second to become aware
1 sec./16 feet
aware• It takes another 1/3
of a second for theof a second for the body to react
• A body can fall up to 7 feet in 2/3 of a second
IUOE National Training Fund
2 sec./64 feet
Distribution of causes of deaths from falls in construction 1992Distribution of causes of deaths from falls in construction, 1992-2005 average
From roof (33%)
Other (25%)
F i d t t t l (8%)From girder, struct. steel (8%)
From ladder (16%)From scaffold, staging (18%)
Distribution of causes of injuries from falls involving days away f k t ti 2005from work, construction, 2005
On same level (34.0%)Other (27.5%)
From scaffold (8 3%)
From roof (6.1%)
From scaffold (8.3%)
From ladder (24.2%)
Wh t “ t k b ”Wh t “ t k b ”What are “struck-by”hazards?
What are “struck-by”hazards?hazards?hazards?
Powder-actuated hand toolsPowder actuated hand toolsWhat are the hazards?
• 37,000 people go to emergency rooms from
il i j i What is wrong with this nail gun injuries every yearThe hazards are similar
gpicture?
• The hazards are similar to those of firearms
• Sequential trip triggers• Sequential-trip triggers could prevent 65 percent of injuriesof injuries
Photo courtesy Laborers-AGC
Pneumatic nailersh b d fhave been made safer• Penetration checks must be made• All proper PPE must be wornAll proper PPE must be worn
Distribution of causes of trenching-related deaths in t ti 2003 2005construction, 2003-2005
Total = 159 deaths
Other causes (13%)
Struck by vehicle load (8%)
Struck by vehicle part (8%)
Cave-ins (71%)
Struck by vehicle load (8%)
Dedicated to PatrickDedicated to Patrick Walters
One of over 50 workers who needlessly die in trenching and
ti hexcavation each year
What do we know about the 542 “Patricks” who died inPatricks who died in excavations from 1992 to 2001?
• Average age was 38• Nearly half of their• Nearly half of their
companies had less than 10 employees10 employees
• Nearly all were employed by private companiesby private companies
• Cave-ins accounted for 76% of the deaths
Recovery of Patrick Walters’76% of the deaths
body
Is this a death trap?Is this a death trap?
Rate of deaths from electrocutions, selected construction ti 2003 2005
31.8Electrical power installer/repairerDeaths per 100,000 full-time workers
occupations, 2003-2005 average
4 8
5.0
13.4
Electrician
Helper
Earth driller
3.5
3.9
4.8
Ironworker
Construction laborer
Electrician
1 3
1.4
2.3
R f
Supervisor/manager
Welder, cutter
0.8
1.0
1.3
Heavy truck driver
Painter
Roofer
1.1All construction
Deaths caused by contact with electricity among electrical workers in construction, g ,2003-2005 average
Total = 124 deaths
Other (7%)
Electrical equipt & wiring (44%)
Lighting fixtures (17%)
Overhead power lines (32%)
Deaths caused by contact with electricity among non-electrical workers in construction,among non electrical workers in construction, 2003-2005 average
Total = 238 deaths
Other (7%)
Energized objects (5%)
Overhead power lines (57%)Electrical equipt & wiring (15%)
Machinery & appliances (16%)
Topic Three
M i d C t lli
Topic Three
Managing and Controlling Exposures on ConstructionExposures on Construction
Jobs
American National StandardsAmerican National Standards Institute has a standard called, “Occupational Health and SafetyOccupational Health and Safety Management Systems”
ANSI/AIHA Z10-2005
ANSI Z10 focuses on the strategic levels of policy and processesp
L f M t S t I l t tiLayers of Management System Implementation
Z-10 specifically uses the hierarchy p y yof controls (Section 5.1.1)
Eli i tiMost Effective Elimination
Substitution
Engineering Controls
Warnings
Administrative Controls
Personal Protection4-37
Least Effective
ANSI Z-10 provides a framework b ilt lit t l d lbuilt on a quality control model from business
Plan
DoAct DoAct
Check
What key elements does ANSI, OSHA VPP and DOE ISM have in common?VPP and DOE ISM have in common?
