Observatory University of Helsinki Annual Report 2008

Observatory

University of Helsinki

Annual Report 2008

Observatory P.O. Box 14, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finlandhttp: //www.astro.helsinki.fi/

Foreword

The vision in the operational plan of the Observatory hasbeen that we are the most efficient Finnish institute in re-searcher training in Astronomy during the period 2005–2010.We can reach this vision only by maintaining an exception-ally high level of both research and teaching. Our long-termplan for the period 2005–2015 has consisted of ten opera-tional measures, which have been systematically executed,followed and analysed in close collaboration with our threeresearch groups, as well as with all students majoring in As-tronomy. Now in June 2009, we have already reached ourvision, because 12 PhD theses have been completedafter Jan-uary 2005. This is a fine achievement, considering that 9 PhDdegrees were completed during the past ten yearsbefore Jan-uary 2005. The past year 2008 was exceptional: 3 PhD de-grees, 1 Ph Lic degree and 11 M.Sc. degrees were completed.The number of degrees completed between 1995 and 2008has been as follows:

M.Sc. Ph.Lic. Ph.D.1995 1 – 21996 – 1 –1997 2 – 11998 – – 11999 4 – 22000 – – 12001 1 – 12002 – – –2003 5 – 12004 2 – –2005 2 – 22006 6 – 32007 5 – –2008 11 1 3

We have also been able to maintain the high levels of thenumber of refereed articles published and external fundingre-ceived. This volume and the funding of our research between1995 and 2008 is illustrated in the attached figure. where thefollowing notations have been used:

� Number of articles in refereed journals (scale on the right)� Budget funding from the University of Helsinki (scale onthe left) ke.• Project funding for Observatory (scale on the left) ke.◦ Project funding for Observatory including industrial sub-contracts (scale on the left) ke.

But success and hard work did not shield us. All small de-partments in Helsinki University will be merged with biggerdepartments (e.g. Astronomy with Physics). The reasons forthis manoeuvre did not originate from the needs of researchor education. Some said the reasons were financial and ad-ministrational, following from changes in the law of Finnishuniversities. Others invented other reasons. What would hap-pen, if Korkeasaari Zoo was ordered to put all animals into30 cages? The last ones alive would probably be scavengers.Would it not be interesting to see tigers and lions in the samecage?

It has been frustrating to experience how little we couldactually control the course of events. Soon we shall no longerdecide as an independent department what is best for Astron-omy in the University of Helsinki. Perhaps a faint glimmer ofhope can be seen in the work of the group planning the futureof Astronomy in the “new” Department of Physics. But it alsonow seems that all of us have to leave the 175 year old Ob-servatory building designed by Engel. I sincerely hope thatsuch a mistake could be avoided. The ongoing year 2009 wasnominated as the international year of Astronomy by UnitedNations. This completes the irony.

I wish to acknowledge the support of the Board of the Ob-servatory and the student association Meridian, and the workby faculty, staff and students in maintaining the high level ofresearch and teaching at the Department of Astronomy.

Lauri JetsuDirector of the ObservatoryHelsinki, June 6th, 2009

Photo: Leith Arar

Contents1 Interstellar medium, star formation and magnetic activity of stars 4

1.1 Research activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.2 Progress and highlights of scientific results in 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.2.1 Star formation in cometary globule GC 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.2.2 Prestellar and protostellar cores in Ori B9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.2.3 Near-infrared radiation as a tracer of cloud mass . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.2.4 MHD phenomena: observations and modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.2.5 Magnetic fields in interstellar clouds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.2.6 The Planck and Herschel satellite projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.2.7 Extragalactic background light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.3 External financing and resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.4 Tests of learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.5 Visits abroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.6 Papers read at scientific conferences, symposia, meetings etc. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91.7 Visiting academics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101.8 Membership in scientific and scholarly societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111.9 Refereeing and Other Publishing Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2 High Energy Astrophysics 122.1 General approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.2 Science topics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.2.1 The solar corona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.2.2 Clusters of galaxies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.3 Development of data analysis software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.4 External financing and resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.5 Tests of learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.6 Visits abroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.7 Papers read at scientific conferences, symposia, meetings etc. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.8 Visiting academics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.9 Membership in scientific and scholarly societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.10 Refereeing and Other Publishing Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

3 Planetary System Research 193.1 Research activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193.2 External financing and resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223.3 Tests of learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223.4 Visits abroad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223.5 Papers read at scientific conferences, symposia, meetings etc. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233.6 Visiting academics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253.7 Membership in scientific and scholarly societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253.8 Refereeing and Other Publishing Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

4 Lectures in 2008 26

5 Library 275.1 The Observatory Museum and Historical Documents . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275.2 Accessibility Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275.3 LISA VI Conference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275.4 Membership in scientific and scholarly societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

6 Publications 286.1 Articles in refereed journals (B1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286.2 Papers in conference publications and compilations (B2) . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

7 Observatory Board 2007–2009 31

8 Academic degrees after 1995 32

1 Interstellar medium, star formationand magnetic activity of starsStaff with a Ph.D. Lauri Haikala, Docent

Jorma Harju, DocentThomas Hackman, Ph.D.Mika Juvela, DocentMaarit Korpi, DocentPetri Kapyla, Ph.D.Kimmo Lehtinen, DocentKalevi Mattila, Prof.Ilkka Tuominen, Prof.emer.

Ph.D. students Jouni Kainulainen, M.ScAnne Liljestrom, M.ScTuomas Lunttila, M.Sc.Johanna Malinen, M.Sc.Minja Makela, M.Sc.Oskari Miettinen, M.Sc.Jan Snellman, M.Sc.Veli-Matti Pelkonen, M. Sc.Marianna Ridderstad, M.Sc.Kyosti Ryynanen, M.Sc.Olli Sipil a, M.Sc.

Associated scientists Axel Brandenburg, Ph.D., Prof.(Nordita, Stockholm, Sweden),

Thorsten Carroll, Ph.D.(Astroph. Inst. Potsdam, Germany)

Stephan Hotzel, Ph.D.(Stuttgart, Germany)

Ilya Ilyin, Ph.D.(Astroph. Inst. Potsdam, Germany),

Peter Johansson, Ph.D.(University Observatory, Munich)

Oleg Kochukhov, Ph. D.Uppsala University, Sweden),

Heidi Korhonen, Ph.D.(ESO, Garching, Germany)

Jaan Pelt, Ph.D.(Tartu Observatory, Estonia)Peter Petrov, Ph.D.

(Crimean Astroph. Obs., Ukraine),Nikolai Piskunov, Ph.D., Prof.

(Uppsala University, Sweden),Mark Rawlings, Ph.D.

(JAC, Hawaii)Petri Vaisanen, Ph.D.

(SALT, South Africa)

1.1 Research activities

The activities of the research group are directed to the fol-lowing fields: (1) the formation of protostars in dense molec-ular cloud cores; (2) the properties and evolution of dustand molecular gas in interstellar clouds; (3) radiative transferand magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modelling of interstellarclouds and protostellar accretion discs; (4) MHD-modellingof solar and active late-type star convection and turbulentdy-namos and related optical spectropolarimetric observationsusing inversion methods; (5) the optical and infrared extra-galactic background radiation.

The group uses ground-based and space-borne opti-cal/infrared, (sub)millimetre, and radio telescopes. The stud-ies often are conducted in collaboration with research groupsfrom other countries. As an example of the international as-pect, a Japanese-Finnish workshop ‘Interstellar matter andstar formation in the Southern sky” took place at the Ob-servatory Aug. 5th to 7th. The Japanese participants wereProf. R. Kawabe (NRO/NAOJ), Prof. M. Momose (IbarakiUniversity), Dr. M. Hiramatsu (ASIAA, Taiwan) and Mr. Y.

Shimariji (NRO/NAOJ).In recent years the ESO facilities have been of growing

importance. The group has successfully performed severalESO/VLT observing programs and special attention is paid tothe 12-m Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) and to theAtacama Large Millimetre Array (ALMA). APEX becamepublicly available in 2006 and ALMA will start its operationin 2010. The group has been well informed about availableESO telescopes and facilities: Mattila is since 2004 Finland’srepresentative in the ESO Council. Haikala is since 2007 (af-ter Tuominen) Finland’s representative in the Scientific Tech-nical Committee. Harju is since 2004 member of the ALMAEuropean Scientific Advisory Committee. In 2008, Juvelaserved a member and Harju an Expert Advisor in the ESOObserving Programmes Committee.

During the past several years ESA’s Infrared Space Ob-servatory (ISO) has been important for the group. The ex-ploitation of the ISO data has continued intensively, oftenincombination with near-IR and (sub)mm data from ESO andother ground based telescopes such as the Australian Tele-scope Compact Array, the Effelsberg 100-m and the Onsala20-m radiotelescopes, and the 2.5-m Nordic Optical Tele-scope.

Based on its ISO experience, the group has been par-ticipating in the relevant Planck Surveyor science projects.Among the other future ESA missions the group is particu-larly well-prepared to make use of the Herschel Space Obser-vatory mission and already participates in two Herschel opentime key programmes. Our plans also include expanding andemphasizing our theoretical research of star formation andin-terstellar cloud physics.

Spectropolarimetric observations of active late-type starsusing the high resolution Echelle spectrograph SOFIN at theNordic Optical Telescope, La Palma, Spain, have continuedsuccessfully. The time series of spectroscopic observationsfor surface temperature maps already extend over 17 years.Simultaneous local and global MHD modelling and modeldevelopment has been actively carried out, applications rang-ing from the solar dynamo activity to the active rapid rotatorsfollowed up by the observational programme, also includingMHD turbulence in accretion disks around pre- or protostel-lar cores, and molecular clouds and star-forming regions ingalaxies.

1.2 Progress and highlights of scientific resultsin 2008

(for references see the list of publications)

1.2.1 Star formation in cometary globule GC 12

Low and intermediate mass star formation takes mostly placein isolated clusters and in low mass star forming regions. Asthe stars form in dense gas and dust clouds, which are tightly

4

Figure 1: Colour coded SOFI image of CG12. The J, H and Kbands are coded in blue, green and red, respectively. Squareroot scaling has been used to better bring out the faint surfacebrightness structures.

concentrated in the plane, star formation far out of the planeis not a likely event. The well known nearby star formingregions have been studied in great detail from visual to radiowavelengths but less is known of star formation regions off

the Galactic plane.Despite being classified as a cometary globule, together

with those in the Gum nebula, the high latitude globule CG12 is actually a high latitude low and intermediate mass starformation region. With a galactic latitude of 21 degrees andat the distance of∼550 pc CG 12 lies more than 200 pc abovethe plane. The structure of the globule in molecular line emis-sion has been extensively studied by us at SEST (Haikala andOlberg 2007) and at APEX (Haikala et al. 2006). CG12 isan active site formation site but only the brightest stars inthe associated stellar cluster are known. We have conductedNIR JHK imaging of the globule with SOFI at the NTT tele-scope at La Silla. The imaging reveals several new deeplyembedded member stars. The visual extinction towards thecluster members ranges from a few magnitudes up to about40 magnitudes. Besides the two bright NIR reflection nebu-lae surrounding already known member stars, the SOFI imag-ing reveals an hour glass shaped nebulosity with a stellar likesource at the “waist”. The hour glass lies at the centre ofa highly collimated molecular outflow and is projected ona compact high density molecular core. The NIR imagingshows that active star formation is still going on in this lowand intermediate mass star formation region high above theGalactic plane.

1.2.2 Prestellar and protostellar cores in Ori B9

Most stars form in clusters and smaller groups in the densestparts of giant molecular clouds (GMCs). By studying theirphysical and chemical characteristics, we hope to learn theconditions leading to protostellar collapse and the timescalerelated to this process.

We have carried out studies of the Ori B9 cloud. The 870µm dust continuum was observed with the APEX telescopeand data on the N2H+(1 − 0) and N2D+(2 − 1) lines wereobtained with the IRAM telescope (see Figs. 2 and 3). To-gether with our previous H2D+ data (Harju et al. 2006), thesewere used to derive the degree of deuteration and other chem-ical characteristics. Using additional information from far-infrared Spitzer/MIPS maps, prestellar and protostellar coreswere identified, and the evolutionary stages of the protostarswere estimated. Two of the new submm cores are previouslyunknown class 0 protostellar candidates. The equal numberof prestellar and protostellar cores found implies that thedu-ration of the prestellar phase is comparable with the free-falltime. However, this interpretation can be questioned on thebasis of chemical data. In some sources, depletion has leadto the disappearance of gas phase N2H+ and the most abun-dant ionic species are probably H+ and HCO+. The ionizationdegree was found to bex(e) ∼ 10−7. The estimated ambipo-lar diffusion timescales are∼ 70− 100 times longer than thefree-fall time.

The mass of the clump associated with IRAS 05405-0117was found to be∼ 14 solar masses. It has an elongated struc-ture and, according to our data, consists of multiple low- tointermediate-mass dense cores. This suggest that it will even-tually form a small stellar group.

1.2.3 Near-infrared radiation as a tracer of cloud mass

Near-infrared scattered light was observed towards severalinterstellar clouds using ESO/NTT and UKIRT telescopes.In Corona Australis, in accordance with previous theoreti-cal predictions (Juvela et al. 2006), the observed surfacebrightness could be explained by pure light scattering. Thenear-infrared surface brightness was found to be an accuratetracer of cloud mass. This means that observations of scat-tered light could become an important new method in studiesof dense, quiescent clouds (Juvela et al. 2008; ESO pressrelease 06/08).

