.

Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may

have an adverse effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health

problems. Body mass index (BMI), a measurement which compares weight and height, defines

people as overweight (pre-obese) when their BMI is between 25 kg/m2 and 30 kg/m2, and obese

when it is greater than 30 kg/m2. Obesity increases the likelihood of various diseases, particularly

heart disease, diabetes, breathing difficulties during sleep, certain types of cancer, and

osteoarthritis. Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive dietary calories,

lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility. Evidence to support the view that some obese

people eat little yet gain weight due to a slow metabolism is limited; on average obese people

have a greater energy expenditure than their thin counterparts due to the energy required to

maintain an increased body mass.

The primary treatment for obesity is dieting and physical exercise. To supplement this, or in case

of failure, anti-obesity drugs may be taken to reduce appetite or inhibit fat absorption. In severe

cases, surgery is performed or an intragastric balloon is placed to reduce stomach volume and/or

bowel length, leading to earlier satiation and reduced ability to absorb nutrients from food.

Obesity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with increasing prevalence in adults

and children, and authorities view it as one of the most serious public health problems of the

21st century. Obesity is stigmatized in much of the modern world (particularly in the Western

world), though it was widely perceived as a symbol of wealth and fertility at other times in history,

and still is in some parts of the world.

Please answer to each statement below with either “true” or “false”.

a. Obesity leads to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems.

b. Primary treatment to obesity is surgery.

c. Obesity was a symbol of wealth and fertility when you go back through history.

d. On average obese people have a greater energy expenditure than their thin counterparts

obesity 비만

diabetes: 당뇨병

osteoarthritis: 골 관절염

susceptibility: 민감성

intra-gastric: 위장내의

satiation: 포만

prevalence: 널리 퍼짐

stigmatize: 낙인 찍다

a. Compute your body mass index (BMI). Are your normal or obese?

b. Are all fat people obese?

c. What is the best way to lose weight and be healthy?

|

Children’s obesity is prevailed these days in developed countries. What is the best way to

prevent it? Write your opinion briefly.

A computer virus is a type of malware that, when executed, replicates by inserting copies of itself

(possibly modified) into other computer programs, data files, or the boot sector of the hard drive;

when this replication succeeds, the affected areas are then said to be "infected". Viruses often

perform some type of harmful activity on infected hosts, such as stealing hard disk space

or CPU time, accessing private information, corrupting data, displaying political or humorous

messages on the user's screen, spamming their contacts, or logging their keystrokes. However,

not all viruses carry a destructive payload or attempt to hide themselves—the defining

characteristic of viruses is that they are self-replicating computer programs which install

themselves without the user's consent.

Virus writers use social engineering and exploit detailed knowledge of security vulnerabilities to

gain access to their hosts' computing resources. The vast majority of viruses (over 99%) target

systems running Microsoft Windows, employing a variety of mechanisms to infect new hosts, and

often using complex anti-detection/stealth strategies to evade antivirus software. Motives for

creating viruses can include seeking profit, desire to send a political message, personal

amusement, to demonstrate that a vulnerability exists in software, for sabotage and denial of

service, or simply because they wish to explore artificial life and evolutionary algorithms.

Computer viruses currently cause billions of dollars worth of economic damage each year, due to

causing systems failure, wasting computer resources, corrupting data, increasing maintenance

costs, etc. In response, free, open-source anti-virus tools have been developed, and a multi-billion

dollar industry of anti-virus software vendors has cropped up, selling virus protection to Windows

users. Unfortunately, no currently existing anti-virus software is able to catch all computer viruses

(especially new ones); computer security researchers are actively searching for new ways to enable

antivirus solutions to more effectively detect emerging viruses, before they have already become

widely distributed.

Please answer to each statement below with either “true” or “false”.

a. All computer viruses carry a destructive payload or attempt to hide themselves.

b. The vast majority of viruses target Microsoft Windows.

c. Computer viruses cost a huge amount of money to get fixed especially for big businesses.

malware: 악성코드

replicates: 복사하다

exploit: 활용하다

vulnerabilities: 취약성

evade: 피하다, 모면하다.

cropped up: (불쑥)생겨나다

a. Have you had an experience that your computer was seriously infected and lost your

important data? How did you fix it?

b. Do you think computer viruses are created purposely so companies like Norton and Microsoft

can make more money?

c. Do you think computer viruses have contributed to the development of software technology?

