OBJECTIVE PAGE LESSON ONE FIREFIGHTER Ventilation · LESSON ONE FIREFIGHTER . Ventilation. MOTIVATION. Less than one half of the nation’s fire loss is due to direct ... State the

FF: Ventilation Page 1 of 7

LESSON ONE FIREFIGHTER Ventilation DOMAIN: COGNITIVE LEVEL OF LEARNING: COMPREHENSION MATERIALS IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition or Jones and Bartlett Fundamentals of Fire Fighter Skills 3rd Edition; overhead projector or laptop computer and multimedia projector; projection screen; VCR/DVD & monitor. NFPA 1001 JPR, 2013 Edition 5.3.11 Perform horizontal ventilation on a structure Junior Member Statement: Junior Member training activities should be supervised by qualified instructors to assure that the cognitive and psychomotor skills are completed in a safe and non-evasive manner. While it is critical that instructors be constantly aware of the capabilities of all students both mentally and physically to complete certain tasks safely and successfully, the instructor should take every opportunity to discuss with departmental leaders and students the maturity and job awareness each participant has for the hazards associated with fire and rescue training.

OBJECTIVE PAGE


TERMINAL OBJECTIVE The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly list the principles of ventilation; its advantages, and its safety considerations. ENABLING OBJECTIVES 1. The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly define in

writing, the term ventilation and state the principles of ventilation.

2. The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly list in writing,

six reasons for ventilation. 3. The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly list the signs,

causes, effects, and prevention of backdraft and flashover situations.

4. The Firefighter Candidate when given a structure fire

scenario shall correctly list in writing, at least four safety considerations for ventilation.

OBJECTIVE PAGE


LESSON ONE FIREFIGHTER Ventilation MOTIVATION Less than one half of the nation’s fire loss is due to direct fire. Only 20% of our fire fatalities are actually due to burns. Suffocation or smoke inhalation accounts for the remainder. Many fire officials believe that a considerable portion of large-life-loss and large-dollar-loss fires is a direct result of either inadequate or ineffective ventilation procedures. Having said all of the above, what can we do as firefighters to alleviate some or most of these problems? An appropriate place to start would be with sound ventilation practices on all structural fire incidents. Not only would this make a significant reduction in property and civilian losses, it would also make our jobs easier and a great deal safer. Proper ventilation should be considered equal to advancing an attack line into a structure in order to accomplish effective tactical missions. PRESENTATION ENABLING OBJECTIVE #1 The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly define in writing, the term ventilation and state the principles of ventilation. 1. Define the term ventilation. 2. Describe the principles of ventilation. The operation of

a fireplace or wood stove works well for this. 3. Explain the theory of ventilation as it would apply to a

structure fire, and how the firefighter can aid in ventilation.

4. Review the phases of fire and how they apply to

ventilation and the spread of fire products.


Reference: J&B Fundamentals 3rd Edition, pages 150-152, 442-445. IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 234-250, 731-734. APPLICATION Using an overlay of a single and a multi-story structure, beginning with an incipient fire, have the candidates describe the progression of a non-vented fire and a vented fire. PRESENTATION ENABLING OBJECTIVE #2 The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly list in writing, six reasons for ventilation. 1. Discuss in detail the six reasons for ventilation and the

causes and effects of each on the task firefighters must perform on the fire scene. a) Rescue operations. b) Fire attack and extinguishment. c) Property conservation. d) Fire spread control. e) Reduces flashover potential. f) Reduces backdraft potential.

2. Emphasize how airtight modern structures are and the

increased use of petroleum products (plastics) within the structures.

3. Point out the hazards of truss roof design in new

construction.

Reference: J&B Fundamentals 3rd Edition, pages 444-445, 448-450, 463-466. IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 193-194, 734-737. NOTE: It is important to explain how modern building construction is affecting the need to ventilate. Where appropriate, explain the effects of building construction on the ventilation operation. Lightweight construction requires increased awareness of the stage and location of a fire due to the potential of early collapse, and the


fact that the structure is typically constructed to hold excessive heat due to tighter construction practices. PRESENTATION ENABLING OBJECTIVE #3 The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly list the signs, causes, effects, and prevention of backdraft and flashover situations. 1. State the theory of backdraft and list the safety

precautions needed during ventilation operations. 2. State the causes of backdraft. 3. Discuss the signs of backdraft in different structures.

a) Residential (smaller) structures. b) Manufacturing / Commercial (larger) structures.

4. Discuss the effects of a backdraft explosion to the

structure and to personnel. 5. Discuss timing in relation to the firefighters’ response,

arrival and extinguishment, when backdrafts generally occur and in the context of the whole fire when one might occur?

6. Describe how a backdraft may be averted by proper

and timely ventilation, especially if it can be initiated at the buildings highest point.

NOTE: Stress to the candidates that the color of smoke is dictated by what is burning. Don’t allow them to leave the class with the mindset that all potential backdrafts exhibit grayish yellow smoke. Also, discuss the effects of new energy efficient construction on backdraft potential. Stress again the role of new building materials and design. Talk about the “what ifs” such as; the attic floor has decking on it, the use of double pane and thermoplastic windows, etc. 7. State the theory of flashover.


8. Discuss the causes of flashover. 9. Discuss the limited signs that predict flashover. 10. Discuss the effects of a flashover from the perspective

of fire involvement and also firefighter injury and death. 11. Explain the ways of reducing or eliminating flashover

conditions.

Reference: J&B Fundamentals 3rd Edition, pages 445. IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 247-250. NOTE: Review with the candidates the need to develop their senses to help them to survive a firefight. Discuss protective clothing and SCBA, the effect it has had on firefighting, and how it may be the principle cause of firefighters being caught in flashovers. PRESENTATION ENABLING OBJECTIVE #4 The Firefighter Candidate when given a structure fire scenario shall correctly list in writing at least four safety considerations for ventilation. 1. Discuss the requirements for ventilation and the

decision making process. 2. Discuss “reading” the building to try and determine the

type so that you will be aware of any shortcomings. a) Is the fire showing through the roof? b) Is the roof sagging? c) What is the type of roof? d) Are the ventilations showing smoke or fire?

3. Explain potential hazards to firefighters such as power

lines and overhangs, and the need to have a secondary means of escape.

4. Discuss the effect of ventilation on occupants who may

still be in the building.