Near-infrared observations and the role of dust scatter-ing was investigated also in connection with external galax-ies. We performed a radiative transfer simulation study wherethe near-infrared reddening signatures of extragalactic dustclouds were examined in a simple plane-parallel model mim-icking a face-on spiral galaxy (Kainulainen et al. 2008).Based on the simulations, we described the expected wave-length dependency of the reddening signatures for differentscale heights of the dust distribution and thereby showed thatthe observed wavelength dependency can be used as an indi-

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Figure 2: The IRAS 05405-0117 clump region. The largeplus signs mark the positions of our molecular-line observa-tions. Also shown are the 24µm peak positions of SMM4 and IRAS 05405-0117, and the 24µm peak near SMM 5(small green plus signs). The beam size is shown in the bot-tom left.

Figure 3: N2H+(1− 0) and N2D+(2− 1) spectra toward IRAS05405-0117.

cator of the dust scale height. We also investigated the corre-lation between near-infrared reddening and total column den-sity in the models, and concluded that only about 10-20%of the total mass of dust clouds is recovered by their near-infrared reddening signature.

One question of great current interest in star formation isthe possible connection between the mass function of densecores in molecular clouds and the initial mass function ofstars. Recently, dust column density data derived from near-infrared extinction maps were used to derive the core massfunction for the nearby Pipe Nebula. Collaborating with theresearch group responsible for the observational work, weperformed a simulation study where we examined the fea-sibility of the method employed in composing the mass func-tion (Kainulainen et al. 2009). Using simulations, we de-scribed the accuracy at which the mass function can be de-rived from dust column density data, and how the essentialparameters of the core population affect the accuracy. In par-ticular, we showed that the core mass function can be derivedquite reliably for relatively sparse clouds like the Pipe Neb-ula.

1.2.4 MHD phenomena: observations and modelling

We have succesfully continued the investigation of the mag-netic field structure, especially the polarity of the field inspotsof two active longitudes, in active late-type stars (detectedearlier on by the group using surface temperature maps andnamed as ”active star Hale rule”). Spectroscopic observa-tions, based on which surface temperature maps have beeninverted, were started in 1991 with the high resolution spec-trograph SOFIN at the Nordic Optical Telescope, La Palma.The time series collected since is one of the few most exten-sive and complete existing data sets to study long-term vari-ability (cycles) in active late-type stars. An important devel-opment is the magnetic inversions based on new spectropo-larimetic data with upgraded spectropolarimeter and reduc-tion software, giving the first observational proof for the the-oretical prediction of the magnetic field polarity. The workisdone in collaboration with astronomers in Uppsala, Sweden,and Potsdam, Germany, most of the collaborators originallyhaving worked in Helsinki Observatory and/or Oulu Univer-sity.

Simultaneously to the observations, local and globalMHD models (PENCIL-CODE, MEFISTO; Korpi, Kapyla,Liljestrom, Lindborg, Snellman) have been developed andutilized, to be able to investigate the transformation fromsolar-like dynamo activity to the activity seen in the activerapid rotators. This includes participation in a solar dynamobenchmark project which is likely to be helpful in the devel-opement and validation dynamo codes (Jouve et al. 2008).Numerical modeling has yielded new results in a varietyof systems: local turbulence models have been utilized tostudy the turbulent transport of angular momentum (Kapyla

6

& Brandenburg 2008; Liljestrom et al. 2009) and turbu-lent transport coefficients relevant for dynamo action (Bran-denburg et al. 2008; Mitra et al. 2009; Kapyla & Branden-burg 2009). Numerical studies of convection have, for thefirst time, revealed a large-scale dynamo (Kapyla et al. 2008,2009a,b, in press). The latter project was accepted to theCSC grand challenge programme (DYNAMO08 PId by Ko-rpi), wherefrom 1 660 000 CPU hours of computing time wasgranted and used during the year 2008. Furthermore, a hydro-dynamic instability discovered earlier in isotropically forcedturbulence was studied in detail numerically (Kapyla et al.2009c).

1.2.5 Magnetic fields in interstellar clouds

Studies were carried out of the polarized sub-millimeter emis-sion from dust grains in interstellar clouds. In a magneticfield, dust grains remain aligned as long as their rotationspeed is significantly larger than their thermal rotation speed.The grains are believed to be spinned up mainly by radiativetorques. The efficiency of radiative torques was investigatedusing magnetohydrodynamic cloud simulations and detailedradiative transfer modelling (Pelkonen et al. 2009). Resultsindicate large spatial variations in the polarization efficiency.In particular, in dense clouds, the dust emission is not likelyto probe magnetic fields deeper than a few magnitudes inAV .

Through Zeeman effect, magnetic fields cause splitting ofsome radio lines. Because the split components have oppocitecircular polarization, the line-of-sight component of themag-netic field can be estimated from the Stokes I and V spectra.With radiative transfer modelling, three-dimensional magne-tohydrodynamic simulations could be compared with existingmeasurements of the Zeeman effect in cloud cores (Lunttilaet al. 2008). Good agreement was found between models ofsuper-Alfvenic turbulence, combined with self-gravity, andavailable observations of OH molecule lines. This suggeststhat the average magentic field of molecular clouds may below and supports the idea of turbulence as a central factorbehind the formation of self-gravitating cloud cores.

1.2.6 The Planck and Herschel satellite projects

We participate in several science projects within the PlanckSurveyor satellite consortium. Our emphasis is on studies ofdense interstellar clouds. Preparations were made to studyGalactic cold and compact cloud cores using Planck data.The population of cold cores (Tdust < 12 K) is still poorlyknown and Planck will be the first space borne mission thatwill be sensitive to their radiation. Methods were developedfor the detection of cold cores and for the analysis of theirdust emission. We also participate in some other Planck sci-ence projects, including the study of nearby galaxies.

We coordinated a successful open time key program pro-posal which was awarded∼151 hours of observing time onthe Herschel satellite. The aim of this project is to use

Herschel satellite for follow-up observations of a number ofcold cloud cores detected in the Planck survey. Herschelwill observe wavelengths close to the peak of dust emission,λ ∼ 100− 500µm, and, compared to Planck, will have muchhigher spatial resolution. Therefore, we will be able to studythe internal structure of the selected cores, determine theirevolutionary stages and their relation to future star formation.We also participate in the Herschel key programme HiGal thatwill map a large fraction of the plane of our Galaxy.

1.2.7 Extragalactic background light

Using our understanding of the light scattering in dense in-terstellar clouds of dust, we have been developing a methodfor the detection of the optical extragalactic background light.This is the so-called ‘shadow of a dark cloud method”. Basedon our previous photometric EBL observing program we havedeveloped a spectroscopic analogy for it. This new tech-nique utilizes the difference between the spectra of the dif-fuse galactic scattered light (absorption line spectrum) andthe EBL (pure continuum spectrum with possible discontinu-ities). For the spectroscopic observing program we (Mattila,Lehtinen, Vaisanen) have received earlier 20 hours observingtime at ESO VLT telescope and FORS instrument . For theESO Period 82 18.5 hours were again allocated but only afew hours were realised in 2008/09. The reductions and anal-ysis of these data are currently being performed by Mattilaand Lehtinen. The modelling of the FORS spectra requiresknowledge of the spectrum of the Local Interstellar Radia-tion Field (ISRF). A new synthetic spectral model is beingdeveloped along the lines of an earlier model by Mattila (1980A&AS 39, 53) based on the high-resolution stellar spectrumlibrary STELIB (Borgne et al. 2003, A&A 4002, 433).

Using data from the ISOPHOT instrument of the ISOsatellite, we have completed a study of the extragalactic far-infrared background light (Juvela et al. 2009). The signalrepresents a significant fraction of the cosmic energy outputfrom stars that has been reprocessed by interstellar dust andis redshifted to far-infrared wavelengths. Our study is thefirstindependent test of the results obtained with the COBE satel-lite some ten years earlier. Our values are in agreement withthe published COBE results, confirming the intensity of thisextragalactic component at a level of∼1 MJy sr−1 at wave-lengths∼150–180µm.

1.3 External financing and resources

2008: Person-months of work: 177

Academy of Finland: 472 000e

Ministry of Education: 100 000e

University of Helsinki: 32 000e

Foundations: 24 300e

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1.4 Tests of learning

Makela, Minja

M.Sc. thesis: High-latitude clouds in H-alpha;2008, University of Helsinki, Department of Astron-omy

Eronen, Mikko

M.Sc. thesis: Chamaeleon I -tahtiensyntyalueenkaukoinfrapunakartoitus; 2008, University of Helsinki,Department of Astronomy

Schultz, Minerva

M.Sc. thesis: Rikin kemian mallintamisestaraskaiden tahtien syntyalueilla; 2008, University ofHelsinki, Department of Astronomy

Yl osmaki, Maija

M.Sc. thesis: Chemistry of a dark cloud core;2008, University of Helsinki, Department of Astron-omy

1.5 Visits abroad

Haikala, Lauri

European Southern Observatory, Chile, 29.2.–12.3.2008

Onsala Space Observatory, Sweden, 15.–19.3.2008

European Southern Observatory, Germany, 10.–15.10.2008

ESO STC meeting; Garching, Germany, 20.–22.10.2008

ESO STC meeting; Garching, Germany, 15.–18.4.2008

Harju, Jorma

Universitat zu Koln, I. Physikalisches Institut,Germany, 6.2.–9.2.2008






Juvela, Mika

Nordita, Stockholm (Turbulence and Dynamosmeeting), Sweden, 17.–20.3.2008

IAS, Orsay (Planck workgroup 7 meeting),France, 5.–7.5.2008

ESO, Garching (OPC meeting), Germany, 26.–30.5.2008

ESTEC, Noordwijk (Herschel KP workshop), TheNetherlands, 1.–2.6.2008

Institute for Theoretical Physics (Zurich), As-troSim conference in Ascona, Switzerland, 14.–18.7.2008

MPIA, Heidelberg (Cosmic dust near and far,meeting), Germany, 8.–12.2008

MPIA, Heidelberg (Cosmic dust and radiativetransfer, workshop), Germany, 15.–17.9.2008

Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen (Planck ScienceTeam meeting), Denmark, 23.9.2008

ESO, Garching (OPC meeting), Germany, 17.–21.11.2008

ESTEC, Noordwijk (Herschel KP workshop), TheNetherlands, 4.–5.12.2008

Mattila, Kalevi

ESO Committee of Council, Stockholm, Sweden,3.–4.3.2008

ESO Council, Prague, Czech Republic, 2.–4.6.2008

Cosmic Dust Conference, Heidelberg, Germany,9.–10.9.2008

ESO Committee of Council, Copenhagen, Den-mark, 6.–7.10.2008

ESO Council, Garching, Germany, 1.–3.12.2008

Pelkonen, Veli–Matti

CSI/ERCSC workshop at IPAC, Pasadena, CA,USA, 31.1.–9.2.2008

ESO observatory La Silla, Chile, 6.–18.4.2008

CMB Component Separation and The Physics ofForegrounds conference, Pasadena, CA, USA, 10.–22.7.2008

CESR, Toulouse, France, 8.–13.12.2008

Miettinen, Oskari

Max-Planck-Institut fur Radioastronomie, Heidel-berg, Germany, 5.–14.3.2008

Observations with the NRA VLA radiointerfer-ometer, New Mexico, USA, 5.–18.6.2008

8

Korpi, Maarit

NORDITA, Stockholm, Sweden, 17.3.–11.4.2008

NORDITA, Stockholm, Sweden, 6.–11.10.2008

Kapyla, Petri


Queen Mary College, University of London, U.K.,12.–17.5.2008


University of Leiden, The Netherlands, 18.–22.8.2008




Liljestr om, Anne

Turbulence and Oscillations in Accretion Discs,NORDITA, Stockholm, Sweden, 8.–10.10.2008

Observations with VLA; Albuquerque, USA, 4.–18.6.2008

Tuominen, Ilkka

Turbulence and Dynamos meeting; Stockholm,Sweden, 16.–20.3.2008

Cool Star workshop; St. Andrews, U.K., 20.–27.7.2008

IAU symposium, Tenerife, Spain, 2.–9.11.2008,

1.6 Papers read at scientific conferences, sym-posia, meetings etc.

Hackman, Thomas

”Correlating magnetic field strength and starspotson FK Com” (Korhonen, S.; Hubrig,; Th. Granzer;T. Hackman; M. Schoeller; K.G. Strassmeier; M. We-ber)”, 15th Cambridge Workshop Cool stars, stellarsystems and the Sun, 21.–25.7.2008, St Andrews, Scot-land, U.K., poster

Haikala, Lauri

”Cometary Globule 12, a star-forming region 200pc above the Galactic plane ”, Milky Way Star Forma-tion, 3.–6.3.2008, Santiago, Chile, poster

”Atacama Path Finder Experiment APEX, theESO submm telescope”, National meeting of theFinnish ESO scientists and students, 23.–24.10.2008,Tuorla Observatory, Finland, invited talk

”Cometary Globule 12, a high latitude low massstar formation region.”, National meeting of the Finnish

