Upload
others
View
5
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
NUTRITIONAL DISEASES: FROM BOTTLE FEEDING TO
GERIATRIC ISSUES
Marcus Clauss & Jean-Michel Hatt
Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
EAZWV, Warschau 2014
Zoo animal nutrition - nutritional diseases
Approach to zoo animal nutrition
“do as we always did”
Historical approach
Approach to zoo animal nutrition
“do as we always did” based on experiences what
has been working sometimes ‘experiences’ are
mistakes one has been making for long time
Approach to zoo animal nutrition
“do as we always did” based on experiences what
has been working sometimes ‘experiences’ are
mistakes one has been making for long time
“imitate the natural diet” best approach
Approach to zoo animal nutrition
“do as we always did” based on experiences what
has been working sometimes ‘experiences’ are
mistakes one has been making for long time
“imitate the natural diet” best approach
Approach to zoo animal nutrition
“do as we always did” based on experiences what
has been working sometimes ‘experiences’ are
mistakes one has been making for long time
“imitate the natural diet” best approach
Approach to zoo animal nutrition
“do as we always did” based on experiences what
has been working sometimes ‘experiences’ are
mistakes one has been making for long time
“imitate the natural diet” best approach depends on what you know
about the natural diet, and what feeds are available
Example: Giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)
Gull et al. (subm.)
Example: Giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)
Gull et al. (subm.)
Example: Giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)
Gull et al. (subm.)
Example: Maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)
Insects14%
Vertebrates59%
Fruit27%
Insects5%
Vertebrates55%
Fruit40%
Insects7%
Vertebrates52%
Fruit41%
Insects8%
Vertebrates55%
Fruit37%
Insects3%
Vertebrates68%
Fruit29%
Insects16%
Vertebrates45%
Fruit39%
Insects0%
Vertebrates57%
Fruit43%
Insects3%
Vertebrates63%
Fruit34%
various studies, e.g. Bueno et al. (2004)
Example: Coati (Nasua spp.)
Alves-Costa et al. (2004)
Plant parts26%
Fruits15%
Insects24%
Millipeds17%
Spiders11%
Gastropods1%
Refuse3%
Vertebrates3%
Natural diets
Natural diets
Natural diets
There are no secret, species-specific ingredients!
Natural diets
Formic acid in anteater formulas?
Natural diets
There is no single source of quantitative natural diet information on mammals.
Approach to zoo animal nutrition
“do as we always did” based on experiences what
has been working sometimes ‘experiences’ are
mistakes one has been making for long time
“imitate the natural diet” best approach depends on what you know
about the natural diet, and what feeds are available
Ratcliffe and Wackernagel Hediger
a complete feed for each animal (group)
(pelleted)
‘natural’ feeds (forages, fruits/vegetables), that
resemble the natural diet
atypcial physical structure
some nutrients difficult to limit
behavioural deficits
selective feeding possible
available feeds differ from in nutrient content from
the natural diet
Two traditions in imitating natural diets
Frugivores don‘t eat supermarket fruit
!"#$%&' ()*)%+,-)&'.+/+/+'
!"#$%$&"'()$*$%!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!
0+""1%'
+$"&"#%&$",-*$%%
%
%
%
%
%
!
!
233-)'
!$."#%/-'0#*(&$%!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!!!
45))%'31%+%1'
12-'-0$%3$*$*$#%%
%
%
%
%
%
!
!
6"+/*)'
4(*,"#%5%#()0)#(#%%
%
%
%
!
!
!
%
!
0)-)"7'
62("'%7,$80-.0)#%
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
8$5$'
6&*()(/($%/0.(&(-#$!
!
!
!
!
!
!!
!
43$/+9:'
92()$&($%-.0,$&0$%
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
;+3+7+'
4$,(&$%2$2$:$%%
%
%
%
%
%
%
!
)'
4(&;-,("'%0)/(8($%%
%
%
%
%%
%
!
4#*+"&'+/='1%:)"'/#%"$)/%&'$/'3"1=#9)'?1@'@"#$%&'+/='>)*)%+,-)&A''
B'(CD'2/$E+-'F+/+*)E)/%'G'2/$E+-'H)-@+")'H),G'
Traditions in imitating natural diets
Traditions in imitating natural diets
Traditions in imitating natural diets
slide courtesy of Graham Law, Glasgow University
Traditions in imitating natural diets
Traditions in imitating natural diets
Traditions in imitating natural diets
Traditions in imitating natural diets
Traditions in imitating natural diets
Traditions in imitating natural diets
Traditions in imitating natural diets
Approach to zoo animal nutrition
“do as we always did” based on experiences what
has been working sometimes ‘experiences’ are
mistakes one has been making for long time
“imitate the natural diet” best approach depends on what you know
about the natural diet, and what feeds are available
“use a suitable domestic species as model” ‘scientific compromise’
huge amount of knowledge species-specific peculiarities
are easily overlooked
Food Organism
essential food components non-essential food components
Food Organism
essential food components
essential nutrients: -! high protein requirement -! amino acids taurine and arginine -! arachidonic acid -! vitamin A (!-carotine useless) -! vitamin D -! niacine
not essential for dogs
?
