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NABDA (c)2009 ENC
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National Biotechnology Development Agency (NABDA)
(Federal Ministry of Science and Technology)16, Dunukofia Street (Old CAC Building), Area 11, Garki
Abuja
Presenter: PROF. B. O. SOLOMON
DIRECTOR-GENERAL (NABDA)
Venue : NICON LUXURY HOTEL ABUJA APRIL 1-3, 2009
State and Application of Bioremediation in Nigeria’s Oil Fields
NABDA (c)2009 ENC
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Outline:
IntroductionBioremediationEfforts at Bioremediation ApplicationState of Bioremediation TechnologyLab-Scale OperationsField-Scale OperationsIndigenous bioremediation products for:
– Drill Cuttings Management– Produce Water Management– Flare Pit Waste Mnagement– Soil Hydrocarbon Pollution Management– Way forward
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Introduction
Human economic activities have always given rise to need for further activities to ameliorate the resulting adverse effects on the environment.
This dimension suggests that man has not completely been unaware of environmental impacts of the quest for human survival, which draws energy and nutrients from the earth.
The angle that has remained unsatisfactorily addressed is the choice of mitigation technology that can return mother earth to status quo ante or guarantee continuous availability of directly utilized resources or associated support systems.
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continuation...
Technology choice has particularly been difficult for two recalcitrant and continuous threats: municipal waste, nutrient and hydrocarbon contamination.
Incidentally, the former is a huge raw material for further economic growth while the later has presented itself as a true threat to human and environmental survival.
This leaves us with one true class of enemy: nutrient and hydrocarbon contamination.
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Nutrient and Hydrocarbon Contamination.
A number of approaches have successfully been deployed at industrial level with reckonable degree of achievement in controlling nutrient contamination and the most remarkable of them have been biological-technique enhanced treatments.
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However, the same cannot be said of bioremediation, especially in Nigeria.
Considering the magnitude of threat from environmental degradation and the resultant socio-economic dimension of hydrocarbon contamination in the Niger Delta area, the present administration has identified the security of the region as a national priority.
This means all increased efforts at cleaning up the spills using sustainable technologies of which bioremediation is most suitable.
continuation...
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Previous methods designed to deal with waste by-products from oil fields include:
• storage• landfill• relocation• incineration
continuation...
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Typical flare pit in the Niger Delta
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Hydrocarbon polluted farmlands in Ogoniland
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Flow station at Ogbogu contaminated with hydrocarbon
1
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BIOREMDIATION: INTRO
• Decontamination of environmental media by naturally occurring biological agents in the environment is often slow. However, it goes on.
• The implication is that at pollution levels below the carrying capacity of the media concerned, restoration to best known conditions for life support is possible over long time.
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• It is the optimization of this natural restoration power of biological agents that bioremediation seeks to optimize in the face of overwhelming contamination.
• The technology seeks to catalyze natural decontamination process by stimulating the remedial activity of these organisms.
BIOREMDIATION
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Our responsibility is thus to contribute to the success of stabilizing the Niger Delta through restoration of the environmental media to human usable forms.
To achieve this task, various technologies must be identified and optimized for efficiency. At the moment, the most economic and sustainable technology is bioremediation.
BIOREMDIATION
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Bioremediation is a multidisciplinary technology that decomposes contaminants transforming them into harmless byproducts, i.e. water and carbon dioxide, using the following products:
• microbes
• surfactants
• micronutrients and
• bio-stimulants
Bioremediation in Nigeria
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Bioremediation in Nigeria Bioremediation
• Economical • Sustainable
Suitable for• cleaning up oil spills after emergency
response • soils contaminated with
petroleum/hydrocarbons derivatives • dangerous organic compounds.
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continuation...
Biostimulation involves– aeration – application of selected micronutrients and bio-
stimulants. Bio-stimulation is only effective when
– indigenous microbial populations present in the substrate are high enough to degrade the contaminants
– when these microbes can readily adapt to foreign contaminants.
Bioaugmentation involves – application of beneficial microbes that have an
affinity towards a specific contaminant.
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Some contaminant suitable for bioremediation
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Environmental conditions affecting
bioremediation
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All bioremediation methods could be ex-situ (1) (outside point of occurrence) or in-situ (2) (at the point of occurrence)
1
2
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Bioremediation Benefits
- Degradation in a relatively narrow time - Simultaneous multiple activity- Toxin resistant- Reduced risk / higher degree of safety- Reduced labor and equipment costs
continuation...