You just found out that your computer has been contaminated with several viruses. Please write

down your action steps you should do.

'Stress' means pressure or tension. It is one of the most common causes of health problems in

modern life. Too much stress results in physical, emotional, and mental health problems. There are

numerous physical effects of stress. Stress can affect the heart. It can increase the pulse rate, make

the heart miss beats, and can cause high blood pressure. Stress can affect the respiratory system.

It can lead to asthma. It can cause a person to breathe too fast, resulting in a loss of important

carbon dioxide. Stress can affect the stomach. It can cause stomach aches and problems digesting

food. These are only a few examples of the wide range of illnesses and symptoms resulting from

stress. Emotions are also easily affected by stress. People suffering from stress often feel anxious.

They may have panic attacks. They may feel tired all the time. When people are under stress, they

often overreact to little problems. For example, normally gentle parents under a lot of stress at

work may yell at a child for dropping a glass of juice. Stress can make people angry, moody, or

nervous.

Long-term stress can lead to a variety of serious mental illnesses. Depression, an extreme feeling

of sadness and hopelessness, can be the result of continued and increasing stress. Alcoholism and

other addictions often develop as a result of overuse of alcohol or drugs to try to relieve stress.

Eating disorders, such as anorexia, are sometimes caused by stress and are often made worse by

stress. If stress is allowed to continue, then one's mental health is put at risk. It is obvious that

stress is a serious problem. It attacks the body. It affects the emotions. Untreated, it may

eventually result in mental illness. Stress has a great influence on the health and well-being of our

bodies, our feelings, and our minds. So, reduce stress: stop the world and rest for a while.

Please answer to each statement below with either “true” or “false”.

a. Breathing too fast may result in a loss of important carbon dioxide.

b. Stress has no relation to stomach aches and problems digesting food.

c. Long term stress can lead to mental illness such as depression and alcoholism.

respiratory: 호흡기관의

alcoholism: 알콜중독

eating disorder: 식사 장애

anorexia: 거식증

a. They say stress is only a “posh” word for exercise. Do you agree?

b. What is the best way to get rid of stress?

c. What makes most jobs very stressful?

d. Do you think putting pressure on employees will make them more productive?

Write down all the stress you have for this week.

Getting a tattoo because your friends and peers have them is just one of the reasons why a lot of

young people in North America get tattoos. Peer pressure, media influence, and personal

expression are some of the common reasons for wearing tattoos today. The desire to be part of a

group, to be accepted by one's friends or peers, can have a great influence on what a person

does. Sometimes, wearing a tattoo can be a sign that you belong to a certain group. Young

people often belong to a certain group of friends. Some of these groups wear only brand-name

clothes. Some wear only black clothes. Others wear tattoos. When a person's friends are all doing

something, such as getting a tattoo, that person is more likely to do the same thing, and get a

tattoo too.

The media is another big influence behind the popularity of tattoos. A wide variety of media

images show tattoos. Tattoos can be seen on people appearing in commercials selling expensive

cars. Famous sports heroes with tattoos are shown in magazines. Fashion models are often seen in

magazines and on TV wearing designer clothes that show their bodies tattooed with detailed and

colorful patterns. These media images link tattoos to ideas of wealth, success, and status. As a

result, many people decide to get a tattoo for its fashion and status value.

Many people decide to wear tattoos in order to express their artistic nature, their beliefs, or their

feelings -- in other words, to show their individuality. A musician in a rock band may get a tattoo

of a guitar on the arm. Some environmentalists may tattoo pictures of endangered animals on

their shoulders. Lovers may tattoo each others' names over their hearts. A tattoo can be a public

sign to show what is important in a person's life.

Please answer to each statement below with either “true” or “false”.

a. Peer pressure is one reason for someone to get a tattoo.

b. Tattoos are considered to be public signs to show importance on people’s lives.

c. The media does not influence people on getting tattoos.

tattoo: 문신

peer: 또래

peer pressure: 동료집단으로부터 받는 압력

Artistic: 예술의

a. Do you consider tattoos as a form of art?

b. Do you have any friends with tattoos? What are their reasons for getting one or for not

getting one?

c. What would you like to be tattooed on your skin? Why?