5. Emphasize the need to assess visible smoke, heat, and fire conditions.

6. Emphasize the importance of always having a hose

line present during ventilation. 7. Discuss exposures and weather conditions, such as;

wind direction, temperature, and humidity. Reference: J&B Fundamentals 3rd Edition, pages 442-479. IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 734-742. APPLICATION Divide the class into groups. Using overlays, other media, or elevation drawings of different types of structures, draw in the desired amount of smoke or fire. Assign each group one of the overlays or drawings. Each group should determine if ventilation is necessary, why they are performing ventilation, and what safety considerations influenced their decision. Allow approximately ten minutes. Have a member of each group report and then solicit class comments. SUMMARY Restate the principles of ventilation. Reiterate the reasons for ventilation. Summarize the causes, signs, and effects of backdraft. Summarize the causes, signs, and effects of flashover. Review the considerations to ventilation.


LESSON TWO FIREFIGHTER Ventilation DOMAIN: COGNITIVE / PSYCHOMOTOR LEVEL OF LEARNING: COMPREHENSION /

APPLICATION MATERIALS IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition or Jones and Bartlett Fundamentals of Fire Fighter Skills 3rd Edition or Delmar Firefighter’s Handbook 3rd Edition; overhead projector or laptop computer and multimedia projector; projection screen; VCR/DVD and monitor. NFPA 1001 JPRs, 2013 Edition 5.3.11 Perform horizontal ventilation on a structure 5.3.12 Perform vertical ventilation on a structure Junior Member Statement: Junior Member training activities should be supervised by qualified instructors to assure that the cognitive and psychomotor skills are completed in a safe and non-evasive manner. While it is critical that instructors be constantly aware of the capabilities of all students both mentally and physically to complete certain tasks safely and successfully, the instructor should take every opportunity to discuss with departmental leaders and students the maturity and job awareness each participant has for the hazards associated with fire and rescue training.

OBJECTIVE PAGE


TERMINAL OBJECTIVE The Firefighter shall correctly list the considerations for ventilation, the ways to ventilate, and be able to list the tools needed along with the advantages and disadvantages of each. ENABLING OBJECTIVES 1. The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly list in writing,

considerations for the ventilation of any structure. 2. The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly identify the

tools necessary to perform ventilation. 3. The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly describe in

writing, the ways of ventilating a structure and the advantages and disadvantages of each.

OBJECTIVE PAGE


LESSON TWO FIREFIGHTER Ventilation MOTIVATION Why do firefighters ventilate? Where do firefighters ventilate? These are questions that every firefighter should ask during a structure fire and questions that a firefighter cannot answer based only on experience. Modern structures burn differently from older buildings. If you do not possess the knowledge to recognize modern building features and understand the ways to suppress these fires, the result could be unnecessary damage and possibly death. PRESENTATION ENABLING OBJECTIVE #1 The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly list in writing, considerations for the ventilation of any structure. 1. Discuss the decision-making questions that firefighters

use when deciding to ventilate. 2. Discuss life safety and rescue. 3. Describe smoke conditions such as colors, volume and

speed of smoke; also illustrate the stack effect and mushrooming.

4. Stress the importance of knowing the building, such as;

the construction features, design, materials and contents.

5. Discuss high-rise buildings and their associated

ventilation problems. 6. Discuss fires in windowless buildings, below ground

leve,l and basement fires.


7. Create a discussion on determining the location, extent of the fire, and the likely fire-spread and discuss the types of building construction.

8. Explain how to locate the most appropriate place to

ventilate a structure.

Reference: J&B Fundamentals 3rd Edition, pages 444-445, 447-450. IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 734-742, 760-763. NOTE: Because of the complex nature of ventilating high rise buildings, this topic should only be discussed in general terms. However, if the class deals with high-rise structures it may be necessary to expand the discussion. You should stress that a pre-plan for ventilation is a must and should be developed and referenced. APPLICATION Using the same groups and overlays or elevation drawings as in the previous lesson, carry the process one step further. Put the overlays on the board and have each group determine where ventilation would be performed and what considerations were taken into account to make a decision. Allow approximately 10 minutes and have each group report and solicit comments. PRESENTATION ENABLING OBJECTIVE #2 The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly identify the tools necessary or available to perform ventilation. 1. Point out the fact that most tools are designed to cut a

particular material. Misuse of a tool could result in destroying a tool or injury to the operator.

2. Discuss cutting tools - ordinary.

a) Axes. b) Circular saws with and without carbide tipped. c) Chain saws with and without carbide tipped

chains.


3. Discuss metal cutting tools. a) Bolt cutters. b) Oxyacetylene torches. c) Hydraulic cutters.

4. Discuss prying tools.

a) Crowbars. b) Pry bars. c) Halligan tool. d) Cheater bars.

5. Discuss pushing & pulling tools.

a) Pike pole. b) Plaster hooks. c) Trash hooks.

6. Discuss striking tools.

a) Sledgehammer. b) Mallet. c) Battering rams.

Reference: J&B Fundamentals 3rd Edition, pages 237-248. IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 581-593, 751-759. NOTE: Not all departments will have the same resources available to perform ventilation. Every effort should be made by the instructor to determine the available tools prior to delivering this portion of the lesson. There is no need to have an in-depth discussion in power saws if the only tool available is an ax. Also, since ventilation tools and forcible entry tools are so closely linked there will be some natural crossover in these two areas. APPLICATION Each Firefighter Candidate should identify by name and describe the general function of each tool that is available for their use. PRESENTATION


ENABLING OBJECTIVE #3 The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly describe in writing, the ways of ventilating a structure and the advantages and disadvantages of each. 1. Remind candidates that no single type of ventilation will

be effective on every type of fire. 2. Discuss safety consideration, building construction,

considerations to ventilation, and tools available to ventilate as you discuss the following types of ventilation procedures.

Reference: J&B Fundamentals 3rd Edition, pages 450-463. IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 734-742. NOTE: Before beginning to talk about the different types of ventilation, the instructor should explain some exceptional factors that will influence the selection of a particular type, and those influencing factors that will affect all types of ventilation operations. Examples would be something like severe weather conditions, high humidity, high winds. VERTICAL VENTILATION 1. Discuss the advantages of vertical ventilation,

especially in backdraft situations. 2. Explain the need for vertical ventilation in large single

floor occupancies. 3. Discuss the use of natural roof openings such as

skylights for ventilation. 4. Discuss the disadvantages of vertical ventilation.

