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Chapter 11

Digestive System

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Function of the Digestive System

The digestive organs connect to form a continuous passageway from the mouth to the anus.With the help of accessory organs, the digestive tract prepares ingested food for use by body cells through physical and chemical digestion and eliminates the solid waste products from the body.

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Organs of the Digestive System

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Organs of the Digestive Tract

mouth: opening through which food passes into the body

palate (soft): posterior portion (not supportedby bone)palate (hard): anterior portion (supported by bone)Uvula: soft V-shaped mass that hangs from the soft palate; directs food into the throat

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Organs of the Digestive Tract (cont’d)

tongue: attached in the posterior region of the mouth. It provides movement of food for mastication, directs food to the pharynx for swallowing, and is a major organ for taste and speechpharynx (throat): performs the swallowing action that passes food from the mouth to the esophagus

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Organs of the Digestive Tract (cont’d)

esophagus: 10-inch tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomachstomach: J-shaped sac that mixes and stores food container for food

fundus: uppermost domed portion of the stomachbody: central portion of the stomachpylorus: lower part of the stomach that connects to the small intestineantrum: portion of the pylorus that connects to the body of the stomach

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Organs of the Digestive Tract (cont’d)

stomach (cont’d)pyloric sphincter: ring of muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and duodenum

small intestine: 20-foot canal extending from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine

duodenum: 1st 10 to 12 inches of small intestinejejunum: 2nd portion; approx. 8 feetileum: 3rd portion; approx. 11 feet connects with large intestine

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Duoden/o

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Helpful Information

ileum is the third portion of the small intestineilium are pelvic bones

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Organs of the Digestive Tract (cont’d)

large intestine: canal approx. 5 feet and extends from the ileum to the anus

cecum: blind U-shaped pouch that is the first portion of the large intestinecolon: next portion; divided into 4 parts: ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoidrectum: last portion; approx. 8 to 10 inches long, extends from the sigmoid colon to the anus

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Organs of the Digestive Tract (cont’d)

anus: sphincter muscle that keeps an opening tight at the end of the digestive tract

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Accessory Organs

salivary glands: produce saliva, which flows into the mouth to begin the digestion processliver: produces bile, which is necessary for the digestion of fatsbile ducts: passageways that carry bile; hepatic duct is passageway for bile from liver, and the cystic duct carries bile from the gallbladder; they join to form the common bile duct, which conveys bile to the duodenum

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Accessory Organs (cont’d)

gallbladder: small, saclike structure that stores bilepancreas: produces pancreatic juice, which helps digest all types of food and secretes insulin for carbohydrate metabolism

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Accessory OrgansLiver, Gall Bladder, Pancreas

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Other Structures

peritoneum: serous sac lining of the abdominal and pelvic cavitiesappendix: small pouch, which has no known function, attached to the cecumabdomen: portion of the body between the thorax and the pelvis

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Combining Forms for the Digestive Tract

an/oantr/ocec/ocol/o, colon/o duoden/oenter/o esophag/o

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Combining Forms for the Digestive Tract (cont’d)

gastr/oile/ojejun/oor/o, stomat/oproct/o, rect/osigmoid/o

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Combining Forms for the Accessory Organs/Combining Forms Commonly Used with Digestive System Terms

abdomin/o, celi/o, lapar/oappendic/ocheil/ocholangi/ochol/echoledoch/o

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Combining Forms for the Accessory Organs/Combining Forms Commonly Used with Digestive System Terms

diverticul/ogingiv/ogloss/o, lingu/ohepat/oherni/opalat/o

pancreat/operitone/opolyp/opylor/osial/ouvul/o

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Diverticulum of the Large Intestine

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Prefix and Suffix

Prefixhemi-

Suffix-pepsia

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Types of Hernias

A, Hiatal; B, inguinal; C, umbilical.

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Polyps

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Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts

appendicitischolangiomacholecystitischoledocholithiasischolelithiasis

diverticulosisgingivitisgastroenteritishepatoma

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Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts

1, Normal appendix.2, (appendix) / (inflammation).

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(gall) / cv / (stone) / (condition)(common bile duct) / cv / (stone) / (condition)

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Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts

pancreatitisperitonitispolyposisproctoptosissialolithuvulitis

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Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts

adhesion anorexia nervosabulimia nervosacirrhosisCrohn diseaseduodenal ulcergastric ulcergastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

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Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont’d)

intussusceptionirritable bowel syndrome (IBS)obesitypeptic ulcerpolypulcerative colitis

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Peptic Ulcer Sites

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Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts

abdominoplastyantrectomyappendectomycheilorrhaphycolostomydiverticulectomyesophagogastroplastygastrectomy

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Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts

gastrojejunostomygastroplastyglossorrhaphyherniorrhaphyileostomylaparotomypolypectomypyloromyotomyuvulopalatopharyngoplasty

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1, (ileum) / cv / (artificial opening)2, (colon) / cv / (artificial opening)

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(stomach) / (surgical removal)

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Surgical Terms Not Built from Word Parts

abdominoperineal resection (A & P resection)anastomosisvagotomy

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Diagnostic Terms Built from Word Parts

Diagnostic imagingcholangiogramcholecystogramCT colonoscopy

Endoscopycolonoscopyendoscopyesophagogastroduodenoscopysigmoidoscopy

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1, Abdominal ultrasound showing cholelithiasis.2, Oral (gall) / cv / (bladder) / cv / (x-ray image showing

stones).

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Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts

Diagnostic imagingbarium enema (BE)upper GI (gastrointestinal)

Endoscopyendoscopic retrogradecholangiopancreatography (ERCP)endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)

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Barium Enema for small bowel obstructio

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Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

ERCP

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Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont’d)

LaboratoryHelicobacter pylori (H. pylori) antibodies testfecal occult blood test

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Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts

abdominalaphagiacolorectaldyspepsiadysphagiagastroenterologygastromalaciaglossopathy

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Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d)

ileocecalnasogastricpancreaticperitonealproctologiststomatogastricsublingual

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Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts

ascitesdiarrheadysenteryflatusgavage

hematemesisnausearefluxvomit (emesis)

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Abbreviations

A & P resectionBEERCPGERDGIH. pylori

IBSN & VUGIUPPP