ESO scientists and students, 23.–24.10.2008, TuorlaObservatory, Finland

Harju, Jorma

”H2D+ as a probe of physical conditions inprestellar cores”, H2D+ meeting, 7.–8.2.2008, .Physikalisches Institut, Universitat zu Koln, Germany,invited talk

”Studies of prestellar and protostellar cores – fromAPEX to ALMA”, National meeting of the FinnishESO scientists and students, 23.–24.10.2008, TuorlaObservatory, Finland

Juvela, Mika

”Scattered Near-Infrared Radiation – a New Viewof Interstellar Clouds”, XLII Annual Conference of theFinnish Physical Society, 27.–29.3.2008, Turku, Fin-land

”Simulated observations of turbulent interstel-lar medium”, Turbulence and Dynamos, 19.3.2008,Nordita, Stockholm, Sweden, invited talk

”Cold Cores”, Planck WG7 meeting, 6.5.2008,IAS, Orsay, France, invited talk

”Radiative transfer in the study of molecu-lar clouds”, Frontiers in computational astrophysics,14.7.2008, Ascona, Switzerland, invited talk

”Modelling and observations of scattered light andthermal emission by dust ”, Cosmic dust near and far,8.–12.9.2008, Heidelberg, Germany, poster

”Radiative transfer of AMR grids”, Cosmic dustand radiative transfer, 17.9.2008, Heidelberg, Ger-many, invited talk

”High Resolution Mapping of Interstellar Cloudswith NIR Scattered Light”, National meeting of theFinnish ESO scientists and students, 23.–24.10.2008,Tuorla Observatory, Finland, invited talk

Korpi, Maarit

”Suppression of MRI by supernova explosionsin galactic disks”, Turbulence and dynamos, 17.–20.3.2008, Nordita, Stockholm, Sweden, invited talk

”MRI in forced turbulence”, Turbulence and os-cillations in accretion disks, 1.–15.10.2008, Nordita,Stockholm, Sweden

”Stellar nonlinear dynamos: observations andmodelling”, Cosmic Magnetic Fields, IAU Symposio259, 3.–7.11.2008, Puerto Santiago, Tenerife, Spain,poster

”Dynamically dominant magnetic fields in the dif-fuse interstellar medium”, Cosmic Magnetic Fields,IAU Symposio 259, 3.–7.11.2008, Puerto Santiago,Tenerife, Spain, poster

9

Kapyla, Petri

”Turbulent diffusivity quenching due to large-scale magnetic fields”, Turbulence and Dynamos,16.3.–11.4.2008, Nordita, Stockholm, Sweden

”Large-scale dynamos in turbulent convectionwith shear”, Pencil Code Workshop 2006, Universityof Leiden, The Netherlands

”Convective angular momentum transport in ac-cretion discs”, Turbulence and oscillation in accretiondiscs, Nordita, Stockholm, Sweden

Lehtinen, Kimmo K.

”Optical and nearIR observations of surfacebrightness of dark clouds”, National meeting of theFinnish ESO scientists and students, 23.–24.10.2008,Tuorla Observatory, Finland

Mattila, Kalevi

”Nelj a vuotta ESO-jasenyytta”, National meet-ing of the Finnish ESO scientists and students, 23.–24.10.2008, Tuorla Observatory, Finland, invited talk

”Avaruuden pilvet ja tahtien synty” (Clouds ofspace and the birth of stars), From the Core of the Earthto the Space symposium, Finnish Academy of Scienceand Letters 10 years, 11.1.2008, Helsinki, Finland, in-vited talk

”E-ELT, Preparing for the Construction of the Eu-ropean Extremely Large Telescope”, Finland and theEuropean research infrastructure projects, 6.2.2008,Helsinki, Finland, invited talk

”The spectrum of the ISRF as observed via thescattered light from a dust cloud”, Cosmic Dust Con-ference, 8.–12.9.2008, Heidelberg, Germany, poster

Miettinen, Oskari

”The initial conditions of star formation in Ori B9– N2H+, N2D+, and dust emission”, National meet-ing of the Finnish ESO scientists and students, 23.–24.10.2008, Tuorla Observatory, Finland


”The Polarization of Dust Emission by RadiativeTorque Alignment”, XLII Annual Conference of theFinnish Physical Society, 27.–29.3.2008, Turku, Fin-land

”Observing a Corona Australis cloud filament inNIR scattered light”, National meeting of the FinnishESO scientists and students, 23.–24.10.2008, TuorlaObservatory, Finland

Ridderstad, Marianna

”The orientation of the northern gate of theGoseck solar observatory”, Cosmology Across Cul-tures – SEAC 2008, 7.–14.9.2008, Granada, Spain,poster

Tuominen, Ilkka

”Stellar nonlinear dynamos: observations andmodelling”, Turbulence and dynamos, 17.–20.3.2008,Nordita, Stockholm, Sweden

”Stellar nonlinear dynamos: observations andmodelling”, 15th Cambridge Workshop Cool stars,stellar systems and the Sun, 21.–25.7.2008, St An-drews, Scotland, U.K., poster

”Magnetic Doppler imaging of II Peg”, IAU Sym-posium 259: Cosmic magnetic fields: from planetsto stars and galaxies, 3.–7.11.2008, Tenerife, Spain,poster

”Stellar nonlinear dynamos: observations andmodelling”, IAU Symposium 259: Cosmic magneticfields: from planets to stars and galaxies, 3.–7.11.2008,Tenerife, Spain, poster

”The surface magnetic field evolution of II Peg– A Zeeman-Doppler imaging approach”, IAU Sym-posium 259: Cosmic magnetic fields: from planetsto stars and galaxies, 3.–7.11.2008, Tenerife, Spain,poster

1.7 Visiting academics

Haikala, Lauri

Kawabe, Ryohei, PhD, Prof, National Radio Ob-servatory, Japan, 4.–8.8.2008

Momose, Munetake PhD, Prof, Ibaraki Univer-sity, Japan, 4.–8.8.2008

Hiramatsu, Masaaki, PhD, Researher, ASIAA,Japan, 4.–8.8.2008

Shimariji, Yoshito, PhD Student, National RadioObservatory, Japan, 4.–8.8.2008

Harju, Jorma

Ristorcelli, Isabelle, PhD, researcher, Centred’Etude Spatial des Rayonnements (CESR), Toulouse,France, 20.–23.1.2008

Klotz, Alain, PhD, Senior Lecturer, Centred’Etude Spatial des Rayonnements (CESR) & PaulSabatier University, Toulouse, France, 20.–23.1.2008

10

Juvela, Mika

Montier, Ludovic, PhD, CESR/CNRS-UPS,Toulouse, France, 21.–23.4.2008

Forero, Jaime, PhD, IAP, Potsdam, Germany, 17.–20.6.2008

Rao, Srinivasa, PhD, Indian Institute of Astro-physics, Bangalore, Intia, 8.–15.10.2008

Marton, Gabor, MSc, Eotvos University, Bu-dapest, Hungary, 13.–17.10.2008

Mattila, Kalevi

Alves, Joao, Ph.D., Director, Calar Alto Observa-tory, Spain, 10.–13.11.2008

Oliver Krause, Ph.D., Head of IR Space Astron-omy, MPIA, Germany, 25.–29.8.2008

Vaisanen, Petri, FT, South African AstronomicalObservatory, South Africa, 22.–25.10.2008

1.8 Membership in scientific and scholarly so-cieties

Hackman, Thomas

Nordic Optical Telescope, Observing

Nordic Optical Telescope, Instrument User Groupfor High Resolution Optical Spectroscopy, Chair

Haikala, Lauri

Europen Southern Observatory/ Scientific Techni-cal Committee, expert

Harju, Jorma

European Southern Observatory, time allotmentcommittee, 16.4.–5.6.2008, 13.10.–28.11.2008, expert

European ALMA Science Advisory Committee,expert

Finnish National Committee of URSI, Finland

Juvela, Mika

The organizing committee of IAU Division VI, In-terstellar Matter, France

Steering committee of the project ASTROSIM,European Science Foundation, France

European Southern Observatory, Observing Pro-grammes Committee, Germany, expert

Mattila, Kalevi

Odin Science Team, 1991–

ISO/ISOPHOT Consortium, 1991–

Planck LFI, 1998–

Finnish National Committee for Astronomy(IAU), Finland, chair

European Southern Observatory, Council

Tuorla Observatory of University of Turku, advi-sory board, Chair

Ridderstad, Marianna

Finnish Astrobiology Network, 2006–

Tuominen, Ilkka

Finnish National Committee for Astronomy(IAU), representative for Finnish Academy of Scienceand Letters

Deutsche Forschunggemeinschaft, expert

1.9 Refereeing and Other Publishing Activities

Harju, Jorma

Astronomy and Astrophysics, referee (twice)

Juvela, Mika

Publications of the Astronomical Society ofJapan, Japan, referee

Nature, U.K., referee

Astrophysical Journal Supplement, USA, referee

Mattila, Kalevi

Astronomy and Astrophysics, France, referee

Astrophysical Journal, USA, referee

Monthly Notices of the R.A.S., U.K., referee


Monthly Notices of the R.A.S., referee

Tuominen, Ilkka

Astronomy and Astrophysics, member of board ofdirectors

11

2 High Energy AstrophysicsProject number 91525005Research agreements Academy of Finland

TekesESA, ESO

Type of research Basic research, share: 50 %Development work, share: 50 %

Director of research DocentHuovelin, JuhaniTelephone 19122948Fax 19122952E-mail [email protected] (Ph.D. or higher) Juhani Huovelin, Docent

Jukka Nevalainen, docentThomas Hackman, Ph.D.Linnea Hjalmarsdotter, Ph.D.

Ph.D. student(s) Lauri Alha, Ph.Lic.Karri Koljonen, M.Sc.Tuomas Lehto, M.Sc.Sami Maisala, M.Sc.Tero Oittinen, M.Sc.Otto Solin, M.Sc.(Tech.)Auni Somero, M.Sc.Tuure Takala, M.Sc.Mikko Vaananen. M.Sc.

Students Jussi AhorantaEero EskoJasmin Haikonen

Associated scientists Pasi Hakala, docent (Turku)Diana Hannikainen, Docent

(Helsinki Univ. of Technology)

2.1 General approach

The activities of high energy astrophysics research of HESA(High Energy Space Astronomy) are divided into three areas:(1) fundamental science, (2) developing of new instrumentsfor space research, and (3) developing of data analysis soft-ware.

The first part consists of scientific return (guaranteedtime) from the instrument projects (INTEGRAL, SMART-1,Chandrayaan-1), complemented by data from other satellites(e.g. XMM-Newton, HST, RXTE, Chandra, Suzaku). Thesecond part is a continuation to the ongoing hardware projectsincluding research also in detector physics. The science top-ics addressed include coronae and flaring in active stars andthe Sun, and studies of clusters of galaxies and related ques-tions in cosmology. In particular, the very broad spectral cov-erage (INTEGRAL) and the possibility for a very long mon-itoring (SMART-1, Chandrayaan-1), coupled to the sophisti-cated modelling, are the key ingredients of the science.

Development of new instruments is a natural continua-tion to the ongoing projects, providing valuable access to theguaranteed time also in the future. The aim is to utilise the ad-vances in instrument performances carried along with biggertelescopes, larger field-of-view and decreased noise of newsystems in the future plans of ESA, NASA and JAXA (IXO,International X-ray Observatory, and Lobster). The specificimprovements which are meaningful are: (1) the huge en-hancement of sensitivity and spectral resolution with IXO,which enables studies of X-ray spectra of Galactic sourceswith the same quality we nowadays can investigate the so-

lar corona, (2) almost full sky field-of-view in X-rays withmoderate spectral resolution (Lobster)) giving a freedom toselect targets of interest and study their temporal and spectralbehaviour in all time scales from seconds to months.

The systems under development are: (1) The SIXS in-strument for BepiColombo (2) common DPU and onboardsoftware of SIXS and MIXS instruments for BepiColombo,and (3) SQUID readout electronics for the X-ray Spectrome-ter (XRS) for IXO. The activities of HESA have resulted inthe completion of three space science instruments, and a suc-cessful launch of INTEGRAL, SMART-1 and Chandrayaan-1missions with our working hardware onboard. The scientificuse of INTEGRAL resulted in a number of scientific paperspublished in 2003-8. SMART-1/XSM made effective obser-vations of the Sun from March 2004 to August 2006. Sev-eral refereed papers on the instruments have already beenpublished, and several papers on solar coronal science withvery high quality data from XSM/SMART-1 are in prepara-tion, and one PhD thesis is just under submission. At present,the scientific utilization of INTEGRAL and SMART-1 con-tinues. Observation programs with other satellites (RXTE,XMM-Newton, Chandra, Suzaku) were continued.

The activities have also evolved, and grown to a higherlevel of collaboration with new plans for instruments andsatellites, which combine the expertise and experience of thegroup and its collaborators. The wide scientific and techno-logical expertise within this framework have made it possibleto start planning bigger contributions in international spacescience programs, e.g. participation at PI level in the nextESA cornerstone mission to Mercury (BepiColombo). Weare also involved at Co-PI level in the India-ESA collabora-tive Moon mission Chandaryaan-1 (launched in 2008) with anXSM similar to that of SMART-1. The in-kind contributionof Finland’s entrance fee to ESO was completed successfullyby the Finnish Sampo project, and ESO continued to supportthe development of ESO Reflex by our team with one and ahalf year’s extension with ESO funding.

