Objectives Objectives Compare terms anatomy and physiologyCompare terms anatomy and physiology Define pathologyDefine pathology Know right from left when viewing illustrationsKnow right from left when viewing illustrations List in order of increasing complexity the levels of List in order of increasing complexity the levels of

organization in the bodyorganization in the body Define the anatomical positionDefine the anatomical position List and define the principal directional terms and List and define the principal directional terms and

sections (planes) used in describing the body and the sections (planes) used in describing the body and the relationship of body parts to one anotherrelationship of body parts to one another

List the major cavities of the body and the List the major cavities of the body and the subdivisions of eachsubdivisions of each

Define negative and positive feedback loopsDefine negative and positive feedback loops

General DefinitionsGeneral Definitions

Anatomy-study of structure of an organism Anatomy-study of structure of an organism and the relationships of its partsand the relationships of its parts

Physiology-study of functions of living Physiology-study of functions of living organismsorganisms

Pathology- study of diseasePathology- study of disease

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

ChChemical – atoms and moleculesemical – atoms and molecules CCells – smallest “living” unitsells – smallest “living” units TTissues- organization of similar cellsissues- organization of similar cells OOrgans – several different kinds of tissues rgans – several different kinds of tissues

that act together to perform a functionthat act together to perform a function SSystem- various kinds of organs and tissuesystem- various kinds of organs and tissues ((ChChris ris ccalls alls TTheresa heresa oon n SSaturdays)aturdays)

Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position

Body erect (standing position)Body erect (standing position) Arms at sideArms at side Palms turned forwardPalms turned forward Head forwardHead forward Feet forward and slightly apart Feet forward and slightly apart

Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position

DirectionsDirections

SSuupine- lying face pine- lying face uupwardpward Prone- lying face downwardProne- lying face downward

Medial- toward midlineMedial- toward midline Lateral-away from midlineLateral-away from midline

Superior-toward head, upper, aboveSuperior-toward head, upper, above Inferior-toward feet, lower, belowInferior-toward feet, lower, below

Anterior- in front (ventral)Anterior- in front (ventral) Posterior-in back (dorsal)Posterior-in back (dorsal)

More directionsMore directions

Proximal-toward or nearest trunk of body, Proximal-toward or nearest trunk of body, nearest to point of origin of a body part nearest to point of origin of a body part

Distal-away from the trunk, farthest from Distal-away from the trunk, farthest from point of origin of a body partpoint of origin of a body part

ExampleExample: The elbow lies at the proximal : The elbow lies at the proximal end of the lower arm, whereas the hand lies end of the lower arm, whereas the hand lies at its distal endat its distal end

More directionsMore directions

Superficial-nearer the surfaceSuperficial-nearer the surface Deep- farther away from the body surface Deep- farther away from the body surface

ExampleExample: The skin of the arm is superficial : The skin of the arm is superficial to the muscles below it, and the bone of the to the muscles below it, and the bone of the arm is deep to the muscles that surround arm is deep to the muscles that surround and cover it.and cover it.

Planes or Body SectionsPlanes or Body Sections

Sagittal plane-divides the body or any of its Sagittal plane-divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sidesparts into right and left sides

Midsagittal plane-two equal halvesMidsagittal plane-two equal halves FFrontrontal (coronal) plane-divides body into al (coronal) plane-divides body into

anterior and posterior parts (anterior and posterior parts (ffrontront and back) and back) Transverse plane-divides the body or any of Transverse plane-divides the body or any of

its parts into upper and lower portionsits parts into upper and lower portions

Body CavitiesBody Cavities

Body is composed of open spaces, or Body is composed of open spaces, or cavities, that contain compact well-ordered cavities, that contain compact well-ordered organs.organs.

Two Major Body Cavities: Ventral and Two Major Body Cavities: Ventral and DorsalDorsal

Ventral- of or near the belly (humans: front Ventral- of or near the belly (humans: front or anterior)or anterior)

Dorsal- referring to the back (humans: Dorsal- referring to the back (humans: posterior is dorsal)posterior is dorsal)

Two Body CavitiesTwo Body Cavities Ventral – anteriorVentral – anterior A) Thoracic Cavity – the chest areaA) Thoracic Cavity – the chest area 1. Mediastinum – subdivision in the 1. Mediastinum – subdivision in the mid portion (middle) of the thoracic mid portion (middle) of the thoracic cavity; heart and trachea cavity; heart and trachea 2. Pleural cavities – right and left; 2. Pleural cavities – right and left; lungslungs DiaphragmDiaphragm – muscular partition of the – muscular partition of the

thoracic and abdominal cavities, most thoracic and abdominal cavities, most important muscle for breathingimportant muscle for breathing

