NYAM print preservation conference

Constance Malpas

Program Officer, OCLC Research

Conference on Collections of Historical &

Unique Value in the Middle Atlantic

Region (NN/LM MAR)

Managing Legacy Collections

in the Mass-digitized Library

Environment: the role of

regional print repositoriesNew York

Academy of Medicine

25 March 2011

My role today

• Provide ‘system-wide’ perspective on changes in the

library environment as they pertain to print collections

management

• Highlight some recent research and its implications for

NN/LM libraries in the Middle Atlantic Region

• Offer a point of view on the respective roles and

responsibilities of academic and special libraries (and

NN/LM) in cooperative print preservation

OCLC Research: what we do

Special focus on libraries in research institutions:

in US, libraries supporting doctoral-level education account for

<20% of academic libraries;>70% of library spending

changes in this sector impact library system as a whole;

collective preservation and access goals, shared infrastructure, &c.

Support global cooperative by providing internal data and

process analyses to inform enterprise service development

(R&D) and deploying collective research capacity to deepen

public understanding of the evolving library system

OCLC Research: who we are

~45 FTE with offices in Ohio, California and Leiden

Sponsored by OCLC and a partnership of research libraries

around the world that share:

• A strong motivation to effect system-wide change

• A commitment to collaboration as a means of achieving collective gains

• A desire to engage internationally

• Senior management ready to provide leadership within the transnational

research library community

• Deep and rich collections and a mandate to make them accessible

• The capacity and the will to contribute

OCLC Research: current portfolios

System-wide organization

• Characterization of the aggregate library resource

Collections, services, user behaviors, institutional capacity

• Re-organization of individual libraries in network context

Institutions adapting to changes in system-wide organization

• Re-organization of the library system in network context

„Multi-institutional‟ library framework, collective adaptation

Research theme addresses “big picture” questions about the

future of libraries in the network environment; implications

for collections, services, institutions embedded in complex

networks of collaboration, cooperation and exchange

Defining characteristics of SO activities

Emphasis on analytic frameworks and heuristic models that

characterize (academic) library service environment as a

whole

Identifying and interpreting patterns in distribution,

character, use and value of library resource; implications

for future organization of collections and services

Provides context for decision-making, not prescriptive

judgments about a single, best course of action

Shared understanding of how network environment is

transforming library organization on micro and macro level

Low

Stewardship

High

Stewardship

In few

collections

In many

collections

Collections Grid

Licensed

Purchased

Purchased materialsLicensed E-Resources

Research & Learning

Materials

Open Web

Resources

Special CollectionsLocal Digitization

Credit: Dempsey, Childress (OCLC Research. 2003)

Low

Stewardship

High

Stewardship

In few

collections

Licensed

Purchased

Limited

High

attention

Less

attention

Limited Aspirational

Occasional

Intentional

Library attention and investment are shifting

In many

collections

Impeding this transition is not a good survival strategy

Low

Stewardship

High

Stewardship

In Few

Collections

In Many

Collections

Academic institutions, today and tomorrow

Licensed

Purchased

Redirection of

library resource

Today In 5 yrs

An Equal and Opposite Reaction

As and increasing share of library spending is directed

toward licensed content . . .

Pressure on print management costs increases

Fewer institutions to uphold preservation mandate

Stewardship roles must be reassessed

Shared infrastructure requirements will change

What‟s special about Medicine?

• Disintermediation of library began earlier and has

advanced further than in many other disciplines

• Web-scale discovery is uncontested; PubMed exercises

significant gravitational pull

• Commercial (and clinical, research) value of current

content is exceptionally high; licensed electronic content

is indispensable to research and practice

• Print collections are correspondingly under-resourced

[apart from the fact that it saves lives and reduces suffering]

A dramatic shift in library resourcing

OCLC Research. Derived from ARL Statistics and ARL Academic Health Sciences Library Statistics (2003/2004 -2008/2009)

In 5 years, proportional spending on e-resources

at ARL Health Science Libraries has more than doubled

Median$1.5M

Median$5.9M

Duplication rates are high . . .

