NJ BIOLOGY COMPETENCE TEST – 2010Reviews 2010 NJ CCCS in Biology:

5.1.12 A-C, 5.3.12 A1, 5.3.12A2,5.3.12.B.2, 5.3.12A3

Nutley High School – Biology2nd QUARTER REVIEW

•DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains all the information to make every protein for our bodies.•Structure:

•2 parallel strands of nucleotides.•A nucleotide is made up of three parts: a sugar, a phosphate group, a nitrogen base

•Bases: A, T, G, C (the bases are complementary)

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Question #1A molecule of DNA is a polymer composed of:

 A. Glucose  B. Amino acids  C. Fatty acids  D. Nucleotides

Question #2A segment of a DNA strand has the following

bases: TAC GATWhat is the complementary strand of DNA?

A. UAG CAUB. TAG CATC. ATG CTAD. AUG CUA

Question #3

The picture shows an X-Ray diffraction of DNA. The X–Ray diffraction of DNA led to the idea that DNA:

A. Is a double helixB. Contains paired baseC. Can copy itselfD. Is a very long molecule

Question #4

The presence of DNA is important for cellular metabolic activities because DNA:

 A. Directs the production of enzymes  B. Is a structural component of cell walls  C. Directly increases the solubility of nutrients  D. Is the major component of cytoplasm

Question #5Tissue samples taken from the heart and stomach of a grasshopper would be expected to have the same:

A. Cell shapeB. Cell sizeC. DNAD. Metabolic rate

Question #6

The chart shows the range of numbers of nucleotides among species of different groups of plants. Which of these groups has the largest range of nucleotide numbers among its species?

A. Bryophyta (mosses and liverworts)

B. Lycopsida (club mosses)C. Gymnospermae (cedars

and pines)D. Pteropsida (ferns)

Question #7

Which series of bases will complete this strand of DNA?

A. CCT GATB. ACT GGCC. GTA GGCD. TCA GGG

Question #8

The process of cloning involves making an identical copy of a cell's:

A. Cytoplasm B. DNA C. RibosomesD. ATP

Question #9

One strand of DNA could be as long as a football field if it were stretched out lengthwise. One of the factors allowing DNA to fit inside the nucleus of a cell is its ability to:

A. Break apart into separate genesB. Extend to form very long, thin moleculesC. Denature from the effect of an enzymeD. Coil tightly around associated proteins

The Cell Cycle

The Phases of the Cell Cycle:

•Interphase

•Prophase

•Metaphase

•Anaphase

•Telophase

•Cytokinesis

Interphase – The Cell spends the majority of its life here, growing and functioning. During the S Phase of the Cell Cycle, the DNA replicates, in anticipation of Mitosis (division)

In Early Prophase of Mitosis the Chromosomes get small, centrioles move to the poles of the nucleus, and spindle fibers develop

Pair of Centrioles

Spindle Fibers

Chromosomes consisting of 2 Sister Chromatids

Late Prophase happens when the Nuclear Envelope disintegrates and spindle fibers begin to move Chromosomes toward the center of cell.

Spindle Fibers

Chromosomes

During Metaphase the Chromosomes line up across center of the cell, also called the equator, or Metaphase plate.

Spindle Fibers

Chromosomes

Equator, or Metaphase Plate

In Anaphase the Chromatids that make up each Chromosome move apart and travel to opposite ends of cellular spindle

Daughter Chromosomes

Chromosome

Chromatid

In Telophase an envelope surrounds each set of Chromatids to form new Nucleus and the Cytoplasm starts to divide

Cleavage Furrow

Cytokinesis takes place when the Cytoplasm divides and two cells with identical genetic material are formed

Daughter Cells

Question #10Which of the following phases takes up most

of the cell cycle?

A. InterphaseB. ProphaseC. MitosisD. AnaphaseE. Telophase

Question #11

Mitosis is most important for a kitten’s :

A. VisionB. RespirationC. GrowthD. MetabolismE.Cuteness

Produces new sex cells (gametes)Male = SpermFemale = Eggs

Only occurs in cells of reproductive organsAll other cells undergo mitosis

Haploid sperm and egg fuse to produce a diploid cell

Really 2 consecutive divisions:Meiosis I Meiosis II

Meiosis

Question #12 - Matching

Complete the matching section on your study guide.