2.2 Science topics

2.2.1 The solar corona

The aim of this research is to disentangle the properties of thehot solar corona by analysing the X-ray spectra obtained withour own instruments flying on-board space missions, likeXSM/SMART-1 and XSM/Chandrayaan-1. The hot coronaof the Sun radiates strongly in X-rays. The solar corona ex-hibits in apparently random intervals very strong eruptions,which are called flares. Big flares are associated with strongenhancement of electromagnetic emission at all wavelengths,and large amounts of accelerated energetic particles. Theeruptions occur most frequently and they are strongest on av-erage during Sunspot maximum.

In solar flares and also generally in the solar corona theradiation in X-rays dominates, which is due to the high tem-

12

perature of the ionized gas (plasma).Our research aims at clarifying the physical mechanism of

the eruptions by examining the X-ray spectrum and its vari-ation during flares, and by comparing different flares. Alsotime behaviour over longer time span is studied with the aimof studying the changes of the properties of solar corona dur-ing the Sunspot (11 years) cycle. The methods include devel-oping improved theoretical models based on extensive newvery high quality spectroscopic X-ray data.

The observations of the Sun are made with X-ray instru-ments on-board satellites. The most important of the instru-ments is the Finnish XSM X-ray spectrometer on the ESA’sSMART-1 satellite. In addition, data from the RHESSI andthe GOES satellites are used as complementary sources of in-formation. After the end of SMART-1 operations (September2006), more similar data has already been received from aFinnish solar monitor on the Indian Chandrayaan-1 mission(launch in September 2008), and later, especially, with theFinnish solar monitor SIXS on ESA’s BepiColombo (launchscheduled in August 2014), which all are projects lead by theHESA group.

The data will enable obtaining a thorough new insight inelectromagnetic processes and X-ray emission mechanismsin hot coronal plasma of the Sun, and will also form a basisin producing a realistic model database for modelling the X-ray spectra of other stars, with the aim of understanding theircoronae.

Figure 4: The X-ray brightness of Ophiuchus cluster of galax-ies obtained with XMM-Newton PN instrument. The whitecontours show the radio brightness obtained with VLA (Gov-oni et al., 2009).

2.2.2 Clusters of galaxies

Our research aims in characterising the thermal and non-thermal processes in clusters of galaxies. We use this infor-mation to derive the distribution of baryonic and dark matterin clusters and to constrain the cosmological parameters. Wealso derive properties of the relativistic electron populationsand magnetic fields in clusters.

Figure 5: The distribution of non-thermal emission in Comacluster as seen by XMM-Newton (color pixels). The bluecontours show the 1.4 GHz radio halo (Deiss et al., 1997,A&A, 321, 55).

The main analysis tools utilized by us are high resolutionimaging and spatially resolved spectroscopy of the hot intra-cluter gas. For this work we use X-ray and gamma-ray data ofclusters of galaxies obtained with XMM-Newton, Suzaku andINTEGRAL satellites. We have obtained observation timevia our own proposals which we combine with the availablearchival data.

Since clusters of galaxies are massive and hot, they inter-act with the Cosmic Microwave background via the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect. In a working group of Planck satellite, weare planning the usage of this effect based on the Planck data.

We are participating in a international project IACHECwhich aims at studying the cross-calibration of high energysatellites. JN is leading the cluster working croup of theproject. Comparison of X-ray measurements of clusters ofgalaxies allows us to estimate the calibration accuracy of dif-ferent instruments. We are currently developing cluster-basedcalibration tools for the future X-ray missions.

13

2.3 Development of data analysis software

ESO-connected data analysis activities have also grown sig-nificantly since the beginning of Finland’s membership in2004. The project, called ESO-Sampo, conducts develop-ment of science data analysis environment for ESO. Four ITprofessionals worked full time for the in-kind contribution inthe period 1.1.2005- 31.1.2008 in a Tekes-funded project atthe Observatory, University of Helsinki, and has continuedthe same work with partial funding from ESO since then. Themain result of the project is the ESO Reflex workflow engine,an advanced science analysis environment which ESO plansto implement as standard ESO software for the reduction ofVLT and other ESO data.

HESA team has also participated actively in the prepa-ration of national technology return from ESO. These havealready lead to a request from ESO to continue ESO Reflexdevelopment by partial ESO funding, and a parallel devel-opment of an application for other sciences and also com-mercial use with Tekes funding, which are still an ongoingactivities. Further, future activities from this are (1) a Tekesproject for developing a Situation Awareness System usingMultidimensional Information (MIFSAS), and (2) a proposalto the Academy of Finland for Development and Applica-tion of New Computational Methods and Analysis for Re-mote Sensing Data of Planets and the Earth (CorePlane).


2008: Man-months of work: 108

Academy of Finland: 109 320e

National Technology Agency: 2 500 000e

European Space Agency: 165 000e

European Southern Observatory: 100 000e


Alha, Lauri

Licentiate’s thesis: The performance of X-ray So-lar Monitor (XSM) and the first results; 2008, Univer-sity of Helsinki, Department of Astronomy

Takala, Tuure

M.Sc. thesis: Study of GOMOS instrumental age-ing and applicability for stellar spectroscopy; 2008,University of Helsinki, Department of Astronomy

Ahoranta, Jussi

M.Sc. thesis: Measuring dark energy with super-novae Ia, Department of Astronomy

Raja-Halli, Arttu

M.Sc. thesis: Mass function of clusters of galax-ies – a study on systematic uncertainties on cosmologi-cal parameters due to the mass-observable relation, De-partment of Astronomy

2.6 Visits abroad

Alha, Lauri

Chandrayaan-1 C1XS science team meeting;UCL, London, U.K., 7.–8.2.2008

Esko, Eero

CIXS Science Team Meeting; Aberystwyth Uni-versity, U.K., 15.–18.10.2008

Huovelin, Juhani

Chandrayaan-1 CIXS science team meeting;UCL, London, U.K., 7.2.2008

BepiColombo SWG meeting ESTEC; Noordwijk,The Netherlands, 26.–27.3.2008

ESO Reflex project meeting, Munich, Germany,2.4.2008

ESO-Reflex project meeting; Munich, Germany,8.9.2008

BepiColombo SWG meeting; Sendai, Japan, 14.–19.9.2008

Maisala, Sami

Sampo team meeting; ESO Garching, Germany,16.–18.1.2008

SPIE Defence+ security conference; Orlando,USA, 13.–22.3.2008

Sampo2 Kick-off meeting; ESO, Garching, USA,2.–3.4.2008

Sampo2 meeting; ESO,Garching, Germany, 8.–9.9.2008

Interactive Tools/ESO-reflex meeting; ESO,Garching, Germany, 16.–18.12.2008

Nevalainen, Jukka

Universite Paris-Sud, France, 4.–7.5.2008

Granada conference center, Spain, 24.–31.5.2008

Oittinen, Tero

SPIE Defence+ security conference; Orlando,USA, 13.–22.3.2008

Sampo2 Kick-off meeting; ESO, Garching, Ger-many, 2.–3.4.2008

IBM Boeblingen Lab, application platform train-ing; Stuttgart, Germany, 12.–13.6.2008

14

Sampo2 meeting; ESO,Garching, Germany, 8.–9.9.2008

Interactive Tools/ESO-reflex meeting; ESO,Garching, Germany, 16.–18.12.2008

Vaananen, Mikko

7th International IGPP Conference, Kauai,Hawaii, USA, 6.–19.3.2008


Esko, Eero

”Chandrayaan-1 XSM”, C1XS Science TeamMeeting, 16.10.2008, Aberystwyth University, U.K.,invited talk

Nevalainen, Jukka

”Mapping the non-thermal component in Comacluster”, The X-ray Universe 2008, 28.5.2008,Granada, Spain, invited talk

Vaananen, Mikko

”Time evolution of the size of solar flare plasmaloops along the main sequence”, 7th International IGPPConference, 8.3.2008, Kauai, Hawaii, USA


Nevalainen, Jukka

Bonamente, Massimiliano, PhD, assistant profes-sor, University of Alabama in Huntsville, USA, 18.–22.5.2008


Huovelin, Juhani

Finnish COSPAR committee, Finland

Research school for astronomy and space physics,Finland, board

Tuorla Observatory of University of Turku, advi-sory board

Academy of Finland assessor pool, Finland, ex-pert

Finnish Space Committee (ANK), permanent ex-pert

Nevalainen, Jukka

XMM-Newton AO8 Time Allocation Committee,23.–26.1. 2008, U.K.

Planck Working Group 5, 30.3.2007–, expert

International Astronomical Consortium for HighEnergy Calibration, 9.5.2007–, expert

2.10 Refereeing and Other Publishing Activi-ties

Huovelin, Juhani

Earth and Planetary Science, Japan, referee

Nevalainen, Jukka

Astrophysical Journal, referee

15

A group of Observatory faculty, students and staff March 26, 2008. (Photo: Anu Palo)

Photo: Leith Arar

3 Planetary System ResearchProject number 02525008Research agreements Academy of FinlandType of research Basic researchDirector of research DocentMuinonen, KarriTelephone 19122941Fax 19122952E-mail [email protected] staff with a Ph.D. Karri Muinonen, Docent

Kari Lumme, Prof. emer.Serge Mouret, Ph.D.Mikael Granvik, Ph.D.Johanna Torppa, Ph.D.

Phd students Jyri Naranen, M.Sc.Dagmara Oszkiewicz , M.Sc.Hannu Parviainen, M.Sc.Antti Penttila, M.Sc.Jani Tyynela, M.Sc.Hannakaisa Lindqvist, M.Sc.

Students Jarkko NiemelaAssociated scientists Markku Poutanen, Prof.

Lauri Pesonen, Prof.Jouni Peltoniemi, DocentTimo Nousiainen, DocentJenni Virtanen, Ph.D.

3.1 Research activities

Research within the Planetary-System Research -group(PSR) at the University of Helsinki Observatory entails theo-retical, observational, and experimental studies on key top-ics of solar-system exploration. In fundamental planetaryphysics, PSR theoretical research is focused on light scatter-ing by single small particles, on multiple scattering by com-plex media of small particles, and the celestial mechanics ofthe few-body problem. Experiments have been carried outto measure backscattering characteristics of particulatemedia(scatterometer at the Observatory), to assess the X-ray fluo-rescence by planetary-regolith analog samples (at the Depart-ment of Physical Sciences), and to measure meteorite spec-tra in visible and near-infrared wavelengths (at the Geologi-cal Survey of Finland and at the Finnish Geodetic Institute).Observations have been made using both space-based andground-based telescopes.

The numerical method for computing coherent backscat-tering by complex particulate media developed at UHO hasbeen successfully applied to polarimetric observations oftransneptunian objects (TNOs). At ESO/VLT, PSR has con-tinued to participate in polarimetric observations of TNOs,for example, through participation in the Large Program onthe physical properties of TNOs. Furthermore, PSR has takenpart in polarimetric observations of cometary nuclei at VLT:these observations are the first-ever systematic polarimetricobservations of cometary nuclei.

Among the highlights of the TNO studies was the dis-covery of two distinct polarimetric behaviours of transneptu-nian objects by Bagnulo et al. (2008B1). Polarimetric obser-vations of the dwarf planet (136199) Eris were reported byBelskaya et al. (2008B1). Belskaya et al. (2008abB2) re-viewed the polarimetric VLT observations, assessing the sur-

Figure 6: Linear polarimetry of nine TNOs as a function ofphase angle. Two distinctly different populations are distin-guished: on the left, the large TNOs show rather shallow de-pendences; whereas, on the right, the small TNOs show steepdependences. The difference can be explained by the differingphysical properties of the surfaces of large and small TNOs.

face properties of Kuiper-Belt objects and centaurs from pho-tometry and polarimetry. The first polarimetric observationsof a cometary nucleus, concerning comet 2P/Encke, were re-ported by Boehnhardt et al. (2008B1, 2008B2).

The single-scattering polarization and intensity mecha-

Figure 7: All dipoles of the Gaussian-random-sphere parti-cle which have the intensity of the longitudinal component atleast 30% from the maximum. The volume-equivalent-spheresize parameterx = 8, the refractive indexm = 1.55, the rel-ative standard deviation of radiusσ = 0.245, and the power-law index of the covariance functionν = 4. The incidentpolarization (blue color) and the wave vector (gray color) areshown on the lower left.

19

Figure 8: An aggregate of 100 spheres and its concave-hulltransformations. The concave-hull transformation provides amethod for generating nonspherical particle shapes and inho-mogeneous internal compositions, which are essential quali-ties in modeling light scattering by small solar-system parti-cles.

nisms deriving from the internal electric fields of Gaussian-random-sphere particles were studied by Tyynela et al.(2008B1), similar to the study previously carried out forspherical particles. The study was further continued for ori-ented spheroids by Tyynela et al. (2008B2). Tyynela et al.(2008abB2) carried out radar-scattering computations fromspherical and spheroidal particles, as well as clusters of spher-ical particles in the C-band using the discrete-dipole approx-imation method (DDA). The results were compared to thosefrom exact methods.

Parviainen and Lumme (2008B1) investigated scat-tering from rough thin films using DDA. Erkkila andMuinonen (2008B2) studied light scattering by inhomoge-neous concave-hull-transformed clusters of spheres. Nousi-ainen et al. (2008B2) focused on optical modeling of thincalcite flakes using DDA. Zubko et al. (2008abcB2) studiedlight scattering by highly absorbing irregularly shaped parti-cles, light scattering by agglomerated debris particles com-posed of highly absorbing material, and the applicability ofDDA to conductive particles. Muinonen et al. (2008aB2) in-troduced diffuse scatterers in the ray-optics treatment for lightscattering by particles large compared to wavelength.