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continuation...
Engineering
ChemistryBiology
Bioremediation technology
continuation...
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– Without intervention, microbes degrade oil but at a rather slow rate. Enhancing this process is the essence of research in bioremediation.
– Some of the process optimization strategies in bioremediation include the following:
• Control of physical and chemical parameter example Temperature, pH, moisture and oxygen content.
• Control of microbial parameters
Bioremediation process optimization
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Bioremediation process optimization parameters
Process optimization
Physico-chemical Factors
•Temperature
•pH
•Water
•O2 / Redox potential
•Mass transfer
•Solubility
Microbial Parameters
•Genetic characteristics
•Physiological properties
•Metabolic diversity
•Enzymological capabilities
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Review of bioremediation efforts in Nigeria
Unfortunately, very few successful efforts have been documented for field-scale bioremediation projects, but many lab-scale research work have been carried out.
At lab-scale, the methods adopted include:• Simulation of field contamination• Bio-augmentation (indigenous and engineered
microbes)• Bio-stimulation (agricultural fertiliser)• Tilling
Some of the results obtained are presented below:
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S/N Physico-Chemical Parameters Range (%)
1. Moisture Drop 19-13
2. Organic CarbonDrop
85-1.5
3. Ph Drop 6.34-4.5
4. Nitrogen Increase 0.021-0.081
5. Duration of bioremediation 8weeks
6. Total Hydrocarbon Reduction (THP) 73-88
Range of values for results obtained from lab-scale bioremediation research
Review of bioremediation efforts in Nigeria
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S/N Method(%) THC Reduction
1. Biostimulation, Bioaugmentation with indigenous HUB Tilling 83
2. mixing uncontaminated soil with polluted soil, tilling and Bioaugumentation with HUB
73
3. Biostimulation, Bioaugmentation with indigenous HUB 88
4. Biostimulation with tilling 86
5. No intervention (control) 2
Review of bioremediation efforts in Nigeria
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Pilot –scale bioremediation projects
Some measure of success has been achieved in large scale application of bioremediation. Very few attempts have been made though but the results have been particularly inspiring.
One of such attempts is the development and pilot scale deployment of an indigenous bio-formulation for the cleaning of the following forms of hydrocarbon contamination: Drilling mud Produced water Hydrocarbon contaminated sediment and soil Hydrocarbon contaminated water
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Current Practices of hydrocarbon waste management
Drilling Mud and Produced Water
On-shore: • dumped in temporary or permanent pits which
eventually overflows into adjoining land and water.
Off-shore: • deposited into the surrounding waters where it
also causes pollution.
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Untreated Drill Mud on soil
Drill mud is acidic and is dangerous to the environment if dumped without treatment
NABDA (c)2009 ENC
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Untreated Produced water
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Untreated Produced water
Produced water does not support life due to high COD and BOD values from contamination
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Current situation....
There is hardly any further remediation of sediments and water systems following emergency response to a reported spill.
This situation results in:• Exertion of undue pressure on the attenuation
potential of resident microbes• Death of resident microbes, flora and fauna due to
acidity from contaminants• Loss in water and soil quality
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Indigenous products in bioremediation
Research has been intense lately in Nigerian universities and research centres for the development of products capable of remedying hydrocarbon contamination.
Some indigenous products have been able to handle the following operations:
• Clean-up of oil polluted soil.• Clean-up of oil on water.• Conversion of oil sludge into organic fertilizer.• Treatment of oil polluted soil samples from a flow station tank to a form that
supports healthy plant growth.• Treatment of a produce wastewater pit Bio-treatment of samples of toxic
drilling mud to a non-toxic form that supported healthy plant growth.
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Indigenous bioremediation products
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Bio-remediated Drill cuttings
• Drill Mud Cutting from oil site treated with indigenous bioremediation product can support the growth of plants.
• The mud can also be reused for construction and other purposes
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Pilot Scale Treatment of a flare pit in Niger Delta Region of Nigeria Using a locally
formulated product
• Some of these products have undergone complete field trials under several standards including DPR, American, Canadian and Australian and have also been patented for full scale deployment.
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The results from treatment of waste pits using indigenous products are quite encouraging.
The implication is that the government will begin to enforce local content in personnel and product quota for the decontamination soil and water after emergency response.
