Objective 6.01

Housing Styles

NATIVE AMERICAN HOUSING

Tipi, teepee, or tepee

Ideal portable home, cool in summer and warm in winter

3 or 4 poles lashed together at the top to form a cone shape and covered with hides

entrance faced east to get the morning sun

Adobe (means “mud brick”)Made from sand, clay, water, and some kind of organic material (sticks, straw, and/or manure), which builders shape into bricks and dry in the sunExtremely durable and account for some of the oldest existing buildings in the world

Pueblo Construction materials similar to

AdobesMulti-level homes built on top of each

other into cliffs, caves, and on level grounds.

LonghouseBuilt from young trees that were bent to form a long, rectangular frame with a barrel-shaped roofFrame covered by overlapping strips of barkLong doorways on each endHoused multiple families.

Wigwama frame of arched poles covered with a roofing material made of grass, brush, bark, rushes, mats, reeds, hides or clothConstruction varies with the culture and local availability of materialsGood houses for people who stay in the same place for months at a time.

EARLY AMERICAN PERIOD (1640-1720)

Half-Timbered• Exterior of house has an exposed wood frame

with brick or plaster filling between the frames.

Cape Cod and Ell• Very simple symmetrical design with a central front

door, surrounded by two multi-paned windows and a steep pitched roof

• Ells (a building addition at a right angle to the main structure) added later to provide more space

Saltbox• Has a long sloping roof and few windows on the back

side• Usually one story in the back and two stories in the

front• Earliest saltbox houses were created when a lean-to

addition was added onto the rear of the original house extending the roof line

Garrison• Garrison itself means “a strong structure” •Typically two stories with the second-story overhanging in the front.

German and Dutch Influences• Addition of shed dormers (instead of gable style) to add light and

ventilation to the roof area• Primarily characterized by gambrel roofs having curved eaves

along the edges of the house.

farmhouse, c1760

Spanish (Coquina)• The oldest Spanish house in existence in the United States today is located in

Florida was built with coquina• Coquina is a soft whitish limestone formed of broken shells and corals

cemented together

State Archives of Florida, Florida Memory, http://floridamemory.com/items/show/31716

French Colonial• Upright timber installed directly into the ground with lime mortar and clay

mixed with small stones in between the timbers. • Raised basement which would support the floor of the home's primary

living quarters. • Exterior stairs often leading to a full length porch over the front façade.• Casement windows were placed on opposite sides of the house to

encourage cross-ventilation• Encircling porches accessed via French doors• Steeply pitched hipped roofs

Swedish/Scandinavian• Built sturdy homes, which became a part of

American folklore and were looked upon as truly American buildings called log cabins

EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 1720-1840

Georgian• Symmetrically, centered entry with windows aligned horizontally and

vertically• Side-gabled roof; sometimes a gambrel or hipped• Paneled front doors, capped with a decorative crown (pediment) often

supported by decorative pilasters• Rectangular or fanlight transom above door• Cornice (decorative strip is located where the roof and the exterior wall

of a house meet) emphasized by decorative dentil moldings• High-Style Elaborations:

– Pedimented windows and dormers– Belt course between stories (masonry examples)– Quoins of stone or wood imitating stone– Roof balustrades (after 1750)– Centered front gable (pediment) or shallow projecting central gable

(after 1750)– Two-story pilasters (after 1750)

High Style Georgian

Typical Georgian

Federal

• Low-pitched roof, or flat roof with a balustrade • Windows arranged symmetrically around a center

doorway • Semicircular fanlight over the front door • Narrow side windows flanking the front door • Decorative crown or roof over front door • Tooth-like dentil moldings in the cornice • Palladian window • Circular or elliptical windows

Federal

Adam• The Adam style was a refinement of the preceding Georgian style.

Compared to the earlier Georgian houses, Adam houses tend to appear to have a lightness and delicacy

• Semi-circular or elliptical fanlight over the front door, with or without side lights

• A fanlight often incorporated into a more elaborate door surround, which may include a decorate crown or small entry porch

• A cornice usually emphasized by decorate moldings• Three part Palladian-style windows• High style houses may have curved or polygon projections to the

side or to the rear.

Adam

Greek Revival /Early Classical Revival

• Heavy entablature and cornices• Gable or hipped roof of low pitch• Gable-front orientation• Generally symmetrical, though entry is often to one side• Front door surrounded by narrow sidelights and rectangular

transom, usually incorporated into more elaborate door surround

• Small frieze-band windows set into wide band trim below cornice

• Cornice lines emphasized with wide band of trim (plain or with incised decoration, representing classical entablature)

• Porticos common, either entry or full-width supported by prominent columns

Greek Revival /Early Classical Revival

NINETEENTH CENTURY

Romantic Revival Period: Gothic

• Steeply pitched roof, cross-gabled• Decorative gingerbread trim• Pointed-arch windows, sometimes stained

glass, like churches• Gothic window above entry• One-story porch with flattened, Gothic arches

Gothic Revival

Italianate• Two or three stories; typically asymmetrical• Low-pitched, hipped roof with wide overhanging eaves• Large eave brackets dominate cornice• Tall, narrow windows; paired and triple windows frequent; bay

windows common• Windows frequently embellished with heavy crown molding or

pediments in inverted U-shape• Porches nearly universal• Paired doorways common; large-pane glazing in door itself; arched

doors; elaborate framing decorations• High-Style Elaborations:

– Square cupolas or towers– Horizontal belt courses and corner quoins– Balconies with balustrades

