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Joachim Behrendt
Nutrient Recovery and Water Saving with the “LooLoop”
Joachim Behrendt, Ulrich Braun, Ulrike Gayh, Mathias Anholz,
Torsten Bettendorf, Ralf Otterpohl
Sustainable sanitationPre-conference Workshops
(10-12 August 2009, Tampere , Finland)
Joachim Behrendt
Agenda
➔ Introduction and Motivation➔ Technical Realisation➔ Prozess Variants ➔ Obtained Results➔ Research and Development Needs➔ Conclusion
Joachim Behrendt
Introduction and Motivation
➢ Disposal of faecal contaminated wastewater causes problems
➢ Extraction of freshwater for domestic uses is effected
➢ Objectives:
➔ Water demand for flushing of toilets can be reduced down to zero
➔ Reuse faecal matter, like biogas, mineral fertilizer and soil-conditioner
➔ Eliminating all pathogens and hazardous substances, like pharmaceuticals, hormones and multi-resistance plasmids
Joachim Behrendt
A) Healthy Kidney Cells (B) Diclofenac Caused Damage in kedney cells
Source: Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt
A B
Joachim Behrendt
Technical Realisation
airFI
NICNIC QIR
O2,pH,T
PIC QIC
pH
KOH
Ozone Treatment
max
min
max
min
to biosolidtreatment
1.
1. liquid fertiliser overflow
max
Joachim Behrendt
➔ Rechen und Siebe
➢ Rechen sind in der Abwasserreinigung etabliert und können als Komponente erworben werden
➢ Siebung ist problematischer, weil es zu Korrosion kommen kann und die Poren leicht verstopfen, weil Ausfällung bevorzugt an metallischen Oberflächen stattfindet
➔ Sedimentation
➢ Sedimentation birgt das Risiko des Schlammauftriebs, wegen hoher Nitratkonzentration (Denitrifikation)
➔ Screen and Sieves
➢ Screen are established in wastewater treatment and can bought as componente
➢ Screening is more problematic, because corrusion occurs and the pores are easily blocked due to prefered precipitation at metalic surfeces
➔ Sedimentation
➢ Sedimentation holds the risk of flotation of sludge, due to the high nitrate concentration (denitrification)
Technical RealisationSeparation of Solids
Joachim Behrendt
➔ Flotation
➢ Flotation benötigt gleichmäßigen Zulauf
➢ Option für größere Baugrößen➔ Filtersack
➢ Filtersack mit Vertikalsieb funktioniert
➢ Stoßbelastung möglich
➢ ideal für kleiner Baugrößen
➔ Flotation
➢ Flotation need even inflow
➢ Option for bigger scale➔ Filter Bag
➢ Filter bag with vertical sieve works
➢ Peak loads possible
➢ ideal for small units
Technical RealisationSeparation of Solids
Joachim Behrendt
Biological Treatment
➔ Lowering of pH➔ Degradation of organic compounents➔ Elimination of colour➔ Reduction of Pathogenes
✔ Realised as Membran-Bio-Reactor (MBR)
✔ and as Fixed-Bed-Reactor (FBR)
Joachim Behrendt
Biological Treatment
Key reactions:
Nitritation :
NH 4+ +
32O2 + 2HCO3
- NO2- + 2CO2 + 3H 2O
Nitratation :
NO2- +
12O2 NO3
-
Joachim Behrendt
Biological Treatment
but actually:
NH 3 + 32O2 HNO2 + 2H 2O
HNO2 + 12O2 + H2O NO3
- + H 3O+
NH3 + H 3O+ NH 4
+ + H2O
HNO2 + H 2O NO2- + H3O
+
Joachim Behrendt
Kinetic of the Nitrification
Nitritation :
µNS = µNSmax
SNH 3
K S−NH 31
SHNO2
K I−HNO 2
SNH 3
SNH 3
2
KH−NH 3
SO2
K NS−O2 + SO 2
f T f I f pH
Nitratation :
µNB = µNBmax
SHNO2
K S−HNO21
SNH3
K I−NH 3
SHNO2
SHNO2
2
KH−HNO2
SO2
K NB−O2 + SO2
f T f I f pH
Joachim Behrendt
Experimental set up for the determination of the Kinetic of the Oxidation of Nitrogen
M
QIR
O2, pH
SIC
TIC
Pressluft
Joachim Behrendt
Kinetic of the NH4-Degradation
from Antholz, 2009
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
NH4+-N/NH3-N [mg]
Res
pir
atio
n r
ate
[mg
/(g
*h)]
Black water cycle
WWTP Seevetal
Joachim Behrendt
Kinetic of the NO2-Degradation
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
NO2--N [mg]
Res
pir
ati
on
rate
[m
g/(
g*h
)]
Black water cycle
WWTP Seevetal
from Antholz, 2009
Joachim Behrendt
Temperature impact to NH4-Oxidation
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 10 20 30 40 50Temperature [°C]
Re
sp
irati
on
ra
te [
mg
/(g
*h)]
Balck water cycleWWTP Seevetal
from Antholz, 2009
Joachim Behrendt
Temperature Impact to the NO2-Oxidation
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 10 20 30 40 50Temperature [°C]
Re
sp
ira
tio
n r
ate
[m
g/(
g*h
)] Black water cycleWWTP Seevetal
from Antholz, 2009
Joachim Behrendt
Trials of Treatment with Ozone
➔ Colour removal
➔ Elimination of refraktory Substances (Pharmaceutical residues)
➔ Hygienisation
Joachim Behrendt
Results of Ozonisation of biological pre-treated Urine
0 10 20 30 40 50 600
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
D O3 0,34 g/lD O3 0,26 g/lD O3 0,35 g/lKinetik
Zeit t [min]
Far
bza
hl
CU
[1/
m]
from Gahy, 2007
Joachim Behrendt
Results Ozonisation
0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,400
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Konti: behandeltes Volumen 1 Liter
Konti: behandeltes Volumen 2 Liter
Batch: behandeltes Volumen 0,9 Liter
Ozondosis [g/l]
Far
bza
hl c
u [
1/m
]
from Gahy, 2007
Joachim Behrendt
0
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
0
24
48
72
96
120
NH4-N [mg/l]TOC [mg/l]FZ [1/m]
Ko
nze
ntr
atio
n S
_NH
4, S
_TO
C [
mg
/l]
Far
bza
hl
CU
[1/
m]
Zulauf Bioreaktor nach UF Ozonierung Biologische Nachbehandlung
Progress of Colour Reduction During Blackwater Treatment
from Gahy, 2007
Joachim Behrendt
Energy Demand
the production of 1 kg Ozone requires 10 kWh electricity
the demand of ozone consists from 0,5 m3 urine and an equivalent amount of colourand from faeces and of the elimination of recolouring
250 g ozone per m3 urine
20 g ozone per m3 flushing water
annual demand 1 m3 urine (equivalent)/(cap. a) plus 15 m3 flushing water /(cap. a)550 g O3/(cap. a) 5,5 kWh/(cap. a)
Nitrite oxidation with ozone:4 kg/(cap. a) 2 kg O3/kg NO2 = 8 kg/(cap. a) Ozon 80 kWh/(cap. a)
Joachim Behrendt
Nano-filtration of biological treated Blackwater
➔ Concentration of the nutrients and pollutants
➔ Colour removal
➔ Hygienisation
Joachim Behrendt
Nano-filtration
NF
inflow Permeate
Retentate
(TOC, ions) TOC < 300-500 Damonovalent ions
TOC > 300-500 Dapolyvalent ions (PO4
3+ , SO42- )
and monovalent ions (K+, Na+) for charge compensation