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7/28/2019 Observational Astronomy 2
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19-Apr-13
IESO
Observational Astronomy
Part 2
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19-Apr-13
Sun-Moon-Earth System
Objectives
Identify the relative positions andmotions of Earth, the Sun, and theMoon
Describe the phases of the Moon.
Explain eclipses of the Sun and Moon.
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I. Motion
We are moving at a speed of mph around
the sun (and rotating about mph).
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I. Motion
We are moving at a speed of 67,000 mph around
the sun (and rotating about 1000 mph).
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I. Motion
A. Evidence of motion
How do we know there is motion?
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I. Motion
A. Evidence of motion1. Apparent motion of sun
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I. Motion
A. Evidence of motion1. Apparent motion of sun
2. Apparent motion of moon
http://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/watchtheskies/20jun_moonillusion.html
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I. Motion
A. Evidence of motion1. Apparent motion of sun
2. Apparent motion of moon
3. Apparent motion of stars
http://www.sufism.org/society/articles/sema_camille.html
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I. Motion
A. Evidence of motion
B. Rate of motion
Each day the sun moves an apparent 360. This
means it appears to move /minute.
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I. Motion
A. Evidence of motion
B. Rate of motion
Each day the sun moves an apparent 360. This
means it appears to move 0.25 /minute.
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I. Motion
A. Evidence of motion
B. Rate of motion
C. How do we know Earth is moving?
. . .and not the rest of the universe?
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I. Motion
A. Evidence of motion
B. Rate of motion
C. How do we know Earth is moving?1. A Foucault pendulum
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucault_pendulum
http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/PHYSICS_!/FOUCAULT_PENDULUM/foucault_pendulum.html7/28/2019 Observational Astronomy 2
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I. Motion
A. Evidence of motion
B. Rate of motion
C. How do we know Earth is moving?1. A Foucault pendulum
2. Coriolis effect
http://www.atmos.ucla.edu
http://www.atmos.ucla.edu/AS3/scrns/force2/Note02.htmlhttp://www.atmos.ucla.edu/AS3/scrns/force2/Note02.htmlhttp://www.csun.edu/~jte35633/multimedia/coriolis.mov7/28/2019 Observational Astronomy 2
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II. Earths Tilt
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II. Earths Tilt
A. Earth moves in a plane called theecliptic
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II. Earths Tilt
A. Earth moves in a plane called theecliptic
B. Earths axis of rotation is not
perpendicular to its ecliptic
It tilts by .
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II. Earths Tilt
A. Earth moves in a plane called theecliptic
B. Earths axis of rotation is not
perpendicular to its ecliptic
It tilts by 23.5.
23.5
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II. Earths Tilt
A. Earth moves in a plane called theecliptic
B. Earths axis of rotation is not
perpendicular to its ecliptic
C. In the Northern hemisphere theSuns altitude in the sky is higher
in the .
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Altitudeis measured in degrees from the observers horizon to the object..
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II. Earths Tilt
A. Earth moves in a plane called theecliptic
B. Earths axis of rotation is not
perpendicular to its ecliptic
C. In the Northern hemisphere theSuns altitude in the sky is higher
in the summer.
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II. Earths Tilt
D. The solstices
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II. Earths Tilt
D. The solstices1. Summer
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II. Earths Tilt
D. The solstices1. Summer
a. Longest day of the year (inNorthern hemisphere)
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II. Earths Tilt
D. The solstices1. Summer
a. Longest day of the year (inNorthern hemisphere)
b. Sun is directly overhead atTropic of Cancer (23.5 N)
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II. Earths Tilt
D. The solstices1. Summer
a. Longest day of the year (inNorthern hemisphere)
b. Sun is directly overhead atTropic of Cancer (23.5 N)
c. Occurs around June 21
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II. Earths Tilt
D. The solstices1. Summer
a. Longest day of the year (inNorthern hemisphere)
b. Sun is directly overhead atTropic of Cancer (23.5 N)
c. Occurs around June 21d. Sun never sets in Arctic circle
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Summer Solstice
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II. Earths Tilt
D. The solstices1. Summer
2. Winter
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II. Earths Tilt
D. The solstices1. Summer
2. Winter
a. Most hours of darkness (in N.hemisphere)
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II. Earths Tilt
D. The solstices1. Summer
2. Winter
a. Most hours of darkness (in N.hemisphere)
b. Sun is directly overhead at
Tropic of Capricorn (23.5 S)
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II. Earths Tilt
D. The solstices1. Summer
2. Winter
a. Most hours of darkness (in N.hemisphere)
b. Sun is directly overhead at
Tropic of Capricorn (23.5 S)c. Occurs around December 21
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II. Earths Tilt
D. The solstices1. Summer
2. Winter
a. Most hours of darkness (in N.hemisphere)
b. Sun is directly overhead at
Tropic of Capricorn (23.5 S)c. Occurs around December 21
d. Sun never rises in Arctic circle
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Winter Solstice
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II. Earths Tilt
D. The solstices1. Summer
2. Winter
3. Equinoxes
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II. Earths Tilt
D. The solstices1. Summer
2. Winter
3. Equinoxes
a. Occur at midpoint betweensolstices
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II. Earths Tilt
D. The solstices1. Summer
2. Winter
3. Equinoxes
a. Occur at midpoint betweensolstices
b. Sun directly overhead atequator
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II. Earths Tilt
D. The solstices1. Summer
2. Winter
3. Equinoxes
a. Occur at midpoint betweensolstices
b. Sun directly overhead atequator
c. Both hemispheres receive equal
sunlight
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Self Check1. At which point is summer solstice?