Approach to zoo animal nutrition
“do as we always did” based on experiences what
has been working sometimes ‘experiences’ are
mistakes one has been making for long time
“imitate the natural diet” best approach depends on what you know
about the natural diet, and what feeds are available
“use a suitable domestic species as model” species-specific peculiarities
are easily overlooked
“based on studies in zoo animals” ‘scientific approach’ financially and logistically
challenging, difficulty in summarizing knowledge
‘scientific compromise’ huge amount of knowledge
•!Case reports / case series •! Inventories of diets, pathological
states, husbandry success •!Differences between free-range
and zoo •!Epidemiological / controlled studies
Studies in zoo animals
Examples: case studies
no control group
Carnivore
Primate
Fish-Eater
Herbivore
Red meat
Fruits & vegetables
Thawed fish
Hay & grains
Calcium deficiency
Sodium- and vitamin B deficiency
Acidosis, vitamin E- and calcium deficiency
Calcium deficiency
The classic problem repertoire
Examples: inventories
Grisham and Savage (1990)
Marholdt (1991)
Müller et al. (2011)
no direct association
rel.
Life
exp
ec
tan
cy
e.g. Taylor et al. (2013), Clauss & Paglia (2012), Clauss et al. (2007), Wenker et al. (1999), Kaiser et al. (2009), Taylor et al. (2014), Clarke & Cameron (1998)
unsaturated (n-3) fatty acids in diets and body tissues
iron deposits in organs
Examples: differences wild - zoo
fibre in herbivore diets
tooth wear (browsers, bears)
dental calculus
Dental calculus
e.g. Taylor et al. (2013), Clauss & Paglia (2012), Clauss et al. (2007), Wenker et al. (1999), Kaiser et al. (2009), Taylor et al. (2014), Clarke & Cameron (1998), Fujita & Kageyama (2007)
unsaturated (n-3) fatty acids in diets and body tissues
iron deposits in organs
Examples: differences wild - zoo
fibre in herbivore diets
tooth wear (browsers, bears)
undesired GIT bacteria
feeding-related dysbehaviour
dental calculus
Great ape R/R
Great ape R/R
e.g. Taylor et al. (2013), Clauss & Paglia (2012), Clauss et al. (2007), Wenker et al. (1999), Kaiser et al. (2009), Taylor et al. (2014), Clarke & Cameron (1998), Fujita & Kageyama (2007), Schwitzer & Kaumanns (2001)
unsaturated (n-3) fatty acids in diets and body tissues
iron deposits in organs
Examples: differences wild - zoo
fibre in herbivore diets
tooth wear (browsers, bears)
undesired GIT bacteria
obesity
feeding-related dysbehaviour
dental calculus
Vetion EAZWV Member online course
Examples: differences wild - zoo
obesity
Examples: epidemiological/controlled studies
Examples: epidemiological/controlled studies
courtesy Christoph Schwitzer
Examples: epidemiological/controlled studies
Examples: epidemiological/controlled studies
Examples: epidemiological/controlled studies
=> Fe ! 350 ppm DM leads to massive liver damage
Examples: epidemiological/controlled studies
=> Fe ! 350 ppm DM leads to massive liver damage
Approach to zoo animal nutrition
“do as we always did” based on experiences what
has been working sometimes ‘experiences’ are
mistakes one has been making for long time
“imitate the natural diet” best approach depends on what you know
about the natural diet, and what feeds are available
“use a suitable domestic species as model” species-specific peculiarities
are easily overlooked
“based on studies in zoo animals” ‘scientific approach’ financially and logistically
challenging, difficulty in summarizing knowledge
‘scientific compromise’ huge amount of knowledge
Where is the information?
Where is the information?
Where is the information?
Where is the information?
Where is the information?
Where is the information?
Where is the information?
Where is the information?
Where is the information?
Where is the information?
not in any one place
... from bottle feeding to geriatric issues ...
•! ... is it reasonable? •!… is it feasible (in terms of logistics)? •!… do you have a recipe and a
dosage scheme?
Bottle feeding
Mammal milk composition
Data from A. Riek (2008)
Mammal milk composition
Data from A. Riek (2008)
Mammal milk composition
Data from A. Riek (2008)
Mammal milk recipes
from Kienzle & Landes (1995)
Mammal milk recipes
Mammal milk recipes
Milk replacer calculations
Milk replacer calculations
Milk replacer calculations
Milk replacer calculations
Milk replacer calculations
Milk replacer: mixing problems
Milk replacer: mixing problems
Milk replacer: mixing problems
Bottle feeding – weight control
Geriatric issues
Geriatric issues
Geriatric issues
•!typical sign: loss of condition –! monitoring
Geriatric issues
Condition monitoring
•!typical sign: loss of condition –! monitoring
•!tooth wear – adjust physical form of diet (roughage/pellets; whole prey/minced meat)
•! reduced digestive ability – adjust energy content (‘concentrates’)
Geriatric issues
•!typical sign: loss of condition –! monitoring
•!tooth wear – adjust physical form of diet (roughage/pellets; whole prey/minced meat)
•! reduced digestive ability – adjust energy content (‘concentrates’)
Geriatric issues
•!Nutrition software
Announcements
•!Nutrition software
•!Next zoo nutrition conference
Announcements
European Zoo Nutrition Conference
Feeding zoo animals
for health, welfare and conservation
22-25 January 2015 Burgers Zoo, The Netherlands
www.eaza.net