Please write an essay about tattoos.

An electric car is an automobile that is propelled by one electric motor or more, using electrical

energy stored in batteries or another energy storage device. Electric motors give electric cars

instant torque, creating strong and smooth acceleration. Electric cars were popular in the late 19th

century and early 20th century, until advances in internal combustion engine technology and mass

production of cheaper gasoline vehicles led to a decline in the use of electric drive vehicles.

The energy crises of the 1970s and 1980s brought a short-lived interest in electric cars; although,

those cars did not reach the mass marketing stage, as is the case in the 21st century. Since 2008,

a renaissance in electric vehicle manufacturing has occurred due to advances in battery and

power management technologies, concerns about increasing oil prices, and the need to

reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Pure electric car sales in 2012 were led by Japan with a 28% market share of global sales,

followed by the United States with a 26% share, China with 16%, France with 11%, and Norway

with 7%. Benefits of electric cars over conventional internal combustion engine automobiles

include a significant reduction of local air pollution, as they do not emit tailpipe pollutants, in

many cases, a large reduction in total greenhouse gas and other emissions (dependent on the

fuel and technology used for electricity generation), and less dependence on foreign oil, which in

several countries is cause for concern about vulnerability to oil price volatility

and supply disruption. Widespread adoption of electric cars faces several hurdles and limitations,

however, including the higher cost of electric vehicles, the lack of recharging infrastructure (other

than home charging) and the driver's fear of the batteries running out of energy before reaching

their destination (range anxiety) due to the limited range of most existing electric cars.

Please answer to each statement below with either “true” or “false”.

a. Electric car was a popular vehicle before internal combustion engine was invented.

b. Advanced technology in power management is the dominant cause of a renaissance in electric

car in the 21st century.

c. Recharging infrastructure is the unique barrier to the prevalence of electric cars.

torque: 회전력

Internal Combustion Engine: 내연기관

tail pipe: 배기관

electricity generation: 전기 생산

price volatility: 가격 변동

supply disruption: 공급 중단

a. What are the pros and cons of having an electric car?

b. You will buy a new car next year. Would you buy electric car? Why?

c. If you need one hour for charging the battery of an electric car, would you buy it?

Why do you think electric cars are not so popular in Korea? Write your opinion.

Social media refers to the means of interactions among people in which they create, share, and/or

exchange information and ideas in virtual communities and networks. Social media has been

defined as "a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological

foundations of Web 2.0, and that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content.”

Furthermore, social media depends on mobile and web-based technologies to create highly

interactive platforms through which individuals and communities share, co-create, discuss, and

modify user-generated content. It introduces substantial and pervasive changes to communication

between organizations, communities, and individuals.

Social media differentiates from traditional/industrial media in many aspects such as quality, reach,

frequency, usability, immediacy, and permanence. There are many effects that stem from internet

usage. Internet users tend to continue to spend more time with social media sites than any other

type of site. For content contributors, the benefits of participating in social media have gone

beyond simply social sharing to building reputation and bringing in career opportunities and

monetary income.

Much of the criticism of social media are about its exclusiveness as most sites do not allow the

transfer of information from one to another, disparity of information available, issues with

trustworthiness and reliability of information presented, concentration, ownership of media

content, and the meaning of interactions created by social media. However, it is also argued that

social media has positive effects such as allowing the democratization of the internet while also

allowing individuals to advertise themselves and form friendships.

Most people associate social media with positive outcomes, yet this is not always the case. Due to

the increase in social media websites, there seems to be a positive correlation between the usage

of such media with cyber-bullying, online sexual predators, and the decrease in face-to-face

interactions. Social media may expose children to images of alcohol, tobacco, and sexual

behaviors

Please answer to each statement below with either “true” or “false”.

a. Social media is the means of interactions among people in virtual communities and networks.

b. Internet users tend to continue to spend more time with social media sites than any other

type of site.

c. Most people associate social media with positive outcomes.

d. As the number of social media websites increases face-to face interactions decrease.

virtual community: 가상의 사회

pervasive: 광범위한

disparity: 차이

cyber bullying: 사이버 왕따

sexual predator: 성범죄자

a. How often do you visit social media sites? Do you think it is worthwhile?

b. Have you ever gotten useful information from blogs? Do you think blogs are valuable means

of communication?

c. What is cyber bullying?