Please note that some answers may be used more than once

Question #13

Which term best describes the type of cell division in which parent cells produce daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cells?

A. MitosisB. MeiosisC. SpermatogenesisD. Oogenesis

The body cells of an individual plant have 50 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would be found in the gametes produced this plant?

A. 5B. 10C. 25D. 50

Question #14

Question #15

Meiosis is the process by which gametes are produced. In which of the following human organs does meiosis occur?

A. LiverB. PancreasC. SkinD. Testis

Question #16

Before a cell goes through either mitosis or meiosis, which process must occur within the nucleus?

A. ReplicationB. NondisjunctionC. TranscriptionD. Translation

DNA RNA Proteins

Protein Synthesis

Proteins are made of long chains of amino acids.DNA must stay in the nucleus…to make proteins,

the cell uses RNA.mRNA-

Function-transmits information from DNA to use during protein synthesis.

CODON-3-base sequence of mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.

START CODON-tells the ribosome to begin using the mRNA as a template to bring and assemble a chain of amino acids (begin translation).

STOP CODON-tells the ribosome to stop using the mRNA as a template. No more amino acids are brought and assembled Stops translation, ends assembly of the protein

Codon Chart

tRNA-Function-transfers amino acids into the growing

polypeptide chain in the correct sequence ANTICODON-3-base sequence that

complements (fits into) an mRNA codon.2 Parts of Protein Synthesis:

TRANSCRIPTION-mRNA is produced from DNA in the nucleus.

TRANSLATION-the process of reading the mRNA and using it to assemble the amino acid chain. Takes place in ribosome.

Question #17

Which mRNA sequence complements the above section of DNA? A. C U A G G A

B. T C G A A G C. C T A G G C D. A G C U U C

Question #18This chart compares the base sequences of homologous segments of DNA from three primates. Based on this information, how many differences in the resulting amino acid sequences would you expect to find between humans and chimpanzees?

A. 6B. 2C. 3D. 4

One method of determining the classification of an animal is by comparing the amino acid sequence. Which of the animals listed below most closely resembles the unknown animal?

A. Horse: Met-Gly-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Arg-Arg-Asp-His-Glu-Lys-Asp

B. Dog: Met-Gly-Ser-Tyr-Tyr-Arg-His-Asp-Glu-Lys-Asp

C. Cat: Met-Gly-Ser-Tyr-Tyr-Arg-His-His-Arg-Cys-Thre-Asp

D. Mouse: Met-Gly-Ser-Tyr-Tyr-Arg-His-Glu-Val-Val-Leu

Unknown Animal:Met-Gly-Ser-Tyr-Tyr-Arg-His-His-Glu-

Lys-Asp

Question #19

Question #20

Amino acids link together by peptide bonds to form proteins. In which cellular organelle would this process occur?

a. Nucleusb. Ribosomec. Golgi Apparatusd. Lysosome

Question #21

Which of these is most responsible for carrying coded information from the nucleus?

a. Ribosomesb. Cell membranec. mRNAd. ATP

Question #22After a culture of cells is allowed to multiply and is viewed through a microscope, the cells are X-rayed with high-energy radiation for less than 1/100th of a second. After the radiation, many newly reproduced cells appear different. What has probably occurred?

a. Differentiationb. Bacterial infectionc. Contamination d. Mutation

Genetics

Mendel’s PostulatesPRINCIPLE (LAW) OF DOMINANT AND RECESSIVE

One factor in a pair may mask, or cover up, the other factorDOMINANT (allele)-can mask or dominate the other factor and is

displayed most often.RECESSIVE (allele)-the factor that can be covered up; is displayed

less often.GENE- a segment of DNA that codes for a specific

characteristic (protein).Ex: Gene that codes for plant height

ALLELE-the different forms of a gene (Mendel’s “factor”)Ex: Different versions of plant height gene: tall or short

PRINCIPLE (LAW) OF SEGREGATIONThe two alleles for a gene are split up (or segregated)

during meiosis (the formation of eggs or sperm).

PRINCIPLE (LAW) OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENTThe alleles for different traits are distributed into gametes

independently (randomly).