1. Management leadership1. Management leadership2. Employee involvement3 Hazard assessment3. Hazard assessment4. Hazard control5. Worker training
Involving workers pays off! (R i 2011)(Raines, 2011)
• Gallup (2006) surveyed 125 organizationsGallup (2006) surveyed 125 organizations and found top fourth of the companies scoring on worker involvement had 62%less accidents than the bottom fourth
• Molson Coors saved $1.7 million in safety costs in 2002 by strengthening employee involvement. Engaged employees were 5X less likely to have a safety incident andless likely to have a safety incident and 7X less likely to have a loss-time incident
Let’s face a real supervisor’sLet s face a real supervisor s choiceCommercial building HVAC / energy upgradespg
Must lift the unit on the roof from the wrong side of thefrom the wrong side of the building
This could be the result. What do you do?
Training supervisors reduces lost-time injuries (Constr Safety Assoc of Ontario)injuries (Constr Safety Assoc of Ontario)
Getting to root causes isn’t easy. Go beyond blaming the workers.
Scrubbing tower dropped 10 feet from large tanks of acid
Here are the main systems for working safely on roofs Anyworking safely on roofs. Any preferences?
Safety Monitors
Fall Arrest
Guardrails and warning lines
IUOE National Training Fund
What practices are needed h ki d h l ?when working around holes?
• Cover holes with materials of adequate strength and ensure they are securedM k k k th• Mark covers so workers know there are holes underneath
• Use guardrails• Use guardrails
IUOE National Training FundPhoto courtesy of Laborers-AGC
How can we apply the hi h t k li ht ?hierarchy to skylights?
Trench shields or trenchTrench shields or trench boxes are intended to shield
workers from cave-ins
Photo courtesy Trench Shoring ServicesPhoto courtesy Trench Shoring Services
Topic FourTopic Four
Safety of Green ConstructionSafety of Green Construction
Our current building costs are unsustainable
40% f t i l d• 40% of raw materials consumed globally are used by the building construction industryconstruction industry
• U.S. building construction:– Uses 68% of total electricity consumptionUses 68% of total electricity consumption– Creates 38% of carbon dioxide emissions– Uses 12% of potable waterp– Creates 272 million tons of construction
and demolition waste annually
Source: The Guide to Green Buildings
Examples of green i jconstruction projects
Wind turbine
Rooftop rain gardenp g
Modular, insulated wall units
Green roofs have manyGreen roofs have many advantages
A green roof in Chicago, courtesy of the City of Chicago
Can you think of any disadvantages?Can you think of any disadvantages?
This 2 300sf high rise green roof is part of a modern buildingThis 2,300sf high-rise green roof is part of a modern building construct. A crane was used to lift the soil and gravel onto three floors, courtesy DCGreenworks.org and the IUOE
Weatherization is an important part of green construction Whatpart of green construction. What risks from spray insulation?
City Center, Las Vegas
“How many constructionHow many construction site deaths should there be to make a building not green regardless of thegreen regardless of the environmental benefits?”
Topic FiveTopic Five
Construction workers during disaster responsesdisaster responses
Why do disaster sitesWhy do disaster sitesWhy do disaster sites present greater risks?Why do disaster sites present greater risks?p gp g
GreaterGreaterGreater chances are
taken like at
Greater chances are
taken like attaken, like at the World
taken, like at the World
Trade Center.Trade Center.
What is the violation
What is the violationviolation
here?violation
here?
What were the most deadlyWhat were the most deadly disasters from 1992-2006? 90 80
7262
60708090
ncy
cy
33
17 16 14 920304050
Freq
uen
eque
nc
14 9 40
1020
es es ds es es hes ms ds
kes
Fre
Wildfir
esHurri
canes
FloodsTo
rnad
oesLan
dslides
Avalan
ches
Ice Storm
sBliz
zard
sEart
hquakes
Disaster type
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, 2007
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Activities during hurricane-related gfatalities (Fayard, APHA, 2006)
Cl
Other (16%)
Cleanup, debris removal, tree
Law and order (6%)
,trimming (44%)
Restoring public utilities (8%)( )
What is the l h ?Restorative
construction (26%)Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries, 2007
lesson here?
Tornado destruction poses serious i k f l d di lrisks for cleanup and disposal
Check OSHA’s website for guidance
Clean-up of F5 tornado in Greenburg, KS, May 07
Disposal and burning of debris at the Greenburg dump, nearly entire
town needed to be burnedtown needed to be burned
Photos by Greg Henshall, FEMA.
Ice storms pose particular falling debris hazards for respondersp
Republic, MO, 2-27-07. A loader on debris pile after an ice storm created two million cubic yards of debris.
FEMA Photo/Michael RaphaelFEMA Photo/Michael Raphael