Sample the candidates to see how many could cut a hole open with an ax in an acceptable time.

5. Point out how newer roofs are built of lightweight

materials and will not hold up under the amount of fire as would older conventional roofs.


Reference: J&B Fundamentals 3rd Edition, pages 450, 459-463. IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 751-758. HORIZONTAL VENTILATION 1. Explain why it is the most common type of ventilation. 2. Discuss the advantages of horizontal ventilation. 3. Explain the problems associated with window screens. 4. Discuss the disadvantages of horizontal ventilation. 5. Highlight the increased use of double pane and

thermoplastic windows and the implication of these on horizontal ventilation.

Reference: J&B Fundamentals 3rd Edition, pages 450-455. IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 742-751. TRENCHING OR STRIP VENTILATION 1. Point out that trench or strip ventilation is vertical

ventilation performed to stop the horizontal advancement of fire. Also stress that this ventilation must be completed before the fire reaches the trench.

2. Stress the disadvantages to this type of venting: time,

people, and resources. 3. When done successfully, discuss the advantages.

Reference: J&B Fundamentals 3rd Edition, pages 473-475. IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 758-759. MECHANICAL VENTILATION (Forced Ventilation) NOTE: For the purposes of updated information, this section will be divided into two parts. One dealing with fixed mechanical or building HVAC systems, and the second dealing with portable mechanical units or blowers and smoke ejectors.


FIXED MECHANICAL SYSTEMS 1. Explain how fixed systems many times negate the use

of fire service ventilators.

2. Explain how newer systems allow for zone control or the ability to activate the system in selected areas and deactivate it in others.

3. Discuss the need to verify that no fire extension has

occurred inside or around the ductwork. 4. Stress the importance of having a building

maintenance person on scene that is familiar with the system.

Reference: J&B Fundamentals 3rd Edition, pages 455-459. IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 763-764. PORTABLE MECHANICAL SYSTEMS 1. Illustrate the two methods, negative and positive

pressure; and emphasize that mechanical ventilation is most efficient when used in conjunction with natural ventilation.

2. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of smoke

ejectors. 3. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of positive

pressure blowers. Reference: J&B Fundamentals 3rd Edition, pages 455-459. IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 745-751. HYDRAULIC VENTILATION 1. Describe the techniques of hydraulic ventilation. 2. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of

hydraulic ventilation.


3. Point out the fact that hydraulic ventilation can remove 2 to 4 times more smoke than a smoke ejector in the negative pressure mode.

Reference: J&B Fundamentals 3rd Edition, pages 458-459. IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 750-751. APPLICATION Using a smoke generator and an available structure, assign the class the task of ventilating the smoke charged structure with a smoke ejector in the negative pressure mode. Then repeat the procedure with the smoke ejector in the positive pressure mode. Perform the procedure with a Positive Pressure Ventilation fan and if possible, try the procedure with hydraulic ventilation. Time how long it takes to evacuate all smoke from the structure using each method. Discuss the results with the class. SUMMARY Review the considerations for ventilation. Review the tools that may be required for ventilation operations. Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the various methods for ventilating.


LESSON THREE FIREFIGHTER Ventilation DOMAIN: PSYCHOMOTOR LEVEL OF LEARNING: APPLICATION MATERIALS IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition or Jones and Bartlett Fundamentals of Fire Fighter Skills 3rd Edition; overhead projector or laptop computer and multimedia projector; projection screen; appropriate ventilation tools for this particular department; a house or mock-up for practical skills, preferably with windows. NFPA 1001 JPRs, 2013 Edition 5.3.11 Perform horizontal ventilation on a structure 5.3.12 Perform vertical ventilation on a structure Junior Member Statement: Junior Member training activities should be supervised by qualified instructors to assure that the cognitive and psychomotor skills are completed in a safe and non-evasive manner. While it is critical that instructors be constantly aware of the capabilities of all students both mentally and physically to complete certain tasks safely and successfully, the instructor should take every opportunity to discuss with departmental leaders and students the maturity and job awareness each participant has for the hazards associated with fire and rescue training.

OBJECTIVE PAGE


TERMINAL OBJECTIVE The Firefighter Candidate when given the appropriate resources shall correctly demonstrate making ventilation openings in a window, flat roof, and a pitched roof. ENABLING OBJECTIVES 1. The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly demonstrate

sounding a roof with an axe and pike pole, and correctly note the location of the support members.

2. The Firefighter Candidate shall successfully

demonstrate opening windows with and without the use of tools.

3. The Firefighter Candidate, using both hand tools and

power tools, shall successfully open a hole in a flat roof and a pitched roof.

OBJECTIVE PAGE


LESSON THREE FIREFIGHTER Ventilation MOTIVATION The determining factor in being safe and successful while ventilating a structure is dependent upon understanding how to establish the opening. It is extremely important, especially while performing vertical ventilation, that firefighters understand how to correctly and safely operate ventilation tools. It is equally important that firefighters realize how critical it is to know the structural stability of the roof on which they are walking. Since it is crucial to ventilate directly over the fire, it becomes a major safety concern for those firefighters working on a part of the roof that may already be compromised. PRESENTATION ENABLING OBJECTIVE 1 The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly demonstrate sounding a roof with an axe and a pike pole, and correctly note the location of support members. 1. Review safety considerations for mounting and

traversing a roof which may be under fire conditions. 2. Demonstrate sounding the roof with both an axe and a

pike pole.

Reference: J&B Fundamentals 3rd Edition, pages 461-463. IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 684-686, 769. APPLICATION Working in pairs, have each candidate practice sounding a roof. Have their partner assist by telling them when they have located a support member. Performing this skill is difficult so allow sufficient time for your candidates to


practice. Under the supervision of an instructor have each candidate demonstrate sounding a roof. Have them explain what they are feeling and looking for as they go along. When the candidate finishes, discuss their strong points and weak points. NOTE: The cognitive portion of this lesson was covered in a previous lesson plan. The purpose of this class is to allow the candidates to practice and perform the lessons taught. A review is recommended if sufficient time has passed between the classroom portion and this practical. Where it is not practical or possible for all candidates to break a window glass or cut a hole, simulation of the process is acceptable. However, it is strongly suggested that all attempts be made to acquire a structure that will allow candidates to perform each enabling objective. PRESENTATION ENABLING OBJECTIVE #2 The Firefighter Candidate shall successfully demonstrate opening windows with and without the use of tools. 1. Restate the principal, “Try before you pry.” 2. Illustrate how to check for excess heat. 3. Review the different tools which may be used. 4. Remind candidates of the difficulty and expense of

breaching double pane and thermoplastic windows. 5. Explain and/or demonstrate opening windows with and

without tools. Reference: J&B Fundamentals 3rd Edition, pages 411-415. IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 609-616, 738.