Genetics Terms to Know:TRAIT- specific hereditary options available for each

characteristic.Ex: tall height/short height, brown hair/blonde hair, brown eyes/blue

eyes

GENOTYPE-the genetic makeup of an organism; the combination of alleles an organism inherits

PHENOTYPE-the trait displayed based on the genotype

HOMOZYGOUS- organism has 2 of the same alleles for a trait.Homozygous Dominant-has 2 dominant alleles; dominant

trait is displayedHomozygous Recessive-has 2 recessive alleles; recessive

trait is displayedHETEROZYGOUS-organism has 1 dominant and 1 recessive

allele; the dominant trait is displayed.

Question #23

An inheritable mutation may occur if an organism has a change in its:

A. appendages B. internal organs C. DNA structureD. ATP production rates

Question #24External sources, such as radiation or chemicals, can cause mutations in genes or entire chromosomes. For a mutation to pass on to offspring, it must occur in a:

a. Bone Cellb. Muscle Cellc. Brain Celld. Gamete

Question #25In snapdragons, the combined expression of both alleles for flower color produces a new phenotype that is pink. This illustrates incomplete dominance. The Punnett square above shows that both the white and red snapdragons are homozygous. Which of the following would be the correct product from a cross between two heterozygous pink snapdragons?

A.   Red, white, and pink offspringB.    All pink offspringC.   All red offspringD. Only red and white offspring

Question #26

The chances of developing cancer, diabetes, or sickle-cell anemia are higher if a family member also has the disorder because they are:

a. Passed through blood contactb. Related to dietc. Genetically basedd. Highly infectious

Question #27

The Human Genome Project was begun in 1988 by scientists from 13 nations as a worldwide effort to understand the sequencing of all of the DNA in the human body. What is one potential scientific benefit of this research?

a. It will help to explain human cultural differencesb. It will create communication between research

centersc. It will help find the genes responsible for many

diseasesd. It helps to classify humans most accurately in the

animal kingdom

Question #28

• Two plants are crossed, and the traits of height and color are assessed in the offspring. The following cross was conducted: TTPP x ttpp.

T = dominant allele for height, tall plantt = recessive allele for height, short plantP = dominant allele for color, purplep = recessive allele for color, white

• Which of the following choices correctly describes the offspring?

a.¾ of the plants are short and whiteb.¾ of the plants are tall and purplec.All are tall and purpled.All are short and white

Several matings between the same male black guinea pig and female brown guinea pig produce a total of 12 brown and 14 black guinea pigs. If black is dominant and brown is recessive, what are the genotypes of the parents?

a. BB × bbb. Bb × bbc. BB × Bbd. Bb × Bb

Question #29

Question #30

In squash plants, yellow fruit (Y) is dominant to white fruit (y). If two plants heterozygous for yellow fruit are crossed, what are the possible genotypes of the offspring?

a. Yy onlyb. YY, Yy, yy onlyc. YY, yy onlyd. Yy, yy only

Question #31

In pea plants, tall plants are dominant to short plants. If two heterozygous tall plants are crossed, what percent of the offspring will probably be short?

A. 75%B. 50%C. 25%D. 0%

Question #32

Punnett Square for Corn Height

 Square 4 of this Punnett square represents the genotype of the offspring if :

A.Ovule T is fertilized by pollen grain TB.Ovule t is fertilized by pollen grain TC.Ovule T is fertilized by pollen grain tD.Ovule t is fertilized by pollen grain t

Question #33

This human karyotype is unusual because chromosome set :

A.5 has chromosomes of different shapesB.10 is missing genetic materialC.1 has enlarged centromeresD.21 has extra genetic material

Question #34

A chart of human chromosome pairs is called a karyotype. What information is revealed in the karyotype below?

A. The sexB. The ageC. TrisomyD. Gene dominance

Question #35

Which of these is NOT an inherited trait?

A. Eye colorB. Tendency to grow hair on fingers C. Type of blood D. Style of handwriting

Question #36

Dr. F. Agnes Stroud-Lee determines the origins of birth defects by studying chromosome abnormalities. Dr. Stroud-Lee’s research could involve all of these topics EXCEPT:

A. chemicals that alter the DNA arrangementB. plants that show variable rates of

photosynthesisC. radiation that can pass through cytoplasmD. mitosis that produces multiple copies of

genetic material