• Distinct plant and animal growth in treated produced water in a waste pit in Niger Delta
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Parameters
Untreated Drilling Mud mg/kg
Treated mg/kg
DPRa1 mg/kg
DPRa2
mg/kg
Duration (days) After 21 days
pH 9.10 7.00 6.5-8.5 6.5 - 8.5
Cadmium (Cd) mg/ kg 1.37 0.26 0.8 12
Cupper (Cu) mg/ kg 6.8 1.4 36 190
Lead (Pb) mg/ kg 3.24 0.88 85 530
Zinc (Zn) mg/ kg78.22
39.96 140 720
Total TPH %
51.76
0.09
Results
• DPRa1 mg/kg - Target Value • DPRa2 mg/kg- Intervention Value
Drill cutting treatment with local product
Source: Otaiku, 2007
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Parameters
Untreated Waste Pit mg/kg
Treated mg/kg
DPRa1 mg/kg
DPRa2
mg/kgAustraliab
mg/kgCanadac
µg/kg
pH 6.56 6.80
Arsenic (As) mg/kg
<0.01
<0.01 29 55 20
Barium (Ba) mg/ kg 410 300 200 625
Cadmium (Cd) mg/ kg <0.01 2.87 0.8 12 1.5
Chromium (Cr) mg/ kg 3.0 0.31 100 380 80
Cupper (Cu) mg/ kg 4.0 1.94 36 190 65
Lead (Pb) mg/ kg 41.0 <0.01 85 530 50
Calcium (Ca) mg/ kg 1316 612.2
Zinc (Zn) mg/ kg
52.0
11.17 140 720 200
Results for some Waste Pit (Surface water) treatment using indigenous products
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Total Iron(Fe) mg/ kg 14.0 604.7
Sulphate (SO4²)mg/ kg 100 1
Nitrate N03- mg/ kg
<0.01
<0.01
Ammonia (NH4) mg/ kg 8.0 26.0
Phosphate (P2O5) mg/ kg
2358
18.7
Salinity as Chloride (Cl) mg/ kg
80.0
142
TPH mg/ kg
4,600
17.65 50 5000
PAH mg/ kg
0.311
<0.01 1 40 4000µg/kg
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) mg/kg
21,000 19,500
Sulphide (S2-),mg/kg 3.12 <0.01
Source: Otaiku, 2007
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Waste Pit (soil/sediment) treatment: indigenous product
Parameters
Untreated Waste Pit mg/kg
Treated waste pitmg/kg
DPRa1 mg/kg
DPRa2
mg/kgAustraliab
mg/kgCanadac
µg/kg
pH6.56 6.80
Arsenic (As) mg/kg
<0.01
<0.01 29 55 20
Barium (Ba) mg/ kg 410 300 200 625
Cadmium (Cd) mg/ kg <0.01 2.87 0.8 12 1.5
Chromium (Cr) mg/ kg 3.0 0.31 100 380 80
Cupper (Cu) mg/ kg 4.0 1.94 36 190 65
Lead (Pb) mg/ kg 41.0 <0.01 85 530 50
Calcium (Ca) mg/ kg 1316 612.2
Zinc (Zn) mg/ kg
52.0
11.17 140 720 200
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Total Iron(Fe) mg/ kg 14.0 100.4 112.6 604.7
Sulphate (SO4²)mg/ kg 100 1920 300 1
Nitrate N03- mg/ kg
<0.01
243.0
13.8
<0.01
Ammonia (NH4) mg/ kg 8.0 16.3 28.0 26.0
Phosphate (P2O5) mg/ kg
2358
2318
52.0
18.7
Salinity as Chloride (Cl) mg/ kg
80.0
47.5
1,720
142
TPH mg/ kg
4,600
67.9
0.50
17.65 50 5000
PAH mg/ kg
0.311
<0.010.02
<0.01 1 40 4000µg/kg
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) mg/kg
21,000 N/A60.0
19,500
Sulphide (S2-),mg/kg 3.12 N/A <0.1 <0.01
• DPRa1 mg/kg - Target Value • DPRa2 mg/kg- Intervention Value
Source: Otaiku, 2007
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Way forward...
In order to drive the necessary development in bioremediation technology, it is essential to have a supportive legislation.
The results presented here are very few of the many efforts that have gone into both development of new and establishment of existing facts about the potency of bioremediation processes at TPH and PAH degradation.
It is also important to support local development of products through incentives and patents for commercial production.
A starting point is the development of a bioremediation programme for Nigeria, using established indigenous products.
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