Italianate

Second Empire• Mansard roof with dormer windows on steep, lower slope• Molded cornices• Decorative brackets beneath eaves• Decorative details similar to Italianate (windows, doors, and porch)• Tall first-story windows; elaborate window surrounds (arched,

hooded, pedimented, or dentiled)• One or two-story bay windows common• Full porches common• Tall chimneys• Typically stone but also brick or wood frame with clapboard siding• High-Style Elaborations:

– Rectangular or square towers, usually centered on the front façade

– Ornate cast-iron cresting at roof ridges and tower

Second Empire

Second Empire

Heck-Andrews House in Raleigh, NC

Queen Anne• Asymmetrical two or three-storied• Complex intersecting gabled or hipped roofs• Projecting upper floors• Bay windows, often cut away from upper stories• Extensive porches and verandas with turned porch posts and

balustrade spindles• Towers, turrets• Multitude of applied features such as brackets, roof cresting, and

ornamental chimneys• Mixing of stylistic details from various architectural styles including

reinterpreted classical forms• Textured wall patterns including decorative shingles typical• Lacy ornamentation around porch entries and at gable ends common• Windows often edged with leaded or colored glass• Rich, bold paint color schemes

Queen Anne

TWENTIETH CENTURY

Colonial Revival• Gable, Hipped, or Gambrel roofs• Accentuated front door with decorative pediment

supported by pilasters or extended forward and supported by slender columns to form entry porch

• Fanlights and sidelights common• Palladian windows common• Centered door; aligned double-hung sash windows • One-story wings, usually with a flat roof and

commonly embellished with a balustrade• Dormers, often with exaggerated, eclectic

pediments

Colonial Revival

Tudor

• Steeply pitched gable roofs• Playfully elaborate masonry chimneys (often

with chimney pots)• Embellished doorways• Groupings of windows• Decorative half-timbering

Tudor

Chateauesque

• Round tower with conical roof• Steeply pitched hipped or gable roof, often with

cresting• Tall chimneys with decorative caps• Round arch or flattened basket-handle arch entry• Multiple dormers• Quatrefoil or arched tracery decorative elements• Balustrade terrace• Usually of masonry (stone or brick) construction

Chateauesque

Mission

1. Mission-shaped roof parapet2. Wide, overhanging eaves with decorative brackets3. Red clay roof tiles4. Arched doorways5. Deep window openings without framing, except the sill6. Quatrefoil windows

Prairie

• Originated by Frank Lloyd Wright• Horizontal lines - everything about a prairie home is

horizontally oriented.• Simple materials - uses natural stains to let the character of

wood show through.• Cantilevered, flat roofs - long, horizontal roofs on prairie

houses had a large, straight overhang, sometimes up to four feet.

• Rows of windows - often features several windows in a row, placed together for the appearance of a glass wall.

• Organic patterns - Prairie windows often had window mullions, or dividers, with geometric patterns

Prairie

Craftsman/Bungalow

• Low-pitched gable roof• Front porch with tapered columns• Doors have glass panes in the upper third of the

door• Multi-pane windows with no mullions on the

bottom sash• Single, wide dormers• Mixture of materials usually clapboard and stone• Exposed rafters under wide eaves

Craftsman/Bungalow

International

• Rectangular forms• Flat roof• Lack of ornamentation or decorative details• Ribbon windows• Curtain walls of glass• Cantilevered projections• Smooth wall surfaces• Asymmetrical facade

International

MID TWENTIETH CENTURY TO PRESENT

Ranch

• Asymmetrical• Spreading, horizontal orientation• Hipped or gabled roof often with wide eaves• Logical, open floor plan in a rectangular, L-, or U-shaped

configuration• Minimal ornamentation• Good quality construction using natural materials• Attached garages• New design elements such as sliding glass doors, large

plate glass picture windows, and Formica countertops

Ranch

Contemporary Homes

• Popular among architects in the 1950s, 60s, and early 70s.

• Not defined by a single shape or style.• May have wide eave overhangs, flat or low-pitched

roofs with low gables, exposed supporting beams, and unusual placement and shapes of windows.

• This style home is designed to integrate the landscape around it.

• Sometimes called the American International

Contemporary

Split-Level Homes• Has three or four levels• Can be arranged in many ways.• Developed for sloping lots, occasionally built on flat lots• Advantage: traffic into the social, guide, and service areas can be

separated easily. • Three levels of living space, each connected by short flights or stairs• Have basements, which adds a fourth level• Traditional decorative details, but it’s a modern home• Usually designed to take advantage of a sloping lot• Provides a space of a ranch home without requiring as large of a lot.

Split-Level Homes

Shed Homes

• Appeared during the 1960s.• Roof line is made up of a combination of steeply

pitched shed roofs.• Roof may slope at a different angle and face in a

different direction.• Usually wood shingle or board sliding applied

horizontally, vertically, or diagonally. • Windows are normally small and placed

asymmetrically.

Shed Homes

Traditional

• After the WWII anyone was able to buy a house• Can be Cape Cod in style• Basic and are small• 1 or 2 stories• Has a long drive way

A-Frame Homes

• Gable roof that extends to ground level on two sides

• Eliminates the need for separate walls.• Usually used for vacation homes.• Advantage: ease in building and the broad range

of building materials that can be used during construction

• Disadvantage: odd interior space created by its design

A-Frame

Geodesic Dome

• Ideal for emergency and mobile shelter such as military camps

• Factory built, bolted together on site.• One or two story structures• Built of triangular frames that are joined to form a self-

supporting roof and walls.• Frame is metal or plastic covered by either a flexible skin or

rigid panels.• Dome is structurally self-supporting, interior walls are not

needed.• Low cost, energy-saving home• Less building material needed.

Geodesic Dome Homes