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Medicine: Periodicals, Societies, General Topics [R 1-130]

Medicine: History, Medical Expeditions [R 131-687]

Medicine: Special Subjects [R 690-920]

Medicine and the State [RA 3-420]

Public Health [RA 421-790]

Medical Geography [RA 791-955]

Medical Centers, Hospitals [RA 960-1000.5]

Forensic Medicine, Medical Jurisprudence [RA 1001-1171]

Toxicology [RA 1190-1270]

Pathology [RB]

Internal Medicine, Medical Practice: General Works [RC 1-106]

Infectious and Parasitic Diseases [RC 110-253]

Neoplasma, Neoplastic Diseases [RC 254-298]

Tuberculosis [RC 306-320]

Neurology [RC 321-431]

Psychiatry, Psychopathology [RC 435-576]

Allergic, Metabolic, Nutritional Diseases [RC 578-632]

Diseases of Organs, Glands, Systems [RC 633-935]

Diseases of Regions of the Body [RC 936-951]

Geriatrics [RC 952-954]

Arctic and Tropical Medicine, Industrial Medicine, Space Medicine, Sports …

Other Internal Medicine, Practice of Medicine [any other RC]

Surgery [RD]

Opthalmology [RE]

Otorhinolaryngology [RF]

Gynecology and Obstetrics [RG]

Pediatrics [RJ]

Dentistry [RK]

Dermatology [RL]

Therapeutics, Pharmacology [RM]

Pharmacy and Materia Medica [RS]

Nursing [RT]

Botanic, Thomsonian, Eclectic Medicine [RV]

Homeopathy [RX]

Other Systems of Medicine [RZ]

Items per Manifestation

OCLC Research. Derived from O’Neill et. al. OhioLINK Analysis (2010)

Above avg.

duplication

rates in most

medical

subject areas

. . . demand (even in the aggregate) is low

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

Medicine: Periodicals, Societies, General Topics [R 1-130]

Medicine: History, Medical Expeditions [R 131-687]

Medicine: Special Subjects [R 690-920]

Medicine and the State [RA 3-420]

Public Health [RA 421-790]


Medical Centers, Hospitals [RA 960-1000.5]

Forensic Medicine, Medical Jurisprudence [RA 1001-1171]

Toxicology [RA 1190-1270]

Pathology [RB]

Internal Medicine, Medical Practice: General Works [RC 1-106]

Infectious and Parasitic Diseases [RC 110-253]


Tuberculosis [RC 306-320]

Neurology [RC 321-431]

Psychiatry, Psychopathology [RC 435-576]

Allergic, Metabolic, Nutritional Diseases [RC 578-632]

Diseases of Organs, Glands, Systems [RC 633-935]

Diseases of Regions of the Body [RC 936-951]

Geriatrics [RC 952-954]

Arctic and Tropical Medicine, Industrial Medicine, Space Medicine, Sports …

Other Internal Medicine, Practice of Medicine [any other RC]

Surgery [RD]

Opthalmology [RE]

Otorhinolaryngology [RF]

Gynecology and Obstetrics [RG]

Pediatrics [RJ]

Dentistry [RK]

Dermatology [RL]

Therapeutics, Pharmacology [RM]

Pharmacy and Materia Medica [RS]

Nursing [RT]


Homeopathy [RX]

Other Systems of Medicine [RZ]

Circulation Rate (total annual circulations / total circulating items)


Below avg.

circulation

rates in most

medical

subject areas

… many books have simply „aged out‟


56.9 Infectious and Parasitic Diseases [RC 110-253]

46.7


21.6

Tuberculosis [RC 306-320]59.5

Nursing [RT]23.8


136.4

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Avera

ge A

ge (

in y

ears

) per

Item


Average age per item (in 2010) = 20.5 years

„Value‟ of legacy print is a matter of opinion

When I talk to the Dean the Medical School about the importance of the old collections, he looks at me like I’m not only from Mars, but should probably go back there…

Paul Courant, “Economic Perspectives on Academic Libraries ” OCLC Distinguished Seminar Series (July 2010)

http://vidego.multicastmedia.com/player.php?p=vi151eg0 [41.57]

http://vidego.multicastmedia.com/player.php?p=vi151eg0

Why all this emphasis on academic libraries?

• NN/LM resource-sharing network is heavily reliant on

academic health science libraries

• Shift to electronic resources and declining use of physical

inventory makes it increasingly difficult for academic

libraries to uphold traditional print preservation mandate

Can a network established to provide equitable access to

health information be mobilized in support of collective

preservation goals? What incentives are needed to ensure

that cooperative preservation is sustainable?