APPLICATION Have each candidate demonstrate opening a door with and without hand tools. Supervise, observe, comment, and critique. PRESENTATION ENABLING OBJECTIVE #3 The Firefighter Candidate using both hand and power tools, shall successfully open a hole in a flat roof and a pitched roof. 1. Describe and discuss the safety considerations in

performing vertical ventilation. 2. Emphasize the importance of proper positioning while

cutting. 3. Stress the importance of ensuring that structural roof

supports are not cut.

4. Point out that “one big hole” is better than several small holes.

5. Advise candidates that a pike pole must be used to penetrate the ceiling below the roof vent.

6. Explain and demonstrate the use of each tool you

expect them to use.

Reference: J&B Fundamentals 3rd Edition, pages 459-463. IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 756-757. NOTE: Where possible, allow the candidates to practice on a mock-up prior to working on an acquired structure. This will allow the instructor a chance to work individually with each candidate and a chance for them to develop confidence prior to working on a roof while being evaluated.


APPLICATION Have each candidate cut a hole using a hand tool and a power tool. Be sure they work in pairs under the direct supervision of an instructor. Under the supervision of an instructor, assign each candidate either a hand tool or a power tool and instruct them to cut a particular size hole. Critique each candidate upon completion. SUMMARY Review the ways to sound a roof. Restate each of the methods for opening windows. Provide a summary of the methods for cutting roofs with hand and power tools.


LESSON FOUR FIREFIGHTER Ventilation DOMAIN: PSYCHOMOTOR LEVEL OF LEARNING: APPLICATION MATERIALS IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition or Jones and Bartlett Fundamentals of Fire Fighter Skills 3rd Edition; overhead projector or laptop computer and multimedia projector; projection screen; appropriate ventilation tools for this particular department; a house or mock-up for practical skills, preferably with windows. NFPA 1001 JPR, 2013 Edition 5.3.12 Perform vertical ventilation on a structure Junior Member Statement: Junior Member training activities should be supervised by qualified instructors to assure that the cognitive and psychomotor skills are completed in a safe and non-evasive manner. While it is critical that instructors be constantly aware of the capabilities of all students both mentally and physically to complete certain tasks safely and successfully, the instructor should take every opportunity to discuss with departmental leaders and students the maturity and job awareness each participant has for the hazards associated with fire and rescue training.

OBJECTIVE PAGE


TERMINAL OBJECTIVE The Firefighter Candidate when given at least four different types of roofs shall identify characteristics, procedures, and precautions to be taken while performing roof ventilation. ENABLING OBJECTIVES 1. The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly list in writing,

the reasons why the following factors are used to determine roof integrity: a) Construction. b) Visual observation. c) Elapsed time of fire.

2. The Firefighter Candidate when given examples of at

least four different types of roofs shall correctly list in writing, the characteristics and necessary precautions to be taken when ventilating.


LESSON FOUR FIREFIGHTER Ventilation MOTIVATION When considering vertical ventilation it is important that firefighters understand the type of roof with which they are presented. Understanding the construction type, construction features, and using acquired knowledge about how fire burns will dramatically improve the decision making process. Without this basic information, the firefighters are gambling with the lives of personnel on the roof, as well as the occupants and firefighters within the structure. Vertical ventilation can radically improve the structure’s internal environment; however, it still remains one of the most hazardous tasks a firefighter may have to perform. PRESENTATION ENABLING OBJECTIVE #1 The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly list in writing, the reasons why the following factors are used to determine roof integrity: construction, visual observation, and elapsed time of fire. 1. Discuss the difference between “conventional”

construction and “lightweight” construction. 2. Point out how a conventional or older roof is built vs.

modern lightweight roofs. 3. Describe truss construction and review its strengths

and weaknesses. 4. Explain the relationship of fire exposure time to the

effect it has on truss construction. Discuss the different types of occupancies and the type roofs they are subject to have, such as; residential, commercial, and industrial.


5. Discuss “reading” the roof. a) Is fire showing through the roof? b) Is the roof sagging? c) What is the type of roof? d) Are the ventilators showing smoke and/or fire?

Reference: J&B Fundamentals 3rd Edition, pages 463-467. IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 193-194, 752. Brannigan’s Building Construction for the Fire Service, 6th Edition, pages 262-265. APPLICATION Ask overhead questions of the preceding information. As answers are given, write them on the board. It may be necessary to ask leading questions of some classes depending upon their experience. PRESENTATION ENABLING OBJECTIVE #2 The Firefighter Candidate when given examples of at least four different types of roofs shall list the characteristics and necessary precautions to take when ventilating. 1. Discuss the three basic roof types, their typical roof

coverings, and explain how they impact roof styles. a) Wood shingles & shakes. b) Composition roofing/shingles. c) Tar and gravel. d) Urethane / isocyanate foam. e) Single ply / synthetic membrane. f) Tile / slate. (Has more weight per square foot than

any other style of roof). g) Light weight metal / fiberglass. h) Steel clad.

2. Describe and discuss strengths and weaknesses of a

flat roof. 3. Illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of a pitched or

gable roof.


4. Describe and discuss strengths and weaknesses of a hip roof.

5. Point out the strengths and weaknesses of an arched

roof. 6. Describe and discuss strengths and weaknesses of a

mansard or bridge truss roof. 7. Illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of a lightweight

concrete roof. 8. Describe and discuss strengths and weaknesses of a

corrugated roof. Reference: J&B Fundamentals 3rd Edition, pages 463-467, 475-476. IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 161-172. APPLICATION Divide class into four equal groups. Assign each group two of the different types of roofs. Have them select a spokesperson to list on a chalkboard or flip chart the characteristics and precautions for the roof styles. Solicit comments after each group. Allow 30 minutes for group discussion and presentation. SUMMARY Review the factors used to determine roof integrity. Summarize the characteristics and precautions to be used on different types of roofs.