In studies of orbit computation, Granvik and Muinonen(2008B1) presented a new method for the previously un-solved problem of linking scarce sets of astrometry of solar-system objects over apparitions. The new method is basedon statistical orbital inversion, typically Ranging, and resultsfrom tests with simulated data were presented by Granvik andMuinonen (2008aB2). Granvik et al. (2008bB2) publishedan open-source orbit-computation package called OpenOrbwhich includes, for example, the statistical ranging method.Virtanen et al. (2008B2) reviewed transneptunian orbit com-putation.

Figure 9: Al/Si elemental ratios on the Moon as measuredwith X-ray fluorescence spectrometers onboard the Apollo 15and 16 missions. Red and blue imply high and low ratios, re-spectively. As the lunar silicon abundance as determined bythese missions is relatively constant, this map depicts effec-tively the aluminium abundance. Picture courtesy of NASA.

20

Figure 10: Collapse of orbital-element p.d.f.s with improving accuracy of the observations. Sets of distributions each com-posed of 5000 possible orbit solutions for (4) Vesta obtained from simulated Gaia data for the epoch of 2010 Aug 5.0 TDT.The distributions were obtained using four observations from a single scan (0.32 days observational time interval). Differentcolors correspond to different assumptions about the observational astrometric error in Right Ascension and Declination (redcolor impliesσα,δ = 1.0 arcsec, greenσα,δ = 0.1 arcsec, blueσα,δ = 0.01 arcsec, and blackσα,δ = 0.001 arcsec). The yellowasterisk indicates the end-of-mission least-squares solution. The distributions were obtained using MCMC ranging.

Figure 11: Comparison of reflectance spectra from a variety of meteorite subgroups. All of these, except one, are Chondritesthat are primitive form of meterorite. The Eucrite is an HED that is from a differentiated body. The legend shows chartlabels that consist of a letter and a number. The letter denotes the amount of free iron in the meteorite (High or Low) andthe number denotes the amount of thermal alteration with 3 being the lowest and 6 the highest amount. Numbers below 3refer to aqueous alteration. All groups have similar spectral characteristics with broad absorption bands (band I and band II)due to the presence of olivine and pyroxene. The bands are superimposed on a continuum that may increase or decrease withwavelength. Analyzing the features in the spectra can make aquantitive comparison between spectra.

21

Oszkiewicz et al. (2008B2) reported preliminary resultsof novel Markov-chain Monte-Carlo methods (MCMC) forasteroid orbit computation. The methods are to be applied,in particular, in the data analysis and processing chain forthe ESA Gaia mission. Lindegren et al. (2008B2) describedthe training of the next generation of space astrometrists inthe context of the ELSA project supporting the Gaia mis-sion. Hildebrand et al. (2008B2) showed that the Near-Earth-Object Surveillance Satellite (NEOSSat) Mission willconduct an efficient space-based asteroid survey at low solarelongations. Grundy et al. (2008B1) developed a statisti-cal ranging method for instrinsic orbit computation in binarysystems such as those involving two asteroids or two TNOs.They scheduled astrometric observations for (42355) TyphonEchidna based on the new method.

In studies of asteroid phase curves and lightcurves,Muinonen et al. (2008bB2) presented methods for the deriva-tion of empirical magnitude and polarization systems for as-teroid phase curves. Their goal is to develop a new magnitudesystem for asteroids, revising the two-parameter H, G magni-tude system. Torppa et al. (2008B1) provided asteroid shapeand spin statistics from convex models. They showed thatthe resulting convex shape models can be fitted by ellipsoidsat the 5% level but that the convex method is a key elementin obtaining such ellipsoid models. Muinonen (2008B2) andMuinonen and Oszkiewicz (2008B2) provided preliminaryresults for lightcurve inversion using Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo methods.

Laboratory measurements on the effect that the physicalproperties of the regolith (primarily surface roughness) haveon soft X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy of planetary surfaceswere performed both at the University of Helsinki (in collab-oration with the Department of Physics) and at the Universityof Leicester (UK) Space Research Centre. Preliminary resultsfrom these studies were published by Naranen et al. 2008B1.They confirmed that a hardening of the spectrum occurs asa function of growing phase angle and that the hardening isalso larger for rougher surfaces. This effect will be importantfor the analyses of present and future X-ray spectrometer datafrom orbiting platforms (e.g., BepiColombo at Mercury andChandrayaan-1 at Moon).

PSR has been collaborating with the Finnish Geodetic In-stitute during the past years in laboratory and field studiesofmultiangular light-scattering properties of terrestrialsurfaces(such as understory vegetation of boreal forests). Peltoniemiet al. (2008B1) described parts of the equipment used in thesestudies and presented the highlights of the studies.

Parviainen and Muinonen (2008abB2) studied volumeand surface shadowing in particulate random media, provid-ing a realistic light-scattering model for rough particulate sur-faces. Muinonen et al. (2008B2) assessed the scalar approxi-mation to coherent backscattering by spherical media. Foinget al. (2008B2), Koschny et al. (2008B2), and Grieger et al.(2008B2) described the ESA SMART-1 mission lunar high-

lights, lunar science planning, and the coverage and pointingaccuracy of SMART-1/AMIE images. PSR launched an in-depth study on the interpretation of the AMIE photometry:the results of these investigations were submitted for publica-tion.

Preparations continued for the Marco Polo near-Earth-object sample return mission, with PSR represented in theESA Science Study Team of the mission. The Marco Polomission was described by Koschny et al. (2008B2) and Dottoet al. (2008B2).


2008: Man-months of work: 100

Academy of Finland, ’Mercury, Lunar and SolarScience with BepiColombo and SMART-1: X-ray flu-orescence from small-particle media’:20 000e

European Commission, ’European Leadership inSpace Astrometry’ (ELSA)’: 64 000e

Finnish Cultural Foundation 16 000e

Tekes project Nanopap (Improvement of OpticalProperties of Paper by Increasing Refractive Indices ofMaterials): 21 000e

Tekes forest cluster project Re-engineering paper:30 448e


Granvik, Mikael

Ph.D. Thesis: Asteroid identification using sta-tistical orbital inversion methods; 2008, University ofHelsinki, Department of Astronomy

Torppa, Johanna

Ph.D. Thesis: Lightcurve inversion for asteroidspins and shapes; 2008, University of Helsinki, Depart-ment of Astronomy

Erkkil a, HannakaisaM.Sc. thesis: Light scatteringby small inhomogeneous solar-system particles; 2008,University of Helsinki, Department of Astronomy

3.4 Visits abroad

Muinonen, Karri

International Space Science Institute (ISSI),Switzerland, 6.–12.1.2008

Observatoire de Paris, France, 29.–30.1.2008

ESA/EST, The Netherlands, 18.–19.3.2008

ESA/ESTEC, The Netherlands, 26.–27.3.2008

22


Li ege Observatory, Belgia, 14.–17.5.2008

Observatoire de la Cote d’Azur, France, 5.–7.6.2008

AOGS meeting, Busan, South Korea, 12.–20.6.2008

ACM’2008 meeting, Baltimore, USA, 13.–18.6.2006

ELSA meeting, Barcelona, Spain, 31.8.–6.9.2008

ELS meeting, Hatfield, U.K., 7.–12.9.2008


Observatoire de Bordeaux, France, 19.–22.11.2008

International Space Science Institute (ISSI),Switzerland, 30.11.–5.12.2008

Mouret, Serge

IMCCE – Paris observatory, France, 80 days

Oszkiewicz, Dagmara

ESAC, Spain, 15.–19.1.2008

ESAC, Spain, 15.–20.6.2008

GAIA DPAC, Belgia, 14.–17.5.2008

Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Labo-ratory, USA, 12.–19.7.2008

Li ege University, Belgia, 24.–29.8.2008

Barcelona University, Spain, 29.8.–7.9.2008

Parviainen, Hannu

SMART-1 meeting; Madrid, Spain, 9.–12.4.2008

ELS XI meeting, U.K., 7.–12.9.2008

DPS 2008, USA, 9.–20.10.2008

MIXS IPDR; London, U.K., 10.–13.11.2008

Penttila, Antti

ISSI – International Space Science Institute,Switzerland, 1.–5.12.2008


Mouret, Serge

”Asteroid mass determination with Gaia mission”,The 10th Asteroids, Comets, Meteors, Baltimore, MD,USA

Muinonen, Karri

”Light scattering by solar-system small parti-cles”, Visit at the Physics Department, University ofJyvaskyla, 7.3.2008, Jyvaskyla, Finland, invited talk

”Polarimetry of transneptunian objects andcometary nuclei with VLT”, National meeting of theFinnish ESO scientists and students, 23.–24.10.2008,Tuorla Observatory, Finland

”Planetary-System Research at UH/Obs”, Visit atthe Finnish Geodetic Institute, 11.11.2008, Helsinki,Finland, invited talk

”Marco Polo: a near Earth object sample returnmission”, Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIX, 10.–14.3.2008, League City, TX, USA

”SMART-1 lunar highlights”, Lunar and Plane-tary Science XXXIX, 10.–14.3.2008, League City, TX,USA

”Coverage and pointing accuracy of SMART-1/AMIE images”, Lunar and Planetary ScienceXXXIX, 10.–14.3.2008, League City, TX, USA

”Marco Polo: Near-Earth object sample returnmission”, European Geosciences Union, General As-sembly, 13.–18.4.2008, Vienna, Austria, invited talk

”Physical properties of cosmic dust particles fromlight scattering”, Asia Oceania Geosciences Society,16.–20.6.2008, Busan, South Korea, invited talk

”Marco Polo: NEO sample return mission”, AsiaOceania Geosciences Society, Annual Meeting, 16.–20.6.2008, Busan, South Korea

”Polarimetry of transneptunian objects”, Astro-nomical Polarimetry 2008, 6.–11.7.2008, La Malbaie,Quebec, Canada

”First phase-angle resolved polarimetry of a barecomet nucleus: comet 2P/Encke”, Astronomical Po-larimetry 2008, 13.–20.7.2008, La Malbaie, Quebec,Canada, poster

”Science of Marco Polo: Near-Earth object sam-ple return mission”, 37th COSPAR Scientific Assem-bly, 13.–20.7.2008, Montreal, Canada, invited talk

”Effect of regolith on planetary X-ray fluores-cence spectroscopy: laboratory and numerical studies”,37th COSPAR Scientific Assembly, 13.–20.7.2008,Montreal, Canada, poster

”Photometric study of the Moon with SMART-1/AMIE”, 37th COSPAR Scientific Assembly, 13.–20.7.2008, Montreal, Canada

”Planetary protection issues for the Marco PoloNEO sample return mission”, 37th COSPAR ScientificAssembly, 13.–18.6.2008, Montreal, Canada, invitedtalk

23

”TNO ESO-VLT Large Program (2006–2008):Results and implications”, Asteroids, Comets, Mete-ors 2008, 13.–18.6.2008, Baltimore, MD, USA, invitedtalk

”Polarimetry of transneptunian objects and cen-taurs with VLT”, Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 2008,13.–18.6.2008, Baltimore, MD, USA, poster

”Imaging and polarimetry of the nucleus of Comet2P/Encke”, Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 2008, 13.–18.6.2008, Baltimore, MD, USA

”OpenOrb: Open-source asteroid-orbit-computation software including statistical orbitalranging”, Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 2008, 13.–18.6.2008, Baltimore, MD, USA, poster

”New method for identifying asteroids betweenapparitions among a wealth of scarce astrometry”, As-teroids, Comets, Meteors 2008, 13.–18.6.2008, Balti-more, MD, USA

”Marco Polo – a mission to return a sample from anear-Earth object”, Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 2008,13.–18.6.2008, Baltimore, MD, USA

”Lightcurve inversion using Markov-ChainMonte-Carlo methods”, Asteroids, Comets, Meteors2008, 13.–18.6.2008, Baltimore, MD, USA, poster

”Inversion of asteroid phase curves for empiri-cal magnitude and polarization systems”, Asteroids,Comets, Meteors 2008, 13.–18.6.2008, Baltimore,MD, USA

”Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo methods for aster-oid orbit computation”, Asteroids, Comets, Meteors2008, 13.–18.6.2008, Baltimore, MD, USA, poster

”A realistic light-scattering model for rough par-ticulate surfaces”, Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 2008,1.–5.9.2008, Baltimore, MD, USA, poster

”Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo methods”, ELSAWorkshop on Software Engineering and Numerics, 7.–12.9.2008, Barcelona, Spain, invited talk

”Light scattering by inhomogeneous concave-hull-transformed clusters of spheres”, Electromagneticand Light Scattering by Nonspherical Particles, 7.–12.9.2008, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, U.K.

”Volume and surface shadowing in particulaterandom media”, Electromagnetic and Light Scatteringby Nonspherical Particles, 7.–12.9.2008, University ofHertfordshire, Hatfield, U.K.

”Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo inversion of aster-oid photometric lightcurves”, Electromagnetic andLight Scattering by Nonspherical Particles, 7.–12.9.2008, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, U.K.,poster

”Optical modeling of thin calcite flakes usingDDA”, Electromagnetic and Light Scattering by Non-spherical Particles, 7.–12.9.2008, University of Hert-fordshire, Hatfield, Gibraltar, poster

”Light scattering by agglomerated debris parti-cles composed of highly absorbing material”, Electro-magnetic and Light Scattering by Nonspherical Parti-cles, 7.–12.9.2008, University of Hertfordshire, Hat-field, U.K.

”Angular-scattering, negative-polarization, andintensity-enhancement studies of spheroids”, Electro-magnetic and Light Scattering by Nonspherical Parti-cles, 7.–12.9.2008, University of Hertfordshire, Hat-field, U.K., poster

”Ray-optics radiative-transfer method for scatter-ing by inhomogeneous Gaussian random particles”,Electromagnetic and Light Scattering by NonsphericalParticles, 7.–12.9.2008, University of Hertfordshire,Hatfield, U.K.

”DDA applicability for conductive particles”,Electromagnetic and Light Scattering by NonsphericalParticles, 7.–12.9.2008, University of Hertfordshire,Hatfield, U.K.

”Modeling polarization radar echoes of hydrom-eteors using discrete-dipoles approximation”, Electro-magnetic and Light Scattering by Nonspherical Parti-cles, 7.–12.9.2008, University of Hertfordshire, Hat-field, U.K.

”Scalar approximation to coherent backscatteringby spherical media”, Electromagnetic and Light Scat-tering by Nonspherical Particles, 10.–15.10.2008, Uni-versity of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, U.K., poster

”Effects of regolith properties on soft X-ray flu-orescence”, Division for Planetary Sciences, 40thAnnual Meeting, 10.–15.10.2008, Ithaca, NY, USA,poster

”Marco Polo: Near-Earth object sample returnmission”, Division for Planetary Sciences, 40th AnnualMeeting, 10.–15.10.2008, Ithaca, NY, USA, poster

”Polarimetric properties of transneptunian objectsand centaurs”, Division for Planetary Sciences, 40thAnnual Meeting, 30.6.–4.7.2008, Ithaca, NY, USA,poster

”Modeling polarization radar echoes of hydrome-teors using Discrete Dipole approximation”, Fifth Eu-ropean Conference on Radar in Meteorology and Hy-drology, 8.–12.9.2008, Helsinki, Finland

”The Marco Polo study mission: a European op-portunity to return samples from a Near Earth Ob-ject for laboratory studies”, Future Ground based So-lar System Research: Synergies with Space Probes

24

and Space Telescope, 8.–12.9.2008, Portoferraio, Isolad’Elba, Italy

”Polarimetry in planetary science – A step for-ward with the VLT”, Future Ground based Solar Sys-tem Research: Synergies with Space Probes and SpaceTelescope, 4.–8.5.2008, Portoferraio, Isola d’Elba,Italy

”Marco Polo: Near-Earth Object Sample ReturnMission”, SAIt, 29.9.–3.10.2008, Teramo, Italy

”Probing the origin of the solar system – MarcoPolo, a Near-Earth Object Sample Return Mis-sion”, 59th International Astronautical Congress, 13.–16.1.2008, Glasgow, U.K.

”MARCO POLO : Near Earth Object Sample Re-turn Mission”, The First Meeting of The InternationalPrimitive Body Exploration Working Group (IPEWG),31.3.–3.4.2008, Okinawa, Japan

”Marco Polo: Near-Earth Object Sample Re-turn Mission”, The RAS National Astronomy Meeting,Belfast, U.K.

Oszkiewicz, Dagmara

”Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo methods for aster-oid orbits computation”, Asteroid Comets Meteorsmeeting, 12.–19.7.2008, Baltimore, MD, USA, poster

”Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo methods for aster-oid orbits computation”, ELSA workshops on softwareengineering and numerics, 2.9.2008, Barcelona, Spain

”Asteroid orbital ranging with Markov-ChainMonte-Carlo”, Institute seminar, Astronomical Obser-vatory, A. Mickiewicz University, 8.1.2008, Poznan,Poland, invited talk


Muinonen, Karri

Mouret, Serge, Ph.D., Observatoire de Paris,France, 1.1.–31.12.2008


Muinonen, Karri

International Astronomical Union, Commission20 Organizing Committee, 2006–, France

ELSA Steering Committee (European Leadershipin Space Astrometry), 1.10.2006–, Sweden

International Astronomical Union, Task Group onAsteroid Magnitudes, 2006–, France

International Astronomical Union, Task Groupon Asteroid Polarimetric Albedo Calibration, 2006–,France

Marco Polo Science Study Team, ESA, 2007–,France

International Astronomical Union, Task Group onGeophysical and Geological Properties of Asteroidsand Cometary Nuclei, 2008–, France, chair

3.8 Refereeing and Other Publishing Activities

Muinonen, Karri

Icarus, USA, referee

Planetary and Space Science, The Netherlands,referee

Penttila, Antti

Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radia-tive Transfer, The Netherlands, referee

25

4 Lectures in 2008Course (English) Course (Finnish)

spring termbasic studies perusopinnot

Universe now Maailmankaikkeus nyt (lectured in English)Universe now Maailmankaikkeus nyt (lectured in Finnish)Universe now Maailmankaikkeus nyt (lectured in Swedish)Basics of observational astronomy I Havaitsevan tahtitieteen peruskurssi IBasic astronomy Tahtitieteen perusteetPractical methods in astronomy Tahtitieteen kaytannon menetelmia

subject studies aineopinnotPhysics of the Solar System Aurinkokunnan fysiikka

advanced studies syventavat opinnotInterferometry of radio and infrared frequencies Radio- jainfrapuna-alueen interferometriaMultiple scattering of light on small particles Valon monisironta pienhiukkasistaAdvanced course in astrophysics Astrofysiikan jatkokurssiIrregularly spaced data analysis in Epasaannollisen datan analyysi tahtitieteessa

astronomy and related sciences ja lahitieteissaMagnetic activity of stars Tahtien magneettinen aktiivisuusInversion methods in astronomy Tahtitieteen inversiomenetelmatPhysical cosmology Fysikaalinen kosmologia

other muutIntroduction to astrobiology Johdatus astrobiologiaanClimate changes of planet Earth Planeetta Maan ilmastonvaihtelutTelling about astronomy – a course on Kerro tahtitieteesta – populaarikirjoittamisen

popularization kurssiseminars seminaarit

Astrophysics seminar Astrofysiikan seminaariPlanetary system research seminar Planeettakunnan tutkimusseminaariHigh energy astrophysics and cosmology Suurenergia-astrofysiikan ja kosmologian

seminar seminaariautumn termbasic studies perusopinnot

Universe now Maailmankaikkeus nyt (lectured in Finnish)Basics of observational astronomy II Havaitsevan tahtitieteen peruskurssi IIBasic astronomy Tahtitieteen perusteet

subject studies aineopinnotMathematical methods in astronomy I Tahtitieteen matemaattiset menetelmat IStructure and evolution of stars Tahtien rakenne ja kehitysBasic course in astrophysics Astrofysiikan peruskurssiPhysics of the Solar system Aurinkokunnan fysiikka

advanced studies syventavat opinnotX ray analysis of galaxy clusters Galaksijoukkojen rontgenanalyysiScattering of light on small particles I Valonsironta pienhiukkasista I

other muutIntroduction to astrobiology Johdatus astrobiologiaanCosmic collisions and climate changes – Kosmiset tormaykset ja ilmastomuutokset

lecture course on astrobiology – astrobiologian luentosarjaseminars seminaarit

Astrophysics seminar Astrofysiikan seminaariPlanetary system research seminar Planeettakunnan tutkimusseminaari

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5 LibraryLibrarian Eva Isaksson, M.Sc.E-mail [email protected]

5.1 The Observatory Museum and HistoricalDocuments

The librarian has worked with a team consisting of TapioMarkkanen and others to put together webpages of the Ob-servatory museum with photographs and information aboutthe Observatory, and its history, with details about old astro-nomical instruments. The pages are located athttp://www.astro.helsinki.fi/museo/index2.shtml

The ongoing investigation into the Carte du Ciel collec-tion, held by the University of Helsinki Observatory as a re-sult of its participation in the Carte du Ciel in 1890–1937 wasstarted in 2007. Various aspects as to the preservation of thesevaluable materials have been under consideration, but not ac-tively pursued in 2008 because of lack of workforce.

5.2 Accessibility Issues

Making both printed and online resources more accessible forphysically challenged library users is a topic deserving in-formed attention. The librarian has been involved with a uni-versity of Helsinki wide project to further accessibility.Shehas also acted as an expert member in an advisory workgroupof campus and faculty libraries. A survey of of astronomicallibrary resources as to how compliant those are with accessi-bility standards is underway.

5.3 LISA VI Conference

The Library and Information Services in Astronomy (LISA)conferences, arranged every 4th year, bring together astron-omy librarians, publishers and information specialists fromall over the world.

The librarian acts as co-chair of the Scientific OrganizingCommittee of the next LISA conference to be held in Pune,India in February 14-17, 2010.

Figure 12: One can get the feel of history at the Observatorymuseum. Photo: Leith Arar


Isaksson, Eva

Library and Information Services in Astronomy(LISA) VI SOC, co-chair

27

6 Publications

6.1 Articles in refereed journals (B1)

1. Alha, Lauri ; Huovelin, Juhani; Hackman, Thomas; An-dersson, H.; Howe, C.J.;Esko, Eero; Vaananen, Mikko:The in-flight performance of the X-ray Solar Monitor (XSM)on-board SMART-1. Nuclear Inst. and Methods in PhysicsResearch A 596 (2008): 317–326.

2. Antyufeyev, A.;Toriseva, Mikko; Shulga, V.: Large-scalemapping of the IRAS 0042+ 5530 region in the 12CO (J=1–0) and 13CO (J= 1–0) molecular lines. Kinematics andPhysics of Celestial Bodies 24 (2008): 229–235.

3. Axelsson, M.; Hjalmarsdotter, Linnea .; Borgonovo, L.;Larsson, S.: Vanishing hardness-flux correlation in CygnusX-1: signs of the disc moving out. Astron. Astrophys. 490(2008): 253–258.

4. Bagnulo, S.; Belskaya, I.;Muinonen, Karri ; Tozzi, G. P.;Barucci, M. A.; Kolokolova, L.; Fornasier, S.: Discovery oftwo distinct polarimetric behaviours of trans-Neptunian ob-jects. Astron. Astroph. 491 (2008): L33–L36.

5. Belskaya, I.; Bagnulo, S.;Muinonen, Karri ; Barucci, M. A.;Tozzi, G. P.; Fornasier, S.; Kolokolova, L.: Polarimetry of thedwarf planet (136199) Eris. Astron. Astrophys. 479 (2008):265–269

6. Boehnhardt, H.; Tozzi, G. P.; Bagnulo, S.;Muinonen, Kar-ri ; Nathues, A.; Kolokolova, L.: Photometry and polarimetryof the nucleus of comet 2P/Encke. Astron. Astrophys. 489(2008): 1337–1343.

7. Brandenburg, A.; Radler, K.-H.; Rheinhardt, M.;Kapyla,Petri: Magnetic Diffusivity Tensor and Dynamo Effects inRotating and Shearing Turbulence. Astrophys. J. 676 (2008):740–751.

8. Durret, F.; Kaastra, J. S.;Nevalainen, Jukka; Ohashi, T.;Werner, N.: Soft X-Ray and Extreme Ultraviolet ExcessEmission from Clusters of Galaxies. Space Science Reviews134 (2008): 51–70

9. Foing, B. H.; Racca, G. D.; Josset, J. L.; Koschny, D.; Frew,D.; Almeida, M.; Zender, J.; Heather, D.; Peters, S.; Marini,A.; Stagnaro, L.; Beauvivre, S.; Grande, M.; Kellett, B.;Huovelin, Juhani; Nathues, A.; Mall, U.; Ehrenfreund, P.;McCannon, P.: SMART-1 highlights and relevant studies onearly bombardment and geological processes on rocky plan-ets. Physica Scripta T130 (2008): 014026.

10. Gandolfi, D-; Alcala, J. M.; Leccia, S.; Frasca, A.; Spezzi, L.;Covino, E.; Testi, L.; Marilli, E.;Kainulainen, Jouni: TheStar Formation in the L1615/L1616 Cometary Cloud. TheAstrophys. J. 687 (2008): 1303–1322.

11. Granvik, Mikael ; Muinonen, Karri : Asteroid identificationover apparitions. Icarus 198 (2008): 130–137.

12. Grundy, W. M.; Noll, K. S.; Virtanen, J.;Muinonen, Karri ;Kern, S. D.; Stephens, D. C.; Stansberry, J. A.; Levison, H.F.; Spencer, J. R.: (42355) Typhon Echidna: Scheduling ob-servations for binary orbit determination Icarus 197 (2008):260–268.

13. Harju, Jorma ; Juvela, Mika; Schlemmer, S.;Haikala,Lauri ; Lehtinen, Kimmo K. ; Mattila, Kalevi : Detectionof 6 K gas in Ophiuchus D. Astron. Astrophys. 482 (2008):535–539

14. Hjalmarsdotter, Linnea ; Zdziarski, A. A.; Larsson, S.;Beckmann, V.; McCollough, M.;Hannikainen, Diana; Vil-hu, Osmi: The nature of the hard state of Cygnus X-3.Monthly Notices R.A.S. 384 (2008): 278–290.