A „big shift‟ in academic collections

Analysis of mass-digitized book corpus

& academic print collections (2009-

2010) found:

• avg. ~30% of ARL library collection

duplicated in HathiTrust digital

repository as of June 2010

• up to 75% of mass-digitized book

collection already held in print

storage facilities

• shared print repositories represent

critical infrastructure during p- to e-

transition, enabling significant library

space savings and cost avoidance

Mellon-funded project with

HathiTrust, NYU, & ReCAP partners

Working hypothesis

Emergence of large scale shared print and digital

repositories creates opportunity for strategic

externalization of core library operations

• Reduce costs of preserving scholarly record

• Enable reallocation of institutional resources

• New business relationships among library partners

In current economic context, traditional

library organization looks unsustainable

Network (inter)dependencies

OCLC Research Analysis of WorldCat snapshot. Data current as of March 2011.

For academic HSL especially, concerns about sustainability of

current investment in redundant print inventory

N = 28 libraries

8.8M holdings

6.3M unique titles

Snapshot of the mass-digitized library environment

0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000

Medicine

Medicine By Discipline

Preclinical Sciences

Health Facilities, Nursing

Medicine By Body System

Communicable Diseases & Misc.

Unique Titles / Editions

Medical Literature in the HathiTrust Digital LibraryN = 119,217 titles

Full-view

Search-only

OCLC Research Analysis of WorldCat and HathiTrust snapshots. Data current as of March 2011.

(<3% of titles in HathiTrust Library)

medical

13%

Time for a game!

How much of the aggregate collection of NN/LM MAR

Resource Libraries is already duplicated in the

HathiTrust Digital Library?

a) <10%

b) 10-15%

c) >30%

The correct answer is . . .

MAR Resource Libraries: Collective Collection

8.8 million WorldCat holdings in 28 MAR Resource Libraries

>290K holdings (33%)

duplicated in HathiTrust

Digital Library OCLC Research Analysis of WorldCat and HathiTrust snapshots. Data current as of March 2011.

Round Two . . .

I‟d guess the percentage overlap between the HathiTrust

Digital Library and my library is:

a) 20-30%

b) 30-50%

c) 50% or more

The answer is . . .

A view of the MAR Resource Library network


Median overlap = 38%

Stewardship and sustainability:

a pragmatic view

Using recent life-cycle adjusted cost model* for library print collections,

$4.25 per volume per year -- on campus

$ .86 per volume per year -- in high-density storage

Cornell University‟s Weill Medical College is spending between

[356K titles * $.86 =] $30K to $150K [= 356K titles * $4.25] annually

to retain local copies of content preserved by the HathiTrust (which

Cornell is also paying for) . . .

The library is not financially accountable for these costs

but it is responsible for managing them

*Paul Courant and M. “Buzzy” Nielson, “On the Cost of Keeping a Book” in The Idea of Order (CLIR, 2010)

~2.2K linear feet of shelf space

Perceptions of (health science) library value

NN/LM MAR Value of Library & Information Services in Patient Care (29 Sep 2010) https://webmeeting.nih.gov/p30767239/

Print is no longer at the center

https://webmeeting.nih.gov/p30767239/

We need a risk communication strategy

• Public domain in HathiTrust

cf. snippet view in GBS

• Scanned from U Minnesota

• 515 library holdings

Including NYAM, SUNY

Upstate, Columbia HSL, and

UPMC and … Redundant inventory is associated

with real costs that increase

stress on fragile library system

Where is all of this heading?

• In academic health science libraries especially, retention

of low (and no-) use print collections is increasingly

difficult to justify

• Print stewardship responsibilities will need to be

renegotiated, for journals and books

• This has implications for NN/LM resource sharing

relationships

• New business arrangements between academic and

“other” health science libraries may re-valorize historical

collections and enable sustainable preservation strategy

A new kind of „resource‟ library?

Print archiving partners enable redistribution of library

investment in print preservation

• Enabling rationalization of regional inventory

• Facilitating revitalization of library service portfolio(s)

• Reducing total cost of library service to health sector

A virtuous circle in which NN/LM delivers maximum

value at minimum cost; library print supply chain is

preserved during ongoing p- to e- transition

Hospital Library


84% of digitized titles held by >99 libraries

Incentive to withdraw local copy increases

Academic Health Sciences Library



Market for shared print provision increases

Independent Research Library



Value of Hathi preservation increases

What sorts of arrangements are needed?

