ObjectivesObjectives Be able to define an atom Distinguish between a molecule and a compound

AtomsAtoms Definition

- the smallest particle that has the properties of an element, basic unit of matter

- surprising the number of atoms is small

- the number of combinations these atoms make are huge

ex. color print: 3 colors can make numerous colors

- 119 distinct atoms as of 1999, form elements

Atoms Cont.Atoms Cont.

- hydrogen makes up more than 90% of the atoms in the universe

- 1st direct evidence was inadvertently discovered in 1827, by Scottish botanist Robert Brown while he was studying pollen

- grains were in a constant state of agitation- thought they were moving life forms, later

discovered a perpetual jiggling of particles known as brownian motion; collisions between visible particles and invisible atoms

Atomic SymbolsAtomic Symbols

- each element has its own name, accompanied by a symbol

- usually two/three letters (first is always capitalized)

ex. Iron: Fe

- Fe represents 1 atom of iron,

- 2Fe represents 2 atoms of iron etc…

- can also be written as Fe2

MoleculesMolecules Definition

- the smallest unit of a substance that exhibits all the properties characteristics of that substance

- two or more atoms

ex. H8, O2

CompoundCompound Definition

- a substance that is made from two or more simpler substances and can be broken down into those simpler substances

ex. H2SO4

ObjectivesObjectives Describe ancient Greek models of of matter List the main points of Dalton’s atomic theory and

describe his evidence for the existence of atoms Explain how Thomson and Rutherford used data

from experiments to produce their atomic models

Democritus TheoryDemocritus Theory

Greek Philosopher in the 4th century B.C- believed that all matter consisted of extremely small particles- suggested these particles are made of invisible units called atoms- term atom is derived from a Greek word meaning “unable to divide”- believed there were different types of atoms, liquids: round,smooth solids: rough, prickly- unable to provide evidence that an atom existed, therefore many people were very skeptical

Dalton’s Atomic TheoryDalton’s Atomic Theory John Dalton

- interested in predicting the weather SO.. studied the behavior of gases in the air, concluded that a gas consists of individual particles

Evidence

- masses of elements as they combined to form compounds always produced the same ratio no matter what the size of the sample

ex. carbon dioxide

- 1 carbon 2 oxygen: 1:2 ratio

Dalton’s Atomic TheoryDalton’s Atomic Theory Theory

- used a Greek concept of the atom and the 3 laws to give the atomic theory a scientific basis

Dalton’s Atomic Theory Cont.Dalton’s Atomic Theory Cont.

5 Principles1. All matter is made of indivisible and

indestructible atoms2. All atoms of a given element are identical in their physical and chemical properties3. Atoms of different elements differ in

their physical and chemical properties4. Atoms of different elements combine in

simple whole-numbers ratios to form compounds

Dalton’s Atomic Theory Cont.Dalton’s Atomic Theory Cont.

5. Chemical reactions consist of the combination, separation, or rearrangement of atoms

- theory explained most of the chemical data of the day and was readily accepted

- evidence since has shown the first two principles are not valid; overlooked that most atoms will combined with other of their own kind

- NOT discarded only modified

ObjectivesObjectives Explain JJ Thompson’s experiment in detail Understand Thompson’s observations and

conclusions Draw a Thomson’s model of the atom

Thomson’s Experiment Thomson’s Experiment J.J Thomson

1st experiment

- pumped most the air out of a glass tube, placed a metal plate at each end

- applied a voltage to two metal plates one became positively charged:anode

other became negatively charged: cathode

Thomson’s Experiment Cont.Thomson’s Experiment Cont.

2nd experiment

- placed a charged metal plate on either side of the glass tube

Thomson’s Experiment Cont.Thomson’s Experiment Cont. Observations

1st experiment- glowing ray emerged between the cathode and anode2nd experiment- charged plates caused the beam to deflect/bend

- repelled from the negative- attracted to the positive

Conclusion- beam of light (stream of charged particles)- negative

Thomson’s Experiment Cont.Thomson’s Experiment Cont.

Uses

- TV screens

- computer monitors

- radar displays

*Later became known as cathode rays due to their origin now known as an electron beam

- 1st to provide evidence that atoms are made of smaller particles

- revised Dalton’s model

Thomson’s ModelThomson’s Model* If there is a negative charge there must also be a

positive charge Why?

- believes the atom is neutral

Plum Pudding - negative particles are evenly scattered throughout an atom with a positively charged mass of matter- similar to that of chocolate chip ice cream

- later proved to be incorrect

ObjectivesObjectives Explain Rutherford’s experiment in detail Understand Rutherford’s observations and

conclusions Draw Rutherford’s model of the atom Compare and contrast Thomson’s and Rutherford’s

models

Rutherford’s TheoryRutherford’s Theory Ernest Rutherford

- a former student of Thomson came up with a more accurate picture of the atom in 1909-oversaw the now famous gold foil experiment

Gold Foil Experiment Hypothesis

- alpha particles are thousands of times more massive, hence they would not be impeded as it passed through the “atomic pudding”

- beam of positively charged particles, alpha particles from a radioactive source was directed through a sheet of very thin gold foil

Gold Foil ExperimentGold Foil Experiment

Gold Foil Experiment Cont.Gold Foil Experiment Cont.

Observations

- nearly all passed through undeflected and produced spots of light

- some were widely deflected, and a few bounced straight back

What massive object did they hit?

atomic nucleus, an extremely dense positively charged center of the atom

Gold Foil Experiment Cont.Gold Foil Experiment Cont.

