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Numeric types of C. Integers Signed and unsigned In a few different sizes 209 Floating point In different size 209.602. Integer types by size. char Holds single characters short Holds small numbers int The usual integer long When 2,000,000,000 isn’t enough. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Numeric types of C
• Integers– Signed and unsigned– In a few different sizes– 209
• Floating point– In different size– 209.602
Integer types by size
• char– Holds single characters
• short– Holds small numbers
• int– The usual integer
• long– When 2,000,000,000 isn’t enough
What you can say about size?
• short is at least as big as char• int is at least as big as short• long is a least as bit as int
• I.E., not much
Max and min – twos complement
-128127 8 bits
-3276832767 16 bits
-21474836482147483647 32 bits
-92233720368547758089223372036854775807 64 bits
C Portability Problem
• It’s hard to write portable programs– When you don’t know what an int will hold
• More likely to be a problem with small chips– Such as embedded processors
• sizeof(int) will give the size in bytes– But this is hard too use without macros
C99 as problem and solution
• C99 adds an additional integer type– long long
• At least as bit as long
• Provides bit-length specific integers– int32_t i ;
• Declares a 32-bit integer• If <inttype.h> is included
Unsigned
• Useful when you know number is positive– As in counts– Gives you twice as many positive value
• For 8 bit numbers which is it?– 00000001 > 11111111– 00000001 < 11111111
Floating point types by size
• float– Usually IEEE 754 32-bit single precision
• double– Usually IEEE 754 64-bit double precision
• long double– Often same as double– Could be IEEE 754-2008 128-bit “quad” precision– Could be Intel 80-bit “extended” precision
On my office PC
type precision range
float ~ 7 digits 1038
double ~ 15 digits 10300
long double ~ 17 digits 104900
Integer literals
• Decimal– 209
• Octal– 0321
• Hexadecimal– 0xD1
• Suffixes– U for unsigned– L for long
Floating point literals
• With a dot but no exponent– 10.5, 1., .2
• With an exponent and possibly a dot– 2e20, .2e20, 2.e20, 2.2e20, 7e-15
• With possible suffixes– F for float– L for long
Default argument promotionEvil in C
• If a char or short is an argument to printf– It is promoted to an int
• If a float is an argument to printf– It is promoted to a double
• printf cannot tell signed from unsigned
The above statements aren’t quite true, but they are good enoughfor now. In a later chapter, you’ll learn about prototypes and all ofthis may become a little clearer.
Therefore …
• printf “thinks” the following are identical– printf(” %c\n”, ’A’) ;– printf(” %c\n”, 65) ;
• As are the following– printf(” %25.20f\n”, 3.1416f) ;– printf(” %25.20f\n”, 3.1416) ;
• You may need to “tell” printf more or less than you think necessary
However
• Assume– int and long int are different– double and long double are different
• Because– They often take up more space on the stack
• Unless they are the same length– Which often is the case
» Isn’t this confusing
Conversion specifiers for integers
%c Prints as a character%d Prints as a decimal number%i Prints as a decimal number%o Prints as an unsigned octal number
%xPrints as an unsigned hexadecimal numberLetters in lower case
%XPrints as an unsigned hexadecimal numberLetters in upper case
%u Prints as an unsigned decimal number
Length modifiers for integers
• Can proceed the integer conversion specifier– Except for %c
• Only useful one is l, as inprintf(“Big number is %ld\n”, 20000000000000L) ;
• There is also largely unneeded h and hh– Prints the short and char part of an int
Conversion specifiersfor floating point
%ePrints in “scientific” notation5.03567e-4
%fPrints with fixed decimal50356.7
%g Decides which of %e and %f look better%E %e with a big E%G %g with a big E
Length modifiers for floating point
• Use L for long double as inprintf(“Big number is %Lf\n”, 2e2009L) ;
Input with scanf
• To read numbers use scanfscanf(”%d”, &courseNumber) ;
scanf(”%f”, &temperature) ;
• Notice the &– It will be explained later in the course
• It means “address of”
Conversion specifiers for scanf%c Read the next character%d Read decimal integer%o Read octal integer%x Read hexadecimal integer%i Read integer – with 0 or 0x as prefix%u Read unsigned integer%f Read floating point
%X is the same as %x%F, %e, %E, %g, %G are the same as %f