LESSON FIVE FIREFIGHTER Ventilation DOMAIN: COGNITIVE LEVEL OF LEARNING: COMPREHENSION /

APPLICATION MATERIALS IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition or Jones and Bartlett Fundamentals of Fire Fighter Skills 3rd Edition; overhead projector or laptop computer and multimedia projector; projection screen; VCR/DVD and monitor; IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition or Jones and Bartlett Fundamentals of Fire Fighter Skills 3rd Edition. NFPA 1001 JPR, 2013 Edition 6.3.2 Coordinate an interior attack line team's accomplishment of an assignment in a structure fire Junior Member Statement: Junior Member training activities should be supervised by qualified instructors to assure that the cognitive and psychomotor skills are completed in a safe and non-evasive manner. While it is critical that instructors be constantly aware of the capabilities of all students both mentally and physically to complete certain tasks safely and successfully, the instructor should take every opportunity to discuss with departmental leaders and students the maturity and job awareness each participant has for the hazards associated with fire and rescue training.

OBJECTIVE PAGE


TERMINAL OBJECTIVE The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly identify the manual and automatic venting devices found within structures. ENABLING OBJECTIVE 1. The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly identify and

describe in writing, the use of the following types of fixed ventilation devices: a) Curtain boards. b) Roof monitors. c) Continuous gravity vents. d) Unit type vents. e) Automatic heat and smoke vents. f) Saw-tooth roof skylights. g) Exterior wall openings.

OBJECTIVE PAGE


LESSON FIVE FIREFIGHTER Ventilation MOTIVATION In order to maximize resources and capabilities, firefighters should take advantage of fixed devices to expedite the ventilation process. There is often no need to re-invent the wheel. During the pre-fire analysis, information should be noted concerning the location of ventilation devices that may be used to channel smoke and heat to the outside. After arriving at an actual fire, these systems should be used to save both time and manpower. Since these systems can be opened quickly, the safety margin for those personnel working on the roof is significantly enhanced. PRESENTATION ENABLING OBJECTIVE #1 The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly identify and describe in writing, the use of the following types of fixed ventilation devices:

a) Curtain boards. b) Roof monitors. c) Continuous gravity vents. d) Unit type vents. e) Automatic heat and smoke vents. f) Saw-tooth roof skylights. g) Exterior wall openings.

1. Describe the purpose and use of curtain boards during

fire conditions. 2. Discuss the purpose and use of roof monitors. 3. Describe the purpose and use of continuous gravity

vents. 4. Describe the purpose and use of unit type vents.


5. Describe the purpose and use of automatic heat and smoke vents.

6. Describe the purpose and use of saw-tooth roof

skylights. 7. Discuss the purpose and use of exterior wall openings.

Reference: IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 168-170, 178-182. APPLICATION Prior to delivering this lesson, survey the fire district or talk with the chief and ascertain as many different buildings as possible that contain one or more of the preceding ventilation types. Divide the class into even groups. Assign each group one or more of the buildings and have them identify the type system on or in that building and how it may impact the ventilation operation on that occupancy. Again, using an overlay or a slide, show at least one example of each type ventilation device. Have the students list the correct name and describe the function of each. SUMMARY Review the uses for the following types of fixed ventilation systems such as curtain boards, roof monitors, continuous gravity vents, unit type vents, automatic heat and smoke vents, saw-tooth roof skylights, and exterior wall openings.


LESSON SIX FIREFIGHTER Ventilation DOMAIN: COGNITIVE LEVEL OF LEARNING: COMPREHENSION /

APPLICATION MATERIALS IFSTA Ventilation 7th Edition; IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition or Jones and Bartlett Fundamentals of Fire Fighter Skills 3rd Edition; overhead projector or laptop computer and multimedia projector; projection screen; VCR/DVD and monitor. NFPA 1001 JPR, 2013 Edition 6.3.2 Coordinate an interior attack line team's accomplishment of an assignment in a structure fire Junior Member Statement: Junior Member training activities should be supervised by qualified instructors to assure that the cognitive and psychomotor skills are completed in a safe and non-evasive manner. While it is critical that instructors be constantly aware of the capabilities of all students both mentally and physically to complete certain tasks safely and successfully, the instructor should take every opportunity to discuss with departmental leaders and students the maturity and job awareness each participant has for the hazards associated with fire and rescue training.

OBJECTIVE PAGE


TERMINAL OBJECTIVE The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly identify the location of the opening, the method to be used, and the precautions to be taken when ventilating a basement. ENABLING OBJECTIVES 1. The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly describe in

writing, the location of ventilation openings for basement fires.

2. The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly describe in

writing, the types of ventilation that can be employed in basement fires.


writing, the precautions to be taken while ventilating basements.

OBJECTIVE PAGE


LESSON SIX FIREFIGHTER Ventilation MOTIVATION Basement fires present one of the greater challenges to firefighters. In order to be successful, timely and proper ventilation is a must. Improper or ill-timed ventilation operations may lead to unnecessary fire extension and physical punishment to the attack crew. Safety is of the utmost concern when working with a basement or below ground fire. Due to the location of the fire and exposed critical structural support members, safety is a great concern. Basement fire operations require precision in all facets of operation in order to maintain the necessary working margin of safety. PRESENTATION ENABLING OBJECTIVE #1 The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly describe in writing, the location of ventilation openings for basement fires. 1. Discuss using given openings wherever possible, such

as windows and doors. 2. Explain how to use interior stairways, laundry chutes,

etc., to channel heat and smoke. 3. Describe the procedure for cutting a ventilation hole in

an interior floor near a doorway or window.

Reference: J&B Fundamentals 3rd Edition, pages 476. IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 760. PRESENTATION


ENABLING OBJECTIVE #2 The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly describe in writing, the types of ventilation that can be employed in basement fires. NOTE: Explain that in the case of a basement fire, cutting a hole in the floor near a ground level door or window should only be done as a last resort. 1. Explain why vertical ventilation is the most desirable

way to ventilate a basement fire. 2. Discuss the use of horizontal ventilation and how it can

be effectively used. 3. Explain how positive pressure ventilation can be

successfully incorporated in a basement fire. Reference: J&B Fundamentals 3rd Edition, pages 476. IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 760. PRESENTATION ENABLING OBJECTIVE #3 The Firefighter shall correctly describe in writing, the precautions to be taken while ventilating basements. 1. Discuss the possibility of weakened floors above the

fire area. 2. Point out the fact that it is often necessary to access

the fire through primary ventilation openings. 3. Describe how fire travel through walls may have

extended fire to upper levels, especially in balloon construction.