B. Abdominopelvic cavity – the abdomen B. Abdominopelvic cavity – the abdomen and pelvic areaand pelvic area 1. Abdominal cavity – above the 1. Abdominal cavity – above the hipbones; stomach, liver, intestines, hipbones; stomach, liver, intestines, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleengallbladder, pancreas, and spleen 2. Pelvic cavity – below the hip; 2. Pelvic cavity – below the hip; reproductive organs, urinary bladder, reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and lowest part of intestine (sigmoid colon)and lowest part of intestine (sigmoid colon) 3. Abdominopelvic regions3. Abdominopelvic regions a. Nine regionsa. Nine regions b. Four quadrants (Right upper and lower, b. Four quadrants (Right upper and lower, Left upper and lower)Left upper and lower)

Dorsal Cavity – posteriorDorsal Cavity – posterior

A. Cranial cavity – brainA. Cranial cavity – brain

B. Spinal cavity – spinal cordB. Spinal cavity – spinal cord

Nine Regions of the Nine Regions of the Abdominopelvic CavityAbdominopelvic Cavity

Upper regions – above ninth rib cartilageUpper regions – above ninth rib cartilage Right and left hypochondriac regionsRight and left hypochondriac regions EpigastricEpigastric Middle regions – below ninth rib cartilage and Middle regions – below ninth rib cartilage and

above top of hipbonesabove top of hipbones Right and left lumbar regionsRight and left lumbar regions Umbilical regionUmbilical region Lower regions – abdominal area below top of Lower regions – abdominal area below top of

hipboneshipbones Right and left iliac (for inguinal: groin)Right and left iliac (for inguinal: groin) Hypogastric regionHypogastric region

Kidney - behind liver on the right and Kidney - behind liver on the right and behind stomach on the leftbehind stomach on the left

Spleen – behind stomach on the left and Spleen – behind stomach on the left and superior to the kidneysuperior to the kidney

Gallbladder – inferior to the liver on the Gallbladder – inferior to the liver on the rightright

Ureter – behind the small intestine Ureter – behind the small intestine

Know Table 1-2 on page 13Know Table 1-2 on page 13

HomeostasisHomeostasis

Maintenance of internal stability; All organs are Maintenance of internal stability; All organs are involvedinvolved

Peak body function – young adulthoodPeak body function – young adulthood Less efficient during late adulthood and old ageLess efficient during late adulthood and old age Feedback loops are a control systemFeedback loops are a control system

SensorSensor – detects change – detects change

Control centerControl center – receives information from sensor – receives information from sensor

EffectorEffector – has an effect on the condition – has an effect on the condition

Restoring Body TemperatureRestoring Body Temperature

Sensor – nerve endingsSensor – nerve endings Control center – the brainControl center – the brain Effector – musclesEffector – muscles Nerve endings feed information to the Nerve endings feed information to the

brain. In response to a chill, the brain sends brain. In response to a chill, the brain sends nerve signals to muscles that shiver. nerve signals to muscles that shiver. Shivering produces heat that increases the Shivering produces heat that increases the body temperature body temperature

Negative Feedback LoopsNegative Feedback Loops

Negative feedback loops – oppose a changeNegative feedback loops – oppose a change Decreasing blood oxygen concentration caused by Decreasing blood oxygen concentration caused by

muscles using oxygen during exercise is muscles using oxygen during exercise is counteracted by an increase in breathing to bring counteracted by an increase in breathing to bring the blood oxygen levels back up to normal.the blood oxygen levels back up to normal.

Excretion of urine when volume of fluid in body is Excretion of urine when volume of fluid in body is greater than normalgreater than normal

Shivering to increase body temperatureShivering to increase body temperature

Positive Feedback LoopsPositive Feedback Loops

Positive feedback loops – amplify or Positive feedback loops – amplify or reinforce a change; not common in the reinforce a change; not common in the human bodyhuman body

Before the birth of a baby, uterine Before the birth of a baby, uterine contractions increasecontractions increase

Blood clotting – increasingly rapid sticking Blood clotting – increasingly rapid sticking together of plateletstogether of platelets

Drop in blood pressure to reduce blood lossDrop in blood pressure to reduce blood loss