Please write your opinion how to reduce “cyber bullies”?

Globalization (or globalisation) is the process of international integration arising from the

interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture. Advances in

transportation and telecommunication infrastructure, including the rise of the telegraph and

posterity the internet, are major factors in globalization, generating further interdependence of

economic and cultural activities.

Humans have interacted over long distances for thousands of years. The overland Silk Road that

connected Asia, Africa, and Europe is a good example of the transformative power of translocal

exchange that existed in the "Old World". Philosophy, religion, language, the arts, and other

aspects of culture spread and mixed as nations exchanged products and ideas. In the 15th and

16th centuries, Europeans made important discoveries in their exploration of the oceans, including

the start of transatlantic travel to the "New World" of the Americas. Global movement of people,

goods, and ideas expanded significantly in the following centuries. Early in the 19th century, the

development of new forms of transportation (such as the steamship and railroads)

and telecommunications that "compressed" time and space allowed for increasingly rapid rates of

global interchange. In the 20th century, road vehicles, intermodal transport, and airlines made

transportation even faster. The advent of electronic communications, most notably mobile

phones and the Internet, connected billions of people in new ways recently.

A number of international polls have shown that residents of developing countries tend to view

globalization more favorably. The BBC found a growing feeling in developing countries that

globalization was proceeding too rapidly. Only in a few countries, including Mexico, the countries

of Central America, Indonesia, Brazil and Kenya, did a majority feel that globalization is increasing

too slowly. Europeans believe that globalization can enrich their lives, while believing the

European Union can help them take advantage of globalization's benefits while shielding them

from its negative effects. The main opposition consisted of socialists, environmental groups, and

nationalists.

Please answer to each statement below with either “true” or “false”.

a. Globalization contributes to further interdependence of economic and cultural activities

among countries.

b. The Silk Road connected Asia, Africa, Europe and America.

c. Mexico is experiencing a fast improvement in globalization.

d. Humans had no form or way of interaction thousands years ago.

posterity: 후세

overland: 육로

transformative: 변화시키는

translocal: 지역을 넘어서는

transatlantic: 대서양 횡단의

intermodal transport: 복합 수송

a. What are the positive and negative effects of globalization to developing countries?

b. Globalization can contribute to democratization of autocratic countries?

c. Why do you think that socialist and environmental groups oppose to globalization?

What kind of influences does the democratization of Middle Asian countries have to the rest of

the world? Write the advantages and disadvantages.

Telecommuting, remote work, or telework is a work arrangement in which employees do

not commute to a central place of work. A person who telecommutes is known as a

"telecommuter", "teleworker", and sometimes as a "home-sourced," or "work-at-home" employee.

Many telecommuters work from home, while others, sometimes called "nomad workers", use

mobile telecommunications technology to work from coffee shops or other locations. According

to a Reuter’s poll, approximately "one in five workers around the globe, particularly employees in

the Middle East, Latin America and Asia, telecommute frequently and nearly 10 percent work from

home every day". Telecommuting offers benefits to communities, employers, and employees. For

communities, telecommuting may offer fuller employment (by increasing the employability of

circumstantially marginalized groups such as work at home parents and caregivers, the disabled,

retirees, and people living in remote areas), reducing traffic congestion and traffic accidents,

relieving pressure on transportation infrastructure, reducing greenhouse gases, reducing energy

use, improving disaster preparedness, and reducing vulnerability to terrorism.

For companies, telecommuting expands the talent pool, reduces the spread of illness, reduces

costs including real-estate footprint, increases productivity, reduces their carbon footprint and

energy usage, reduces turnover and absenteeism, improves employee morale, enhances

continuity-of-operations strategies, improves their ability to handle business across multiple time

zones, and augments their cultural adaptability. Some estimates suggest that full-time telework

can save companies approximately $20,000 per employee in a year. Telecommuting individuals, or

more specifically those in "work from home" arrangements, may find that it improves work-life

balance, reduces their carbon footprint and fuel usage, frees up the equivalent of 15 to 25

workdays a year (time they would have otherwise spent commuting), and saves thousands of

dollars per year in travel and work-related costs.