4. Explain how cutting ventilation holes in upper floors

can present a serious safety threat. Reference: J&B Fundamentals 3rd Edition, pages 476. IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 760.


APPLICATION Use drawings or overheads and place several different basement fires before the class. Initiate a tactical discussion. Be sure that you stress the Where, How, and Why. NOTE: The Firefighter Candidate will be required to actually extinguish a below grade fire as a part of Firefighter, Fire Control. This should also be used as a measurement of these enabling objectives at the same time as the Fire Control lesson plan is delivered. SUMMARY Review the factors for determining the location of ventilation openings for basement fires. Restate the types of ventilation that can be employed. Summarize the precautions to be taken when ventilating basement fires.


LESSON SEVEN FIREFIGHTER Ventilation DOMAIN: COGNITIVE / PSYCHOMOTOR LEVEL OF LEARNING: COMPREHENSION /

APPLICATION MATERIALS IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition or Jones and Bartlett Fundamentals of Fire Fighter Skills 3rd Edition; overhead projector or laptop computer and multimedia projector; projection screen; VCR/DVD and monitor, IFSTA Ventilation 7th Edition. NFPA 1001 JPR, 2013 Edition 6.3.2 Coordinate an interior attack line team's accomplishment of an assignment in a structure fire Junior Member Statement: Junior Member training activities should be supervised by qualified instructors to assure that the cognitive and psychomotor skills are completed in a safe and non-evasive manner. While it is critical that instructors be constantly aware of the capabilities of all students both mentally and physically to complete certain tasks safely and successfully, the instructor should take every opportunity to discuss with departmental leaders and students the maturity and job awareness each participant has for the hazards associated with fire and rescue training.

OBJECTIVE PAGE


TERMINAL OBJECTIVE The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly identify in writing, fire ground situations where forced ventilation procedures may be required. ENABLING OBJECTIVES 1. The Firefighter Candidate shall accurately define in

writing, the term 'forced ventilation.' 2. The Firefighter Candidate shall be able to accurately

list in writing, the advantages and disadvantages of each type of forced ventilation.

3. The Firefighter Candidate when given a smoke ejector

shall correctly demonstrate removing smoke from a structure using both positive and negative pressure methods.

4. The Firefighter Candidate when given a blower shall

correctly demonstrate removing smoke from a structure.

5. The Firefighter Candidate when given a charged hose

line shall correctly demonstrate removing smoke from a structure.

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LESSON SEVEN FIREFIGHTER Ventilation MOTIVATION The ability to perform forced ventilation has been around for some time. It is used on occasions where smoke has contaminated a structure. However, many times it is used improperly and the desired results are not obtained. Technology has brought about improved ways of ventilating structures using positive pressure from high volume, high-pressure gasoline powered blowers. The use of blowers however, does not override the need for smoke ejectors. There are situations that will require both the independent use and concerted use of both to accomplish the task at hand. It is imperative that the firefighter develops a basic knowledge in the use of forced ventilation. When it is used correctly it is a godsend; when it is used incorrectly it becomes a nightmare. PRESENTATION ENABLING OBJECTIVE #1 The Firefighter Candidate shall accurately define in writing, the term ‘forced ventilation.’ 1. Define the term ‘forced ventilation.’ 2. Explain the three methods of forced ventilation and

point out that HVAC systems can be considered forced ventilation; however, extreme caution should be used when attempting to vent an active fire with a building’s HVAC system. a) HVAC systems. b) Blowers (PPV fans) and smoke ejectors. c) Fog streams.

3. Explain why forced ventilation is used.


Reference: J&B Fundamentals 3rd Edition, pages 455-459. IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 743-751. PRESENTATION ENABLING OBJECTIVE #2 The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly list in writing, two advantages and disadvantages of each type of forced ventilation. 1. Define the term 'negative pressure' ventilation. 2. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of negative

pressure ventilation. 3. Define the term 'positive pressure" ventilation. 4. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of positive

pressure ventilation. 5. Explain the difference between mechanical ventilation

and hydraulic ventilation. 6. Discuss the advantages of mechanical and hydraulic

ventilation.

Reference: J&B Fundamentals 3rd Edition, pages 455-459. IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 744-751. PRESENTATION ENABLING OBJECTIVE #3 The Firefighter Candidate when given a smoke ejector shall correctly demonstrate removing smoke from a structure using both positive and negative pressure methods. 1. Discuss the advantages of smoke ejectors. 2. Point out the disadvantages of smoke ejectors. 3. Explain placement and positioning for desired results

from smoke ejectors.


Reference: J&B Fundamentals 3rd Edition, pages 455-458. IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 742-749. PRESENTATION ENABLING OBJECTIVE #4 The Firefighter Candidate when given a blower shall correctly demonstrate removing smoke from a structure. 1. Discuss the advantages of blowers or PPV fans. 2. Discuss the disadvantages of blowers or PPV fans. 3. Explain placement and positioning for desired results

from blowers. 4. Discuss exhausting smoke through a predetermined

opening to channel fire and smoke.

Reference: J&B Fundamentals 3rd Edition, pages 455-458. IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 745-751. PRESENTATION ENABLING OBJECTIVE #5 The Firefighter Candidate when given a charged hose line shall correctly demonstrate removing smoke from a structure. 1. Discuss the advantages of hydraulic ventilation. 2. Discuss the disadvantages of hydraulic ventilation. 3. Explain placement and positioning for desired results

from hydraulic ventilation.

Reference: J&B Fundamentals 3rd Edition, pages 458-459. IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 750.


APPLICATION A suitable building with all windows and doors intact or patched sufficiently to be airtight should to be used for practicing hydraulic ventilation. Practicing with smoke ejectors and blowers can be done in any building where permission is granted. NOTE: All evolutions requiring smoke should be performed with imitation smoke. With the building charged with smoke, have the candidates perform ventilation using:

a) Smoke ejectors in a negative pressure manner. b) Smoke ejectors in a positive pressure manner. c) Blowers in a positive pressure manner. d) Blowers and smoke ejectors together. e) Hydraulic ventilation using a charged hose line.