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Self Check1. At which point is summer solstice?
2. At which point is the vernal equinox
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III. Phases of the Moon
G
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III. Phases of the MoonA. Names of the Phases
Go to
diagram
G
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III. Phases of the MoonA. Names of the Phases
1. New moon
The moon is between Earth and the Sunwe
dont see the lit surface
Go to
diagram
G
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III. Phases of the MoonA. Names of the Phases
1. New moon
2. Waxing crescent
Waxing means increasing
Go to
diagram
G t
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III. Phases of the MoonA. Names of the Phases
1. New moon
2. Waxing crescent
3. First quarter
Observed of the way through a lunar month
Go to
diagram
G t
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III. Phases of the MoonA. Names of the Phases
1. New moon
2. Waxing crescent
3. First quarter4. Waxing gibbous
Gibbous means more than but less than full
Go to
diagram
G t
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III. Phases of the MoonA. Names of the Phases
5. Full moon
The moon is on opposite sides of the Earth from
the Sunwe see the entire lit surface
Go to
diagram
G t
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III. Phases of the MoonA. Names of the Phases
5. Full moon
6. Waning gibbous
Waning means decreasing in size/intensity
Go to
diagram
Go to
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III. Phases of the MoonA. Names of the Phases
5. Full moon
6. Waning gibbous
7. Third quarter
Observed into the lunar month
Go to
diagram
Go to
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III. Phases of the MoonA. Names of the Phases
5. Full moon
6. Waning gibbous
7. Third quarter8. Waning crescent
Go to
diagram
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III. Phases of the MoonA. Names of the Phases
B. Synchronous Rotation
For each revolution of the moon it makes one
rotation.
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III. Phases of the MoonC. Timing
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III. Phases of the MoonC. Timing
1. It takes the moon about 27.3 days tocomplete its (a lunar month).
f
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III. Phases of the MoonC. Timing
1. It takes the moon about 27.3 days tocomplete its orbit (a lunar month).
2. During 24 hours the moon moves
1/27.3 of its orbit which = .
III Ph f h M
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III. Phases of the MoonC. Timing
1. It takes the moon about 27.3 days tocomplete its orbit (a lunar month).
2. During 24 hours the moon moves
1/27.3 of its orbit which = 13.
3. This means the Earth must rotatean extra 13 to catch up to themoon.
Each night the moonrise occurs about minutes
later.
III Ph f h M
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III. Phases of the MoonC. Timing
1. It takes the moon about 27.3 days tocomplete its orbit (a lunar month).
2. During 24 hours the moon moves
1/27.3 of its orbit which = 13.
3. This means the Earth must rotatean extra 13 to catch up to themoon.
Each night the moonrise occurs about 50 minutes
later.
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IV E li
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IV. Eclipses
IV E li
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IV. EclipsesA. Solar Eclipse
IV E li
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IV. EclipsesA. Solar Eclipse
1. The moon creates a shadow thatcovers part of the Earth
June 29, 2006 Solar Eclipse
IV E li
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IV. EclipsesA. Solar Eclipse
1. The moon creates a shadow thatcovers part of the Earth
a. The Umbra is the darker, inner
part of the shadow.
If the umbra passes over your location you see no
sun ( Eclipse)
IV E li
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IV. EclipsesA. Solar Eclipse
1. The moon creates a shadow thatcovers part of the Earth
a. The Umbra is the darker, inner
part of the shadow.
If the umbra passes over your location you see no
sun (Total Eclipse)
IV E li
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IV. EclipsesA. Solar Eclipse
1. The moon creates a shadow thatcovers part of the Earth
a. The Umbra is the darker, inner
part of the shadow.b. The Penumbra is the lighter,
outer shadow.
If the penumbra passes over your location you see
some of the sun ( Eclipse)
IV E li
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IV. EclipsesA. Solar Eclipse
1. The moon creates a shadow thatcovers part of the Earth
a. The Umbra is the darker, inner
part of the shadow.b. The Penumbra is the lighter,
outer shadow.
If the penumbra passes over your location you see
some of the sun (Partial Eclipse)
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Photos Taken During
Partial Eclipse
S l E li
http://science.nasa.gov/spaceweather/eclipses/gallery_10june02.html7/28/2019 Observational Astronomy 2
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Solar Eclipse
IV E li
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IV. EclipsesA. Solar Eclipse
B. Annular Eclipse
Occurs when the Earth/Moon system areseparated by maximum distance.
IV E li
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IV. EclipsesA. Solar Eclipse
B. Annular Eclipse
Furthest distance between Moon and Earth.
1. Apogee
IV Eclipses
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IV. EclipsesA. Solar Eclipse
B. Annular Eclipse
Smallest distance between Moon and Earth.
1. Apogee
2. Perigee
IV Eclipses
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IV. EclipsesC. Lunar Eclipse
Moon is partially blocked by the .
IV Eclipses
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IV. Eclipses
Moon is partially blocked by the Sun.
C. Lunar Eclipse
IV Eclipses
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IV. Eclipses
1. These last longer than Solar eclipsesbecause. . .
C. Lunar Eclipse
IV Eclipses
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IV. Eclipses
1. These last longer than Solar eclipsesbecause. . .
2. Even though moon passes through
umbra, it is not completely darkbecause. . .
C. Lunar Eclipse
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The End
The Moons Phases (from above)
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The Moons Phases (from above)