Why did the others pass through then?

Gold Foil Experiment Cont.Gold Foil Experiment Cont.

Conclusion

- atom is mostly empty space

- most of its mass concentrated in the central region, atomic nucleus

Gold Foil Experiment Cont.Gold Foil Experiment Cont.

- the nucleus and surrounding electrons occupy only a tiny fraction of the atomic volume

- diameter of an atom is generally about 10,000 times greater than the diameter of its nucleus

* If the nucleus were the size of the period at the end of this sentence, the outer edges of the atom would be located some 3.3 meters away *

Gold Foil Experiment Cont.Gold Foil Experiment Cont.

Rutherford’s Model

- all of the atoms positive charge is concentrated in the nucleus, which only takes up a very small amount of the atom

Can we then say we are mainly empty space?

ObjectivesObjectives Identify three subatomic particles Understand how subatomic particle was discovered Compare the properties of the subatomic particles Distinguish between atomic number and mass

number Calculate the number of protons, electrons and

neutrons in an atom

Subatomic ParticlesSubatomic Particles

Subatomic particles

- 3 important to chemistry

- protons, neutrons, electrons

Protons Protons Definition

- a positively charge subatomic particle that is found in the nucleus of an atom

About Protons- proton is nearly 2000 times more massive than the electron, but equal in charge and opposite in sign to the electron- number of protons in the nucleus is electrically balanced by an equal number of electrons

ex. oxygen atom: contains 8 electrons and protons: neutral atom, no net charge

ElectronElectron

Definition- a negatively charged subatomic particle that is found in the space outside the nucleus- name comes from the Greek word for amber- Amber: material discovered by early Greeks that was found to exhibit the effects of electrical charging

ex. Ben Franklin: Key/Kite

- lead others to experiment with electric currents through gases in sealed tubes

NeutronsNeutrons Definition

- is a neutral subatomic particle that is found in the nucleus of the atom

- mass almost exactly equal to that of the proton

Comparing Subatomic ParticlesComparing Subatomic Particles

Atomic NumberAtomic Number

Definition- number of protons in the atom

ex. Oxygen 8p + 8n = 16- elements are classified by this number - continues up to 119- unique to a given element- all atoms are electrically neutral, meaning the

number of electrons must equal the number of protons

- this arrangement of elements by their atomic numbers makes up the periodic table

- Usually located at the upper left hand corner

Mass NumberMass Number Definition

- the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

- mass number – atomic number = neutrons

ex. N: mass number of 14

atomic number of 7

7 neutrons

Mass Number Cont.Mass Number Cont.- usually found at the bottom of the atomic symbol,

and sometimes found written at the bottom left of an atomic symbol

ex. 16O

Mass NumberMass Number- although a given type of atom will usually contain a

certain number of neutrons in the nucleus, a small percentage will not

ex. most hydrogen atoms contain no neutrons

- a small percentage contain one neutron and a smaller percentage two neutrons

What do we call atoms with a different number of neutrons?

- isotopes

IsotopesIsotopes Definition

- the number of neutrons in the nucleus of a given element may vary, protons remain the same

ex. H contains 1 protons (1H)

H contains 1 protons and 1 neutrons (2H) deuterium

H contains 1 protons and 2 neutrons

(3H) tritium

ex. 14C: Carbon-14

Atomic MassAtomic Mass Definition

- mass of an atom in atomic mass units (amu)- atoms have very little mass- equal to 1/12th of the mass of carbon- often an average mass

- weighted mass

AMU or the Dalton (Da)- equal to 1.6605402 x 10-27 kg

Atomic Mass Number Cont.Atomic Mass Number Cont.

ex. 99% of all carbon atoms are the isotope containing 6 neutrons, the remaining 1% is the heavier isotope containing 7 neutrons, which raises the average mass of carbon from 12.000 to 12.011

ObjectivesObjectives Describe Bohr’s model of the atom and the evidence

for energy levels Explain how the electron cloud model represents the

behavior and locations of electrons in atoms

Bohr’s Model of the AtomBohr’s Model of the Atom Bohr’s Model

- an early conceptual model of the atom- classic planetary model in which electrons whirl around the small but dense nucleus: like planets orbiting the Sun- developed by the Danish physicist Niels Bohr in 1911- each electron has a certain energy that is determined by it’s path around the nucleus- explains how atoms (lose) emit or (gain) absorb energy

resulting energy: energy level

Bohr’s Model: Energy LevelsBohr’s Model: Energy Levels Definition

- any of the possible energies an electron may have in an atom

Evidence- measured amount of energy gained or lost - when energy is lost we often see it as a light

ex. fireworks- 1925 this model no longer explained all observations being made by scientists and new models were created

ex. Electron cloud model

Electron Cloud ModelElectron Cloud Model- visual model of the most likely locations for electrons

in an atom Orbitals

- a region in an atom where there is a high probability of finding an electron

ex. propeller on a helicopter (you know its there you see a blur, can’t pinpoint exact location)

- 4 orbitalss – 2 houses 2 e-p – 3 houses 6 e-d – 5 houses 10 e-f – 7 houses 14 e-

OrbitalsOrbitals

- - electrons occupy the lowest energy levels firstelectrons occupy the lowest energy levels first

- electrons in the outermost energy levels of an atoms - electrons in the outermost energy levels of an atoms are called are called valencevalence electronelectron

Electron ConfigurationsElectron Configurations Definition

- arrangement of electrons in the orbitals of an atom

(similar to seating assignments on an airplane)

- when all electrons at their lowest energies this is called ground state