In general, telecommuting benefits society in economic, environmental, and personal ways. The

wide application of ICTs (Information and Communication Technologies) provides increasing

benefits for employees, especially ones with physical disabilities. It also leads to a more energy-

saving society without adversely impacting economic growth.

Please answer to each statement below with either “true” or “false”.

a. One in five workers around the globe, particularly employees in the Middle East, Latin America

and Asia, telecommute frequently and nearly 10 percent work from home every day

b. Telecommuting increases the chance of illness being spread

c. One full time telework can save cost of 20,000 dollars in a company per year.

employability: 취직 능력

marginalized group: 소외 집단

carbon footprint: 이산화탄소 배출량

retiree: 은퇴자

augment: 증가시키다

free up: 마련하다

a. Why do you think telecommuting is not a popular job in Korea?

b. What are the disadvantages of telecommuting?

c. If you have a chance to have a telecommuting job, will you take it or not? Please explain the

reason.

Summarize your opinion of disadvantages of telecommuting in the view of employees and

employers.

Fast food is the term given to food that can be prepared and served very quickly, first popularized

in the 1950s in the United States. While any meal with low preparation time can be considered to

be fast food, typically the term refers to food sold in a restaurant or store with preheated or

precooked ingredients, and served to the customer in a packaged form for take-out/take-away.

Fast food restaurants are traditionally separated by their ability to serve food via a drive-through.

The term "fast food" was recognized in a dictionary by Merriam–Webster in 1951. Outlets may be

standing or kiosks, which may provide no shelter or seating or fast food restaurants (also known

as quick service restaurants). Franchise operations which are part of restaurant chains have

standardized foodstuffs shipped to each restaurant from central locations.

Fast food has come under criticism over concerns ranging from claiming negative health effects,

alleged animal cruelty, cases of worker exploitation, and claims of cultural degradation via shifts in

people's eating patterns away from traditional foods. Fast food chains have come under fire from

consumer groups, a longtime fast food critic over issues such as caloric content, trans-fats and

portion sizes. Social scientists have highlighted how the prominence of fast food narratives in

popular urban legends suggests that modern consumers have an ambivalent relationship with fast

food, particularly in relation to children.

Some of the concerns have led to the rise of the slow food, or local food movements. These

movements seek to preserve local cuisines and ingredients, and directly oppose laws and habits

that favor fast food choices. Proponents of the slow food movement try to educate consumers

about what its members consider the richer, more varied and more nourishing tastes of fresh,

local ingredients that have been recently harvested.

Please answer to each statement below with either “true” or “false”.

a. The term fast food refers to the food that can’t be prepared quickly and easily.

b. Fast food also refers to food sold in a restaurant or store with preheated or precooked

ingredients.

c. Some issues related to fast food include positive health effects, animal cruelty, and worker

exploitation.

d. Modern consumers have an ambivalent relationship with fast food.

foodstuff 식품, 식재료

alleged 주장된, ~이라고들 말하는

exploitation 착취, 이용

come under fire 맹 비난을 받다

prominence 현저함

urban legend 확실한 근거가 없는데도 사실인 것처럼 퍼지는 이야기

ambivalent 양면적인

bizarre 기이한

a. Do you like fast food? How often do you eat fast food? Do you have a particular reason for

that?

b. Why do you think fast foods are not especially good for children?

c. Let’s talk about ambivalent viewpoints that modern consumers have on the fast food.

Please write your opinion briefly for the ‘b’ and ‘c’ of talking points above.

Many people consider that the objective of gender equality has not been fully achieved, especially

in non-Western countries. A highly contentious issue relating to gender equality is the role of

women in religiously orientated societies. For example, the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in

Islam declared that women have equal dignity, but not equal rights, and this was accepted by

many predominantly Muslim countries. In some Christian churches the practice of the churching

of women may still have elements of Ritual purification and the Ordination of women to the

priesthood may be restricted or forbidden. Some Christians or Muslims believe

in Complementarianism, a view that holds that men and women have different, but

complementing roles. This view may be in opposition to the views and goals of gender equality.