SUMMARY Restate the definition of ventilation. Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of forced ventilation. Summarize advantages and disadvantages of smoke ejectors, blowers, and hose lines.


LESSON EIGHT FIREFIGHTER Ventilation DOMAIN: COGNITIVE LEVEL OF LEARNING: COMPREHENSION /

APPLICATION MATERIALS IFSTA Ventilation 7th Edition; IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition or Jones and Bartlett Fundamentals of Fire Fighter Skills 3rd Edition; overhead projector or laptop computer and multimedia projector; projection screen. NFPA 1001 JPR, 2013 Edition 6.3.2 Coordinate an interior attack line team's accomplishment of an assignment in a structure fire Junior Member Statement: Junior Member training activities should be supervised by qualified instructors to assure that the cognitive and psychomotor skills are completed in a safe and non-evasive manner. While it is critical that instructors be constantly aware of the capabilities of all students both mentally and physically to complete certain tasks safely and successfully, the instructor should take every opportunity to discuss with departmental leaders and students the maturity and job awareness each participant has for the hazards associated with fire and rescue training.

OBJECTIVE PAGE OBJECTIVE PAGE


TERMINAL OBJECTIVE The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly describe the operations and considerations necessary to control the spread of smoke and fire through duct systems, including: determining the location and routing of ducts, shutting down systems to prevent spread of heat and smoke, examining a duct system after thorough ventilation, checking false ceilings or the framing enclosing duct systems, checking duct system outlets, and determining if a duct system has openings, smoke dampers, or smoke detectors. ENABLING OBJECTIVES 1. The Firefighter Candidate shall accurately describe in

writing, the components of the HVAC system and its importance to the ventilation operation.

2. The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly demonstrate

ways of determining the location, routing and the outlets of ductwork.

3. The Firefighter Candidate shall accurately list in writing,

the ways of determining if the system has smoke dampers or detectors.


two reasons for shutting down the HVAC system, and accurately describe how and why the duct system should be checked after ventilation.

OBJECTIVE PAGE


LESSON EIGHT FIREFIGHTER Ventilation MOTIVATION When confronted with large buildings under fire and/or smoke conditions, knowledge of the HVAC system is a necessity. When used correctly the HVAC system can reduce the workload of firefighters by assisting in the removal of heat, smoke, and toxic gases. However, if used under the wrong circumstances it could lead to fire spread and unnecessary damage. More importantly, improper use could trap firefighters in other remote areas of the building. Great care must be exercised when employing the HVAC system for ventilation operations, safety demands it. PRESENTATION ENABLING OBJECTIVE #1 The Firefighter Candidate shall accurately describe in writing, the components of the HVAC system and its importance to the ventilation operation. 1. Define the terms "HVAC" and "duct work." 2. Explain the use of air conditioning or air handling

systems in removing smoke from structures.

Reference: J&B Fundamentals 3rd Edition, pages 455. IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 763-764. PRESENTATION ENABLING OBJECTIVE #2 The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly demonstrate ways of determining the location, routing, and the outlets of ductwork.


1. Describe or show the different types of ductwork that may be encountered. Also explain that HVAC systems may need to be shut down manually during fire situations.

2. Explain the importance of knowing the location, routing,

and outlet(s) of ductwork. 3. Explain two ways of identifying the location, routing,

and outlet(s) of the duct system. 4. Point out how duct systems can contribute to the stack

effect in high-rise buildings. Reference: J&B Fundamentals 3rd Edition, pages 455. IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 763-764. NOTE: In order to effectively deliver this portion and to correctly perform the application step, it shall be necessary for the instructor to contact a local HVAC company or the local community college (Drafting or Mechanical Drawings section) and obtain a set of drawings depicting the ductwork routing. Sufficient copies should be obtained for four (4) groups. APPLICATION Divide the class into equal groups. Using a set of mechanical drawings, have the groups identify the location and routing of the ductwork. Additionally, take the class to a smaller and a larger occupancy. Under the premise of a pre-incident analysis, have them identify and chart the routing of the ductwork system. PRESENTATION ENABLING OBJECTIVE #3 The Firefighter Candidate shall accurately list in writing, the ways of determining if the system has smoke dampers or detectors. 1. Show or describe a smoke damper and explain its use.


2. Explain the need to verify, as soon as possible, if smoke dampers operated correctly.

3. Show or describe the types of smoke detectors used in

duct work and explain its use. 4. Tell students the ways of determining if a building has

any of the above systems. Reference: IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 1213-1215.

APPLICATION Get permission to conduct an inspection of a business within the fire district that you know has one or both of the previously mentioned systems. Have students conduct an inspection and chart the location of each. PRESENTATION ENABLING OBJECTIVE #4 The Firefighter Candidate shall list two reasons for shutting down the HVAC system and accurately describe how and why the duct system should be checked after ventilation. 1. Restate that heat, smoke, and possibly fire can transfer

through the duct system. 2. Discuss utilizing interior crews to determine if extension

is occurring. 3. Explain how HVAC may introduce fresh air into the fire

area. 4. Stress the need to have a maintenance person on site

to correctly operate the system. 5. Explain the ways of utilizing inspection ports, filter

placements, and exhaust ports to determine spot fires.

Reference: J&B Fundamentals 3rd Edition, pages 455. IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 763-764.


APPLICATION Using the information gained from onsite inspections and if possible, mechanical drawings; divide the class into equal groups and have them perform the following:

a) Identify if the HVAC system could supplement the smoke removal process.

b) What problems might the HVAC system present to the overall operation in the event of a fire?

c) Identify where and how the system would be inspected for spot fires.

SUMMARY Summarize the application of the HVAC system and its components to the ventilation operation. Review the possible methods of determining location and routing of ductwork. Summarize ways of determining if a system has smoke dampers or detectors. Restate how to properly check the HVAC systems after a fire.


