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o r g a n i z a t i o n a l b e h a v i o r
Dr Humeira J. Abidi
Session 2, Ability, Learning and Reinforcement
2–1© Dr Humeira J. Abidi
© Dr Humeira J. Abidi 2–2
After studying this chapter,you should be able to:1. Define the key biographical characteristics.2. Identify two types of ability.3. Shape the behavior of others.4. Distinguish between the four schedules of
reinforcement.5. Clarify the role of punishment in learning.6. Practice self-managementL
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© Dr Humeira J. Abidi 2–3
Biographical Characteristics
Biographical CharacteristicsPersonal characteristics—such as age, gender, and marital status—that are objective and easily obtained from personnel records.
© Dr Humeira J. Abidi 2–4
Ability, Intellect, and Intelligence
AbilityAn individual’s capacity to perform the various tasks in a job.Intellectual AbilityThe capacity to do mental activities.
Multiple IntelligencesIntelligence contains four subparts: cognitive, social, emotional, and cultural.
© Dr Humeira J. Abidi 2–5
• Number aptitude• Verbal comprehension• Perceptual speed• Inductive reasoning• Deductive reasoning• Spatial visualization• Memory
Dimensions ofIntellectual Ability
E X H I B I T 2–1
© Dr Humeira J. Abidi 2–6
Physical Abilities
Physical AbilitiesThe capacity to do tasks demanding stamina, dexterity, strength, and similar characteristics.
© Dr Humeira J. Abidi 2–7
Other Factors7. Body coordination8. Balance9. Stamina
Nine Physical Abilities
Strength Factors1. Dynamic strength2. Trunk strength3. Static strength4. Explosive strength Flexibility Factors
5. Extent flexibility6. Dynamic flexibility
E X H I B I T 2–2
© Dr Humeira J. Abidi 2–8
Ability-JobFit
The Ability-Job Fit
Employee’sEmployee’sAbilitiesAbilities
Job’s AbilityJob’s AbilityRequirementsRequirements
© Dr Humeira J. Abidi 2–9
Learning
Learning• Involves change• Is relatively permanent• Is acquired through experience
LearningAny relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience.
© Dr Humeira J. Abidi 2–10
Theories of Learning
Key Concepts• Unconditioned stimulus• Unconditioned response• Conditioned stimulus• Conditioned response
Classical ConditioningA type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response.
© Dr Humeira J. Abidi 2–11
© Dr Humeira J. Abidi 2–12
Theories of Learning (cont’d)
Operant ConditioningA type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment.
© Dr Humeira J. Abidi 2–13
Theories of Learning (cont’d)
Key Concepts• Attentional processes• Retention processes• Motor reproduction processes• Reinforcement processes
Social-Learning TheoryPeople can learn through observation and direct experience.
© Dr Humeira J. Abidi 2–14
Theories of Learning (cont’d)
Key Concepts• Reinforcement is required to change behavior.• Some rewards are more effective than others.• The timing of reinforcement affects learning
speed and permanence.
Shaping BehaviorSystematically reinforcing each successive step that moves an individual closer to the desired response.
© Dr Humeira J. Abidi 2–15
Types of Reinforcement
Positive reinforcement– Providing a reward for a desired behavior.
Negative reinforcement– Removing an unpleasant consequence when the
desired behavior occurs. Punishment
– Applying an undesirable condition to eliminate an undesirable behavior.
Extinction– Withholding reinforcement of a behavior to
cause its cessation.
© Dr Humeira J. Abidi 2–16
Schedules of Reinforcement (cont’d)
Fixed-ratio
E X H I B I T 2–4
Thank you!
2–17