15. Jouve, L.; Brun, A. S.; Arlt, R.; Brandenburg, A.; Dikpati,M.; Bonanno, A.;Kapyla, Petri; Moss, D.; Rempel, M.;Gilman, P.;Korpi, Maarit ; Kosovichev, A. G.: A solar meanfield dynamo benchmark. Astron. Astrophys. 483 (2008):949–960

16. Juvela, Mika; Pelkonen, Veli–Matti; Padoan, P.;Matti-la, Kalevi: A Corona Australis cloud filament seen in NIRscattered light. I. Comparison with extinction of backgroundstars. Astron. Astrophys. 480 (2008): 445–458

17. Jarvinen, S. P.; Korhonen, H.; Berdyugina, S. V.; Ilyin, I.;Strassmeier, K. G.; Weber, M.; Savanov, I.;Tuominen, Ilk-ka: Magnetic activity on V889 Herculis. Combining pho-tometry and spectroscopy. Astron. Astrophys. 488 (2008):1047–1055.

18. Kaastra, J. S.; Bykov, A. M.; Schindler, S.; Bleeker, J. A.M.; Borgani, S.; Diaferio, A.; Dolag, K.; Durret, F.;Neva-lainen, Jukka; Ohashi, T.; Paerels, F. B. S.; Petrosian, V.;Rephaeli, Y.; Richter, P.; Schaye, J.; Werner, N.: Clusters ofGalaxies: Beyond the Thermal View. Space Science Reviews134 (2008): 1–6

19. Kainulainen, Jouni; Juvela, Mika; Alves, J.: Near-infraredreddening of extra-galactic giant molecular clouds in a face-on geometry. Astron. Astrophys. 482 (2008): 229–236

20. Ketola, R.; Tarkiainen, V.; Kiuru, J.; Savolahti, P.; Kotiaho,T.; Juujarvi, J.;Ridderstad, Marianna; Heikkonen, J.: Eval-uation of mathematical algorithm for solving of Fourier trans-form infrared spectroscopic and mass spectra. Industrial &Engineering Chemistry Research 47 (2008): 8101–8106.

21. Klotz, J.; Harju, Jorma ; Ristorcelli, I.; Juvela, Mika;Boudet, N.;Haikala, Lauri : An upper limit of gaseous waterabundance in Chamaeleon-MMS1 as observed with ODIN.Astron. Astrophys. 488 (2008): 559–564.

22. Kapyla, Petri; Brandenburg, A.: Lambda effect from forcedturbulence simulations. Astron. Astrophys. 488 (2008): 9–23.

23. Kapyla, Petri; Korpi, Maarit ; Brandenburg, A.: Large-scale dynamos in turbulent convection with shear. Astron.Astrophys. 491 (2008): 353–362.

24. Lunttila, Tuomas; Padoan, P.;Juvela, Mika; Nordlund, Å.:The Super-Alfvenic Model of Molecular Clouds: Predictionsfor Zeeman Splitting Measurements. The Astrophys. J. 686(2008): L91–L94.

25. Miettinen, Oskari ; Kontinen, Samu; Harju, Jorma ; Hig-don, J. L.: Radio continuum imaging of the R Coronae Aus-trinae star-forming region with the ATCA. Astron. Astro-phys. 486 (2008): 799–806

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26. Naranen, Jyri; Parviainen, Hannu; Muinonen, Karri ;Carpenter, J.; Nygård, K.; Peura, M.: Laboratory studies intothe effect of regolith on planetary X-ray fluorescence spec-troscopy. Icarus198 (2008): 408–419.

27. Paerels, F.; Kaastra, J.; Ohashi, T.; Richter, P.; Bykov, A.;Nevalainen, Jukka: Future Instrumentation for the Study ofthe Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium. Space Science Reviews134 (2008): 405–418

28. Parviainen, Hannu; Lumme, Kari : Scattering from roughthin films: discrete-dipole-approximation simulations. JOSAA 25 (2008): 90–97.

29. Peltoniemi, J. I.; Suomalainen, J.; Puttonen, E.;Naranen,Jyri ; Rautiainen, M.: Reflectance properties of selectedarctic-boreal land cover types: field measurements and theirapplication in remote sensing. Biogeosciences Discussions 5(2008): 1069–1095.

30. Prat, L.; Rodriguez, J.;Hannikainen, Diana; Shaw, S. E.:Peering through the stellar wind of IGR J19140+0951 withsimultaneous INTEGRAL/RXTE observations. Monthly No-tices of the R, A. S. 389 (2008): 301–310.

31. Porceddu, Sebastian; Jetsu, Lauri; Markkanen, Tapio;and Toivari-Viitala, J.: Evidence of Periodicity in AncientEgyptian Calendars of Lucky and Unlucky Days.CambridgeArchaeological Journal 18 (2008): 327–339.

32. Rephaeli, Y.;Nevalainen, Jukka; Ohashi, T.; Bykov, A. M.:Nonthermal Phenomena in Clusters of Galaxies Space Sci-ence Reviews 134 (2008): 71–92

33. Rodriguez, J.;Hannikainen, Diana; Shaw, S. E.; Pooley, G.;Corbel, S.; Tagger, M.; Mirabel, I. F.; Belloni, T.; Cabanac,C.; Cadolle Bel, M.; Chenevez, J.; Kretschmar, P.; Lehto, H.J.; Paizis, A.; Varnıere, P.;Vilhu, Osmi : 2 years of INTE-GRAL Monitoring of GRS 1915+105. I. MultiwavelengthCoverage with INTEGRAL, RXTE, and the Ryle Radio Tele-scope. Astrophys. J. 675 (2008): 1436–1448.

34. Rodriguez, J.; Shaw, S. E.;Hannikainen, Diana; Belloni,T.; Corbel, S.; Cadolle Bel, M.; Chenevez, J.; Prat, L.;Kretschmar, P.; Lehto, H. J.; Mirabel, I. F.; Paizis, A.; Poo-ley, G.; Tagger, M.; Varnıere, P.; Cabanac, C.;Vilhu, Osmi :2 Years of INTEGRAL Monitoring of GRS 1915+105. II. X-Ray Spectro-Temporal Analysis. Astrophys. J. 675 (2008):1449–1458.

35. Torppa, Johanna; Hentunen, V.-P.; Paakkonen, P.; Kehus-maa, P.;Muinonen, Karri : Asteroid shape and spin statisticsfrom convex models. Icarus 198 (2008): 91–107.

36. Tyynela, Jani; Muinonen, Karri ; Zubko, E.; Videen, G.: In-terrelating scattering characteristics to internal electric fieldsfor Gaussian-random-sphere particles. Journal of Quantita-tive Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer 109 (2008): 2207–2218.

37. Wilson, C. D.; Petitpas, G. R.; Iono, D.; Peck, A.; Krips, M.;Warren, B. E.; Baker, A. J.; Yun, M. S.; Pihlstrom, Y.; Mihos,C.; Matsushita, S.;Juvela, Mika; Ho, P. T. P.; Cox, T. J.; Ar-mus, L.: Luminous infrared galaxies with the submillimeterarray: probing the extremes of star formation. Astrophysicsand Space Science 313 (2008): 297–302

38. Wilson, C. D.; Petitpas, G. R.; Iono, D.; Baker, A. J.; Peck, A.B.; Krips, M.; Warren, B.; Golding, J.; Atkinson, A.; Armus,L.; Cox, T. J.; Ho, P.;Juvela, Mika; Matsushita, S.; Mihos, J.C.; Pihlstrom, Y.; Yun, Min S.: Luminous Infrared Galaxieswith the Submillimeter Array. I. Survey Overview and theCentral Gas to Dust Ratio. Astrophys. J. Suppl. 178 (2008):189–224.

6.2 Papers in conference publications andcompilations (B2)

1. Belskaya, I. N.; Bagnulo, S.; Barucci, M. A.;Muinonen,Karri ; Tozzi, G. P.; Fornasier, S.; Kolokolova, L.: Polarime-try of Transneptunian Objects and Centaurs with VLT. Aster-oids, Comets, Meteors 2008 held July 14–18, 2008 in Balti-more, Maryland. LPI Contribution No. 1405, paper id. 8172.

2. Belskaya, I. N.; Levasseur-Regourd, A.-C.; Shkuratov, Y. G.;Muinonen, Karri : Surface Properties of Kuiper Belt Objectsand Centaurs from Photometry and Polarimetry. The SolarSystem Beyond Neptune, M. A. Barucci, H. Boehnhardt, D.P. Cruikshank, and A. Morbidelli (eds.), University of Ari-zona Press, Tucson, pp. 115–127

3. Boehnhardt, H.; Tozzi, G. P.; Bagnulo, S.;Muinonen, Kar-ri ; Nathues, A.; Kolokolova, L.: Imaging and Polarimetry ofthe Nucleus of Comet 2P/Encke. Asteroids, Comets, Meteors2008 held July 14–18, 2008 in Baltimore, Maryland. LPIContribution No. 1405, paper id. 8005.

4. Dieball, A.; Knigge, C.; Zurek, D. R.; Shara, M. M.; Long,K. S.; Charles, P. A.;Hannikainen, Diana: Unveiling theCore of M 15 in the Far-Ultraviolet. Dynamical Evolutionof Dense Stellar Systems, Proceedings of the InternationalAstronomical Union. IAU Symp. 246 (2008): 361–362.

5. Dotto, E.; Barucci, M. A.; Yoshikawa, M.; Koschny, D.;Boehnhardt, H.; Brucato, J. R.; Coradini, M.; Franchi, I. A.;Green, S. F.; Josset, J. L.; Kawaguchi, J.; Michel, P.;Muino-nen, Karri ; Oberst, J.; Yano, H.; Binzel, R. P.: Marco Polo:Near Earth Object sample return mission. Memorie della So-cieta Astronomica Italiana Supplement 12 (2008): 102–109.

6. Erkkil a, Hannakaisa; Muinonen, Karri : Light scatter-ing by inhomogeneous concave-hulltransformed clusters ofspheres. 11th Electromagnetic and Light Scattering Confer-ence, Extended Abstracts (September 7–12, 2008, Universityof Hertfordshire, Hatfield, U.K.) 9–12.

7. Foing, B. H.; Koschny, D.; Grieger, B.; Josset, J.-L.; Beau-vivre, S.; Grande, M.;Huovelin, Juhani; Keller, H. U.; Mall,U.; Nathues, A.; Malkki, A.; Noci, G.; Sodnik, Z.; Kel-lett, B.; Pinet, P.; Chevrel, S.; Cerroni, P.; de Sanctis, M.C.; Barucci, M. A.; Erard, S.; Despan, D.;Muinonen, Kar-ri ; Shevchenko, V.; Shkuratov, Y.; Ellouzi, M.; Peters, S.;Almeida, M.; Frew, D.; Volp, J.; Heather, D.; McMannamon,P.; Camino, O.; Racca, G.: SMART-1 Lunar Highlights. 39thLunar and Planetary Science Conference, (Lunar and Plan-etary Science XXXIX), held March 10–14, 2008 in LeagueCity, Texas. LPI Contribution No. 1391, 1987.

8. Grande, M.; Maddison, B.; Sreekumar, P.;Huovelin, Juha-ni; Kellett, B.; Howe, C. J.; Crawford, I. A.; Holland, A.:

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The C1XS X-Ray Spectrometer on Chandrayaan-1. 39th Lu-nar and Planetary Science Conference, (Lunar and PlanetaryScience XXXIX), held March 10–14, 2008 in League City,Texas. LPI Contribution No. 1391, 1620.

9. Granvik, Mikael ; Muinonen, Karri : New Method for Iden-tifying Asteroids over Apparitions Among a Wealth of ScarceAstrometry. Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 2008 held July 14–18, 2008 in Baltimore, Maryland. LPI Contribution No.1405, 8205.

10. Granvik, Mikael ; Virtanen, Jenni; Muinonen, Karri :OpenOrb: Open-Source Asterod-Orbit-Computation Soft-ware Including Statistical Orbital Ranging. Asteroids,Comets, Meteors 2008 held July 14–18, 2008 in Baltimore,Maryland. LPI Contribution No. 1405, paper id. 8206.

11. Grieger, B.; Foing, B. H.; Koschny, D.; Josset, J. L.; Beau-vivre, S.; Frew, D.; Almeida, M.; Sarkarati, M.; Volp,J.; Pinet, P.; Chevrel, S.; Cerroni, P.; de Sanctis, M. C.;Barucci, M. A.; Erard, S.; Despan, D.;Muinonen, Kar-ri ; Shevchenko, V.; Shkuratov, Y.; El-louzi, M.; Peters, S.;Grande, M.;Huovelin, Juhani; Nathues, A.; Malkki, A.;Noci, G.; Kellett, B.; Cook, A. C.: Heather, D.; Zender,J.; McMannamon, P.; Schwehm, G.; Camino, O.; Blake,R.: Coverage and Pointing Accuracy of SMART-1/AMIE Im-ages. 39th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, (Lunarand Planetary Science XXXIX), held March 10–14, 2008 inLeague City, Texas. LPI Contribution No. 1391, 2221.

12. Hannikainen, Diana; Rodriguez, J.: GRS 1915+105: ASnapshot with INTEGRAL. A population explosion: The Na-ture & Evolution of X-ray Binaries in Diverse Environments,AIP Conf. Proc.1010 (2008): 85–87.