In addition, there are also non-Western countries of low religiosity where the contention

surrounding gender equality remains. In China, a cultural preference for a male child has resulted

in a shortfall of women in the population. Feminism in Japan has made many strides and resulted

in in the Gender Equality Bureau, but Japan remains low in gender equality compared to other

industrialized nations. Not all ideas for gender equality have been popularly adopted. For example:

despite Topfreedom the right to be bare breasted in public frequently applies only to males and

has remained a marginal issue. Breastfeeding in public is more commonly tolerated, especially in

semi-private places such as restaurants.

However, this picture of Western progress with regards to gender equality can be seen as severely

oversimplified. Indeed, it is the contentious meaning of the term "equality" itself that makes

measuring gender equality "progress" inherently problematic. Newman and White suggest that

equality can be understood in three distinct ways: identical treatment, differential treatment, and

fair treatment. Identical treatment is the claim that equality means the deployment of generalizing,

abstract, content-less reason, unaffected with regards to the gender it addresses. This view

assumes that gender differences are entirely socially constructed concepts, and that an underlying,

gender-neutral human should be the target of equality. Next, the differential treatment notion of

equality is the claim that biological ("sex") differences do, in fact, exist as tangible and real, and

that structuring treatment around these differences is not unequal, so long as these biological

differences are accurately defined (that is to say, so long as differential treatment is not random).

The third view, that equality is fair treatment, is in a sense a reaction to both of the previous two

claims. Equality as identical treatment assumes that the criteria we use to define human nature is

itself objective, neutral, and fair for each human, and differential treatment assumes that there are

inherent, empirical, tangible, biological differences that the binary categories of male-female

derive from. Many Theorists attack both of these essentialist stances, articulating that any claim to

an underlying human nature is absurd. In short, this is because what it is to be a human is at

bottom a product of constructive discursive discourses. A theorist claims that all circulating

articulations of this fictitious "universal human" actually reflect socially male biases. Similarly, by

this logic, the differential treatment is shown to merely use male rationality to define and

construct the gender difference - as a result, true equality is precluded.

Please answer to each statement below with either “true” or “false”.

a. Some Christians or Muslims believe in Complementarianism, a view that holds that men and

women have different, but complementing roles.

b. Identical treatment is the claim that equality means the deployment of generalizing, abstract,

content-less reason, unaffected with regards to the gender it addresses.

c. Equality can be understood in three distinct ways: identical treatment, similar treatment, and

unfair treatment.

d. All circulating articulations of this fictitious "universal human" actually reflect socially male

biases.

contentious 논쟁을 초래하는

ritual 의례, 의식 절차

ordination 사제 서품

articulate 분명히 표현하다

discursive 산만한, 두서없는

manifestation 징후, 표명

articulation 표현, 발화

unadulterated 완전한, 썩이지 않은

preclude 불가능하게 하다

a. Why do you think complementarianism is opposition concept to gender equality?

b. Please explain identical treatment, differential treatment and fair treatment with your words.

c. Do you think gender equality is fully implemented in Korea? Why or why not?

Please write your own opinion briefly about the importance of gender equality.

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (also known as Madiba), a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary

and politician who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, was the first black

South African to hold the office, and the first elected in a fully representative, multiracial election.

Mandela was born to the Thembu royal family. He attended Fort Hare University and the

University of Witwatersrand where he studied law. After the Afrikaner nationalists of the National

Party came to power in 1948 and began implementing the policy of apartheid, a system of racial

segregation, he rose to prominence in the African National Congress's 1952Defiance Campaign.

Working as a lawyer, he was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and, with the ANC

leadership, was prosecuted in the Treason Trial from 1956 to 1961 but was found not guilty.

Although initially committed to non-violent protest, he was arrested in 1962, convicted of

sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the government, and sentenced to life imprisonment in the

Rivonia Trial.

An international campaign lobbied for his release, which was granted in 1990 after 27 years of

imprisonment. Becoming ANC President, Mandela led negotiations with President F.W. de Klerk to

abolish apartheid and establish multi-racial elections in 1994, in which he led the ANC to victory.

He was elected President and formed a Government of National Unity. As President, he

established a new constitution and initiated the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to

investigate past human rights abuses, while introducing policies to encourage land reform,

combat poverty and expand healthcare services.