• Academic libraries will need an assurance of substantial

space savings and guaranteed access (persistence)

• Print archive partners will need to reconfigure collections

to maximize their „business‟ value to academic institutions

• Deliberate (regional?) strategy to reduce redundant

inventory, maximize visibility of print archive

holdings, cultivate new audiences for legacy print

Appropriate incentives will be needed to motivate

change on both sides, ensure sustainability

Potential Strategies for MAR

• Leverage available infrastructure

• Can academic HSL collections in ReCAP, Pitt, &c. storage

facilities be made available to MAR as de facto print archives?

• Can IRLA and special collection repositories assume new role as

regional preservation agents?

• Develop a ‘risk communication’ plan to assist MAR libraries in

managing down redundant print inventory

• Enlist stakeholders among faculty, students, researchers

• Divide & conquer

• Different approaches may be required for cooperative

preservation of serials, monographs, and primary resources

A de facto archive in the making?

As of February 2011:

Columbia Health Sciences holdings in ReCAP: 162,120 items

• HR Health Science Restricted 107,167 items

• HS Health Science 39,761 items

• HX Health Science Special 15,192 items

~5% of 3.5M items deposited by Columbia University

18,227 retrievals for these items over 8 years or ~1%

circulation rate annually

8,223 titles duplicated in HathiTrust repository; median 95

library holdings per title; 86% books; 43% public domain

Roles and responsibilities in MAR

Academic HSL

• Embrace cooperative sourcing of collections as a strategy for

legacy print management; maximize reliance on shared

infrastructure

Special libraries

• Cultivate brand as cultural and community resource; if your

collections aren‟t demonstrably enhancing institutional

reputation, they are at risk (no matter how „valuable‟)

Archival repositories

• Exercise your expertise in appraisal by helping colleagues

understand „how much (or little) is enough‟

How can NN/LM help?

• Create incentives for member participation in cooperative print

archiving efforts

• e.g. a special designation for libraries that assume responsibility

for preservation of resources that enables a shift in resourcing

across the network

• Make regional preservation needs-assessment a priority in next

RML contract cycle

• Variable distribution of aggregate HSL resource means different

strategies will be needed in the 8 regions

• Increase visibility of NLM as part of shared preservation

infrastructure by elevating selective archiving commitments

• A national strategy that distinguishes between the ends and

means of print collections

For discussion

What would it take to enable e.g. Columbia HSL to make

ReCAP holdings available to NN/LM MAR as shared

preservation infrastructure?

What would it take for e.g. NYAM to make digitized

monographic collections available to NN/LM as shared print

print archive?

• What tangible benefits accrue to NN/LM members?

• What incentives are needed to motivate Resource Libraries

to share this infrastructure?

• Can some number of „free riders‟ be accommodated?

See for yourself . . .

http://www.stats.oclc.org/cusp/login

Use your FirstSearch, Resource Sharing or Connexion Autho

(Pie chart is masked here)

http://www.stats.oclc.org/cusp/login

Thanks for your attention.

Comments and questions are welcome

[email protected]

@ConstanceM

mailto:[email protected]

Selected Resources

OCLC Research – Shared Print activities – Constance Malpas ([email protected])

• Cloud-sourcing Research Collections: www.oclc.org/research/publications/library/2011/2011-01.pdf

• MARC 583 for print archives disclosure: http://docs.google.com/View?id=dc2djpm6_46cbq4kfgd

OCLC Print Archive Pilot – Kathryn Harnish ([email protected])

• http://www.oclc.org/us/en/productworks/coopprintarchiving.htm

CRL Print Archives Registry – Lizanne Payne ([email protected])

• http://archivereg.crl.edu/

UK Research Reserve Journal Archiving Project – Frances Boyle ([email protected])

• http://www.ukrr.ac.uk/

R2 Sustainable Collections – Rick Lugg ([email protected])

• http://sampleandhold-r2.blogspot.com/

Ithaka S+R – Roger Schonfeld ([email protected])

• http://www.ithaka.org/ithaka-s-r


http://www.oclc.org/research/publications/library/2011/2011-01.pdf



http://docs.google.com/View?id=dc2djpm6_46cbq4kfgd


http://www.oclc.org/us/en/productworks/coopprintarchiving.htm


http://archivereg.crl.edu/


http://www.ukrr.ac.uk/


http://sampleandhold-r2.blogspot.com/




http://www.ithaka.org/ithaka-s-r





Documents

NYAM print preservation conference