13. Hildebrand, A. R.; Tedesco, E. F.; Carroll, K. A.; Cardinal,R. D.; Matthews, J. M.; Gladman, B.; Kaiser, N. R.; Brown,P. G.; Wiegert, P.; Larson, S. M.; Worden, S. P.; Wallace,B. J.; Chodas, P. W.;Granvik, Mikael ; Gural, P.: The NearEarth Object Surveillance Satellite (NEOSSat) Mission WillConduct an Efficient Space-Based Asteroid Survey at LowSolar Elongations. Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 2008 heldJuly 14–18, 2008 in Baltimore, Maryland. LPI ContributionNo. 1405, paper id. 8293.

14. Juvela, Mika; Goncalves, J.;Pelkonen, Veli–Matti; Luntti-la, Tuomas: Modelling polarized radiation from interstellarclouds. EAS Publications Ser. 31 (2008): 179–180.

15. Koschny, D.; Barucci, A.; Yoshikawa, M.; Bohnhardt, H.;Brucato, J.; Coradini, M.; Dotto, E.; Franchi, I.; Green, S.;Josset, J.-L.; Kawaguchi, J.; Michel, P.;Muinonen, Karri ;Oberst, J.; Yano, H.; Binzel, R.; Agnolon, D.; Romstedt, J.:Marco Polo – A Mission to Return a Sample from a Near-Earth Object. Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 2008 held July14–18, 2008 in Baltimore, Maryland. LPI Contribution No.1405, paper id. 8227.

16. Koschny, D.; Foing, B. H.; Frew, D.; Grieger, B.; Almeida,M.; Sarkarati, M.; Volp, J.; Josset, J.-L.; Beauvivre, S.;Grande, M.;Huovelin, Juhani; Nathues, A.; Malkki, A.;Noci, G.; Kellett, B.; Heather, D. J.; Zender, J.; McMan-namon, P.; Schwehm, G.; Camino, O.; Blake, R.: SMART-1 Lunar Science Planning. 39th Lunar and Planetary Sci-ence Conference, (Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIX),

held March 10–14, 2008 in League City, Texas. LPI Con-tribution No. 1391, 2282.

17. Lindegren, L.; Bijaoui, A.; Brown, A. G. A.; Drimmel, R.;Eyer, L.; Jordan, S.; Kontizas, M.; van Leeuwen, F.;Muino-nen, Karri ; Pourbaix, D.; Torra, J.; Turon, C.; de Vries, J.;Zwitter, T.: ELSA training the next generation of space as-trometrists. A Giant Step: from Milli- to Micro-arcsecondAstrometry, Proceedings of the International AstronomicalUnion. IAU Symp. 248 (2008): 529–530.

18. Lindfors, E. J.; Turler, M.; Hannikainen, Diana: Syn-chrotron Flaring Behaviour of Cygnus X-3. A populationexplosion: The Nature & Evolution of X-ray Binaries in Di-verse Environments, AIP Conf. Proc.1010 (2008): 91–93.

19. Muinonen, Karri : Lightcurve Inversion Using Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo Methods. Asteroids, Comets, Meteors2008 held July 14–18, 2008 in Baltimore, Maryland. LPIContribution No. 1405, paper id. 8315.

20. Muinonen, Karri ; Cellino, A.; Belskaya, I.; Delbo, M.;Levasseur-Regourd, A.-C.; Tedesco, E. F.: Inversion of As-teroid Phase Curves for Empirical Magnitude and Polariza-tion Systems. Asteroids, Comets, Meteors 2008 held July14–18, 2008 in Baltimore, Maryland. LPI Contribution No.1405, paper id. 8263.

21. Muinonen, Karri ; Nousiainen, T.; Munoz, O.;Erkki-la, Hannakaisa; Videen, G.: Ray-optics radiative-transfermethod for scattering by inhomogeneous Gaussian randomparticles 11th Electromagnetic and Light Scattering Confer-ence, Extended Abstracts (September 7–12, 2008, Universityof Hertfordshire, Hatfield, U.K.) 133–136.

22. Muinonen, Karri ; Oszkiewicz, Dagmara: Markov-ChainMonte-Carlo inversion of asteroid photometric lightcurves.11th Electromagnetic and Light Scattering Conference, Ex-tended Abstracts (September 7–12, 2008, University of Hert-fordshire, Hatfield, U.K.) 181–184.

23. Muinonen, Karri ; Parviainen, Hannu; Naranen, Jyri;Videen, G.: Scalar approximation to coherent backscatteringby spherical media. 11th Electromagnetic and Light Scatter-ing Conference, Extended Abstracts (September 7–12, 2008,University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, U.K.) 185–188.

24. Nousiainen, T.; Zubko, E.; Niemi, J.; Kupiainen, K.; Lehti-nen, M.; Muinonen, Karri ; and Videen, G.: Optical mod-eling of thin calcite flakes using DDA. 11th Electromag-netic and Light Scattering Conference, Extended Abstracts(September 7–12, 2008, University of Hertfordshire, Hat-field, U.K.) 137–140.

25. Oszkiewicz, Dagmara; Muinonen, Karri ; Mouret, Serge;Granvik, Mikael ; Virtanen, Jenni: Markov-chain Monte-Carlo methods for asteroid orbit computation. Asteroids,Comets, Meteors 2008 held July 14–18, 2008 in Baltimore,Maryland. LPI Contribution No. 1405, 8221.

26. Parviainen, Hannu; Muinonen, Karri : A Realistic Light-Scattering Model for Rough Particulate Surfaces. Asteroids,Comets, Meteors 2008 held July 14–18, 2008 in Baltimore,Maryland. LPI Contribution No. 1405, paper id. 8317.

27. Parviainen, Hannu; Muinonen, Karri : Volume and surfaceshadowing in particulate random media. 11th Electromag-netic and Light Scattering Conference, Extended Abstracts

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(September 7–12, 2008, University of Hertfordshire, Hat-field, U.K.) 73–76.

28. Prat, L.; Rodriguez, J.;Hannikainen, Diana: RXTE and IN-TEGRAL Observations of IGR J19140+0951. A populationexplosion: The Nature & Evolution of X-ray Binaries in Di-verse Environments, AIP Conf. Proc.1010 (2008): 266–268.

29. Tyynela, Jani; Nousiainen, T.; Goke, S.;Muinonen, Karri :Modeling polarization radar echoes of hydrometeors usingdiscrete-dipoles approximation. 11th Electromagnetic andLight Scattering Conference, Extended Abstracts (Septem-ber 7–12, 2008, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, U.K.)267–270.

30. Tyynela, Jani; Zubko, E.; Videen, G.;Muinonen, Kar-ri : Angular-scattering, negative-polarization, and intensity-enhancement studies of spheroids. 11th Electromagnetic andLight Scattering Conference, Extended Abstracts (September7–12, 2008, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, U.K.) 97–100.

31. Virtanen, Jenni; Tancredi, G.; Bernstein, G. M.; Spahr, T.;Muinonen, Karri : Transneptunian Orbit Computation. TheSolar System Beyond Neptune, M. A. Barucci, H. Boehn-hardt, D. P. Cruikshank, and A. Morbidelli (eds.), Universityof Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 25–40

32. Vaananen, Mikko: Time evolution of the size of solar flareplasma loops along the main sequence. Particle accelerationand transport in the heliosphere and beyond, 7th Annual In-ternational Astrophysics Conference. AIP Conference Proc.1039 (2008): 40–45.

33. Zubko, E.; Kimura, H.; Shkuratov, Yu.;Muinonen, Karri ;Yamamoto, T.; Videen, G.: Light Scattering by Highly Ab-sorbing Irregularly Shaped Particles. 71st Annual Meeting ofthe Meteoritical Society, held July 28–August 1, 2008 in Mat-sue, Japan. Meteoritics and Planetary Science Supplement 43(2008): paper id. 5173.

34. Zubko, E.; Kimura, H.; Shkuratov, Y.;Muinonen, Karri ;Yamamoto, T.; Videen, G.: Light scattering by agglomer-ated debris particles composed of highly absorbing material.11th Electromagnetic and Light Scattering Conference, Ex-tended Abstracts (September 7–12, 2008, University of Hert-fordshire, Hatfield, U.K.) 213–216.

35. Zubko, E.; Petrov, D.; Shkuratov, Y.; Okamoto, H.;Muino-nen, Karri ; Kimura, H.; Yamamoto, T.; Videen, G.: Appli-cability of discrete-dipole approximation to conductive par-ticles. 11th Electromagnetic and Light Scattering Confer-ence, Extended Abstracts (September 7–12, 2008, Universityof Hertfordshire, Hatfield, U.K.) 117–120.

7 Observatory Board 2007–2009

DirectorDoc. Lauri Jetsu

ProfessorsProf. Kalevi Mattila

StaffDoc. Mika Juvela (Doc. Diana Hannikainen)Doc. Karri Muinonen (Doc. Juhani Huovelin)

StudentsKarri Koljonen (Mikko Eronen

until 18.11.2008, replacedby Jussi Aaltonen)

Suvi Jentze (Johanna Mynttinenuntil 22.5.2008,replaced by Merli Lahtinen,

replaced by Merli Lahtinen replaced by Petri Huhtanen)from 26.8.2008

Figure 13: Observatory faculty and staff at the Observatorybiannual planning day.

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8 Academic degrees after 1995

Year Degree Supervisor(s)1995 Ph.D. Pasi Hakala O. Vilhu1995 Ph.D. Juri Poutanen D.I. Nagirner, O. Vilhu1995 M.Sc. Diana Hannikainen O. Vilhu1996 Ph.Lic. Paivi Harjunpaa T. Liljestrom, K. Mattila1997 Ph.D. Mika Juvela K. Mattila1997 M.Sc . Thomas Hackman I. Tuominen1997 M.Sc. Asko Palviainen J. Harju, K. Mattila1998 Ph.D. Kimmo Lehtinen J. Harju, K. Mattila1999 Ph.D. Diana Hannikainen O. Vilhu1999 Ph.D. Jukka Piironen K. Muinonen1999 M.Sc. Jere Kahanpaa M. Juvela, K. Mattila1999 M.Sc. Juho Schultz P. Hakala1999 M.Sc. Johanna Torppa M. Kaasalainen1999 M.Sc. Jenni Virtanen K. Muinonen2000 Ph.D. Jukka Nevalainen O. Vilhu2001 Ph.D. Petri Vaisanen K. Mattila2001 M.Sc. Peter Johansson K.J. Donner, P. Vaisanen2003 Ph.D. Sanna Kaasalainen K. Muinonen, J. Piironen2003 M.Sc. Mikael Granvik K. Muinonen2003 M.Sc. Jyri Naranen J. Peltoniemi, J. Piironen2003 M.Sc. Cajus Pomren J. Harju2003 M.Sc. Kyosti Ryynanen M. Kaasalainen, J. Piironen2003 M.Sc. Jani Tyynela K. Lumme2004 M.Sc. Jouni Kainulainen J. Harju, K. Lehtinen, K. Mattila2004 M.Sc. Jari Rantala M. Kaasalainen2005 Ph.D. Thomas Hackman L. Jetsu, I. Tuominen2005 Ph.D. Jenni Virtanen K. Muinonen2005 M.Sc. Kristiina Byckling P. Hakala2005 M.Sc. Oskari Miettinen J. Harju, L. Haikala2006 Ph.D. Paivi Harjunpaa J. Harju, K. Mattila2006 Ph.D. Petri Kapyla M. Korpi, I. Tuominen2006 Ph.D. Juho Schultz D. Hannikainen, O. Vilhu2006 M.Sc. Onni Jarvinen K. Muinonen, J. Piironen2006 M.Sc. Tuomas Lehto P. Heinamaki, P. Teerikorpi2006 M.Sc. Anne Liljestrom J. Harju, M. Korpi2006 M.Sc. Tuomas Lunttila M. Juvela2006 M.Sc. Hannu Parviainen K. Muinonen2006 M.Sc. Auni Somero P. Hakala2007 M.Sc. Karri Koljonen D. Hannikainen2007 M.Sc. Johanna Mynttinen D. Hannikainen2007 M.Sc. Sebastian Porceddu L. Jetsu, T. Markkanen2007 M.Sc. Petri Savolainen D. Hannikainen2007 M.Sc. Minttu Uunila J. Huovelin, R. Vainio2008 Ph.D. Mikael Granvik K. Muinonen2008 Ph.D. Linnea Hjalmarsdotter D. Hannikainen2008 Ph.D. Johanna Torppa M. Kaasalainen, K. Muinonen2008 Ph.Lic. Lauri Alha J. Huovelin2008 M.Sc. Hannakaisa Erkkila K. Muinonen2008 M.Sc. Mikko Eronen L. Haikala2008 M.Sc. Perttu Kajatkari D. Hannikainen2008 M.Sc. Mari Kolehmainen D. Hannikainen2008 M.Sc. Marjaana Lindborg M. Korpi, P. Kapyla, I. Tuominen2008 M.Sc Joonas Lyytinen L. Jetsu2008 M.Sc. Minja Makela M. Juvela, K. Lehtinen, K. Mattila2008 M.Sc. Arttu Raja-Halli J. Nevalainen2008 M.Sc. Minerva Schultz J. Harju, M. Juvela2008 M.Sc. Tuure Takala J. Huovelin, E. Kyrola2008 M.Sc. Maija Ylosmaki J. Harju, M. Juvela

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