Mandela was a controversial figure for much of his life. Denounced as a Marxist terrorist by critics,

he nevertheless gained international acclaim for his activism, having received more than 250

honors, including the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize, the US Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Soviet

Order of Lenin and the Bharat Ratna. He is held in deep respect within South Africa, where he is

often referred to by his Xhosa clan name, Madiba, or as Tata ("Father"); he is often described as

"the father of the nation".

Please answer to each statement below with either “true” or “false”.

a. Nelson Mnadela was the president of South Africa from 1990 to 1999

b. He was arrested once

c. He was imprisoned because of his anti-racial fight.

d. He was released after 27 years of imprisonment, in 1990.

apartheid 흑백 인종차별

prominence 명성, 유명함

seditious 선동적인

treason 반역죄

sabotage 방해 행위

acclaim 칭송

a. Can one’s race, culture, and tradition be a hindrance to achieving success?

b. What is your idea about racial discrimination?

c. If given a chance, would you like to be considered as “The Father of the Nation”? Why?

Do you have your mentor in your life? Why or why not? Write your opinion briefly.

High-speed rail is a type of rail transport hat operates significantly faster than traditional rail

traffic, using an integrated system of specialized rolling stock and dedicated tracks. The first such

system began operations in Japan in 1964 and was widely known as the bullet train. High-speed

trains normally operate on standard gauge tracks of continuous welded rail on grade

separated right-of-way that incorporates a large turning radius in its design. Many countries have

developed high-speed rail to connect major cities, including China, France, Germany, Italy, Taiwan,

Turkey, South Korea and Spain. As of 2011 the maximum commercial speed on most high-speed

rail lines was about 300 km/h (186 mph).

In the early 1950s, the French National Railway started to receive their new powerful CC

7100 electric locomotives, and began to study and evaluate running at very high speeds. In 1954,

the CC 7121 hauling a full train achieved a record 243 km/h (151 mph) during a test on the

standard track. The next year, two specially tuned electric locomotives, the CC 7107 and the

prototype BB 9001, broke previous speed records, reaching respectively 320 km/h (199 mph) and

331 km/h (206 mph), again on the standard track. For the first time, the 300 km/h (186 mph) was

surpassed, allowing the idea of feasibility of very high-speed services.

In Korea, Korea Train Express (KTX) services were launched on 1 April 2004, on the Seoul-Busan

corridor, Korea's busiest traffic corridor, between the two largest cities. In 1982, it represented

65.8% of South Korea's population, a number that grew to 73.3% by 1995, along with 70% of

freight traffic and 66% of passenger traffic. With both the Gyeongbu

Expressway and Korail's Gyeongbu Line congested as of the late 1970s, the government saw the

pressing need for another form of transportation.

Construction began on the high-speed line from Seoul to Busan in 1992 with the first commercial

service launching in 2004. Top speed for trains in regular service is currently 305 km/h (190 mph),

though the infrastructure is designed for 350 km/h (217 mph). The initial rolling stock was based

on Alstom's TGV Réseau, and was partly built in Korea. The domestically developed HSR-350x,

which achieved 352.4 km/h (219.0 mph) in tests, resulted in a second type of high-speed trains

now operated by Korail, the KTX Sancheon. The next generation KTX train, HEMU-430X, achieved

421.4 km/h (262 mph) in 2013, making South Korea the world's fourth country after France,

Japan and China to develop a high-speed train running on conventional rail above 420 km/h

(261 mph).

Please answer to each statement below with either “true” or “false”.

a. As of 2011 the maximum commercial speed on most high-speed rail lines was about

301 km/h (187 mph).

b. Korea Train Express (KTX) services were launched on April 1, 2004.

c. Top speed for trains in regular service is currently 305 km/h (190 mph).

d. High-speed trains do not normally operate on standard gauge tracks of continuous welded

rail.

rolling stock 철도 차량

standard gauge 표준궤도

continuous welded rail 장대 레일

right-of-way 우선 통행권

haul 끌다

oscillation 진동

sway 흔들리다

bogie 대차

derailment 탈선

a. Do you think high-speed train is essential to modern countries?

b. Cite some situations where you find riding on a high-speed train very helpful.

c. Which one is better choice for economy between constructing expressway and high-speed rail?

Please describe the social and economic impact of high-speed rail system.