LESSON NINE FIREFIGHTER Ventilation DOMAIN: COGNITIVE LEVEL OF LEARNING: COMPREHENSION / APPLICATION

MATERIALS IFSTA Ventilation 7th Edition; IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition or Jones and Bartlett Fundamentals of Fire Fighter Skills 3rd Edition; overhead projector or laptop computer and multimedia projector; projection screen. NFPA 1001 JPR, 2013 Edition 6.3.2 Coordinate an interior attack line team's accomplishment of an assignment in a structure fire Junior Member Statement: Junior Member training activities should be supervised by qualified instructors to assure that the cognitive and psychomotor skills are completed in a safe and non-evasive manner. While it is critical that instructors be constantly aware of the capabilities of all students both mentally and physically to complete certain tasks safely and successfully, the instructor should take every opportunity to discuss with departmental leaders and students the maturity and job awareness each participant has for the hazards associated with fire and rescue training.

OBJECTIVE PAGE


TERMINAL OBJECTIVE The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly list considerations for determining the location and size of a ventilation opening. ENABLING OBJECTIVES 1. The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly list in writing,

two considerations of building construction and conditions of the building that may impact ventilation operations.


the ways that smoke conditions will assist in determining ventilation.

3. The Firefighter Candidate shall accurately describe in

writing, the need to know the fire location, its progress and the need to provide fire control prior to performing ventilation.


three reasons why consideration for wind direction and exposures should be made prior to ventilation.


writing, advantages of natural ventilation openings vs. man-made and large openings vs. small openings.

OBJECTIVE PAGE


LESSON NINE FIREFIGHTER Ventilation MOTIVATION In order to make the right decisions on type and method of ventilation it is important to understand the factors that impact upon the finished opening. When performing size-up on a building under fire conditions, it is incumbent on that officer to note the factors that may adversely affect ventilation and those factors that may assist ventilation. Understanding the impact of the location and method of ventilation on the overall operation is of prime importance. These decisions will directly affect the resulting outcome of the incident. PRESENTATION ENABLING OBJECTIVE #1 The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly list in writing, two considerations of building construction and conditions of the building that may impact ventilation operations. 1. Discuss the differences between conventional and

lightweight construction. 2. Discuss identifying whether the structure is energy

efficient or of typical construction, and point out natural ventilation openings such as, scuttle hatches, skylights, and monitors.

3. Explain the need to determine whether the building has

been structurally damaged prior to beginning ventilation.

4. Illustrate the aspects of the decision-making process

for ventilation; do ventilation openings already exist or do we need to create an opening?


Reference: J&B Fundamentals 3rd Edition, pages 463-467. IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 734-737. PRESENTATION ENABLING OBJECTIVE #2 The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly list in writing, the ways that smoke conditions will assist in determining ventilation. 1. Discuss mushrooming. 2. Discuss the difference between smoke quality, quantity

and speed in an incipient fire and a working fire. 3. Discuss where and how smoke is escaping in relation

to the building. 4. Describe how a prevailing wind may mislead a decision

on fire location. 5. Discuss the color and odor of smoke. NOTE: The video “The Art of Reading Smoke” can be used to supplement this section or the instructor can provide various examples (video) of smoke reading. Reference: J&B Fundamentals 3rd Edition, pages 158-161, 442-447. IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 242, 737. PRESENTATION ENABLING OBJECTIVE #3 The Firefighter Candidate shall accurately describe in writing, the need to know the fire location, its progress, and the need to provide fire control prior to performing ventilation. 1. Discuss the necessity to make an accurate and timely

size-up.


2. Discuss determining how long the fire has been burning and if the fire can be localized.

3. Go over the concepts of fire behavior and how fire burns and travels. Emphasize the chimney effect to localize the fire.

4. Discuss the need to have a charged hose line in place

before opening the building. 5. Explain how to use interior crews, checking inspection

holes, and feeling out the building to assess fire spread.

6. Discuss using pre-fire plans to support decisions and

the need to continually size-up the incident. Reference: J&B Fundamentals 3rd Edition, pages 142-156, 306-309, 442-447. IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 737-739. PRESENTATION ENABLING OBJECTIVE #4 The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly list in writing, three reasons why consideration for wind direction and exposures should be made prior to ventilation. 1. Define the terms "Windward" and "Leeward." 2. Give examples of what are considered to be

exposures. 3. Give examples of how ventilation openings could

negatively affect exposures. 4. Discuss and give examples of how wind conditions

and/or ventilation openings could positively impact an incident.

5. Discuss the effect of wind on vertical ventilation

openings. 6. Discuss the effect of wind on horizontal ventilation

openings.


Reference: J&B Fundamentals 3rd Edition, pages 446-447. IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 740-741, 745. PRESENTATION ENABLING OBJECTIVE #5 The Firefighter Candidate shall correctly describe in writing, advantages of natural ventilation openings vs. man-made and large openings vs. small openings. 1. Discuss the different types of natural roof openings. 2. Discuss time and energy on natural openings vs.

having to cut a hole. 3. Give examples of determining which roof vents to

open. 4. Stress that opening the wrong vents may spread the

fire. 5. Discuss size of ventilation hole and point out the fact

that doubling the size of the ventilation opening will allow four times the flow of smoke and heated gases.

6. Discuss reading the ventilation and determining

additional needs. 7. Explain types of cuts and reasons for them. Reference: J&B Fundamentals 3rd Edition, pages 467-475. IFSTA Essentials 6th Edition, pages 745-758. NOTE: Inform the students they should first check for existing openings before cutting an opening in a roof. APPLICATION Divide class into equal groups. Utilizing the building overlays or elevation drawings from Firefighter I, have your groups make reports of scenarios that you have given them.


Each group should be given at least the following particulars about their fire:

a) Time of day. b) Type of construction. c) Type of occupancy. d) Natural openings. e) Location of fire. f) Wind direction and temperature. g) Exposures.

A complete report should be given by a spokesperson and this report should include reasons for ventilating, the type that was chosen, the location chosen, expected fire reaction and impact on the overall operation. Solicit comments from other groups. SUMMARY Review the use of natural openings for ventilation. Re-emphasize the importance of determining the location of the fire. Review the considerations as to the direction the fire will be drawn after ventilating the structure. Restate the significance of the type of building construction when determining ventilation procedures. Review the importance of wind direction when establishing ventilation especially in relation to potential exposures. Re-emphasize the importance of ascertaining the true progress of the fire. Review those considerations concerning the condition of the building. Reiterate the problems posed by potential obstructions to ventilation. Summarize the aspects of the relative efficiency of a large ventilation opening as opposed to a small opening.

Documents

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